1
|
Mialon MM, Nowak R, Falourd P, Marcon D, Lardy R, Boivin X. Are early-life lambs’ characteristics and behavioural reactivity related to later survival and growth performance during artificial feeding? Appl Anim Behav Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2023.105918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
|
2
|
RNAseq Analysis of Brown Adipose Tissue and Thyroid of Newborn Lambs Subjected to Short-Term Cold Exposure Reveals Signs of Early Whitening of Adipose Tissue. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12100996. [PMID: 36295898 PMCID: PMC9607389 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12100996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the early postnatal period, lambs have the ability to thermoregulate body temperature via non-shivering thermogenesis through brown adipose tissue (BAT), which soon after birth begins to transform into white adipose tissue. An RNA seq approach was used to characterize the transcriptome of BAT and thyroid tissue in newborn lambs exposed to cold conditions. Fifteen newborn Romney lambs were selected and divided into three groups: group 1 (n = 3) was a control, and groups 2 and 3 (n = 6 each) were kept indoors for two days at an ambient temperature (20–22 °C) or at a cold temperature (4 °C), respectively. Sequencing was performed using a paired-end strategy through the BGISEQ-500 platform, followed by the identification of differentially expressed genes using DESeq2 and an enrichment analysis by g:Profiler. This study provides an in-depth expression network of the main characters involved in the thermogenesis and fat-whitening mechanisms that take place in the newborn lamb. Data revealed no significant differential expression of key thermogenic factors such as uncoupling protein 1, suggesting that the heat production peak under cold exposure might occur so rapidly and in such an immediate way that it may seem undetectable in BAT by day three of life. Moreover, these changes in expression might indicate the start of the whitening process of the adipose tissue, concluding the non-shivering thermogenesis period.
Collapse
|
3
|
Jacobson C, Bruce M, Kenyon PR, Lockwood A, Miller D, Refshauge G, Masters DG. A review of dystocia in sheep. Small Rumin Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2020.106209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
4
|
Andrade IM, Simões PBA, Lamas LP, Carolino N, Lima MS. Blood lactate, pH, base excess and pCO 2 as prognostic indicators in caesarean-born kids from goats with pregnancy toxaemia. Ir Vet J 2019; 72:10. [PMID: 31695907 PMCID: PMC6822279 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-019-0149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify the prognostic value for survival of blood parameters in the immediate post-caesarean surgery period in kids born from pregnancy toxaemia (PT) goats. This study involved 10 PT goats, in which a caesarean surgery was performed. Twenty-five kids were born after caesarean surgery of which 16 survived. A blood sample was collected from the jugular vein of the 10 goats and from the kids immediately after caesarean surgery (within 15 min). There were differences between the kids that survived and the kids that did not survive concerning the blood levels of pH (7.22 vs 7.00), base excess (− 9 vs − 18 mmol/L), pCO2 (46 vs 62 mmHg) and L-lactate (5.6 vs 16 mmol/L). Maternal ketoacidosis due to PT has a negative impact on the survival rate of the offspring. This appears to be associated to a metabolic acidosis of the offspring. However, the only blood parameter in which there was a strong association between the maternal and newborn kids was blood urea nitrogen (r = 0.97).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I M Andrade
- 1CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Polo Universitário da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P B A Simões
- 1CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Polo Universitário da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - L P Lamas
- 1CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Polo Universitário da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - N Carolino
- 1CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Polo Universitário da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal.,2INIAV, EUVG, 2006-291 Vale de Santarém, Portugal
| | - M S Lima
- 1CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Polo Universitário da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Morton CL, Hinch G, Small A. Distress vocalization delay in the neonate lamb as a neurobehavioral assessment tool. Dev Psychobiol 2017; 59:523-534. [PMID: 28391612 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acoustic features of infant distress vocalizations including latency and rate of emission are used as indices of neurological deficit and integrity in human and rodent neonates. This paper investigates the relationship between temporal characteristics of distress calls, elicited by an isolation stimulus, and indicators of neurobehavioral development over 12 hr postpartum in the neonate lamb. Delayed vocalization initiation was found to be associated with poor locomotor and orientation behavior reflecting the capacity of the lamb to reunite with and follow its dam, and a lowered rate of signal emission following commencement of vocalization. Animals demonstrating delayed vocalization initiation also appeared more likely to be of a birth weight predisposed to fetal distress, and to urinate when exposed to a novel environment. Based on these preliminary studies, we propose that compromised emission of vocal signals is indicative of neurobehavioral deficit in the neonate lamb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Morton
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Hinch
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Alison Small
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ortega J, Daft B, Assis RA, Kinde H, Anthenill L, Odani J, Uzal FA. Infection of Internal Umbilical Remnant in Foals by Clostridium sordellii. Vet Pathol 2016; 44:269-75. [PMID: 17491067 DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-3-269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Omphalitis and the resulting septicemia contribute to perinatal mortality in several animal species. In foals, the most important causes of omphalitis are Escherichia coli and Streptococcus zooepidemicus. However to date, no information has been published about the role of Clostridium sordellii in these infections. In this paper, we describe 8 cases of perinatal mortality in foals associated with internal umbilical remnant infection by C. sordellii. The foals studied were between 12 and 21 days old at the time of death, and various breeds were represented in the group. Five of the foals were male and 3 were female. The diagnosis was established on the basis of the detection of C. sordellii by 3 methods (culture, fluorescent antibody test, and immunohistochemistry) and on gross and histopathologic findings. All foals had acute peritonitis, and the internal umbilical remnant was thickened by edema, hemorrhage, and fibrosis. A moderate amount of serosanguinous fluid with fibrin strands was present in the pericardial sac and pleural cavity. Histopathologically, the urachus and umbilical arterial walls were thickened by edema and exhibited hemorrhage, fibrin, and leukocytic infiltration. Gram-positive bacterial rods were observed in subepithelial areas of the urachus, the adventicia of umbilical arteries, and interstitium of the internal umbilical remnant. On the basis of these findings, we suggest that C. sordellii should be considered in the differential diagnosis for infections of the internal umbilical remnant in foals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Ortega
- Departamento de Atención Sanitaria, Salud Pública y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales y de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, Valencia, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Scott P. Practical Use of Ultrasound Scan in Small Ruminant Medicine and Surgery. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2016; 32:181-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
8
|
Guyoti VM, Farias MDS, Dalmolin ML, Poli CH, Schmidt V, Gonzalez FD. EFFECT OF SHEARING DURING PREGNANCY ON PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE IN THE POST-PARTUM PERIOD OF EWES ON EXTENSIVE HUSBANDRY. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1089-6891v16i233219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of shearing during pregnancy has been described as a tool for improving productivity in sheep and for minimizing perinatal mortality in lambs through the increase of fetal development. This study assessed the effect of shearing around 74 days of gestation on the productive performance of ewes and lambs during the first month of life. Forty Corriedale ewes were inseminated in autumn in Southern Brazil. All ewes were kept together at the same pasture under extensive husbandry conditions. The ewes were randomly separated into two treatment groups: twenty animals were completely sheared at 74 ± 6 days of pregnancy, and twenty were kept without sheared during pregnancy, composing the control group. Ewes and their lambs were evaluated at three different times during the experiment: at birth, between 15 and 21 days post-partum and between 22 and 45 days post-partum. Ewes had their body condition score, body weight, placental weight, milk production and serum concentrations of beta-hydroxybutyrate measured, while lambs had hematocrit, hemoglobin, and plasma lactate and glucose, as well as body weight at birth and until wean determined. Values of hematocrit and hemoglobin were lower and body weight at birth and at wean was higher in the group of lambs born from sheared ewes. Placenta weight was higher in sheared ewes. Body condition score and beta-hydroxybutyrate showed no differences between groups. Milk production of sheared ewes (1.26 L/day) was higher than in control group (0.93 L/day). Shearing ewes at 74 days of pregnancy was efficient for the better development of lambs at post-birth, reducing perinatal mortality rates.
Collapse
|
9
|
Diesch TJ, Mellor DJ. Birth transitions: Pathophysiology, the onset of consciousness and possible implications for neonatal maladjustment syndrome in the foal. Equine Vet J 2013; 45:656-60. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. J. Diesch
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre; Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences; Massey University; New Zealand
| | - D. J. Mellor
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre; Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences; Massey University; New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Clark C, Mendl M, Jamieson J, Arnone A, Waterman-Pearson A, Murrell J. Do psychological and physiological stressors alter the acute pain response to castration and tail docking in lambs? Vet Anaesth Analg 2011; 38:134-45. [PMID: 21303445 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether events that may be stressful to young lambs, including simulated infection or social isolation, modulate pain experienced by lambs following castration and tail docking (C/D). STUDY DESIGN Randomised, controlled, prospective study. ANIMALS Fifty male lambs born to 46 second-parity Mule ewes. METHODS Lambs were allocated randomly to one of four groups, experiencing either a potential stressor or handling on day 2 after birth, followed by C/D or handling only on day 3. Quantitative sensory testing (QST) data [mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNT), Semmes Weinstein filaments (SW), response to cold] and serum cortisol concentration were measured at time points after application of treatments to lambs on days 2 and 3 after birth. The treatment groups were LPS, injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide IV on day 2, C/D on day 3; ISOL, isolation from the dam for 10 minutes on day 2, C/D on day 3; CAST, handling only on day 2, C/D on day 3; CONT, handled only on days 2 and 3. RESULTS Castration and tail docking caused transient hypoalgesia as measured by MNT and SW. Simulated infection and isolation caused hyperalgesia 3 hours after application, indicated by a reduction in MNT, however they did not alter the pain response to C/D compared to lambs in the CAST group. Injection of LPS and C/D caused increased serum cortisol concentration. The magnitude of the cortisol response to C/D was not altered by prior exposure to either LPS or isolation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE LPS and isolation did not modulate the response to C/D but did cause hyperalgesia. This highlights the importance of flock health management and husbandry techniques to reduce the incidence of either systemic infection or psychological stressors in young lambs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Clark
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, North Somerset, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Kerslake JI, Kenyon PR, Stafford KJ, Morris ST, Morel PCH. Does the physiological status of lambs within a twin- and triplet-born litter differ during the first 12 hours of life? ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1071/an09179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the physical and physiological differences from birth until 12 h of age within twin- and triplet-born litters. In 2005 and 2006, the parturition of 75 twin- and 62 triplet-bearing Romney ewes were observed. After parturition lamb blood samples were taken within 5 min of birth and rectal temperature was measured within 5 min of birth and at 1, 3, 6 and 12 h post-birth. Lamb birth weight, crown–rump length and thoracic-girth circumference were measured at 3 h of age. Lamb birth weight, plasma glucose, fructose, lactate, thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine did not differ (P > 0.05) between the heaviest-twin-born, lightest-twin-born and heaviest-triplet-born lamb. The lightest-triplet-born lambs, however, had lighter (P < 0.001) birthweights, greater (P < 0.001) surface-area-to-birth weight ratio, lower (P < 0.05) rectal temperatures, greater (P < 0.1) lactate concentrations and lower (P < 0.1) plasma thyroid hormone concentrations. These characteristics are known to have a negative impact on the ability of the lamb to maintain its body temperature after birth and may therefore provide some evidence as to why triplet-born lambs display a greater mortality rate than twin-born lambs, and why the lightest-triplet-born lambs have the greatest mortality rate within a litter.
Collapse
|
13
|
Melatonin treatment prior to the normal breeding season increases fetal number in United Kingdom sheep flocks. Vet J 2008; 182:198-202. [PMID: 18783969 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Revised: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Litter size determined ultrasonographically at 45-90 days after mating in eight groups of commercial sheep (n=2609) treated with slow release melatonin implants immediately prior to the natural breeding season showed a 19% treatment effect averaged over the eight groups, from 148% to 167% (P<0.01) compared with controls (n=2499). Control groups had a litter size ranging from 124% to 194% thereby representing most commercial production systems in the UK sheep industry. This is the first large scale study of slow release melatonin implants in commercial UK flocks to demonstrate a significant positive effect on litter size when used before the natural breeding season. The data indicate that increased productivity and profitability could be achieved while maintaining desirable purebred characteristics.
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Kenyon P, Stafford K, Jenkinson C, Morris S, West D. The body composition and metabolic status of twin- and triplet-bearing ewes and their fetuses in late pregnancy. Livest Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
16
|
Afolayan RA, Fogarty NM, Ingham VM, Gilmour AR, Gaunt GM, Cummins LJ, Pollard T. Genetic evaluation of crossbred lamb production. 3. Growth and carcass performance of second-cross lambs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1071/ar06310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the growth and carcass performance of second-cross lambs that were the progeny of common terminal sires and a range of first-cross ewes. The first-cross ewes were the progeny of 91 industry sires from several maternal breeds including the Border Leicester, East Friesian, Finnsheep, Coopworth, White Suffolk, Corriedale, and Booroola Leicester breeds. The first-cross ewes were generated at 3 sites over 3 years, and 3 common maternal sires were used at each site and each year to provide genetic links for combined analysis. The 2726 first-cross ewes were mated naturally to common terminal sires for 3 years at each site to quantify the variation in maternal genetics on the performance of 11 341 second-cross cross lambs. The birthweight, weaning weight (at an average age of 100 days) and post-weaning weight (at an average age of 200 days) of the second-cross lambs were analysed using mixed-model procedures. The lambs were slaughtered (n = 8878) at an average target carcass weight of 22 kg and dressing yield, carcass fat, muscle, meat colour, and meat pH were analysed. Crossbred ewe breed (the maternal grand sire breed) was significant for birthweight (range of 0.9 kg), weaning weight (range 4.4 kg) and post-weaning weight (range 4.6 kg). Type of birth and rearing, age of dam, and sex effects were significant for all liveweights. Ewe breed was significant for hot carcass weight, carcass fat levels, and muscle dimensions, but not for meat colour and ultimate meat pH. There was a significant difference between wether and ewe lamb carcasses for most traits, with other fixed effects generally being small when carcass weight was included as a covariate. Lamb carcasses from East Friesian-cross ewes were very lean compared with carcasses from all other ewe breeds (~2 mm lower fat depth at the GR site at 22 kg carcass weight). This comprehensive study of maternal sire breeds provides an opportunity to exploit between-breed variation for some maternal growth and carcass traits. There was, however, considerable overlap among breeds and opportunities exist for additional improvement by exploiting between-maternal sire genetic variance. The role of improved growth and carcass performance in profitability of prime lamb enterprises is discussed.
Collapse
|
17
|
Kenyon PR, Stafford KJ, Morel PCH, Morris ST. Does sward height grazed by ewes in mid- to late-pregnancy affect indices of colostrum intake by twin and triplet lambs? N Z Vet J 2005; 53:336-9. [PMID: 16220127 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2005.36570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine if sward height grazed by ewes in mid- to late-pregnancy affects subsequent indices of colostrum intake by twin and triplet lambs, and the extent of the variation in colostrums intake between twin and triplet litter-mates. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 75 twin and 46 triplet litters, respectively, 24-36 h after birth. Samples were not collected from lambs that died before this age. Lambs were born to ewes which had grazed one of four sward heights (2, 4, 6 and 8 cm) during mid- to late-pregnancy. Serum samples were analysed for gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities and glucose concentrations. The number of lambs present at weaning was used to determine lamb survival rate. RESULTS GGT activities of lambs born to ewes that grazed swards 2 cm high were lower than those born to ewes that grazed swards 4 and 6 cm high (p=0.053 and p=0.037, respectively). Glucose concentrations were higher in twin than triplet lambs (p=0.003) and in lambs born to ewes grazed on swards 6 cm high than those born to ewes grazed on swards 2 cm high (p=0.033). These differences were not evident after correction for differences in birthweight. There was significant (p<0.001) variation within litter-mates for GGT activities and glucose concentrations in both twins and triplets. The blood constituent status of lambs that died before the 24-36 h collection period is not known. However, lambs which died after this period had significantly lower GGT activities (p=0.009) and glucose (p=0.010) concentrations at the time of sampling than those which survived. CONCLUSIONS Farmers should ensure twin- and triplet-bearing ewes in mid- to late-pregnancy are grazing at least 4 cm of herbage to ensure colostrum intake of lambs in the postpartum period is not adversely affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P R Kenyon
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Diesch TJ, Mellor DJ, Stafford KJ, Ward RN. The physiological and physical status of single calves at birth in a dairy herd in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2005; 52:250-5. [PMID: 15768120 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2004.36436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the physiological status of calves at birth and the perinatal factors that might predispose newborn calves to debility and death, using criteria previously established for newborn lambs. METHODS Friesian mixed-aged cows and heifers on a dairy farm in New Zealand that were close to calving were separated from the main herd and observed 24 h a day until they calved. Cows in which labour did not progress for over 1 h or which were in distress were assisted. About 12-13 min after birth, rectal temperature was measured and a blood sample was taken from each calf. The packed cell volume (PCV) and plasma lactate, glucose and fructose concentrations were determined. The time to stand for each calf and the air temperature and weather conditions at birth were recorded. RESULTS The parameters measured were within normal ranges for newborns for the majority of calves. Calves sired by an Angus bull and born to heifers (AngusX) had significantly higher plasma lactate and fructose concentrations than Friesian calves born to cows, but there were no significant differences between the two breeds in any of the other parameters measured. Calves of both breeds born with assistance had significantly higher plasma lactate concentrations than those born without. Friesian calves that were assisted at birth had significantly lower PCVs and took significantly longer to stand than calves born without assistance. Assisted AngusX calves were significantly heavier than their unassisted counterparts. Calves born during windy and wet weather and when air temperatures were below 10 degrees C had lower rectal temperatures, took longer to stand and had higher plasma glucose concentrations than those born in dry weather and when air temperatures were above 10 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS Calves with physiological parameters outside the normal range had experienced difficult labour and/or intrapartum hypoxaemia. Placental insufficiency and maternal undernutrition during late pregnancy did not apparently contribute to neonatal problems in the present study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Diesch
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Reproductive performance of South African indigenous goats following oestrous synchronisation and AI. Small Rumin Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2004.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
20
|
Diesch TJ, Mellor DJ, Stafford KJ, Ward RN. Blood metabolites and body temperature of single calves between 1 and 4 days of age in a dairy herd in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2004; 52:256-60. [PMID: 15768121 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2004.36437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM Using specified indices, to determine the nutritional and thermal status of calves between 1 and 4 days of age. METHODS After birth, calves (n=106) were collected daily, according to farm practice. Over the following 4 days a jugular blood sample and rectal temperature were taken twice daily before feeding. Plasma concentrations of glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate and urea, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities were determined. The significance of differences in plasma composition and rectal temperature between calves whose birth had been assisted or unassisted, and between calves with low and high plasma GGT activities 24 h after birth, was determined using repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS There were no marked differences in plasma metabolite levels or body temperature of assisted and unassisted calves. Calves that had high plasma GGT activities 24 h after birth had higher plasma glucose concentrations over the 4 days than calves that had low plasma GGT activities (p<0.001). Overall, compared to published data on poorly-fed and hypothermic calves, calves in this study were normoglycaemic, their plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate and urea concentrations were low and their rectal temperatures were normal, indicating that they were well fed and did not become hypothermic. CONCLUSIONS The nutritional and thermal status of at least 90% of the calves was compatible with good health and survival during the first 4 days after birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Diesch
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mellor DJ, Stafford KJ. Animal welfare implications of neonatal mortality and morbidity in farm animals. Vet J 2004; 168:118-33. [PMID: 15301760 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2003.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2003] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Much has been learnt during the last 50 years about the causes of neonatal mortality and morbidity and about practical means for minimising them in newborn lambs, kids, bovine calves, deer calves, foals and piglets. The major causes of problems in these newborns are outlined briefly and include hypothermia due to excessive heat loss or to hypoxia-induced, starvation-induced or other forms of inhibited heat production. They also include maternal undernutrition, mismothering, infection and injury. The published literature reveals that the scientific investigations which clarified these causes and led to practical means for minimising the problems, involved iterative successions of self-reinforcing laboratory and field or clinical investigations conducted over many years. These studies focused largely on solutions to the problems, not on the suffering that the newborn might experience, so that an analysis of the associated welfare insults had not apparently been conducted until now. The present assessment focuses on potentially noxious subjective experiences the newborn may have. The account of the causes of neonatal mortality and morbidity outlined early in this review indicates that the key subjective experiences which require analysis in animal welfare terms are breathlessness, hypothermia, hunger, sickness and pain. Reference to documented responses of farm animals and, where appropriate, to human experience, suggests that breathlessness and hypothermia usually represent less severe neonatal welfare insults than do hunger, sickness and pain. Major science-based improvements in the management of pregnancy and birth have markedly reduced the overall amount of welfare compromise experienced by newborn farm animals and further improvements may be expected as knowledge is refined and extended in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Mellor
- Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health (IFNHH), Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wathes DC, Reynolds TS, Robinson RS, Stevenson KR. Role of the insulin-like growth factor system in uterine function and placental development in ruminants. J Dairy Sci 1998; 81:1778-89. [PMID: 9684184 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(98)75747-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Maternal nutrition during pregnancy influences fetal and placental weights. The insulin-like growth factors (IGF) are also important determinants of fetal size. Furthermore, the expression of several components of the IGF system is regulated by nutrition. Effects of nutrition on fetal growth could therefore be mediated by the IGF system in the uterus and placenta. The oviductal mucosa produces IGF-I, which may influence oviductal secretions or act directly on embryonic type 1 IGF receptors. In the uterus, IGF-I mRNA is localized to the stroma surrounding the endometrial glands, which contain high concentrations of IGF type 1 receptors. Uterine IGF-I concentrations fall during pregnancy; therefore, glandular activity is more likely influenced by systemic than local IGF-I production. The IGF-II mRNA is present in both caruncles and fetal placental mesoderm, but concentrations are much higher in the latter. The actions of IGF-I and IGF-II on the endometrium and placenta are influenced by IGF-binding proteins. In the ewe, mRNAs for IGF binding protein-1 and -5 are located in the luminal and glandular epithelia, IGF binding proteins-2 and -4 are produced in the subepithelial stroma, and IGF binding protein-4 is also in the placentome capsule; IGF binding protein-3 is more widely expressed in both maternal and fetal tissues. The IGF binding proteins, therefore, form a major barrier to the passage of IGF between the fetal and maternal circulatory systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C Wathes
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Herts, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Norton JR, Jackson PG, Taylor PM. Measurement of arterial oxygen-haemoglobin saturation in newborn lambs by pulse oximetry. Vet Rec 1998; 142:107-9. [PMID: 9501385 DOI: 10.1136/vr.142.5.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Percentage arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) was measured in 69 neonatal lambs at one, five and 10 minutes after birth using a pulse oximeter applied to the tail. The lambs were given a subjective vitality score from 1 to 4, with 1 being normal and 4 being stillborn. Of the 42 lambs born after a normal parturition, 19 were measured after one minute, 29 after five minutes and 24 after 10 minutes; the mean (sd) SpO2 values of these groups were 67 (15) per cent, 84 (9) per cent and 83 (9) per cent, respectively. Of the 27 lambs born after dystocia, 16 were measured after one minute, 18 after five minutes and 12 after 10 minutes; the mean (sd) SpO2 values of these groups were 61 (15) per cent, 69 (16) per cent and 69 (19) per cent, respectively. The values measured in the lambs born after dystocia were significantly lower than those in the lambs born normally at five and 10 minutes (P < 0.005 and P < 0.05, respectively). Of the lambs born with a vitality score of 1, 24 were measured after one minute, 33 after five minutes and 26 after 10 minutes; they had mean SpO2 values of 72 (11), 82 (10) and 81 (12) per cent, respectively. Of the lambs born with vitality scores of 2 or 3, 11 were measured after one minute, 14 after five minutes and 10 after 10 minutes; they had mean SpO2 values of 48 (6), 68 (17) and 72 (20) per cent, respectively. The SpO2 values of the lambs with vitality scores of 2 or 3 were significantly lower than those of the lambs with a vitality score of 1 at one and five minutes after birth (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.05, respectively).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Norton
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Scott PR, Gessert ME, Marsh D. Ultrasonographic examination of the abomasum of neonatal lambs. Vet Rec 1997; 141:524. [PMID: 9416681 DOI: 10.1136/vr.141.20.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P R Scott
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midolthian
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bains RK, Sibbons PD, Murray RD, Howard CV, Van Velzen D. Stereological estimation of the absolute number of glomeruli in the kidneys of lambs. Res Vet Sci 1996; 60:122-5. [PMID: 8685532 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(96)90005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
An association between the arrest of renal development and intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR) has been demonstrated in human beings and it has been suggested that the same defect may occur in the kidneys of lambs affected by IUGR. Using design-based stereological methods, the physical disector and Cavalieri's principle, smaller absolute numbers of glomeruli were found in all six IUGR lambs studied with a low birthweight and in two of six control lambs studied with a normal birthweight than in other lambs with a normal birthweight. There was no difference in absolute numbers of glomeruli between twin births and singletons. The absolute numbers of glomeruli in three stillborn lambs were distributed among results obtained from the normal and IUGR lambs in accordance with their individual bodyweights. IUGR had a profound detrimental effect on the renal development of the lambs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R K Bains
- Department of Fetal and Infant Pathology, Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital, Alder Hey
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Laburn HP, Goelst K, Mitchell D. Body temperatures of lambs and their mothers measured by radio-telemetry during parturition. EXPERIENTIA 1994; 50:708-11. [PMID: 8070529 DOI: 10.1007/bf01919367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Using temperature-sensitive radio-telemeters chronically implanted in the abdomens of 8 fetal lambs and their mothers, we measured body temperature changes induced by parturition. Maternal body temperature rose at 0.70 +/- 0.06 degrees C/hour (mean +/- SEM) in the final stages of labour. Fetal body temperature also rose, but at a significantly lower rate, 0.45 +/- 0.06 degrees C/hour (p < 0.05). The fetus appears to be protected from excessive hyperthermia during the birth process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H P Laburn
- Department of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, Parktown, South Africa
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Physiological challenges facing the perinatal individual are huge. This is partly because of the marked and abrupt change from the intrauterine to the extrauterine environment, but also because the physiological responses to that change depend upon systems whose maturation is affected markedly by birth. Perinatal maturation appears, therefore, both to precede and accompany the physiological adaptations required for neonatal survival. This review does not provide a comprehensive coverage of perinatal physiology but directs attention towards evaluating constraints on foetal and neonatal thermogenesis, especially those imposed by post-natal availability of metabolic fuels in body reserves deposited before birth and acquired in colostrum and milk after birth. The relative importance of the supply of carbohydrate from body reserves and colostrum is examined. Carbohydrate is the major rate-limiting substrate with respect to heat production. It is shown that in the normal birth environments of several species, including the horse, colostral supply of lactose is not adequate to meet the entire carbohydrate needs of the neonate. It must, therefore, draw on its body glycogen reserves to sustain the required rates of heat production during the first day after birth. Gastrointestinal maturation and growth play a major part in the initial and continued provision of substrates for general metabolism and growth. Pre-natal and post-natal development of the stomach and intestines in a number of species are considered, including their disproportionately large growth compared with the body as a whole during the first 1-3 days after birth. Possible contributions to gastro intestinal growth and body growth of milk-borne growth factors such as epidermal growth factors and the insulin-like growth factors are considered. The role, as a possible significant stimulus to gastrointestinal growth and maturation immediately after birth, of the high levels of these growth factors in colostrum is evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Mellor
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Allan C, Holst P, Hinch G. Behaviour of parturient Australian bush goats. I. Doe behaviour and kid vigour. Appl Anim Behav Sci 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1591(05)80163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
29
|
Mellor DJ. Integration of perinatal events, pathophysiological changes and consequences for the newborn lamb. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1988; 144:552-69. [PMID: 3060214 DOI: 10.1016/0007-1935(88)90025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|