1
|
A Single Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Genome Reactivates from Individual Cells. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0114422. [PMID: 35862979 PMCID: PMC9431706 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01144-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent infection is a characteristic feature of herpesviruses’ life cycle. Herpes simplex virus 1 is a common human pathogen that establishes lifelong latency in peripheral neurons. Symptomatic or asymptomatic periodic reactivations from the latent state allow the virus to replicate and spread among individuals. The latent viral genomes are found as several quiescent episomes inside the infected nuclei; however, it is not clear if and how many latent genomes are able to reactivate together. To address this question, we developed a quiescent infection assay, which provides a quantitative analysis of the number of genomes reactivating per cell, in cultured immortalized fibroblasts. We found that, almost always, only one viral genome reactivates per cell. We showed that different timing of entry to quiescence did not result in a significant change in the probability of reactivating. Reactivation from this quiescent state allowed only limited intergenomic recombination between two viral strains compared to lytic infection. Following coinfection with a mutant that is unable to reactivate, only coreactivation with a reactivation-proficient recombinant can provide the opportunity for the mutant to reactivate. We speculate that each individual quiescent viral genome has a low and stochastic chance to reactivate in each cell, an assumption that can explain the limited number of genomes reactivating per cell. IMPORTANCE Herpesviruses are highly prevalent and cause significant morbidity in the human and animal populations. Most individuals who are infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), a common human pathogen, will become lifelong carriers of the virus, as HSV-1 establishes latent (quiescent) infections in the host cells. Reactivation from the latent state leads to many of the viral symptoms and to the spread of the virus among individuals. While many triggers for reactivation were identified, how many genomes reactivate from an individual cell and how are these genomes selected remain understudied. Here, we identify that, in most cases, only one genome per cell reactivates. Mutated HSV-1 genomes require coinfection with another strain to allow coreactivation. Our findings suggest that the decision to reactivate is determined for each quiescent genome separately and support the notion that reactivation preferences occur at the single-genome level.
Collapse
|
2
|
Chang W, Jiao X, Sui H, Goswami S, Sherman BT, Fromont C, Caravaca JM, Tran B, Imamichi T. Complete Genome Sequence of Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Strain G. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030536. [PMID: 35336943 PMCID: PMC8954253 DOI: 10.3390/v14030536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a common causative agent of genital tract infections. Moreover, HSV-2 and HIV infection can mutually increase the risk of acquiring another virus infection. Due to the high GC content and highly repetitive regions in HSV-2 genomes, only the genomes of four strains have been completely sequenced (HG52, 333, SD90e, and MS). Strain G is commonly used for HSV-2 research, but only a partial genome sequence has been assembled with Illumina sequencing reads. In the current study, we de novo assembled and annotated the complete genome of strain G using PacBio long sequencing reads, which can span the repetitive regions, analyzed the ‘α’ sequence, which plays key roles in HSV-2 genome circulation, replication, cleavage, and packaging of progeny viral DNA, identified the packaging signals homologous to HSV-1 within the ‘α’ sequence, and determined both termini of the linear genome and cleavage site for the process of concatemeric HSV-2 DNA produced via rolling-circle replication. In addition, using Oxford Nanopore Technology sequencing reads, we visualized four HSV-2 genome isomers at the nucleotide level for the first time. Furthermore, the coding sequences of HSV-2 strain G have been compared with those of HG52, 333, and MS. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis of strain G and other diverse HSV-2 strains has been conducted to determine their evolutionary relationship. The results will aid clinical research and treatment development of HSV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weizhong Chang
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and lmmunoinformatics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.J.); (H.S.); (S.G.); (B.T.S.)
- Correspondence: (W.C.); (T.I.); Tel.: +1-(301)-846-6295 (W.C.); +1-(301)-846-5450 (T.I.)
| | - Xiaoli Jiao
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and lmmunoinformatics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.J.); (H.S.); (S.G.); (B.T.S.)
| | - Hongyan Sui
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and lmmunoinformatics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.J.); (H.S.); (S.G.); (B.T.S.)
| | - Suranjana Goswami
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and lmmunoinformatics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.J.); (H.S.); (S.G.); (B.T.S.)
| | - Brad T. Sherman
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and lmmunoinformatics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.J.); (H.S.); (S.G.); (B.T.S.)
| | - Caroline Fromont
- Sequencing Facility, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.F.); (J.M.C.); (B.T.)
| | - Juan Manuel Caravaca
- Sequencing Facility, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.F.); (J.M.C.); (B.T.)
| | - Bao Tran
- Sequencing Facility, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (C.F.); (J.M.C.); (B.T.)
| | - Tomozumi Imamichi
- Laboratory of Human Retrovirology and lmmunoinformatics, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (X.J.); (H.S.); (S.G.); (B.T.S.)
- Correspondence: (W.C.); (T.I.); Tel.: +1-(301)-846-6295 (W.C.); +1-(301)-846-5450 (T.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sindhuja T, Gupta V, Bhari N, Gupta S. Asian guidelines for genital herpes. J Infect Chemother 2021; 27:1389-1399. [PMID: 34332884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tekumalla Sindhuja
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vishal Gupta
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Neetu Bhari
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Somesh Gupta
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ayoub HH, Amara I, Awad SF, Omori R, Chemaitelly H, Abu-Raddad LJ. Analytic Characterization of the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Epidemic in the United States, 1950-2050. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab218. [PMID: 34262986 PMCID: PMC8274361 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We analytically characterized the past, present, and future levels and trends of the national herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) epidemic in the United States. Methods A population-level mathematical model was constructed to describe HSV-2 transmission dynamics and was fitted to the data series of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Results Over 1950–2050, antibody prevalence (seroprevalence) increased rapidly from 1960, peaking at 19.9% in 1983 in those aged 15–49 years, before reversing course to decline to 13.2% by 2020 and 8.5% by 2050. Incidence rate peaked in 1971 at 11.9 per 1000 person-years, before declining by 59% by 2020 and 70% by 2050. Annual number of new infections peaked at 1 033 000 in 1978, before declining to 667 000 by 2020 and 600 000 by 2050. Women were disproportionately affected, averaging 75% higher seroprevalence, 95% higher incidence rate, and 71% higher annual number of infections. In 2020, 78% of infections were acquired by those 15–34 years of age. Conclusions The epidemic has undergone a major transition over a century, with the greatest impact in those 15–34 years of age. In addition to 47 million prevalent infections in 2020, high incidence will persist over the next 3 decades, adding >600 000 new infections every year.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houssein H Ayoub
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ibtihel Amara
- Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Susanne F Awad
- Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar.,World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ryosuke Omori
- Division of Bioinformatics, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiam Chemaitelly
- Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar.,World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Laith J Abu-Raddad
- Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar.,World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Macho-Aizpurua M, Imaz-Pérez M, Álava-Menica JÁ, Hernández-Ragpa L, López-de-Munain-López MJ, Cámara-Pérez MM, Bilbao-González A, Díaz-de-Tuesta-Del Arco JL, Muñoz-Sánchez J, Basaras-Ibarzabal M, Cisterna-Cancér R. Characteristics of genital herpes in Bilbao (Northern Spain): 12-year retrospective study. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2020; 39:234-240. [PMID: 32563583 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is the most common cause of genital herpes (GH), but genital infection by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is increasing. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare epidemiological characteristics of patients with GH. METHODS Retrospective study conducted from January 2004 to December 2015 in patients with GH attended at two Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) medical consultation of Bilbao-Basurto Integrated Health Organisation in Northern Spain. Patient's medical history was reviewed and data of interest was analyzed. RESULTS One thousand three patients (524 male and 479 female) were reviewed. HSV-2 was detected in 74%. The proportion of HSV-1 increased during the study period, significantly in men (28% in 2004-2007 vs. 50% in 2012-2015). More female than male had HSV-1 infection (56% vs. 44%). The proportion of primary infection was higher among HSV-1 compared to HSV-2 (79% vs. 21%). Among the patients with HSV-1, primary infection was higher among men (86%) and in younger than 30 years. Recurrent GH was higher among HSV-2 infections (63%). In a multivariate model older age, geographic origin outside Spain, recurrent infection, prior contact with a partner's genital herpetic lesions, previous N. gonorrhoeae infection and prostitution were significantly associated with HSV-2 infection. CONCLUSIONS HSV-2 was the most common causative agent of GH, but the proportion of HSV-1 increased. Overall, antecedent of STD and sexual risk behaviors were more frequent in patients with genital HSV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikele Macho-Aizpurua
- Osakidetza, Hospital Universitario Basurto, Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Control de Infección, Avenida Montevideo 18, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Manuel Imaz-Pérez
- Osakidetza, Hospital Universitario Basurto, Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Control de Infección, Avenida Montevideo 18, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - José Ángel Álava-Menica
- Osakidetza, Hospital Universitario Basurto, Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Control de Infección, Avenida Montevideo 18, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Leonora Hernández-Ragpa
- Osakidetza, Hospital Universitario Basurto, Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Control de Infección, Avenida Montevideo 18, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Mari-Mar Cámara-Pérez
- Osakidetza, Hospital Universitario Basurto, Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Avenida Montevideo 18, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Amaia Bilbao-González
- Osakidetza, Hospital Universitario Basurto, Unidad de Investigación, Red de Investigación en Servicios de Salud en Enfermedades Crónicas (REDISSEC), Avenida Montevideo 18, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - José-Luis Díaz-de-Tuesta-Del Arco
- Osakidetza, Hospital Universitario Basurto, Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Control de Infección, Avenida Montevideo 18, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Josefa Muñoz-Sánchez
- Osakidetza, Hospital Universitario Basurto, Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Avenida Montevideo 18, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Miren Basaras-Ibarzabal
- Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Ramon Cisterna-Cancér
- Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina y Enfermería, Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cassell JA. Highlights from this issue. Sex Transm Infect 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2018-053894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|