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Khalid A, Riaz A, Yousaf A, Khan IH, Ur-Rehman S, Moaeen-Ud-Din M, Li S, Tang C, Shah MA, Murtaz-Ul-Hasan. Epidemiological survey of bovine gammaherpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) infection in cattle and buffalo from Pakistan. Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:921-927. [PMID: 36562894 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of bovine gammaherpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) among healthy cattle and buffaloes as well as those associated with different diseases (respiratory tract infection, mastitis and reproductive tract infection) in District Chakwal, Pakistan. Blood, swab and milk samples of cattle and buffaloes were randomly collected from different areas of Chakwal. DNA was isolated from the samples and subjected to nested PCR using thymidine kinase gene primers. Out of 300 samples (200 blood, 50 swab and 50 milk samples) from both species (cattle and buffalo), an overall prevalence of BoHV-4 of 3.33% was obtained. Samples from cattle showed a higher species-specific prevalence (4.16%) than samples from buffalo (2.78%). One sample out of 50 swab samples and 1 out of 50 milk samples were also positive for BoHV-4. DNA sequencing of a positive PCR product from cattle confirmed that the sequence was from the thymidine kinase gene of BoHV-4. Phylogenetic analysis also revealed close similarities with other BOHV-4 thymidine kinase sequences. To detect BoHV-4 antibodies, an indirect ELISA was also performed. Two hundred blood samples were also collected from the same animals in nonanticoagulant-containing tubes for the isolation of serum and were subjected to indirect ELISA. Sixteen samples (8%) were positive for BoHV-4 antibodies. This study will be useful in further diagnoses of BoHV-4 in Pakistan and in devising measures to control the spread of BoHV-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anees Khalid
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Aayesha Riaz
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Arfan Yousaf
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Irtaza Hassan Khan
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Saif Ur-Rehman
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Moaeen-Ud-Din
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Song Li
- Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, Hunan, China
| | - Congli Tang
- Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Muhammad Ali Shah
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Murtaz-Ul-Hasan
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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The Molecular Detection of Equine Herpesviruses 2 and 5 in Genital Swabs From Clinically Normal Thoroughbred Mares in South Korea. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 79:68-72. [PMID: 31405504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus (EHV) 2 and equine herpesvirus 5 (EHV-5) have been getting attention as potential causative pathogens of reproductive disorders in horses. Equine herpesviruses 2 and 5 are widespread among horses and have been detected in various samples including nasal swabs, blood, and ocular swabs. However, the detection of these pathogens in genital swabs has not been determined. The aims of this study were to determine the positive rate of EHV-2 and EHV-5 DNA in genital swabs taken from clinically normal mares and to define the genetic diversity of these EHV-2 and EHV-5 DNA sequences by comparing them to previously reported EHV-2 and EHV-5 nucleotide sequences. Four hundred and thirty genital swabs from clinically normal mares were tested for EHV-2 and EHV-5 by glycoprotein B (gB)-specific polymerase chain reaction. From 430 genital swabs, 10 (2.3%) contained EHV-2 DNA, and 11 (2.6%) were positive for EHV-5. The sequences of the EHV-2 and EHV-5 gB gene were used in phylogenetic analyses and revealed that the Korean EHV-2 and EHV-5 strains have a marked genetic diversity, with a nucleotide sequence identity among the strains that ranged from 92.57% to 100% and from 98.07% to 100% for EHV-2 and EHV-5, respectively. The degree of similarity between Korean strains and those recovered from horses elsewhere ranged from 88.13% to 100% for EHV-2 and 95.96% to 100% for EHV-5. Further studies are now required to determine if the presence of EHV-2 and EHV-5 DNA is associated with reproductive disorders in clinically affected horses.
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Yang B, Li Y, Bogado Pascottini O, Xie J, Wei R, Opsomer G, Nauwynck H. Primary replication and invasion of the bovine gammaherpesvirus BoHV-4 in the genital mucosae. Vet Res 2017; 48:83. [PMID: 29183401 PMCID: PMC5706299 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) is a gammaherpesvirus that is widespread in cattle. Ex vivo models with bovine genital tract mucosa explants were set up to study molecular/cellular BoHV-4-host interactions. Bovine posterior vagina, cervix and uterus body were collected from cows at two stages of the reproductive cycle for making mucosa explants. The BoHV-4 replication kinetics and characteristics within the three different mucosae of animals in the follicular and luteal phase were assessed by virus titration. The number of plaques, plaque latitude and number of infected cells were determined by immunofluorescence. BoHV-4 replicated in a productive way in all genital mucosal tissues. It infected single individual cells in both epithelium and lamina propria of the genital mucosae at 24 hours post-inoculation (hpi). Later, small BoHV-4 epithelial plaques were formed that did not spread through the basement membrane. 50% of the number of BoHV-4 infected cells were identified as cytokeratin+ and CD172a+ cells in the three parts of the genital tract at 24 hpi. Upon a direct injection of genital explants with BoHV-4, fibrocytes became infected, indicating that the unidentified 50% of the infected cells are most probably fibrocytes. In this study, in vivo-related in vitro genital tract models were successfully established and the early stage of the pathogenesis of a genital infection was clarified: BoHV-4 starts with a productive infection of epithelial cells in the reproductive tract, forming small foci followed by a non-productive infection of surveilling monocytic cells which help BoHV-4 to invade into deeper tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Yewei Li
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Osvaldo Bogado Pascottini
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jiexiong Xie
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ruifang Wei
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Geert Opsomer
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Marenzoni ML, Stefanetti V, Danzetta ML, Timoney PJ. Gammaherpesvirus infections in equids: a review. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2015; 6:91-101. [PMID: 30155436 PMCID: PMC6065615 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s39473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the first equine gammaherpesvirus was identified over 50 years ago, the isolation and characterization of other members of this virus group has been relatively recent. Even so, numerous clinical syndromes have been identified in equid species in association with these viruses. Equid gammaherpesviruses are a genetically heterogeneous viral subfamily, the function of which in host immune modulation and disease pathogenesis has not yet been elucidated. While they share similarities with gammaherpesviruses in humans, the role they play in their relationship with the host is the subject of continued interest and research. Their widespread presence in horses and other equid species provides a considerable challenge in linking them with particular clinical and pathological conditions and in defining their significance from a diagnostic and therapeutic viewpoint. The present review provides an update on the taxonomy, epidemiology, and clinical syndromes, especially respiratory, reported in association with gammaherpesvirus infection in horses, donkeys, and other equid species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter Joseph Timoney
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H Gluck Equine Research Center, Lexington, KY, USA
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Marenzoni ML, Sforna M, Stefanetti V, Casagrande Proietti P, Brignone L, Del Sero A, Falcioni F, Orvieto S, Tamantini C, Tiburzi A, Valentini S, Coletti M, Timoney PJ, Passamonti F. Detection of Equid herpesvirus type 2 and 5 DNA in uterine flushings of mares with reproductive disorders. Vet Microbiol 2014; 174:570-576. [PMID: 25455084 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been increasing evidence of the potential pathogenic significance of equine gammaherpesviruses in the horse. In humans, cattle and mice, gammaherpesviruses have already been associated with uterine infection. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of gammaherpesviruses in uterine flushings of mares with reproductive problems and to evaluate if there was a possible statistical association with clinical and laboratory findings in these cases. A total of 80 uterine flushings were collected from 61 mares with different reproductive problems and these were tested for equine herpesviruses (EHV) 1-5 by PCR. In the case of each mare in the study, the age, history of infertility, presence of anatomical defects in the reproductive tract, presence of systemic or local disease at time of sampling, phase in the oestrous cycle, post-partum interval, nature of uterine lavage performed (low versus large volume lavage), cytological and bacteriological examination results from the uterine flushing, and PCR herpesvirus results were recorded. Univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify possible statistical associations and risk factors. Nine out of 61 mares (14.7%) had EHV-5 DNA in their uterine flushings. Co-infections with EHV-1 and EHV-2 were present in two cases. Of all the variables analyzed, only the cytological examination findings were associated with EHV-5 PCR positive results, both on univariate and multivariable analysis, especially in cases with an inflammation score of 3. It is postulated that presence of EHV-5 infection in the non-pregnant uterus may have a role to play in reproductive dysfunction and have a negative consequence on the pregnant uterus. Additional studies involving both healthy mares and mares with reproductive problems need to be performed, however, to elucidate whatever role equine gammaherpesviruses may play in the reproductive tract. This would be very worthwhile, since reproductive problems can have a significant impact on the equine breeding industry. Gaining a greater understanding of its causes could lead to new approaches for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Marenzoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Monica Sforna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Valentina Stefanetti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Luca Brignone
- Private Practitioner, Central Italy, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Del Sero
- Private Practitioner, Central Italy, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabio Falcioni
- Private Practitioner, Central Italy, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Simona Orvieto
- Private Practitioner, Central Italy, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristina Tamantini
- Private Practitioner, Central Italy, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Tiburzi
- Private Practitioner, Central Italy, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Valentini
- Private Practitioner, Central Italy, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Mauro Coletti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Peter J Timoney
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, United States
| | - Fabrizio Passamonti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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de Boer MW, Zheng T, Buddle BM, McDougall S. Detection of bovine herpesvirus type 4 antibodies and bovine lymphotropic herpesvirus in New Zealand dairy cows. N Z Vet J 2014; 62:351-5. [PMID: 24967608 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2014.933683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM To detect the presence of bovine herpesvirus (BoHV) type 4 in New Zealand dairy cows with clinical metritis. METHODS Serum samples taken from 92 dairy cows with clinical metritis, each from a different farm, were tested for the presence of antibodies against BoHV-4 using a commercially available, indirect ELISA. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected from 10 BoHV-4 seropositive cows, and PBMC were examined by a pan-herpesvirus nested PCR to detect herpesvirus. PCR products were sequenced directly and a proportion of the PCR products were cloned and sequenced to identify the virus present. RESULTS Antibodies to BoHV-4 were detected in 23/92 (25%) serum samples. The pan-herpesvirus PCR was positive in 8/10 PBMC samples. Cloning and sequencing identified that all of the eight PCR-positive PBMC contained bovine lymphotropic herpesvirus (BLHV); no BoHV-4 DNA was detected. CONCLUSIONS This study reports the finding of the presence of apparent antibodies to BoHV-4, and BLHV DNA in New Zealand dairy cows affected by metritis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Bovine herpesvirus type 4 and BLHV are reported to have the potential to cause reproduction failure in cows. This is the first report of apparent BoHV-4 antibodies, and BLHV in New Zealand. The importance and epidemiology of these viruses in cattle in New Zealand requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W de Boer
- a Anexa Animal Health , Cognosco , PO Box 21, Morrinsville , 3300 , New Zealand
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Jacca S, Franceschi V, Colagiorgi A, Sheldon M, Donofrio G. Bovine Endometrial Stromal Cells Support Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Induced Bovine Herpesvirus Type 4 Enhanced Replication1. Biol Reprod 2013; 88:135. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.106740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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