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Shi C, Wang W. Microhemorrhages in diquat-induced encephalopathy identified using susceptibility-weighted imaging. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2024:1-2. [PMID: 39262311 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2024.2401073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intracerebral bleeding that predominantly affects the pons, midbrain, cerebral peduncle, basal ganglia, and thalamus may occur in severe diquat poisoning. We employed magnetic resonance-susceptibility-weighted imaging to highlight the presence of microhemorrhages in a patient with diquat poisoning.Case summary: A 15-year-old female patient presented with kidney and liver damage after ingesting diquat. Three days later, she developed coma. She received seven sessions of hemoperfusion and was discharged with residual cognitive impairment and right limb muscle weakness after 66 days of hospitalization.Images: Cranial computed tomography on day 5 and magnetic resonance imaging on day 8 revealed swelling in the pons, midbrain, and thalamus without evidence of hemorrhage. However, susceptibility-weighted imaging on day 8 demonstrated multiple punctate low signals, suggesting the presence of microhemorrhages. CONCLUSION Susceptibility-weighted imaging is a useful technique for detecting microhemorrhages in patients with diquat-induced encephalopathy, as microhemorrhages are often not detectable on computed tomography or conventional magnetic resonance imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanying Shi
- Department of Radiology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Weifei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
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Zhang H, Sun H, Qian J, Sun L, Zong C, Zhang J, Yuan B. High expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2) associated with Diquat-induced damage. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 281:116623. [PMID: 38905939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Diquat (DQ) is a commonly used bipyridine herbicide known for its toxic properties and adverse effects on individuals. However, the mechanism underlying DQ-induced damage remain elusive. Our research aimed to uncover the regulatory network involved in DQ-induced damage. We analyzed publicly accessible gene expression patterns and performed research using a DQ-induced damage animal model. The GSE153959 dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus collection and the animal model of DQ-induced kidney injury were used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Pathways including the regulation of DNA-templated transcription in response to stress, RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex and transcription coregulatory activity were shown to be enriched in 21 DEGs. We used least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis to find possible diagnostic biomarkers for DQ-induced damage. Then, we used an HK-2 cell model to confirm these results. Additionally, we confirmed that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2) was the major gene associated with DQ-induced damage using multi-omics screening. The sample validation strongly suggested that HMGCS2 has promise as a diagnostic marker and may provide new targets for therapy in the context of DQ-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huazhong Zhang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Institute of Poisoning, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Emergency Medicine,Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jian Qian
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Cheng Zong
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Institute of Poisoning, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, China.
| | - Beilei Yuan
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China.
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Li H, Liu Z, Sun W, Li T, Dong X. Interpretable machine learning for the prediction of death risk in patients with acute diquat poisoning. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16101. [PMID: 38997450 PMCID: PMC11245468 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67257-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and validate predictive models for assessing the risk of death in patients with acute diquat (DQ) poisoning using innovative machine learning techniques. Additionally, predictive models were evaluated through the application of SHapley Additive ExPlanations (SHAP). A total of 201 consecutive patients from the emergency departments of the First Hospital and Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University admitted for deliberate oral intake of DQ from February 2018 to August 2023 were analysed. The initial clinical data of the patients with acute DQ poisoning were collected. Machine learning methods such as logistic regression, random forest, support vector machine (SVM), and gradient boosting were applied to build the prediction models. The whole sample was split into a training set and a test set at a ratio of 8:2. The performances of these models were assessed in terms of discrimination, calibration, and clinical decision curve analysis (DCA). We also used the SHAP interpretation tool to provide an intuitive explanation of the risk of death in patients with DQ poisoning. Logistic regression, random forest, SVM, and gradient boosting models were established, and the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) were 0.91, 0.98, 0.96 and 0.94, respectively. The net benefits were similar across all four models. The four machine learning models can be reliable tools for predicting death risk in patients with acute DQ poisoning. Their combination with SHAP provides explanations for individualized risk prediction, increasing the model transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyi Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenming Sun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tiegang Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Xuesong Dong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Ren Y, Guo F, Wang L. Imaging Findings and Toxicological Mechanisms of Nervous System Injury Caused by Diquat. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04172-x. [PMID: 38619744 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Diquat (DQ) is a nonselective bipyridine herbicide with a structure resembling paraquat (PQ). In recent years, the utilization of DQ as a substitute for PQ has grown, leading to an increase in DQ poisoning cases. While the toxicity mechanism of DQ remains unclear, it is primarily attributed to the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) through the process of reduction oxidation. This results in oxidative stress, leading to a cascade of clinical symptoms. Notably, recent reports on DQ poisoning have highlighted a concerning trend: an upsurge in cases involving neurological damage caused by DQ poisoning. These patients often present with severe illness and a high mortality rate, with no effective treatment available thus far. Imaging findings from these cases have shown that neurological damage tends to concentrate on the brainstem. However, the specific mechanisms behind this poisoning remain unclear, and no specific antidote exists. This review summarizes the research progress on DQ poisoning and explores potential mechanisms. By shedding light on the nerve damage associated with DQ poisoning, we hope to raise awareness, propose new avenues for investigating the mechanisms of DQ poisoning, and lay the groundwork for the development of treatment strategies for DQ poisoning. Trial registration number: 2024PS174K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanguang Ren
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Tiexi District, No. 39 Huaxiang Road, Shenyang, 110000, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Tiexi District, No. 39 Huaxiang Road, Shenyang, 110000, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Tiexi District, No. 39 Huaxiang Road, Shenyang, 110000, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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胡 惠, 杜 宇. [A Preliminary Study on the Plasma Metabolomic Profiles of Patients Suffering From Acute Diquat Poisoning]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2023; 54:1219-1226. [PMID: 38162068 PMCID: PMC10752779 DOI: 10.12182/20231160601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Objective To analyze the plasma metabolomic features of patients suffering from acute diquat (DQ) poisoning and to explore the molecular mechanism and potential biomarkers of DQ poisoning. Methods A total of 7 patients suffering from acute DQ poisoning were enrolled in the DQ poisoning group. The poisoning of these patients occurred within a 12-h window at the time of enrollment. Meanwhile, 7 healthy immediate family members of the patients were enrolled as the normal controls. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to perform non-targeted metabolomic profiling of the plasma samples and to screen and identify differential metabolites and metabolic pathways. Results A total of 104 metabolites were screened and identified (P<0.05 and the variable importance in the projection [VIP]>1). Compared with those of the control group, 61 metabolites, such as sorbitol and galactitol, were up-regulated, and 43 metabolites, such as myo-inositol and gamma-glutamylcysteine, were down-regulated in the DQ poisoning group. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed changes in 11 metabolic pathways, including those for galactose metabolism and linoleic acid metabolism (P<0.05). Conclusion Metabolomics analysis of plasma samples from DQ poisoning patients shows that DQ mainly interferes with the metabolism of energy, amino acids, and lipids, thus causing metabolic disorders. Some potential biomarkers closely associated with oxidative stress and organ damage of the liver, kidney, and nervous system have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- 惠 胡
- 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院 急诊与重症医学科 (成都 610041)Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine,West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院 劳动卫生与环境卫生学系 (成都 610041)Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- 四川大学华西-协和陈志潜卫生健康研究院 卫生应急管理研究中心 (成都 610041)Health Emergency Management Research Center, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 宇 杜
- 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院 急诊与重症医学科 (成都 610041)Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine,West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院 劳动卫生与环境卫生学系 (成都 610041)Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- 四川大学华西-协和陈志潜卫生健康研究院 卫生应急管理研究中心 (成都 610041)Health Emergency Management Research Center, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Yang L, Cheng J, Xu D, Zhang Z, Hua R, Chen H, Duan J, Li X, Li Q. Melatonin Ameliorates Diquat-Induced Testicular Toxicity via Reducing Oxidative Stress, Inhibiting Apoptosis, and Maintaining the Integrity of Blood-Testis Barrier in Mice. TOXICS 2023; 11:toxics11020160. [PMID: 36851035 PMCID: PMC9958747 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Diquat is a fast, potent, and widely used bipyridine herbicide in agriculture and it induces oxidative stress in several animal models. However, its genotoxic effects on the male reproductive system remain unclear. Melatonin is an effective free-radical scavenger, which has antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties and can protect the testes against oxidative damage. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of melatonin on diquat-induced testicular injury in mice. The results showed melatonin treatment alleviated diquat-induced testicular injury, including inhibited spermatogenesis, increased sperm malformations, declined testosterone level and decreased fertility. Specifically, melatonin therapy countered diquat-induced oxidative stress by increasing production of the antioxidant enzymes GPX1 and SOD1. Melatonin treatment also attenuated diquat-induced spermatogonia apoptosis in vivo and in vitro by modulating the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, including P53, Cleaved-Caspase3, and Bax/Bcl2. Moreover, melatonin restored the blood-testicular barrier by promoting the expression of Sertoli cell junction proteins and maintaining the ordered distribution of ZO-1. These findings indicate that melatonin protects the testes against diquat-induced damage by reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting apoptosis, and maintaining the integrity of the blood-testis barrier in mice. This study provides a theoretical basis for further research to protect male reproductive health from agricultural pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Jianyong Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Dejun Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zelin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Rongmao Hua
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Huali Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Jiaxin Duan
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030801, China
| | - Xiaoya Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Qingwang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
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Zhou JN, Lu YQ. Lethal diquat poisoning manifests as acute central nervous system injury and circulatory failure: A retrospective cohort study of 50 cases. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 52:101609. [PMID: 35990582 PMCID: PMC9386369 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mortality rate of patients with diquat (DQ) poisoning is extremely high due to insufficient understanding of DQ-induced injury. This study aimed to summarize the characteristics of DQ poisoning as well as analyse the correlation between plasma DQ concentration and patient outcomes, thus providing a new strategy for diagnosis and treatment. METHODS This single-centre retrospective cohort study was conducted at the Emergency Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China, between Oct 9, 2019 and March 10, 2022. 50 patients, whose plasma or urine samples tested positive for diquat and negative for paraquat by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, were included in the study. FINDINGS The mortality rate of acute DQ poisoning was 25 (50%) of 50. Compared with the survival group, the death group presented significantly higher initial plasma DQ concentration (Cp1), aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, serum creatinine, and creatine kinase-MB (P < 0.05). We found that six (24.0%) patients died of central nervous system injury, six (24.0%) patients died of refractory circulatory failure, and 13 (52.0%) patients died of central nervous system injury combined with circulatory failure. Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis showed that the area under the curve of Cp1 was 0.967 (95% CI: 0.911, 1.000), and the cut-off value was 3516.885 ng/mL (sensitivity, 90.9%; specificity, 96.0%). INTERPRETATION Lethal DQ poisoning is primarily associated with serious brain and vascular injury, as well as a high rate of mortality. Further research into the mechanisms of refractory circulatory failure and central nerve system damage could help reduce mortality. FUNDING There are no funding sources to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ning Zhou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Aging and Physic-chemical Injury Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Qiang Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Aging and Physic-chemical Injury Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Correspondence author at: 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, People's Republic of China.
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Feng D, Fu L, Du X, Yao L. Acute diquat poisoning causes rhabdomyolysis. Am J Med Sci 2022; 364:472-480. [PMID: 35508282 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2022.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We studied the case of a 36-year-old female patient who self-administered about 30 ml of diquat solution (200 g/L) during a suicide attempt. She developed nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and weakness in her limbs and was admitted to the emergency department of our hospital 4 h later. The patient developed progressive swelling and pain in both calves 12 h after admission. Based on symptoms, lower limb color Doppler ultrasound, and elevated levels of myoglobin and creatine kinase, the patient was diagnosed with rhabdomyolysis caused by diquat poisoning. The patient recovered and was discharged after treatment with hemoperfusion, continuous venovenous hemodialysis, acid suppression, liver protection, low-dose glucocorticoids, etc. Rhabdomyolysis caused by diquat poisoning has not been previously reported. We attempted to analyze the mechanism of this symptom through a literature review. We recommend the routine monitoring of creatine phosphokinase (CK) and myoglobin (MYO) in patients with diquat poisoning to avoid missed diagnosis. Further, the mechanism of this poisoning symptom was discussed through the literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Feng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Linlin Fu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinyu Du
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, China.
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Ness-Cochinwala M, Proaño JS, Bernstein JN, Martinez P, Ladd H, Totapally B. A Case of a Lethal Diquat Ingestion in a Toddler. J Emerg Med 2021; 62:e16-e19. [PMID: 34836733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diquat is an herbicide that may cause rapid and profound systemic toxicity. It can cause multisystem organ failure, primarily via its effects on the gastrointestinal, renal, cardiovascular, and central nervous systems. Case fatality rates as high as 43% have been reported. There is a paucity of pediatric literature on diquat poisoning, and in this article, we will discuss an unfortunate pediatric case that highlights the severity of diquat toxicity. CASE REPORT We present the case of a child who ingested diquat, which led to multisystem organ failure and death. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Clinicians should be aware of this herbicide's potential for significant morbidity and mortality, especially in children, in whom small quantities can be lethal. It is important that emergency physicians are aware of the significant toxicity of diquat and provide early gastric decontamination, as it is the only proven therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manette Ness-Cochinwala
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida; Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Juan Sebastian Proaño
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida; Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Jeffery N Bernstein
- Florida Poison Information Center, Miami, Florida; Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida; University of Miami/Jackson Residency in Emergency Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Paul Martinez
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida; Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Hugh Ladd
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida; Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Balagangadhar Totapally
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami, Florida; Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
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Xing J, Chu Z, Han D, Jiang X, Zang X, Liu Y, Gao S, Sun L. Lethal diquat poisoning manifesting as central pontine myelinolysis and acute kidney injury: A case report and literature review. J Int Med Res 2021; 48:300060520943824. [PMID: 32734801 PMCID: PMC7401049 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520943824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diquat is a nonselective herbicide that is used as a contact and preharvest desiccant to control terrestrial and aquatic vegetation. Increasing numbers of cases of diquat poisoning have recently been reported. Organs commonly affected by diquat poisoning include the kidney, liver, and lung. Neurological involvement of diquat poisoning is relatively rare. A 21-year-old man ingested 100 mL of diquat (20 g/100 mL) 5 hours before admission. Fifteen minutes after ingestion, he developed nausea and vomiting. The patient was sent to the emergency intensive care unit, and gastric lavage was performed. Continuous renal replacement therapy and continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration with hemoperfusion were performed, and methylprednisolone was administered. Five days after admission, the patient developed disturbance of consciousness and positive bilateral Babinski signs. Head computed tomography demonstrated hypodensity in the pons. At 11 days after admission, brain magnetic resonance imaging showed acute pontine demyelination. At 15 days after admission, the patient died of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. We encountered a case of diquat poisoning with central pontine myelinolysis and acute kidney injury. This case highlights the clinical value of neuroimaging examination for early diagnosis of central pontine myelinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Xing
- Emergency Department of Internal Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhe Chu
- Emergency Department of Internal Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Dongfeng Han
- Emergency Department of Internal Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaoming Jiang
- Emergency Department of Internal Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiuxian Zang
- Emergency Department of Internal Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yajie Liu
- Emergency Department of Internal Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Song Gao
- Emergency Department of Internal Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lichao Sun
- Emergency Department of Internal Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Lin XH, Pan HY, Cheng FJ, Huang KC, Li CJ, Chen CC, Chuang PC. Association between liberal oxygen therapy and mortality in patients with paraquat poisoning: A multi-center retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245363. [PMID: 33449962 PMCID: PMC7810293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraquat (N, N'-dimethyl-4, 4'-bipyridinium dichloride, PQ) intoxication is a common cause of lethal poisoning. This study aimed to identify the risk of using liberal oxygen therapy in patients with PQ poisoning. This was a multi-center retrospective cohort study involving four medical institutions in Taiwan. Data were extracted from the Chang Gung Research Database (CGRD) from January 2004 to December 2016. Patients confirmed to have PQ intoxication with a urine PQ concentration ≥ 5 ppm were analyzed. Patients who received oxygen therapy before marked hypoxia (SpO2 ≥ 90%) were defined as receiving liberal oxygen therapy. The association between mortality and patient demographics, blood paraquat concentration (ppm), and liberal oxygen therapy were analyzed. A total of 416 patients were enrolled. The mortality rate was higher in the liberal oxygen therapy group (87.8% vs. 73.7%, P = 0.007), especially in 28-day mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 4.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.533–14.471) and overall mortality (aOR: 5.97, 95% CI: 1.692–21.049) groups. Mortality in patients with PQ poisoning was also associated with age (aOR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.015–1.073), blood creatinine level (aOR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.124–1.978), and blood paraquat concentration (ppm) (aOR, 1.51; 95% CI: 1.298–1.766). Unless the evidence of hypoxia (SpO2 < 90%) is clear, oxygen therapy should be avoided because it is associated with increased mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Hong Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Hsiu-Yung Pan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Guishan District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Jen Cheng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Guishan District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chen Huang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Chao-Jui Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Chien-Chih Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Po-Chun Chuang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- * E-mail:
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12
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Yuan G, Li R, Zhao Q, Kong X, Wang Y, Wang X, Guo R. Simultaneous determination of paraquat and diquat in human plasma by HPLC-DAD: Its application in acute poisoning patients induced by these two herbicides. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 35:e23669. [PMID: 33296104 PMCID: PMC7957985 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paraquat and diquat are widely used in agricultural production in many countries, which are very toxic to human beings. Paraquat can be detected in some diquat solution sold in the market. The blood concentration of paraquat or diquat is an important indicator for clinical diagnosis of paraquat or diquat poisoning. So, it is very meaningful to develop a method for simultaneous determination of paraquat and diquat in human plasma. Objective To develop and validate a HPLC‐DAD method for simultaneous determination of paraquat and diquat in human plasma and to apply it in the acute poisoning patients by these two herbicides. Methods Paraquat and diquat were simultaneously determined by HPLC‐DAD. The plasma was treated using Waters OASIS® Column and then separated on a Thermo Hypersil GOLD (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) Column with the mobile phase consisted of 75 mmol/L sodium heptane sulfonate (containing 0.1 mol/L phosphoric acid, pH 3.0) and acetonitrile (87:13, v:v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The full‐wavelength scanning was 200‐400 nm, and the detection wavelength of paraquat and diquat was 257nm and 310nm, respectively. 120 and 30 plasma samples from patients with paraquat and diquat poisoning were collected and analyzed by the established method. Results The standard curve for paraquat and diquat ranged from 0.05 to 20 μg/mL, and the precision of LLOQ for paraquat was 16.49%, which was required to be less than 20%. The precision of other concentrations was less than 14.14%. The recovery of paraquat and diquat was 95.38%‐103.97% and 94.79%‐98.40%, respectively. The results showed that paraquat and diquat were stable under various storage conditions. 120 plasma samples of paraquat poisoning patients and 30 plasma samples of diquat poisoning patients were determined by the established method. The blood concentration of paraquat ranged from 0.10 to 20.62 μg/mL, with an average of 3.61 μg/mL, while for diquat, the concentration ranged from 0 to 26.59 μg/mL, with an average of 2.00 μg/mL. Among the diquat suspected poisoning samples, 5 samples were detected not only diquat but also paraquat, and 2 samples were detected only paraquat, no diquat. Conclusion The HPLC‐DAD method established in this study was high throughput, high sensitivity, simple operation, and wide linear ranges. It can be used for the screening analysis and quantitative detection of paraquat and diquat in acute poisoning patients, which can provide basis for the treatment and prognosis of these two herbicides poisoning patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyan Yuan
- Department of pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Rongjun Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Xianglin Kong
- Department of pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Medical College, Jinan, China
| | - Ruichen Guo
- Department of pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Garcia RCT, Torres LL, Dati LMM, Loureiro APDM, Afeche SC, Sandoval MRL, Marcourakis T. Anhydroecgonine methyl ester (AEME), a cocaine pyrolysis product, impairs glutathione-related enzymes response and increases lipid peroxidation in the hippocampal cell culture. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:1223-1229. [PMID: 31768333 PMCID: PMC6872858 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AEME and cocaine decreased GPx, GR and GST activities after 3 and 6 h of exposure. AEME and cocaine increased MDA after 48 h of exposure. AEME-cocaine combination decreased GPx, GR and GST activities after 3 and 6 h. AEME-cocaine combination showed an additive effect on MDA after 48 h of exposure. A higher neurotoxic effect after crack cocaine use is suggested.
Crack cocaine smokers inhale, alongside with cocaine, its pyrolysis product, anhydroecgonine methyl ester (AEME). We have previously described AEME neurotoxic effect and its additive effect when co-incubated with cocaine. Our aim was to evaluate, the effect of AEME, cocaine and AEME-cocaine combination on glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities after 3 and 6 h of exposure, periods previous to neuronal death. Lipid peroxidation was evaluated through malonaldehyde (MDA) levels at 3, 6, 24 and 48 h of exposure. All treated groups reduced neuronal viability after 24 h of exposure. AEME and cocaine decreased GPx, GR and GST activities after 3 and 6 h, with an increase in MDA levels after 48 h. AEME-cocaine combination decreased the enzymes activities after 3 and 6 h, showing an additive effect in MDA levels after 48 h. These data show that the glutathione-related enzymes imbalance caused by AEME, cocaine or AEME-cocaine combination exposure preceded neuronal death and lipid peroxidation. Moreover, the additive effect on lipid peroxidation observed with AEME-cocaine exposure after 48 h, suggest a higher neurotoxic effect after crack cocaine use when compared to cocaine alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Caio Tamborelli Garcia
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Bl. 13B, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau, 210, 1° andar, 09913-030 Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Larissa Lobo Torres
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Bl. 13B, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Department of Food and Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700, 37130-001 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Livia Mendonça Munhoz Dati
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Bl. 13B, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula de Melo Loureiro
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Bl. 13B, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Solange Castro Afeche
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Tania Marcourakis
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Bl. 13B, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Wang D, Zhang G, Zhang W, Luo J, Zhu L, Hu J. Successful extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for severe acute diquat and glyphosate poisoning: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e14414. [PMID: 30732194 PMCID: PMC6380784 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000014414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Because of the lack of an antidote or effective treatment, patients with severe acute diquat and glyphosate poisoning always died within a few hours. Extracorporeal membrane pulmonary oxygenation (ECMO), as an artificial heart-lung supporting system, can be applied to support lung that is expected to recover from reversible pathological damage. However, to our knowledge, the application of ECMO for patients with diquat and glyphosate poisoning has not been reported. PATIENT CONCERNS A 40-year-old man ingested in 100 ml of diquat (20 g/100 ml) and 400 ml glyphosate (41 g/100 ml) was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), immediately complicated by the development of ventricular fibrillation, respiratory failure, renal failure, and multi-organ failure. DIAGNOSIS Diquat and glyphosate poisoning were diagnosed by stated ingestion history, and the diagnostic criteria for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ dysfunction syndrome were also met. INTERVENTIONS He was treated with veno-venous ECMO. OUTCOMES He was successfully transferred out of the ICU on day 46 and discharged on day 67. The computed tomography scan showed no obvious pulmonary fibrosis 2 months after poisoning. LESSONS ECMO may be effective in the treatment of patients with severe ARDS caused by diquat and glyphosate poisoning when conventional management does not work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqiong Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou
| | - Guozheng Zhang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Department of Radiology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwen Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou
| | - Jian Luo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou
| | - Lihua Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou
| | - Jianhua Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou
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15
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Magalhães N, Carvalho F, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. Human and experimental toxicology of diquat poisoning: Toxicokinetics, mechanisms of toxicity, clinical features, and treatment. Hum Exp Toxicol 2018; 37:1131-1160. [PMID: 29569487 DOI: 10.1177/0960327118765330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diquat (1,1'-ethylene-2,2'-bipyridinium ion; DQ) is a nonselective quick-acting herbicide, which is used as contact and preharvest desiccant to control terrestrial and aquatic vegetation. Several cases of human poisoning were reported worldwide mainly due to intentional ingestion of the liquid formulations. Its toxic potential results from its ability to produce reactive oxygen and nitrogen species through redox cycling processes that can lead to oxidative stress and potentially cell death. Kidney is the main target organ due to DQ toxicokinetics and redox cycling. There is no antidote against DQ intoxications, and the efficacy of treatments currently applied is still unsatisfactory. The aim of this work was to review the most relevant human and experimental findings related to DQ, characterizing its chemistry, activity as herbicide, mechanisms of toxicity, consequences of poisoning, and potential therapeutic approaches taking into account previous experience in developing antidotes for paraquat, a more toxic bipyridinium herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Magalhães
- 1 UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - F Carvalho
- 1 UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - R J Dinis-Oliveira
- 1 UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,2 IINFACTS-Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), Gandra, Portugal.,3 Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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16
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Rojas Mora A, Firth A, Blareau S, Vallat A, Helfenstein F. Oxidative stress affects sperm performance and ejaculate redox status in subordinate House Sparrows. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:2577-2588. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.154799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is the result of random cellular damage caused by reactive oxygen species that leads to cell death, ageing, or illness. Most physiological processes can result in OS, which in turn has been identified as a major cause of infertility. In promiscuous species, the fertilizing ability of the ejaculate partly determines the male reproductive success. When dominance determines access to fertile females, theory predicts that lower ranking males should increase resource investment into enhancing ejaculate quality. We hypothesized that subordinate males should thus prioritize antioxidant protection of their ejaculates to protect them from OS. We put this hypothesis to the test, by chronically dosing wild House Sparrows with diquat (∼1mg/kg), an herbicide that increases pro-oxidant generation. We found that, although they increased their antioxidant levels in the ejaculate, diquat-treated males produced sperm with reduced velocity. Importantly, and contrary to our hypothesis, males at the bottom of the hierarchy suffered the largest reduction in sperm velocity. We suggest that resource access hinders individuals' ability to cope with environmental hazards. Our results point at OS as a likely physiological mechanism mediating ejaculate quality, while individual ability to access resources may play a role in constraining the extent to which such resources can be allocated into the ejaculate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Rojas Mora
- Evolutionary Ecophysiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchatel, Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Firth
- Evolutionary Ecophysiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchatel, Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Blareau
- Evolutionary Ecophysiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchatel, Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Armelle Vallat
- Neuchatel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Neuchatel, Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Fabrice Helfenstein
- Evolutionary Ecophysiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchatel, Neuchatel, Switzerland
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17
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Nisar R, Hanson PS, He L, Taylor RW, Blain PG, Morris CM. Diquat causes caspase-independent cell death in SH-SY5Y cells by production of ROS independently of mitochondria. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1811-25. [PMID: 25693864 PMCID: PMC4572080 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1453-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that Parkinson's disease (PD), in addition to having a genetic aetiology, has an environmental component that contributes to disease onset and progression. The exact nature of any environmental agent contributing to PD is unknown in most cases. Given its similarity to paraquat, an agrochemical removed from registration in the EU for its suspected potential to cause PD, we have investigated the in vitro capacity of the related herbicide Diquat to cause PD-like cell death. Diquat showed greater toxicity towards SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and human midbrain neural cells than paraquat and also MPTP, which was independent of dopamine transporter-mediated uptake. Diquat caused cell death independently of caspase activation, potentially via RIP1 kinase, with only a minor contribution from apoptosis, which was accompanied by enhanced reactive oxygen species production in the absence of major inhibition of complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. No changes in α-synuclein expression were observed following 24-h or 4-week exposure. Diquat may, therefore, kill neural tissue by programmed necrosis rather than apoptosis, reflecting the pathological changes seen following high-level exposure, although its ability to promote PD is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nisar
- The Medical Toxicology Centre, and NIHR HPRU in Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Claremont Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE2 4AA, UK
| | - P S Hanson
- The Medical Toxicology Centre, and NIHR HPRU in Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Claremont Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE2 4AA, UK
| | - L He
- Mitochondrial Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - R W Taylor
- Mitochondrial Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - P G Blain
- The Medical Toxicology Centre, and NIHR HPRU in Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Claremont Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE2 4AA, UK
| | - C M Morris
- The Medical Toxicology Centre, and NIHR HPRU in Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, Wolfson Building, Newcastle University, Claremont Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE2 4AA, UK.
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18
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Pecev-Marinković ET, Grahovac ZM, Mitić SS, Pavlović AN, Rašić Mišić ID, Mitić MN. Determination of Herbicide Difenzoquat Methyl Sulfate in Citruses and Baby Juices by Kinetic-Spectrophotometric Method and HPLC Method. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201300682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Background. Since the introduction of diquat in agriculture practice in 1960's, about 40 cases of poisoning have been described in detail in medical literature. Case report. We presented two cases. A case one, a 35-year-old, previously healthy, woman ingested 14% diquat solution. The poisoning had fulminant course, consisted of severe stomachache, vomiting, cardiocirculatory shock, respiratory failure and cardiac arrest 20 hours post-ingestion. Autopsy revealed myocardial infarction, bronchopneumonia and incipient renal damage. A case two, a 64-year-old man developed severe gastroenteritis, corrosive lesions of mucosal surfaces, acute renal injury, arrhythmias, brain stem infarction and bronchopneumonia. The diagnosis of diquat poisoning was made retrospectively upon the clinical picture and identification of pesticides he had been exposed to. The patient died 18 days post-exposure. The most prominent findings on autopsy were pontine hemorrhage and infarction, bronchopneumonia, left ventricle papillary muscle infarction and renal tubular damage. Conclusion. Cardiocirculatory disturbances led to fatal complications, the heart and brain infarction. We pointed out the heart as one of the most severely affected organs in diquat poisoning.
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20
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Bjørling-Poulsen M, Andersen HR, Grandjean P. Potential developmental neurotoxicity of pesticides used in Europe. Environ Health 2008; 7:50. [PMID: 18945337 PMCID: PMC2577708 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-7-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides used in agriculture are designed to protect crops against unwanted species, such as weeds, insects, and fungus. Many compounds target the nervous system of insect pests. Because of the similarity in brain biochemistry, such pesticides may also be neurotoxic to humans. Concerns have been raised that the developing brain may be particularly vulnerable to adverse effects of neurotoxic pesticides. Current requirements for safety testing do not include developmental neurotoxicity. We therefore undertook a systematic evaluation of published evidence on neurotoxicity of pesticides in current use, with specific emphasis on risks during early development. Epidemiologic studies show associations with neurodevelopmental deficits, but mainly deal with mixed exposures to pesticides. Laboratory experimental studies using model compounds suggest that many pesticides currently used in Europe--including organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, ethylenebisdithiocarbamates, and chlorophenoxy herbicides--can cause neurodevelopmental toxicity. Adverse effects on brain development can be severe and irreversible. Prevention should therefore be a public health priority. The occurrence of residues in food and other types of human exposures should be prevented with regard to the pesticide groups that are known to be neurotoxic. For other substances, given their widespread use and the unique vulnerability of the developing brain, the general lack of data on developmental neurotoxicity calls for investment in targeted research. While awaiting more definite evidence, existing uncertainties should be considered in light of the need for precautionary action to protect brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bjørling-Poulsen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Winslowparken 17, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Helle Raun Andersen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Winslowparken 17, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Philippe Grandjean
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Winslowparken 17, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Landmark Building 3E-110, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Rogers LK, Bates CM, Welty SE, Smith CV. Diquat induces renal proximal tubule injury in glutathione reductase-deficient mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 217:289-98. [PMID: 17078987 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Revised: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been associated with many human diseases, and glutathione (GSH)-dependent processes are pivotal in limiting tissue damage. To test the hypothesis that Gr1(a1Neu) (Neu) mice, which do not express glutathione reductase (GR), would be more susceptible than are wild-type mice to ROS-mediated injury, we studied the effects of diquat, a redox cycling toxicant. Neu mice exhibited modest, dose- and time-dependent elevations in plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, 126+/-36 U/l at 2 h after 5 micromol/kg of diquat, but no ALT elevations were observed in diquat-treated C3H/HeN mice for up to 6 h after 50 micromol/kg of diquat. Histology indicated little or no hepatic necrosis in diquat-treated mice of either strain, but substantial renal injury was observed in diquat-treated Neu mice, characterized by brush border sloughing in the proximal tubules by 1 h and tubular necrosis by 2 h after doses of 7.5 micromol/kg. Decreases in renal GSH levels were observed in the Neu mice by 2 h post dose (3.4+/-0.4 vs 0.2+/-0.0 micromol/g tissue at 0 and 50 micromol/kg, respectively), and increases in renal GSSG levels were observed in the Neu mice as early as 0.5 h after 7.5 micromol/kg (105.5+/-44.1 vs 27.9+/-4.8 nmol/g tissue). Blood urea nitrogen levels were elevated by 2 h in Neu mice after doses of 7.5 micromol/kg (Neu vs C3H, 32.8+/-4.1 vs 17.9+/-0.3 mg/dl). Diquat-induced renal injury in the GR-deficient Neu mice offers a useful model for studies of ROS-induced renal necrosis and of the contributions of GR in defense against oxidant-mediated injuries in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette K Rogers
- Center for Developmental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Columbus Children's Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.
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