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Abstract
The growth and maturity of the peripheral immune system and subsequent development of pulmonary immunity in early life is dictated by host, environmental and microbial factors. Dysregulation during the critical window of immune development in the postnatal years results in disease which impacts on lifelong lung health. Asthma is a common disease in childhood and is often preceded by wheezing illnesses during the preschool years. However, the mechanisms underlying development of wheeze and how and why only some children progress to asthma is unknown. Human studies to date have generally focused on peripheral immune development, with little assessment of local tissue pathology in young children. Moreover, mechanisms underlying the interactions between inflammation and tissue repair at mucosal surfaces in early life remain unknown. Disappointingly, mechanistic studies in mice have predominantly used adult models. This review will consider the aspects of the neonatal immune system which might contribute to the development of early life wheezing disorders and asthma, and discuss the external environmental factors which may influence this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare M Lloyd
- Inflammation, Repair & Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Sejal Saglani
- Inflammation, Repair & Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.,Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, Royal Brompton Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Movassagh H, Shan L, Mohammed A, Halayko AJ, Gounni AS. Semaphorin 3E Deficiency Exacerbates Airway Inflammation, Hyperresponsiveness, and Remodeling in a Mouse Model of Allergic Asthma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1805-1814. [PMID: 28108561 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Semaphorin 3E (Sema3E) plays a crucial role in axon guidance, vascular patterning, and immune regulation. Nevertheless, the role of Sema3E in asthma is still elusive. In this study, we show that genetic ablation of Sema3E in mice results in increased lung granulocytosis, airway hyperresponsiveness, mucus overproduction, collagen deposition, and Th2/Th17 inflammation. Transfer of Sema3e-/- bone marrow progenitor cells to irradiated wild-type (WT) recipients exacerbates airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation, whereas transfer of WT bone marrow progenitor cells ameliorates asthma pathology in Sema3e-/- recipients. Sema3e-/- mice display a higher frequency of CD11b+ pulmonary dendritic cells than their WT controls at the baseline and after sensitization with house dust mite. Adoptive transfer of CD11b+ pulmonary dendritic cells from Sema3e-/- mice into WT recipients increases house dust mite-induced Th2/Th17 inflammation in the airway. Together, these findings identify Sema3E as a novel regulatory molecule in allergic asthma that acts upstream of proallergic events and suggest that targeting this molecule could be a novel approach to treat allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesam Movassagh
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; and
| | - Lianyu Shan
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; and
| | - Ashfaque Mohammed
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; and
| | - Andrew J Halayko
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; and.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5 Canada
| | - Abdelilah S Gounni
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; and
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Ebrahimi H, Fallahi M, Khamaneh AM, Ebrahimi Saadatlou MA, Saadat S, Keyhanmanesh R. Effect of α-Hederin on IL-2 and IL-17 mRNA and miRNA-133a Levels in Lungs of Ovalbumin-Sensitized Male Rats. Drug Dev Res 2016; 77:87-93. [PMID: 26865286 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
α-hederin, a saponin that is a major constituent of English Ivy (Hedera helix) is effective in the treatment of asthma. In the present study, the effect of α-hederin on lung tissue pathology and the levels of the inflammatory mediators; IL-2 mRNA, IL-17 mRNA, and MicroRNAs (miRNA)-133a was evaluated in a rat ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized model of asthma. Rats were divided randomly into control (C), OVA-sensitized (S), OVA-sensitized pretreated with the antioxidant, thymoquinone (3 mg/kg, S + TQ) or OVA-sensitized pretreated with α-hederin (0.02 mg/kg, S + AH) groups. Levels of IL-2 and IL-17 mRNA were higher in the OVA-sensitized group than controls while the level of miRNA-133a gene expression was lower. IL-2 mRNA and miRNA-133a gene expression in the S + TQ group was higher than in the control and OVA-sensitized groups while the level of IL-17 mRNA in the S + TQ group was lower than in the OVA-sensitized group. Pretreatment with α-hederin decreased IL-17 mRNA levels and increased miRNA-133a gene expression compared with OVA-sensitized animals. All pathological changes in pretreated groups were lower than the OVA-sensitized group. These results showed a beneficial effect of α-hederin in OVA-sensitized rats, suggesting that α-hederin affects the IL-2 and IL-17 secretion pathways, altering miRNA-133a expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Ebrahimi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Fallahi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Mahdi Khamaneh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Saeideh Saadat
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Rana Keyhanmanesh
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Aranyosi AJ, Wong EA, Irimia D. A neutrophil treadmill to decouple spatial and temporal signals during chemotaxis. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:549-556. [PMID: 25412288 PMCID: PMC4268067 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00970c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
After more than 50 years of debates, the role of spatial and temporal gradients during cell chemotaxis is still a contentious matter. One major challenge is that when cells move in response to a heterogeneous chemical environment they are exposed to both spatial and temporal concentration changes. Even in the presence of perfectly stable chemical gradients, moving cells experience temporal changes of concentration simply by moving between locations with different chemical concentrations in a heterogeneous environment. Thus, the effects of the spatial and temporal stimuli cannot be dissociated and studied independently, hampering progress towards understanding the mechanisms of cell chemotaxis. Here we employ microfluidic and other engineering tools to build a system that accomplishes a function analogous to a treadmill at the cellular scale, holding a moving cell at a specified, unchanging location in a chemical gradient. Using this system, we decouple the spatial and temporal gradients around moving human neutrophils and find that temporal gradients are necessary for the directional persistence of human neutrophils during chemotaxis. Our results suggest that temporal chemoattractant changes are important during neutrophil migration and should be taken into account when deciphering the signalling pathways of cell chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Aranyosi
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown MA 02129
| | - Elisabeth A. Wong
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown MA 02129
| | - Daniel Irimia
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown MA 02129
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Bouchard JC, Beal DR, Kim J, Vaickus LJ, Remick DG. Chemokines mediate ethanol-induced exacerbations of murine cockroach allergen asthma. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 172:203-16. [PMID: 23574317 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma imposes considerable patient and economic burdens, with the most severe cases causing the greatest affliction. Identifying stimuli that worsen asthma severity is an essential step to controlling both disease morbidity and the lessening economic impact. This study provides the first mechanistic investigation into how acute ethanol exposure will increase asthma severity in a murine model of mild cockroach allergen (CRA)-induced asthma. Outbred mice were sensitized to induce mild allergic asthma, with intratracheal CRA exposures on days 0 and 14. On day 21 mice were gavaged with water or 32% ethanol, and the third allergen exposure was given 30 min post-gavage. Asthmatic responses were measured at several time-points up to 42 h after the third allergen challenge. Ethanol-gavaged mice showed increased asthma severity within 90 min post-allergen challenge, with exacerbations lasting for 24 h. Ethanol caused greater airways obstruction, including an eightfold increase in epithelial cell mucin and increased mucus plugs, resulting in a 50% reduction in bronchiole patency. Ethanol gavage also induced significant increases in airways hyperreactivity. While T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokines were not altered by ethanol gavage, pulmonary neutrophil and eosinophil recruitment were augmented. This increase was associated with increased chemokine production. Administration 2 h prior to ethanol gavage of a neutralizing antibody cocktail to keratinocyte-derived chemokine, macrophage inflammatory protein-2, eotaxin-1 and eotaxin-2 prevented ethanol-induced eosinophil recruitment and airways hyperreactivity. These data provide evidence that acute alcohol exposure immediately prior to a mild allergen-triggered asthmatic episode will exacerbate asthma severity mediated by increased production of chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Bouchard
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Gordon IO, Husain AN, Charbeneau J, Krishnan JA, Hogarth DK. Endobronchial biopsy: a guide for asthma therapy selection in the era of bronchial thermoplasty. J Asthma 2013; 50:634-41. [PMID: 23621125 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2013.794239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bronchial thermoplasty (BT) reduces airway smooth muscle in patients with severe asthma. We developed a novel standardized histologic grading system assessing inflammation and structural remodeling on endobronchial biopsy (EBBx) in severe persistent asthma and evaluated airway structure before and after BT. In addition, we correlated invasive and non-invasive inflammatory markers in severe persistent asthma. METHODS Thirty-three patients with severe persistent asthma underwent bronchoscopy, including bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and diagnostic EBBx. The control group (N = 41) underwent EBBx for other clinical indications. Biopsies were graded for airway inflammation and epithelial and submucosal structural features. We also evaluated airway histology in three patients before and after BT. RESULTS Compared to the control group, patients with severe persistent asthma more often had intraepithelial eosinophils and lymphocytes (67% vs. 17% and 61% vs. 27%; p < .001 and p = .005, respectively) and prominent smooth muscle and goblet cell hyperplasia (88% vs. 29% and 47% vs. 22%, p < .001 and p = .004, respectively). Other features including epithelial denudation and basement membrane thickening were not significantly different. Following BT, airway smooth muscle was no longer prominent due to partial replacement by fibrosis. Increased submucosal eosinophilic inflammation and BAL eosinophilia correlated with exhaled nitric oxide (eNO, p = .05 for both). CONCLUSIONS We developed a clinically applicable standardized histologic grading system which identified structural but not inflammatory changes before and after BT in severe persistent asthmatics. Additionally, we demonstrated that eNO is representative of submucosal eosinophilia in this population. This semi-quantitative assessment will be useful for practicing pathologists assessing EBBx from severe persistent asthma patients for diagnostic and clinical research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyssa O Gordon
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
Most cells in the body have the ability to change their physical locations during physiologic or pathologic events such as inflammation, wound healing, or cancer. When cell migration is directed toward sources of cue chemicals, the process is known as chemotaxis, and it requires linking the sensing of chemicals through receptors on the surfaces of the cells to the directional activation of the motility apparatus inside the cells. This link is supported by complex intracellular signaling pathways, and although details regarding the nature of the molecules involved in the signal transduction are well established, far less is known about how different signaling molecules and processes are dynamically interconnected and how slower and faster signaling events take place simultaneously inside moving cells. In this context, advances in microfluidic technologies are enabling the emergence of new tools that facilitate the development of experimental protocols in which the cellular microenvironment is precisely controlled in time and space and in which signaling-associated changes inside cells can be quantitatively measured and compared. These tools could enable new insights into the intricacies of the biological systems that participate in chemotaxis processes and could have the potential to accelerate the development of novel therapeutic strategies to control cell motility and enhance our abilities for medical intervention during health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Irimia
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospital for Children, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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T(H)17-associated cytokines (IL-17A and IL-17F) in severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 123:1185-7. [PMID: 19361847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gao FS, Qiao JO, Zhang Y, Jin XQ. Chronic intranasal administration of Aspergillus fumigatus spores leads to aggravation of airway inflammation and remodelling in asthmatic rats. Respirology 2009; 14:360-70. [PMID: 19207119 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2009.01482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Epidemiological evidence indicates a close link between exposure to fungi and deterioration of asthma. However, the role of fungi as an exogenous precipitant for initiation and progression of asthma has been incompletely explored. In this study, the effects of Aspergillus fumigatus exposure on airway inflammation and remodelling in a rat model of chronic asthma were investigated. METHODS The rat model of chronic asthma was established by systemic sensitization and repeated challenge with ovalbumin (OVA). The asthmatic rats were exposed to chronic intranasal inhalation of A. fumigatus spores. Changes in airway inflammation, remodelling and BHR were measured after exposure to the fungus. RESULTS Chronic inhalation of A. fumigatus spores elevated the production of T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines, increased the concentration of total serum IgE, and resulted in the recruitment of eosinophils and lymphocyte infiltration into the airways of asthmatic rats. Goblet cell hyperplasia, mucus hyperproduction and subepithelial collagen deposition were also induced by inhalation of the fungus. The remodelling changes induced by inhalation of the fungus paralleled the changes in BHR in this rat model of asthma. CONCLUSIONS Chronic exposure to A. fumigatus aggravated Th2 airway inflammation, promoted airway remodelling and increased BHR in OVA-sensitized and -challenged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Sheng Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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