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Levassort H, Essig M. [The kidney, its anatomy and main functions]. Soins Gerontol 2024; 29:10-20. [PMID: 38331520 DOI: 10.1016/j.sger.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The kidney performs several major functions: it eliminates toxins produced by cellular or xenobiotic metabolism, regulates the homeostasis of the internal environment and plays a hormonal role, producing erythropoietin, calcitriol and renin. Maintaining the body's homeostasis (hydric, ionic [sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, etc.] or acid-base balance) requires the successive action of plasma filtration, followed by reabsorption/secretion mechanisms, which take place in the various portions of the kidney's functional unit known as the nephron. The initial part of the nephron, the glomerulus, is the site of filtration, while the tubule, which collects the glomerular filtrate, is the site of reabsorption/secretion, leading to the composition of the final urine. It's important to understand how these different structures work, before tackling the various disorders that can affect the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Levassort
- Service de néphrologie, Université Paris-Saclay, Site Ambroise-Paré, AP-HP, 9 avenue Charles-de-Gaulle, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Service de gériatrie, Université Paris-Saclay, Site Ambroise-Paré, AP-HP, 9 avenue Charles-de-Gaulle, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Inserm UMRS 1018, Équipe épidémiologie clinique, Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CESP, Villejuif, France.
| | - Marie Essig
- Service de néphrologie, Université Paris-Saclay, Site Ambroise-Paré, AP-HP, 9 avenue Charles-de-Gaulle, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Inserm UMRS 1018, Équipe épidémiologie clinique, Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CESP, Villejuif, France
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2
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Ziauddeen N, Jeffrey RF, Waiblinger D, Fraser SD, Alwan NA, Yuen HM, Azad R, Mason D, Wright J, Coward RJ, Roderick PJ. Role of foetal kidney size on kidney function in childhood: the born in bradford cohort renal study. BMC Nephrol 2023; 24:41. [PMID: 36814219 PMCID: PMC9945391 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-023-03077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foetal and early childhood development contributes to the risk of adult non-communicable diseases such as hypertension and cardiovascular disease. We aimed to investigate whether kidney size at birth is associated with markers of kidney function at 7-11 years. METHODS Foetal kidney dimensions were measured using ultrasound scans at 34 weeks gestation and used to derive kidney volume (cm3) in 1802 participants in the Born in Bradford (BiB) birth cohort. Blood and urine samples were taken from those who participated in the BiB follow-up at 7-11 years (n = 630) and analysed for serum creatinine, cystatin C, urea, and urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR), protein to creatinine ratio (PCR) and retinol binding protein (RBP). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using Schwartz creatinine only and combined with cystatin C, and cystatin C only Zappitelli and Filler equations. Linear regression was used to examine the association between foetal kidney volume and eGFR, ACR, PCR and blood pressure, unadjusted and adjusted for confounders. RESULTS Kidney volume was positively associated in adjusted models with eGFR calculated using Schwartz combined (0.64 ml/min diff per unit increase in volume, 95% CI 0.25 to 1.02), Zappitelli (0.79, 95% CI 0.38 to 1.20) and Filler (2.84, 95% CI 1.40 to 4.28). There was an association with the presence of albuminuria but not with its level, or with other urinary markers or with blood pressure. CONCLUSION Foetal kidney volume was associated with small increases in eGFR in mid-childhood. Longitudinal follow-up to investigate the relationship between kidney volume and markers of kidney function as children go through puberty is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Ziauddeen
- School of Primary Care, Population Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Wessex, Southampton, UK.
| | - Robin F Jeffrey
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK
| | - Dagmar Waiblinger
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK
| | - Simon Ds Fraser
- School of Primary Care, Population Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Wessex, Southampton, UK
| | - Nisreen A Alwan
- School of Primary Care, Population Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Wessex, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Ho M Yuen
- School of Primary Care, Population Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Rafaq Azad
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK
| | - Dan Mason
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK
| | - Richard Jm Coward
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Paul J Roderick
- School of Primary Care, Population Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Sutherland MR, Malik W, Nguyen VB, Tran V, Polglase GR, Black MJ. Renal morphology and glomerular capillarisation in young adult sheep born moderately preterm. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2021; 12:975-981. [PMID: 33300490 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174420001208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth (delivery <37 weeks of gestation) is associated with impaired glomerular capillary growth in neonates; if this persists, it may be a contributing factor in the increased risk of hypertension and chronic kidney disease in people born preterm. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to determine the long-term impact of preterm birth on renal morphology, in adult sheep. Singleton male sheep were delivered moderately preterm at 132 days (~0.9) of gestation (n = 6) or at term (147 days gestation; n = 6) and euthanised at 14.5 months of age (early adulthood). Stereological methods were used to determine mean renal corpuscle and glomerular volumes, and glomerular capillary length and surface area, in the outer, mid and inner regions of the renal cortex. Glomerulosclerosis and interstitial collagen levels were assessed histologically. By 14.5 months of age, there was no difference between the term and preterm sheep in body or kidney weight. Renal corpuscle volume was significantly larger in the preterm sheep than the term sheep, with the preterm sheep exhibiting enlarged Bowman's spaces; however, there was no difference in glomerular volume between groups, with no impact of preterm birth on capillary length or surface area per glomerulus. There was also no difference in interstitial collagen levels or glomerulosclerosis index between groups. Findings suggest that moderate preterm birth does not adversely affect glomerular structure in early adulthood. The enlarged Bowman's space in the renal corpuscles of the preterm sheep kidneys, however, is of concern and merits further research into its cause and functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Sutherland
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and the Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Waleed Malik
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and the Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vivian B Nguyen
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and the Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vivian Tran
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and the Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graeme R Polglase
- The Ritchie Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University and the Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mary Jane Black
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and the Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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4
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Walsh CL, Tafforeau P, Wagner WL, Jafree DJ, Bellier A, Werlein C, Kühnel MP, Boller E, Walker-Samuel S, Robertus JL, Long DA, Jacob J, Marussi S, Brown E, Holroyd N, Jonigk DD, Ackermann M, Lee PD. Imaging intact human organs with local resolution of cellular structures using hierarchical phase-contrast tomography. Nat Methods 2021; 18:1532-1541. [PMID: 34737453 PMCID: PMC8648561 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Imaging intact human organs from the organ to the cellular scale in three dimensions is a goal of biomedical imaging. To meet this challenge, we developed hierarchical phase-contrast tomography (HiP-CT), an X-ray phase propagation technique using the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)'s Extremely Brilliant Source (EBS). The spatial coherence of the ESRF-EBS combined with our beamline equipment, sample preparation and scanning developments enabled us to perform non-destructive, three-dimensional (3D) scans with hierarchically increasing resolution at any location in whole human organs. We applied HiP-CT to image five intact human organ types: brain, lung, heart, kidney and spleen. HiP-CT provided a structural overview of each whole organ followed by multiple higher-resolution volumes of interest, capturing organotypic functional units and certain individual specialized cells within intact human organs. We demonstrate the potential applications of HiP-CT through quantification and morphometry of glomeruli in an intact human kidney and identification of regional changes in the tissue architecture in a lung from a deceased donor with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Walsh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, UK.
| | - P Tafforeau
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France.
| | - W L Wagner
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Lung Research Centre (DZL), Translational Lung Research Centre Heidelberg (TLRC), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D J Jafree
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- UCL MB/PhD Programme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - A Bellier
- French Alps Laboratory of Anatomy (LADAF), Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - C Werlein
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - M P Kühnel
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
| | - E Boller
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - S Walker-Samuel
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - J L Robertus
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D A Long
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - J Jacob
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
| | - S Marussi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - E Brown
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - N Holroyd
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - D D Jonigk
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover, Germany.
| | - M Ackermann
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
- Institute of Pathology and Department of Molecular Pathology, Helios University Clinic Wuppertal, University of Witten-Herdecke, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - P D Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.
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Abstract
The mammalian vascular system consists of two networks: the blood vascular system and the lymphatic vascular system. Throughout the body, the lymphatic system contributes to homeostatic mechanisms by draining extravasated interstitial fluid and facilitating the trafficking and activation of immune cells. In the kidney, lymphatic vessels exist mainly in the kidney cortex. In the medulla, the ascending vasa recta represent a hybrid lymphatic-like vessel that performs lymphatic-like roles in interstitial fluid reabsorption. Although the lymphatic network is mainly derived from the venous system, evidence supports the existence of lymphatic beds that are of non-venous origin. Following their development and maturation, lymphatic vessel density remains relatively stable; however, these vessels undergo dynamic functional changes to meet tissue demands. Additionally, new lymphatic growth, or lymphangiogenesis, can be induced by pathological conditions such as tissue injury, interstitial fluid overload, hyperglycaemia and inflammation. Lymphangiogenesis is also associated with conditions such as polycystic kidney disease, hypertension, ultrafiltration failure and transplant rejection. Although lymphangiogenesis has protective functions in clearing accumulated fluid and immune cells, the kidney lymphatics may also propagate an inflammatory feedback loop, exacerbating inflammation and fibrosis. Greater understanding of lymphatic biology, including the developmental origin and function of the lymphatics and their response to pathogenic stimuli, may aid the development of new therapeutic agents that target the lymphatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Donnan
- Feinberg Cardiovascular & Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Susan E Quaggin
- Feinberg Cardiovascular & Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Sharma A, Rao JS, Han Z, Gangwar L, Namsrai B, Gao Z, Ring HL, Magnuson E, Etheridge M, Wowk B, Fahy GM, Garwood M, Finger EB, Bischof JC. Vitrification and Nanowarming of Kidneys. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:e2101691. [PMID: 34382371 PMCID: PMC8498880 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Vitrification can dramatically increase the storage of viable biomaterials in the cryogenic state for years. Unfortunately, vitrified systems ≥3 mL like large tissues and organs, cannot currently be rewarmed sufficiently rapidly or uniformly by convective approaches to avoid ice crystallization or cracking failures. A new volumetric rewarming technology entitled "nanowarming" addresses this problem by using radiofrequency excited iron oxide nanoparticles to rewarm vitrified systems rapidly and uniformly. Here, for the first time, successful recovery of a rat kidney from the vitrified state using nanowarming, is shown. First, kidneys are perfused via the renal artery with a cryoprotective cocktail (CPA) and silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (sIONPs). After cooling at -40 °C min-1 in a controlled rate freezer, microcomputed tomography (µCT) imaging is used to verify the distribution of the sIONPs and the vitrified state of the kidneys. By applying a radiofrequency field to excite the distributed sIONPs, the vitrified kidneys are nanowarmed at a mean rate of 63.7 °C min-1 . Experiments and modeling show the avoidance of both ice crystallization and cracking during these processes. Histology and confocal imaging show that nanowarmed kidneys are dramatically better than convective rewarming controls. This work suggests that kidney nanowarming holds tremendous promise for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh Sharma
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | | | - Zonghu Han
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Lakshya Gangwar
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | | | - Zhe Gao
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Hattie L. Ring
- Center for Magnetic Resonance ResearchDepartment of RadiologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Elliott Magnuson
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Michael Etheridge
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Brian Wowk
- 21st Century Medicine IncFontanaCA92336USA
| | | | - Michael Garwood
- Center for Magnetic Resonance ResearchDepartment of RadiologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - Erik B. Finger
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN55455USA
| | - John C. Bischof
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN55455USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN55455USA
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Mousavi Motlagh SS, Seyedhamzeh M, Ahangari Cohan R, Shafiee Ardestani M, Vaziri B, Azadmanesh K, Saberi S, Masoumi V. Novel G-CSF conjugated anionic globular dendrimer: Preparation and biological activity assessment. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00826. [PMID: 34269522 PMCID: PMC8283867 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The most crucial role of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in the body is to increase the strength of immune system. In recent years, research on the use of nanoparticles in pharmaceuticals has been considered, most of which have been for drug-loading purposes. In this study, a novel G-CSF conjugated dendrimer was synthesized and characterized using different techniques. In vitro cytotoxicity was assessed on A549 and L929 cells, while abnormal toxicity was studied in mice. In vitro and in vivo biological activities were assessed in NFS60 cells and rats, respectively. In addition, in vivo distribution, plasma half-life, and histopathological effect were studied in rat. The characterization tests confirmed the successful conjugation. There was no difference between G-CSF cytotoxicity before and after conjugation, and no difference with the control group. No mice showed abnormal toxicity. Although in vitro biological activity revealed both conjugated and free G-CSF promote proliferation cells, biological activity decreased significantly after conjugation about one-third of the unconjugated form. Nonetheless, in vivo biological activity of conjugated G-CSF increased by more than 2.5-fold relative to the unconjugated form, totally. Fortunately, no histopathologic adverse effect was observed in vital rat tissues. Also, in vivo distribution of the conjugate was similar to the native protein with an enhanced terminal half-life. Our data revealed that G-CSF conjugated dendrimer could be considered as a candidate to improve the in vivo biological activity of G-CSF. Moreover, multivalent capability of the dendrimer may be used for other new potentials of G-CSF in future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Reza Ahangari Cohan
- Department of NanobiotechnologyNew Technologies Research GroupPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | | | - Behrouz Vaziri
- Biotechnology Research CenterPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | | | - Sahar Saberi
- Department of Biotechnology, Food and Drug Control LaboratoriesNational Food and Drug OrganizationTehranIran
| | - Vahideh Masoumi
- Department of Biotechnology, Food and Drug Control LaboratoriesNational Food and Drug OrganizationTehranIran
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Baldelomar EJ, Reichert DE, Shoghi KI, Beeman SC, Charlton JR, Strong L, Fettig N, Klaas A, Bennett KM. Mapping nephron mass in vivo using positron emission tomography. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 320:F183-F192. [PMID: 33283644 PMCID: PMC8091936 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00418.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephron number varies widely in humans. A low nephron endowment at birth or a loss of functioning nephrons is strongly linked to increased susceptibility to chronic kidney disease. In this work, we developed a contrast agent, radiolabeled cationic ferritin (RadioCF), to map functioning glomeruli in vivo in the kidney using positron emission tomography (PET). PET radiotracers can be detected in trace doses (<30 nmol), making them useful for rapid clinical translation. RadioCF is formed from cationic ferritin (CF) and with a radioisotope, Cu-64, incorporated into the ferritin core. We showed that RadioCF binds specifically to kidney glomeruli after intravenous injection in mice, whereas radiolabeled noncationic ferritin (RadioNF) and free Cu-64 do not. We then showed that RadioCF-PET can distinguish kidneys in healthy wild-type (WT) mice from kidneys in mice with oligosyndactylism (Os/+), a model of congenital hypoplasia and low nephron mass. The average standardized uptake value (SUV) measured by PET 90 min after injection was 21% higher in WT mice than in Os/+ mice, consistent with the higher glomerular density in WT mice. The difference in peak SUV from SUV at 90 min correlated with glomerular density in male mice from both WT and Os/+ cohorts (R2 = 0.98). Finally, we used RadioCF-PET to map functioning glomeruli in a donated human kidney. SUV within the kidney correlated with glomerular number (R2= 0.78) measured by CF-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in the same locations. This work suggests that RadioCF-PET appears to accurately detect nephron mass and has the potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin J Baldelomar
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - David E Reichert
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kooresh I Shoghi
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Scott C Beeman
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | | | - Lori Strong
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Nikki Fettig
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Amanda Klaas
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kevin M Bennett
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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Sougiannis AT, Enos RT, VanderVeen BN, Velazquez KT, Kelly B, McDonald S, Cotham W, Chatzistamou I, Nagarkatti M, Fan D, Murphy EA. Safety of natural anthraquinone emodin: an assessment in mice. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 22:9. [PMID: 33509280 PMCID: PMC7845031 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-021-00474-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emodin, a natural anthraquinone, has shown potential as an effective therapeutic agent in the treatment of many diseases including cancer. However, its clinical development is hindered by uncertainties surrounding its potential toxicity. The primary purpose of this study was to uncover any potential toxic properties of emodin in mice at doses that have been shown to have efficacy in our cancer studies. In addition, we sought to assess the time course of emodin clearance when administered both intraperitoneally (I.P.) and orally (P.O.) in order to begin to establish effective dosing intervals. METHODS We performed a subchronic (12 week) toxicity study using 3 different doses of emodin (~ 20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, and 80 mg/kg) infused into the AIN-76A diet of male and female C57BL/6 mice (n = 5/group/sex). Body weight and composition were assessed following the 12-week feeding regime. Tissues were harvested and assessed for gross pathological changes and blood was collected for a complete blood count and evaluation of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and creatinine. For the pharmacokinetic study, emodin was delivered intraperitoneally I.P. or P.O. at 20 mg/kg or 40 mg/kg doses to male and female mice (n = 4/group/sex/time-point) and circulating levels of emodin were determined at 1, 4 and 12 h following administration via liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. RESULTS We found that 12 weeks of low (20 mg/kg), medium (40 mg/kg), or high (80 mg/kg) emodin feeding did not cause pathophysiological perturbations in major organs. We also found that glucuronidated emodin peaks at 1 h for both I.P. and P.O. administered emodin and is eliminated by 12 h. Interestingly, female mice appear to metabolize emodin at a faster rate than male mice as evidenced by greater levels of glucuronidated emodin at the 1 h time-point (40 mg/kg for both I.P. and P.O. and 20 mg/kg I.P.) and the 4-h time-point (20 mg/kg I.P.). CONCLUSIONS In summary, our studies establish that 1) emodin is safe for use in both male and female mice when given at 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg doses for 12 weeks and 2) sex differences should be considered when establishing dosing intervals for emodin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Sougiannis
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 6439 Garners Ferry Rd., Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Reilly T Enos
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 6439 Garners Ferry Rd., Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Brandon N VanderVeen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 6439 Garners Ferry Rd., Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Kandy T Velazquez
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 6439 Garners Ferry Rd., Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Brittany Kelly
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 6439 Garners Ferry Rd., Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Sierra McDonald
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 6439 Garners Ferry Rd., Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - William Cotham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Ioulia Chatzistamou
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 6439 Garners Ferry Rd., Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 6439 Garners Ferry Rd., Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Daping Fan
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
- AcePre, LLC, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - E Angela Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 6439 Garners Ferry Rd., Columbia, SC, 29209, USA.
- AcePre, LLC, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA.
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Lim JCW, Sagineedu SR, Yong ACH, Sidik SM, Wong WSF, Stanslas J. Toxicological and pharmacokinetic analysis at therapeutic dose of SRS27, an investigational anti-asthma agent. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2021; 394:95-105. [PMID: 32840650 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-020-01966-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
SRS27, an andrographolide analogue, had been proven to have therapeutic properties at a dose of 3 mg/kg in both in vitro and in vivo asthma models of our previous study. The present study focuses on the pharmacokinetic and toxicity profile of this compound to provide further evidence for the development of this compound as an anti-asthma agent. A simple pharmacokinetic study was performed in female BALB/c mice to measure blood plasma concentration of the compound at therapeutic dose. At a single dose of 3 mg/kg, SRS27 had a relatively short half-life but was able to achieve a concentration range of 13-19 μM that is related to its in vitro bioactivities. With regard to toxicity profile, SRS27 appears to be safe, as no histopathological changes were observed in the liver, kidneys and ovaries of SRS27-treated female BALB/c mice. In addition, there was no significant change in the mean body weight and organ weight of the animals in the SRS27-treated groups compared with the vehicle-treated control group at the end of the treatment. This fully supports the absence of any significant changes in peripheral blood leukocyte counts of SRS27-treated mice. Rewardingly, this acute toxicity study also revealed that SRS27 has a wide therapeutic window as no toxicity symptoms were detected with a dose up to 60 mg/kg daily when tested for 14 days. These results provide strong justification for further investigation of SRS27 as a potential new anti-asthma agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C W Lim
- Pharmacotherapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - S R Sagineedu
- International Medical University, No.126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - A C H Yong
- MAHSA University, Lorong Dungun, 50490, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S M Sidik
- Histopathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - W S F Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - J Stanslas
- Pharmacotherapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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11
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Kim JH, Hayashi S, Jin ZW, Murakami G, Rodríguez-Vázquez JF. Variations in Laminar Arrangements of the Mesocolon and Retropancreatic Fascia: a Histological Study Using Human Fetuses Near Term. Tokai J Exp Clin Med 2020; 45:214-223. [PMID: 33300593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The embryonic mesentery of the ascending and descending colons as well as the pancreas disappears due to peritoneal fusion, but there might be no or few photographic demonstrations of the intermediate morphologies during the process. The aims of this study were to characterize the morphological relationship of the interface between the renal fascia and peritoneum. METHODS Fourteen late-stage fetuses with crown rump lengths (CRLs) of 250-325 mm (gestational age: 30-38 weeks) were histologically examined. RESULTS The renal fascia, a thick or thin layer consisting of densely-distributed abundant fibers, was consistently separated from the renal capsule by a perirenal space containing fat. The transverse colon carried a typical mesocolon histologically different from the renal fascia. The ascending and descending mesocolons were irregularly divided into multiple laminae and the colic external longitudinal muscle appeared to directly contact the renal fascia. There was a spectrum of variations from multiple laminae to a single thick fascia between the pancreatic body and the left kidney or adrenal. CONCLUSIONS A fascial development after retroperitoneal fusion of the mesentery showed great individual and site-dependent differences in proportion of 1) a complete fusion with the renal fascia and 2) a multilaminar structure including the remnant peritoneum. These variations masked the likely stage-dependent change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shogo Hayashi
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Basic Medical Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
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12
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Langner T, Östling A, Maldonis L, Karlsson A, Olmo D, Lindgren D, Wallin A, Lundin L, Strand R, Ahlström H, Kullberg J. Kidney segmentation in neck-to-knee body MRI of 40,000 UK Biobank participants. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20963. [PMID: 33262432 PMCID: PMC7708493 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77981-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The UK Biobank is collecting extensive data on health-related characteristics of over half a million volunteers. The biological samples of blood and urine can provide valuable insight on kidney function, with important links to cardiovascular and metabolic health. Further information on kidney anatomy could be obtained by medical imaging. In contrast to the brain, heart, liver, and pancreas, no dedicated Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is planned for the kidneys. An image-based assessment is nonetheless feasible in the neck-to-knee body MRI intended for abdominal body composition analysis, which also covers the kidneys. In this work, a pipeline for automated segmentation of parenchymal kidney volume in UK Biobank neck-to-knee body MRI is proposed. The underlying neural network reaches a relative error of 3.8%, with Dice score 0.956 in validation on 64 subjects, close to the 2.6% and Dice score 0.962 for repeated segmentation by one human operator. The released MRI of about 40,000 subjects can be processed within one day, yielding volume measurements of left and right kidney. Algorithmic quality ratings enabled the exclusion of outliers and potential failure cases. The resulting measurements can be studied and shared for large-scale investigation of associations and longitudinal changes in parenchymal kidney volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Langner
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Andreas Östling
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lukas Maldonis
- Antaros Medical AB, BioVenture Hub, 431 53, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Albin Karlsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Olmo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dag Lindgren
- Antaros Medical AB, BioVenture Hub, 431 53, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Andreas Wallin
- Antaros Medical AB, BioVenture Hub, 431 53, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lowe Lundin
- Antaros Medical AB, BioVenture Hub, 431 53, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Robin Strand
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Ahlström
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
- Antaros Medical AB, BioVenture Hub, 431 53, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Joel Kullberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
- Antaros Medical AB, BioVenture Hub, 431 53, Mölndal, Sweden
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13
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Ma N. [Anatomical revivification of the structure of the belt vessel]. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu 2020; 40:1133-1135. [PMID: 33068360 DOI: 10.13703/j.0255-2930.20190822-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
On the base of the records in Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor 's Inner Classic) and relevant ancient literature, the anatomical structure of the belt vessel was revivified. The belt vessel covers the kidneys and inlays in the 14th vertebrae on the lumbar region. It joints qijie (qi street) at the groin and connects with the thoroughfare vessel, the conception vessel and the governor vessel, as well as the muscle region of foot-yangming meridian. Correspondingly, the related anatomic structure includes renal fascia and transversalis fascia. The transversalis fascia is the main part of the belt vessel structure. The superior lumbar triangle is the vulnerable spot of abdominal wall structure and also coincident with the localization of "3 cun away from the spinal column bilaterally". It is the optimal selection when stimulating the belt vessel. In late generations, "governing all of meridians" has been supplemented as the function of the belt vessel. The diaphragm extends to the transversalis fascia and renal fascia through the inferior diaphragmatic fascia and it is also the only structure that connects with the twelve meridians and five zang organs. Hence, modern acupuncture and moxibustion has actually transferred the structural center of the belt vessel from the transversalis fascia to the diaphragm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- Cornerstone Acupuncture PC, New York NY 10016, USA
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14
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Wu M, Chen X, Cui K, Li H, Jiang Y. Pigmentation formation and expression analysis of tyrosinase in Siniperca chuatsi. Fish Physiol Biochem 2020; 46:1279-1293. [PMID: 32185567 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00788-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Animal pigmentation primarily depends on the presence and mixing ratio of chromatophores, functioning in animal survival and communication. For the benthic and carnivorous Siniperca chuatsi, pigmentation pattern is key to concealment and predation. In this study, the formation, distribution, and main pattern of chromatophores were observed in the embryos, larvae, skins, and visceral tissues from S. chuatsi. Melanophores were firstly visualized in the yolk sac at segmentation stage, and then they were migrated to the whole body and further clustered into the black stripes, bands, and patches. In adult S. chuatsi, the head, black band, and body side skins mainly contained melanophores, showing as deep or light black. The abdomen skin mainly contained iridophores, showing as silvery. In the eye, the pigment layers were located in the epithelial layers of iris and retina and shown as black. Then, the pigmentation-related gene, tyrosinase gene from S. chuatsi (Sc-tyr) was analyzed by bioinformatics and quantitative methods. The Sc-tyr gene encoded a protein with 540 amino acids (Sc-TYR). The Sc-TYR contained two copper ion binding sites, which were coordinated by six conserved histidines (H182, H205, H214, H366, H370, H393) and necessary for catalytic activity. The Sc-TYR was well conserved compared with TYR of various species with higher degree of sequence similarity with other fishes (77.6-98.3%). The qRT-PCR test showed that the Sc-tyr mRNA reached the peak value at segmentation stage in the embryo development, the black skins displayed a higher expression level than that in silvery skin, and the eye had the highest expression level compared with other tissues. Further research on enzyme activity showed that the expression patterns of tyrosinase activity were similar to that of the Sc-tyr mRNA. Comparing with the results of molecular and phenotype, it was found that the temporal and spatial distributions of tyrosinase corresponded well with changes in pigmentation patterns and the intensity of skin melanization. This study initially explored the pigmentation formation and tyrosinase expression, which served as a foundation for further insight into the genetics mechanism of body color formation in S. chuatsi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglin Wu
- Fisheries Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NO.40 South Nongke Road, Luyang District, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Aquaculture & Stock Enhancement, NO.40 South Nongke Road, Luyang District, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaowu Chen
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education (Shanghai Ocean University), Shanghai, 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Kai Cui
- Fisheries Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NO.40 South Nongke Road, Luyang District, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Aquaculture & Stock Enhancement, NO.40 South Nongke Road, Luyang District, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.
| | - Haiyang Li
- Fisheries Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NO.40 South Nongke Road, Luyang District, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Aquaculture & Stock Enhancement, NO.40 South Nongke Road, Luyang District, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Yangyang Jiang
- Fisheries Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NO.40 South Nongke Road, Luyang District, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Aquaculture & Stock Enhancement, NO.40 South Nongke Road, Luyang District, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
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15
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Kandasamy Y, Rudd D, Lumbers ER, Smith R. An evaluation of preterm kidney size and function over the first two years of life. Pediatr Nephrol 2020; 35:1477-1482. [PMID: 32297001 PMCID: PMC7316836 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-020-04554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We carried out a study to determine the impact of prematurity on kidney development in the first 2 years of life. METHODS In this prospective study, extremely preterm neonates (gestation < 28 weeks) were recruited and underwent assessments at 6, 12, and 24 months of age. A cohort of neonates born term were also recruited and followed up for 24 months. The primary outcomes measured in this study were total kidney volume (TKV) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR); albuminuria and blood pressure measurements (all provided as mean (standard deviation)) were the secondary outcomes. RESULTS Fifty-three premature and 31 term neonates (control) were recruited. At the age of 24 months (corrected age), infants born preterm had significantly smaller TKV (56.1 (9.4) vs. 64.8 (10.2) mL; P = 0.006). There was no difference in eGFR. These preterm infants were smaller (11.25 (1.53) vs. 12.9 (1.8) kg; P = 0.002) and shorter (83.8 (3.0) vs. 86.3 (3.4) cm; P = 0.02) when compared with the control group. At 6, 12, and 18 months respectively, preterm infants had, relative to their height, significantly smaller kidney volumes (0.54 (0.1) vs. 0.59 (0.1) mL/cm, P = 0.05; 0.61 (0.1) vs.0.71 (0.1) mL/cm, P = 0.003; and 0.67 (0.1) vs.0.76 (0.1) mL/cm, P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Relative to body length, TKV in premature infants is smaller. Since length reflects adult body proportions more accurately than BSA, TKV to height ratio may be a more important measure in the child. Despite smaller TKV (and therefore fewer nephrons), infants born prematurely achieve similar eGFRs in the first 24 months of life, probably due to single-nephron hyperfiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogavijayan Kandasamy
- Department of Neonatology, The Townsville Hospital, 100 Angus Smith Drive, Douglas, Queensland, 4814, Australia.
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, HMRI, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2310, Australia.
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, 4814, Australia.
| | - Donna Rudd
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, 4814, Australia
| | - Eugenie R Lumbers
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, HMRI, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2310, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2310, Australia
| | - Roger Smith
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, HMRI, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, 2310, Australia
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16
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Cui W, Ma A, Huang Z, Wang X, Liu Z, Xia D, Yang S, Zhao T. Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals mechanisms of divergence in osmotic regulation of the turbot Scophthalmus maximus. Fish Physiol Biochem 2020; 46:1519-1536. [PMID: 32383147 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00808-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The turbot Scophthalmus maximus has evolved extensive physiological ability to adapt to multiple environmental salinities. The morphological changes of the kidney indicated the adaptability difference and similarity of turbot to salinity stress. Identify transcriptome-wide differences between low-salinity seawater (LSW, salinity 5)- and high-salinity seawater (HSW, salinity 50)-acclimated kidneys of turbot to decipher the osmotic regulation mechanism. We identified 688 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the LSW-acclimated kidneys and 2441 DEGs in the HSW-acclimated kidneys of turbot compared with seawater-acclimated kidneys, respectively. We investigated three patterns of gene regulation to salinity stress that involved in ion channels and transporters, functions of calcium regulation, organic osmolytes, energy demand, cell cycle regulation, and cell protection. Additionally, protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis of DEGs suggested the presence of a frequent functional interaction pattern and that crucial genes in the PPI network are involved in hyper-osmotic regulation. Based on the analysis of comparative transcriptome data and related literature reports, we conclude that the mechanisms responsible for osmotic regulation and its divergence in turbot are related to various genes that are involved in canonical physiological functions. These findings provide insight into the divergence in osmoregulation of turbot and valuable information about osmoregulation mechanisms that will benefit other studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiao Cui
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Aijun Ma
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Zhihui Huang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xinan Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhifeng Liu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Dandan Xia
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Shuangshuang Yang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences; Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
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17
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Martinez MF, Martini AG, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA. Ctcf is required for renin expression and maintenance of the structural integrity of the kidney. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:1763-1774. [PMID: 32619009 PMCID: PMC7881370 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Renin cells are crucial for the regulation of blood pressure and fluid electrolyte homeostasis. We have recently shown that renin cells possess unique chromatin features at regulatory regions throughout the genome that may determine the identity and memory of the renin phenotype. The 3-D structure of chromatin may be equally important in the determination of cell identity and fate. CCCTC-binding factor (Ctcf) is a highly conserved chromatin organizer that may regulate the renin phenotype by controlling chromatin structure. We found that Ctcf binds at several conserved DNA sites surrounding and within the renin locus, suggesting that Ctcf may regulate the transcriptional activity of renin cells. In fact, deletion of Ctcf in cells of the renin lineage led to decreased endowment of renin-expressing cells accompanied by decreased circulating renin, hypotension, and severe morphological abnormalities of the kidney, including defects in arteriolar branching, and ultimately renal failure. We conclude that control of chromatin architecture by Ctcf is necessary for the appropriate expression of renin, control of renin cell number and structural integrity of the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Florencia Martinez
- Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908. United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908. United States
| | - Alexandre G. Martini
- Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908. United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908. United States
| | - Maria Luisa S. Sequeira-Lopez
- Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908. United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908. United States
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908. United States
| | - R. Ariel Gomez
- Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908. United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908. United States
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908. United States
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18
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Benjamin A, Chen M, Li Q, Chen L, Dong Y, Carrascal CA, Xie H, Samir AE, Anthony BW. Renal Volume Estimation Using Freehand Ultrasound Scans: An Ex Vivo Demonstration. Ultrasound Med Biol 2020; 46:1769-1782. [PMID: 32376189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Renal volume has the potential to serve as a robust biomarker for tracking the onset and progression of renal diseases and also for quantifying renal function. We propose a method to estimate renal volumes using freehand ultrasound scans at the point of care. A conventional ultrasound probe was augmented with an Intel RealSense D435 i camera. Visual inertial simultaneous localization and mapping was used to localize the probe in free space. The acquired 2-D ultrasound images, segmented by trained clinicians, were combined with the estimated poses of the probe to yield accurate volumes. The method was tested on two ex vivo sheep kidneys embedded in gelatin phantoms. Four different scanning protocols were tested: transverse linear, transverse fan, longitudinal linear and longitudinal fan. The estimated renal volumes were compared with those obtained using the water displacement method, the ellipsoidal method and computed tomography imaging. The water displacement method yielded mean volumes of 66.00 and 66.20 mL for kidneys 1 and 2, respectively (ground truth). Freehand ultrasound scans produced mean volumes of 64.08 mL (2.90% error) and 65.25 mL (1.40% error); the ellipsoidal method yielded volumes of 57.49 mL (12.90% error) and 60.15 mL (9.13% error); and computed tomography yielded a volume of 63.00 mL (4.54% error).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Benjamin
- Device Realization and Computational Instrumentation Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melinda Chen
- Device Realization and Computational Instrumentation Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yi Dong
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Hua Xie
- Philips Research North America, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anthony E Samir
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brian W Anthony
- Device Realization and Computational Instrumentation Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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19
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Lametschwandtner A, Minnich B. Renal microvasculature in the adult pipid frog, Xenopus laevis: A scanning electron microscope study of vascular corrosion casts. J Morphol 2020; 281:725-736. [PMID: 32374496 PMCID: PMC7383921 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We studied the opisthonephric (mesonephric) kidneys of adult male and female Xenopus laevis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of vascular corrosion casts and light microscopy of paraplast embedded tissue sections. Both techniques displayed glomeruli from ventral to mid-dorsal regions of the kidneys with single glomeruli located dorsally close beneath the renal capsule. Glomeruli in general were fed by a single afferent arteriole and drained via a single thinner efferent arteriole into peritubular vessels. Light microscopy and SEM of vascular corrosion casts revealed sphincters at the origins of afferent arterioles, which arose closely, spaced from their parent renal arteries. The second source of renal blood supply via renal portal veins varied interindividually in branching patterns with vessels showing up to five branching orders before they became peritubular vessels. Main trunks and their first- and second-order branches revealed clear longish endothelial cell nuclei imprint patterns oriented parallel to the vessels longitudinal axis, a pattern characteristic for arteries. Peritubular vessels had irregular contours and were never seen as clear cylindrical structures. They ran rather parallel, anastomosed with neighbors and changed into renal venules and veins, which finally emptied into the ventrally located posterior caval vein. A third source of blood supply of the peritubular vessels by straight terminal portions of renal arteries (vasa recta) was not found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois Lametschwandtner
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of Salzburg, Vascular and Exercise Biology Research GroupSalzburgAustria
| | - Bernd Minnich
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of Salzburg, Vascular and Exercise Biology Research GroupSalzburgAustria
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Bal T, Swain S. Microwave assisted synthesis of polyacrylamide grafted polymeric blend of fenugreek seed mucilage-Polyvinyl alcohol (FSM-PVA-g-PAM) and its characterizations as tissue engineered scaffold and as a drug delivery device. Daru 2020; 28:33-44. [PMID: 30712231 PMCID: PMC7214592 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-019-00237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microwave assisted synthesis of graft copolymer of polymeric blend of Fenugreek seed mucilage (FSM)-Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with acrylamide (AM) was done by free radical polymerization using ammonium per sulfate (APS) as initiator. Varying amount of AM and APS was used to optimize the best grade based on highest percentage grafting efficiency and investigated with intrinsic viscosity measurement, Fourier Transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),13C NMR spectra, X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, Thermogravimetric analysis, Scanning electron microscopy. The results of intrinsic viscosity indicate that the optimized sample GF4 has longer chain length than in comparison to the native mucilage and thus exhibits more swelling tendencies and thus can be used as very good controlled release matrix system. The thermal analysis and X-ray indicates that GF4 is more stable and possess more amorphous properties than the native FSM. The NMR and FT-IR studies reveal that in GF4 there is prominent presence of amide and the hydroxyl groups indicating that grafting mechanism has efficiently taken place. Histological studies & SEM image for optimized grade implanted on animals revealed sufficient tissue growth and exhibited biodegradability proving the material to be biocompatible and suitable to be used as tissue engineered scaffolds. The controlled release behavior of the optimized polymeric system GF4 was evidenced by 95% release of loaded drug Enalapril maleate for 16 h. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trishna Bal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India.
| | - Sabyasachi Swain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
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Sanchez-Cano A, Saldaña-Díaz JE, Perdices L, Pinilla I, Salgado-Remacha FJ, Jarabo S. Measurement method of optical properties of ex vivo biological tissues of rats in the near-infrared range. Appl Opt 2020; 59:D111-D117. [PMID: 32400631 DOI: 10.1364/ao.384614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An optical fiber-based supercontinuum setup and a custom-made spectrophotometer that can measure spectra from 1100 to 2300 nm, are used to describe attenuation properties from different ex vivo rat tissues. Our method is able to differentiate between scattering and absorption coefficients in biological tissues. Theoretical assumptions combined with experimental measurements demonstrate that, in this infrared range, tissue attenuation and absorption can be accurately measured, and scattering can be described as the difference between both magnitudes. Attenuation, absorption, and scattering spectral coefficients of heart, brain, spleen, retina, and kidney are given by applying these theoretical and experimental methods. Light through these tissues is affected by high scattering, resulting in multiple absorption events, and longer wavelengths should be used to obtain lower attenuation values. It can be observed that the absorption coefficient has a similar behavior in the samples under study, with two main zones of absorption due to the water absorption bands at 1450 and 1950 nm, and with different absolute absorption values depending on the constituents of each tissue. The scattering coefficient can be determined, showing slight differences between retina and brain samples, and among heart, spleen and kidney tissues.
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Parmaksız G, Kekeç ŞD, Cengiz ND, Noyan A. The relationship between body mass index and renal length in obese children. Pediatr Nephrol 2020; 35:901-905. [PMID: 31997076 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-019-04464-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity in the pediatric population is a severe public health problem and is associated with various comorbidities. Renal length is an important clinical parameter for the diagnosis and follow-up of renal diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between renal length (measured ultrasonographically) and body mass index (BMI) in obese children, and to develop nomograms for renal length according to BMI. METHODS Renal ultrasound was performed in 368 children without renal disease. Each child's age, gender, weight, height, and BMI (kg/m2) were recorded. The children were divided into three groups according to BMI percentiles: obese group: BMI ≥ 95th percentile; overweight group: BMI 85th-94th percentile; normal weight group: BMI 5th-84th percentile. RESULTS Weight, height, BMI, and right and left renal length differed significantly between the three groups (p = 0.001). There were significant correlations between renal length with age, weight, height, and BMI. Measurement of renal length was independently associated with BMI, age, and height. BMI was used to create renal length nomograms for obese children, based on multiple regression analysis (R2 = 0.32 and p = 0.0001). Mean renal length was highest in the obese group (96.9 ± 13.4 mm) and lowest in the normal weight group (88.3 ± 12.9 mm). CONCLUSIONS Ultrasonographic measurement of the renal length according to BMI in children can be a useful method in evaluating these children. Smaller-than-normal kidneys can easily remain undiagnosed in obese and overweight children and this nomogram offers an additional method to evaluate the renal size in obese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gönül Parmaksız
- Faculty of Medicine Seyhan, Adana Dr. Turgut Noyan Training and Research Center, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Başkent University, Adana, Turkey.
| | - Şenay Demir Kekeç
- Adana Dr. Turgut Noyan Training and Research Center, Radiology Department, Başkent University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Nurcan Dinler Cengiz
- Faculty of Medicine Seyhan, Adana Dr. Turgut Noyan Training and Research Center, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Başkent University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Aytül Noyan
- Faculty of Medicine Seyhan, Adana Dr. Turgut Noyan Training and Research Center, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Başkent University, Adana, Turkey
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Gao J, Thai A, Lee J, Fowlkes JB. Ultrasound Shear Wave Elastography and Doppler Sonography to Assess the Effect of Hydration on Human Kidneys: A Preliminary Observation. Ultrasound Med Biol 2020; 46:1179-1188. [PMID: 32081585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To assess the feasibility of ultrasound imaging in depicting the changes in kidney size, hemodynamics and cortex viscoelasticity after hydration, we prospectively performed 2-D ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE) and Doppler sonography of bilateral kidneys in 30 volunteers. Kidney length, cortex shear wave velocity (SWV), shear wave dispersion (SWD), interlobar artery peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV) and resistive index (RI) were measured before and 60 min after with and without drinking water (1 L). The differences in kidney length, SWV, PSV, EDV and color pixel intensity before and after hydration were significant (p < 0.001), whereas these differences were not significant without hydration (p > 0.05). SWD and RI did not significantly differ with or without hydration. Inter- and intra-observer reliability in performing SWE and Doppler sonography was good. The use of Doppler sonography and ultrasound SWE to evaluate the effect of hydration on kidney size, hemodynamics and viscoelasticity seem to be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Rocky Vista University, Ivins, Utah, USA.
| | - Andy Thai
- Rocky Vista University, Ivins, Utah, USA
| | - Juhyun Lee
- Rocky Vista University, Ivins, Utah, USA
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Leong YY, Kanaheswari Y, Faizah MZ, Hing EY, Nik Ismail NA, Nik Fuad NF, Hamzaini AH. Sonographic nomogram of paediatric renal size in Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM). Med J Malaysia 2020; 75:130-135. [PMID: 32281593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A person's childhood is an important period of growth, and also one's most vulnerable, as one can be exposed to various pathologies, for example those that could affect the growth of one's kidney. Asians are physiologically different from Caucasians, and the nomogram renal size obtained from a Western population (mostly of Caucasians) is not be suitable for representing Asian children. As such a nomogram on paediatric renal size derived from Malaysia is needed. METHODS A total of 109 (64 males and 45 females) aged 0-12 in Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM) took part in this study. They underwent ultrasonography of both kidneys, and their demographic and anthropometric data were collected. The mean and standard deviations of the renal length and renal volume according to their age groups was calculated, and the final data was compared to the ones reported by Rosenbaum et al. (1984). RESULT Body weight and Body Surface Area (BSA) of the children reported the strongest correlation with renal size. Significant differences were found between local and the data from Rosenbaum et al (1984). A nomogram on paediatric renal size based on children in PPUKM was then created. DISCUSSION Ultrasonography is regarded as the standard method for determining renal size. Body weight and BSA were both strongly correlated with renal size. It was shown that the widely used nomograms derived from data obtained from Caucasian was not suitable to represent the population of Malaysian children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Leong
- Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Department of Radiology, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Y Kanaheswari
- Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Department of Paediatric, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M Z Faizah
- Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Department of Radiology, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - E Y Hing
- Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Department of Radiology, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N A Nik Ismail
- Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Department of Radiology, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N F Nik Fuad
- Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Department of Radiology, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - A H Hamzaini
- Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Department of Radiology, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Calle-Toro JS, Back SJ, Viteri B, Andronikou S, Kaplan SL. Liver, Spleen, and Kidney Size in Children as Measured by Ultrasound: A Systematic Review. J Ultrasound Med 2020; 39:223-230. [PMID: 31418892 PMCID: PMC6980276 DOI: 10.1002/jum.15114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound is commonly the first-line imaging modality for assessing the pediatric abdomen. An abnormal size of the liver, spleen, or kidneys may indicate disease, but the evaluation is challenging because the normal size changes with age. In addition, published normal value charts for children may vary by population and methods. In this systematic review, we summarized published data on the normal size of the pediatric liver, spleen, and kidneys as measured by ultrasound in which we found similar values across different populations, ages, and sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan S Calle-Toro
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Susan J Back
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bernarda Viteri
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Savvas Andronikou
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Summer L Kaplan
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Coombs PR, Lavender I, Leung MYZ, Woods JC, Paul E, Webb N, Ditchfield M. Normal sonographic renal length measurements in an Australian pediatric population. Pediatr Radiol 2019; 49:1754-1761. [PMID: 31428797 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-019-04486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reference charts depicting normal growth are important for the sonographic assessment of the pediatric kidney. Limited charts are available for clinical use in an Australian population. OBJECTIVE To retrospectively collate sonographic renal length measurements in a cohort of low-risk Australian children aged newborn to 16 years to produce a reference table and comparison with other published charts. MATERIALS AND METHODS We identified consecutive pediatric patients who were at low risk for renal disease and had renal lengths measured. After exclusions, we included 941 renal lengths (male 490, female 451). We used linear regression to estimate the relationship of renal length with age, gender and side. We calculated percentile values of renal length according to age categories. RESULTS No statistically significant differences in mean renal length were observed between males and females, or for left and right kidneys. We tabulated reference data and provide them in a reference chart (1-, 2.5-, 5-, 10-, 50-, 90-, 97.5- and 99-percentiles). CONCLUSION We calculated new reference ranges for pediatric renal length using a larger cohort than previously published, from a population with diverse ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Coombs
- Ultrasound, Monash Imaging, Monash Children's Hospital, Monash Health, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, 3168, Australia.
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
| | - Ilona Lavender
- Ultrasound, Monash Imaging, Monash Children's Hospital, Monash Health, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, 3168, Australia
| | - Michelle Y Z Leung
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jessica C Woods
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Eldho Paul
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Nathalie Webb
- Department of Paediatric Urology, Monash Children's Hospital, Monash Health, Clayton, Australia
| | - Michael Ditchfield
- Ultrasound, Monash Imaging, Monash Children's Hospital, Monash Health, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, 3168, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics and Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Maassen H, Hendriks KDW, Venema LH, Henning RH, Hofker SH, van Goor H, Leuvenink HGD, Coester AM. Hydrogen sulphide-induced hypometabolism in human-sized porcine kidneys. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225152. [PMID: 31743376 PMCID: PMC6863563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Since the start of organ transplantation, hypothermia-forced hypometabolism has been the cornerstone in organ preservation. Cold preservation showed to protect against ischemia, although post-transplant injury still occurs and further improvement in preservation techniques is needed. We hypothesize that hydrogen sulphide can be used as such a new preservation method, by inducing a reversible hypometabolic state in human sized kidneys during normothermic machine perfusion. Methods Porcine kidneys were connected to an ex-vivo isolated, oxygen supplemented, normothermic blood perfusion set-up. Experimental kidneys (n = 5) received a 85mg NaHS infusion of 100 ppm and were compared to controls (n = 5). As a reflection of the cellular metabolism, oxygen consumption, mitochondrial activity and tissue ATP levels were measured. Kidney function was assessed by creatinine clearance and fractional excretion of sodium. To rule out potential structural and functional deterioration, kidneys were studied for biochemical markers and histology. Results Hydrogen sulphide strongly decreased oxygen consumption by 61%, which was associated with a marked decrease in mitochondrial activity/function, without directly affecting ATP levels. Renal biological markers, renal function and histology did not change after hydrogen sulphide treatment. Conclusion In conclusion, we showed that hydrogen sulphide can induce a controllable hypometabolic state in a human sized organ, without damaging the organ itself and could thereby be a promising therapeutic alternative for cold preservation under normothermic conditions in renal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanno Maassen
- Department of Surgery, UMCG, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, UMCG, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Koen D. W. Hendriks
- Department of Surgery, UMCG, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, UMCG, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leonie H. Venema
- Department of Surgery, UMCG, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rob H. Henning
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, UMCG, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sijbrand H. Hofker
- Department of Surgery, UMCG, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, UMCG, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Annemieke M. Coester
- Department of Surgery, UMCG, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Abdel-Gabbar M, Ahmed RR, Kandeil MA, Mohamed AEDH, Ali SM. Administration of ginger and/or thyme has ameliorative effects on liver and kidney functions of V-line rabbits: Histological and biochemical studies. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1758-1767. [PMID: 31441113 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Zingiber officinale and Thymus vulgaris aqueous extracts as a natural antioxidant on liver and kidney functions and antioxidant status of growing rabbits. A total of 24 V-line male rabbits, 3 months old, 1.465 ± 0.12 kg average body weight (BW) were used in a complete randomized design. The rabbits were weighed individually and assigned randomly to four groups (6 animals/each). The first group (G1) was taken fresh water and served as control, rabbits of the second group (G2) were taken 100 mg/kg BW in drinking water of the Z. officinale aqueous extract daily. The third group (G3) was taken 50 mg/kg BW in drinking water of the T. vulgaris aqueous extract daily and the fourth group (G4) was taken 100 mg/kg BW of the Z. officinale aqueous extract plus 50 mg/kg BW of the T. vulgaris aqueous extract in drinking water daily. The oral administration of ginger and/or thyme aqueous extracts increased (p < .001) serum protein profile compared with control group. Moreover, results of group 2 showed significant (p < .001) decrease in cholesterol, triglyceride and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with group 3 and 4. Serum urea, uric acid and creatinine levels were significantly (p < .001) decreased in treated groups compared with control group. Oral administration of ginger and/or thyme aqueous extracts to growing rabbits increased (p < .001) total antioxidant capacity and glutathione content and the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase compared with the control group. In conclusion, the current study showed that oral administration of ginger and thyme aqueous extracts to growing rabbits showed no adverse effects on liver and kidney function parameters, histological structures and improved antioxidant status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rasha R Ahmed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Kandeil
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | | | - Shimaa M Ali
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
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Kawalilak LT, Pease AP, Nelson NC. Evaluation of ultrasonographically determined ratios of kidney length to aorta diameter for assessment of kidney size in healthy young dogs. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:764-770. [PMID: 31339766 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.8.764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether previously described cutoffs for ultrasonographically determined kidney length-to-aorta diameter ratio (KL:Ao) for evaluation of kidney size in adult dogs are applicable to healthy dogs 1 to 18 months of age and to assess interobserver and intraobserver variability for ultrasonographic kidney and aorta measurements in these dogs grouped according to age. ANIMALS 82 dogs. PROCEDURES 41 university-owned dogs and 41 client- or staff-owned dogs of 3 age groups (approx 1, 6, and 12 to 18 months of age) underwent ultrasonographic examination by 3 observers. Kidney length, kidney width, and diameter of the aorta were measured by each observer 3 times, and KL:Ao and kidney length-to-body weight ratio were calculated for each dog. Measurements and calculated ratios for the 3 age groups were compared by statistical methods; interobserver and intraobserver variability were calculated. RESULTS Mean kidney length, kidney width, and aorta diameter were smaller, and calculated KL:Ao and kidney length-to-body weight ratio were larger, for dogs of the 1-month age group than for dogs of the 6-month and 12 to 18-month age groups. There were significant interobserver differences for ultrasonographic measurements in all age groups; these were most frequent in the youngest group of dogs and affected KL:Ao for that group only. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results revealed that 1-month-old dogs have larger kidneys relative to body weight and aorta diameter than do older dogs. Interobserver variability for the youngest group of dogs indicated limited usefulness of these measurements and related ratios for neonatal dogs in clinical practice. The KL:Ao values for dogs ≥ 6 months of age in this study were similar to values previously described for dogs > 12 months of age.
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Tkaczewska J, Jamróz E, Piątkowska E, Borczak B, Kapusta-Duch J, Morawska M. Furcellaran-Coated Microcapsules as Carriers of Cyprinus carpio Skin-Derived Antioxidant Hydrolysate: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2502. [PMID: 31627407 PMCID: PMC6835527 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carp skin gelatine hydrolysate (CSGH) may be a possible bioactive peptide source, as promising antioxidant properties have been noted during in vivo testing. Hence, the present study focused on improving the bioavailability of the antioxidant peptides from CSGH and on the use of furcellaran (FUR), which can protect the biopeptides during digestion in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, in this study, microcapsules coated with furcellaran and containing CSGH cores were prepared. The structural properties of the sample were determined using FT-IR and SEM analysis. The antioxidant properties of hydrolysate, uncoated, and encapsulated samples were investigated. In vivo analysis included determination of its safety in an animal organism and evaluation of the lipid profile, antioxidant blood status, and mRNA expression of some genes involved in antioxidant status in Wistar rats. The results showed no adverse effects of microencapsulated protein hydrolysates in laboratory animals. Nonetheless, there was a statistically significant rise in the level of total antioxidant status blood serum among animals consuming CSGH and not inducing oxidative stress. This can be viewed as a promising indication of the positive effects of antioxidant properties tested in vivo. The process of CSGH microencapsulation in FUR cause a decrease in antioxidant hydrolysate activity, both in vitro, as well as in healthy Wistar rats. When considering the results of the presented diverse therapeutic potential, further research on CSGH being a potential bioactive peptide source used as a functional food or nutraceutical, but with a different microencapsulation coating, is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Tkaczewska
- Department of Animal Product Technology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 122 street, 30-149 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Jamróz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Balicka 122 Street, 30-149 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Piątkowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 122 Street, 30-149 Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Borczak
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 122 Street, 30-149 Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Kapusta-Duch
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 122 Street, 30-149 Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Morawska
- Department of Sports Medicine and Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Physiology, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Jana Pawla II 78 Street, 31-537 Krakow, Poland
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Stewart BJ, Ferdinand JR, Young MD, Mitchell TJ, Loudon KW, Riding AM, Richoz N, Frazer GL, Staniforth JUL, Braga FAV, Botting RA, Popescu DM, Vento-Tormo R, Stephenson E, Cagan A, Farndon SJ, Polanski K, Efremova M, Green K, Velasco-Herrera MDC, Guzzo C, Collord G, Mamanova L, Aho T, Armitage JN, Riddick ACP, Mushtaq I, Farrell S, Rampling D, Nicholson J, Filby A, Burge J, Lisgo S, Lindsay S, Bajenoff M, Warren AY, Stewart GD, Sebire N, Coleman N, Haniffa M, Teichmann SA, Behjati S, Clatworthy MR. Spatiotemporal immune zonation of the human kidney. Science 2019; 365:1461-1466. [PMID: 31604275 PMCID: PMC7343525 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat5031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident immune cells are important for organ homeostasis and defense. The epithelium may contribute to these functions directly or by cross-talk with immune cells. We used single-cell RNA sequencing to resolve the spatiotemporal immune topology of the human kidney. We reveal anatomically defined expression patterns of immune genes within the epithelial compartment, with antimicrobial peptide transcripts evident in pelvic epithelium in the mature, but not fetal, kidney. A network of tissue-resident myeloid and lymphoid immune cells was evident in both fetal and mature kidney, with postnatal acquisition of transcriptional programs that promote infection-defense capabilities. Epithelial-immune cross-talk orchestrated localization of antibacterial macrophages and neutrophils to the regions of the kidney most susceptible to infection. Overall, our study provides a global overview of how the immune landscape of the human kidney is zonated to counter the dominant immunological challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Stewart
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - John R Ferdinand
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Matthew D Young
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Thomas J Mitchell
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Kevin W Loudon
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Alexandra M Riding
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nathan Richoz
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Gordon L Frazer
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Joy UL Staniforth
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Rachel A Botting
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Dorin-Mirel Popescu
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Roser Vento-Tormo
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Emily Stephenson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Alex Cagan
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Sarah J Farndon
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
- UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1E, UK
| | - Krzysztof Polanski
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Mirjana Efremova
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kile Green
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | | | - Charlotte Guzzo
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Grace Collord
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lira Mamanova
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Tevita Aho
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - James N Armitage
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Antony CP Riddick
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Imran Mushtaq
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Stephen Farrell
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Dyanne Rampling
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - James Nicholson
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Andrew Filby
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Johanna Burge
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Steven Lisgo
- Human Developmental Biology Resource, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Susan Lindsay
- Human Developmental Biology Resource, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Marc Bajenoff
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Y Warren
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Grant D Stewart
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Neil Sebire
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
- UCL Great Ormond Street Hospital Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1E, UK
| | - Nicholas Coleman
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Department of Dermatology and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical research Centre, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4LP, UK
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
- Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory/Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Sam Behjati
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Menna R Clatworthy
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
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Wang Z, Balgobind BV, Virgolin M, van Dijk IWEM, Wiersma J, Ronckers CM, Bosman PAN, Bel A, Alderliesten T. How do patient characteristics and anatomical features correlate to accuracy of organ dose reconstruction for Wilms' tumor radiation treatment plans when using a surrogate patient's CT scan? J Radiol Prot 2019; 39:598-619. [PMID: 30965301 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ab1796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In retrospective radiation treatment (RT) dosimetry, a surrogate anatomy is often used for patients without 3D CT. To gain insight in what the crucial aspects in a surrogate anatomy are to enable accurate dose reconstruction, we investigated the relation of patient characteristics and internal anatomical features with deviations in reconstructed organ dose using surrogate patient's CT scans. Abdominal CT scans of 35 childhood cancer patients (age: 2.1-5.6 yr; 17 boys, 18 girls) undergoing RT during 2004-2016 were included. Based on whether an intact right or left kidney is present in the CT scan, two groups were formed each containing 24 patients. From each group, four CTs associated with Wilms' tumor RT plans with an anterior-posterior-posterior-anterior field setup were selected as references. For each reference, a 2D digitally reconstructed radiograph was computed from the reference CT to simulate a 2D radiographic image and dose reconstruction was performed on the other CTs in the respective group. Deviations in organ mean dose (DEmean) of the reconstructions versus the references were calculated, as were deviations in patient characteristics (i.e. age, height, weight) and in anatomical features including organ volume, location (in 3D), and spatial overlaps. Per reference, the Pearson's correlation coefficient between deviations in DEmean and patient characteristics/features were studied. Deviation in organ locations and DEmean for the liver, spleen, and right kidney were moderately correlated (R2 > 0.5) for 8/8, 5/8, and 3/4 reference plans, respectively. Deviations in organ volume or spatial overlap and DEmean for the right and left kidney were weakly correlated (0.3 < R2 < 0.5) in 4/4 and 1/4 reference plans. No correlations (R2 < 0.3) were found between deviations in age or height and DEmean. Therefore, the performance of organ dose reconstruction using surrogate patients' CT scans is primarily related to deviation in organ location, followed by volume and spatial overlap. Further, results were plan dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Kidney disease is a global problem with around three million people diagnosed in the UK alone and the incidence is rising. Research is critical to develop better treatments. Animal models can help to better understand the pathophysiology behind the various kidney diseases and to screen for therapeutic compounds, but the use especially of mammalian models should be minimised in the interest of animal welfare. Zebrafish are increasingly used, as they are genetically tractable and have a basic renal anatomy comparable to mammalian kidneys with glomerular filtration and tubular filtration processing. Here, we discuss how zebrafish have advanced the study of nephrology and the mechanisms underlying kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Outtandy
- Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital/Medical School, University College London, 1. Floor, Room 1.7007, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Claire Russell
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Robert Kleta
- Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital/Medical School, University College London, 1. Floor, Room 1.7007, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
| | - Detlef Bockenhauer
- Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Hospital/Medical School, University College London, 1. Floor, Room 1.7007, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
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Rojas JD, Borden MA, Dayton PA. Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure, Boundary Constraints and Viscosity on the Vaporization Threshold of Low-Boiling-Point Phase-Change Contrast Agents. Ultrasound Med Biol 2019; 45:968-979. [PMID: 30658858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The vaporization of low-boiling-point phase-change contrast agents (PCCAs) using ultrasound has been explored in vitro and in vivo. However, it has been reported that the pressure required for activation is higher in vivo, even after attenuation is accounted for. In this study, the effect of boundary constraints, hydrostatic pressure and viscosity on PCCA vaporization pressure threshold are evaluated to explore possible mechanisms for variations in in vivo vaporization behavior. Vaporization was measured in microtubes of varying inner diameter and a pressurized chamber under different hydrostatic pressures using a range of ultrasound pressures. Furthermore, the activation threshold was evaluated in the kidneys of rats. The results confirm that the vaporization threshold is higher in vivo and reveal an increasing activation threshold inversely proportional to constraining tube size and inversely proportional to surrounding viscosity in constrained environments. Counterintuitively, increased hydrostatic pressure had no significant effect experimentally on the PCCA vaporization threshold, although it was confirmed that this result was supported by homogeneous nucleation theory for liquid perfluorocarbon vaporization. These factors suggest that constraints caused by the surrounding tissue and capillary walls, as well as increased viscosity in vivo, contribute to the increased vaporization threshold compared with in vitro experiments, although more work is required to confirm all relevant factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Rojas
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark A Borden
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul A Dayton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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Del Chicca F, Salesov E, Joerger F, Richter H, Reusch CE, Kircher PR. Perfusion-weighted and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the liver, spleen, and kidneys of healthy adult male cats. Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:159-167. [PMID: 30681350 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.2.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe perfusion and diffusion characteristics of the liver, spleen, and kidneys of healthy adult male cats as determined by morphological, perfusion-weighted, and diffusion-weighted MRI. ANIMALS 12 healthy adult male cats. PROCEDURES Each cat was anesthetized. Morphological, perfusion-weighted, and diffusion-weighted MRI of the cranial aspect of the abdomen was performed. A region of interest (ROI) was established on MRI images for each of the following structures: liver, spleen, cortex and medulla of both kidneys, and skeletal muscle. Signal intensity was determined, and a time-intensity curve was generated for each ROI. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was calculated for the hepatic and splenic parenchyma and kidneys on diffusion-weighted MRI images. The normalized ADC for the liver was calculated as the ratio of the ADC for the hepatic parenchyma to the ADC for the splenic parenchyma. RESULTS Perfusion-weighted MRI variables differed among the 5 ROIs. Median ADC of the hepatic parenchyma was 1.38 × 10-3 mm2/s, and mean ± SD normalized ADC for the liver was 1.86 ± 0.18. Median ADC of the renal cortex and renal medulla was 1.65 × 10-3 mm2/s and 1.93 × 10-3 mm2/s, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results provided preliminary baseline information about the diffusion and perfusion characteristics of structures in the cranial aspect of the abdomen of healthy adult male cats. Additional studies of cats of different sex and age groups as well as with and without cranial abdominal pathological conditions are necessary to validate and refine these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Koratala
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- College of Medicine/UF Health, 1600 SW Archer rd, Room CG 98, Communicore building, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Joan Morales Lappot
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Abstract
This study was performed to develop a new formula to estimate the renal and isthmus depth in horseshoe kidney, and to compare the new formula with previously published formulas.Renal depth, isthmus depth, vertebral thickness, and total thickness (T, cm) of the body at the level of the kidneys were measured by CT in 124 adults. Their sex, age, height (H, cm), and weight (W, kg) were recorded. Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis was conducted. The 124 cases were divided into 2 random groups, of which the first group was used to derive a regressive formula and the second group was used to verify the formula and compare the formula with previously published formulas.Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis showed that the important variables in estimating the depth of each kidney were the body weight (W, kg) and the total thickness (T, cm) of the body at the level of the kidneys. The important variables in estimating the depth of isthmus soft tissue and vertebral thickness were W, T, and age, W. The new formula was the following: right renal depth (cm) = 0.273 × T + 0.043 × W + 1.086 (r = 0.82, P < .05; standardized regressive coefficient: T = 0.500, W = 0.367), left renal depth (cm) = 0.245 × T + 0.041 × W + 0.676 (r = 0.83, P < .05; standardized regressive coefficient: T = 0.520, W = 0.353); isthmus depth (cm) = soft tissue depth + vertebral thickness, soft tissue depth (cm) = 0.144 × T + 0.044 × W + 0.536 (r = 0.58, P < .05; standardized regressive coefficient: T = 0.272, W = 0.335), vertebral thickness (cm) = 0.012 × age + 0.018 × W + 3.683 (r = 0.53, P < .05; standardized regressive coefficient: age = 0.326, W = 0.438). It is much better than the literatures.The new renal depth estimation formula in horseshoe kidney that we derived by using multiple stepwise linear regression has greatly outperformed other 6 previously published formulas. Isthmus depth estimation formula can also get accurate results. Our new formula provides a more reliable and accurate renal and isthmus depth estimation and contributes to improving the methods used to estimate renal function from radionuclide renography in horseshoe kidney.
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Jourde-Chiche N, Fakhouri F, Dou L, Bellien J, Burtey S, Frimat M, Jarrot PA, Kaplanski G, Le Quintrec M, Pernin V, Rigothier C, Sallée M, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Guerrot D, Roumenina LT. Endothelium structure and function in kidney health and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2019. [PMID: 30607032 DOI: 10.1038/s4158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The kidney harbours different types of endothelia, each with specific structural and functional characteristics. The glomerular endothelium, which is highly fenestrated and covered by a rich glycocalyx, participates in the sieving properties of the glomerular filtration barrier and in the maintenance of podocyte structure. The microvascular endothelium in peritubular capillaries, which is also fenestrated, transports reabsorbed components and participates in epithelial cell function. The endothelium of large and small vessels supports the renal vasculature. These renal endothelia are protected by regulators of thrombosis, inflammation and complement, but endothelial injury (for example, induced by toxins, antibodies, immune cells or inflammatory cytokines) or defects in factors that provide endothelial protection (for example, regulators of complement or angiogenesis) can lead to acute or chronic renal injury. Moreover, renal endothelial cells can transition towards a mesenchymal phenotype, favouring renal fibrosis and the development of chronic kidney disease. Thus, the renal endothelium is both a target and a driver of kidney and systemic cardiovascular complications. Emerging therapeutic strategies that target the renal endothelium may lead to improved outcomes for both rare and common renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemie Jourde-Chiche
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre de Nephrologie et Transplantation Renale, AP-HM Hopital de la Conception, Marseille, France.
- Aix-Marseille University, C2VN, INSERM 1263, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) 1260, Faculte de Pharmacie, Marseille, France.
| | - Fadi Fakhouri
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, INSERM, Université de Nantes and Department of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Laetitia Dou
- Aix-Marseille University, C2VN, INSERM 1263, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) 1260, Faculte de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Jeremy Bellien
- Department of Pharmacology, Rouen University Hospital and INSERM, Normandy University, Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - Stéphane Burtey
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre de Nephrologie et Transplantation Renale, AP-HM Hopital de la Conception, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, C2VN, INSERM 1263, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) 1260, Faculte de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Frimat
- Université de Lille, INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), Lille, France
- Nephrology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Pierre-André Jarrot
- Aix-Marseille University, C2VN, INSERM 1263, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) 1260, Faculte de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Service de Médecine Interne et d'Immunologie Clinique, Hôpital de La Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Gilles Kaplanski
- Aix-Marseille University, C2VN, INSERM 1263, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) 1260, Faculte de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Service de Médecine Interne et d'Immunologie Clinique, Hôpital de La Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Moglie Le Quintrec
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lapeyronie, Département de Néphrologie Dialyse et Transplantation Rénale, Montpellier, France
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Pernin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lapeyronie, Département de Néphrologie Dialyse et Transplantation Rénale, Montpellier, France
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Rigothier
- Tissue Bioengineering, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Service de Néphrologie Transplantation, Dialyse et Aphérèse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marion Sallée
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre de Nephrologie et Transplantation Renale, AP-HM Hopital de la Conception, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, C2VN, INSERM 1263, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) 1260, Faculte de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Veronique Fremeaux-Bacchi
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Guerrot
- Normandie Université, Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen University Hospital, Department of Nephrology, Rouen, France
| | - Lubka T Roumenina
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Knowledge of the pyelocaliceal system anatomy is essential for the safe and successful performance of endourologic procedures. The purpose of this study was to provide a better understanding of the full three-dimensional pyelocaliceal system anatomy. METHODS Morphometric parameters of the three-dimensional reconstructions of computed tomography intravenous urography scans (n = 25 scans) were analyzed. Both kidneys were divided into three equal-sized segments (US: upper segment, MS: mid segment, LS: lower segment). Infundibular length (IL), infundibular width (IW), the number of calyces, and the transverse orientation in hours of a clock of each calyx as well as the dimension of the pyelum were determined. RESULTS The mean upper IL (n = 92) was longer than the middle (n = 154) and lower IL (n = 112) (30.6 ± 7.9 mm vs. 16.4 ± 7.7 mm vs. 16.0 ± 6.0 mm, respectively; P = < 0.0001). IW was significantly smaller in the MS [3.7 ± 1.9 mm], followed by the US [4.6 ± 1.9 mm], and the LS [4.9 ± 2.2] in the increasing order. No correlation was found between IL and IW (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.1). The US calyces were predominantly orientated lateral (8-10 o'clock: 44.5%) and medial (2-4 o'clock: 30.5%), in the MS lateral (8-10 o'clock: 87.6%) and anterolateral in the LS (9-12 o'clock: 67.9%). 74% of the kidneys consisted of 6-8 calyces (mean 7.2 ± 1.4, range 4-10), with the majority of the calyces in the MS (3.1 ± 0.8) followed by the LS (2.24 ± 0.8), and US (1.8 ± 0.7). There were no statistical differences between the right and left kidneys in terms of IL (P = 0.112) and number of calyces (P = 0.685). CONCLUSION Anatomic differences between the three segments of the pyelocaliceal system in terms of IL, IW, calyces number, and orientation are seen and should be considered when performing an endourologic procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Weltings
- Department of Urology, Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, The Netherlands.
| | - Sander Hulsbos
- Department of Urology, Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J Kieft
- Department of Radiology, Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Rob C M Pelger
- Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hossain Roshani
- Department of Urology, Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, The Netherlands
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Mohammadi M, Mahboobi-Soofiani N, Farhadian O, Malekpouri P. Metabolic and NH 4 excretion rate of fresh water species, Chondrostoma regium in response to environmental stressors, different scenarios for temperature and pH. Sci Total Environ 2019; 648:90-101. [PMID: 30114592 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Changes in water temperature and pH levels have substantial adverse effects on aquatic organisms, hence causing physiological constraint on their well-being. To understand the physiological responses of Chondrostoma regium to temperature or pH changes, standard metabolic rate (SMR), maximum metabolic rate (MMR), absolute and factorial aerobic scope (AS&FAS) as well as the specific rate of ammonia excretion (Jamm) were measured at following temperatures: acute low (3.5-4.5 °C), 24 h low (5.5-6.5 °C), 7 d low (5.5-6.5 °C), acute high (30-31 °C), 24 h high (29-30 °C), 7 d high (28-29 °C), and different pH treatments: acute low (4.3-4.4), 24 h low (4.3-4.4), 7 d low (6.3-6.4), acute high (9.8-9.9), 24 h high (9.8-9.9), 7 d high (8.8-8.9). A control group was also assigned to optimum temperature = 22-23 °C and pH = 7.8-7.9. These experimental ranges for each treatment were obtained based on critical thermal and pH thresholds, i.e., 1.9 to 31.7 °C and 2.7 to 11.1, respectively. SMR was enhanced significantly (P < 0.05) following pH treatments, except for 24 h low pH treatment. Results showed significant (P < 0.05) changes in both SMR and MMR at low and high temperature treatments. The AS was elevated following pH treatments except for acute low pH treatment in which AS significantly was declined (P < 0.05). Low temperature treatments resulted in lower AS while no significant changes in AS were observed in high temperatures. In all treatments, FAS value did not differ significantly from control, except for acute and 24 h low treatments of both temperature and pH. All high pH and temperature treatments showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in Jamm. Histopathological results of gills indicated hyperplasia and fusion of secondary lamella and kidneys histopathology revealed necrosis and loss of tubular lumen in the most treatments. Results indicated that increases in water temperature or pH are more stressful than the lower ranges of them, suggesting higher capability of fish to adjust to the low levels of temperature or pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Mohammadi
- Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 8415683111, Iran
| | | | - Omidvar Farhadian
- Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 8415683111, Iran
| | - Pedram Malekpouri
- Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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41
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Abstract
The rat is a favored model organism to study physiological function in vivo. This is largely due to the fact that it has been used for decades and is often more comparable to corresponding human conditions (both normal and pathologic) than mice. Although the development of genetic manipulations in rats has been slower than in mice, recent advances of new genomic editing tools allow for the generation of targeted global and specific cell type mutations in different rat strains. The rat is an ideal model for advancing imaging techniques like intravital multi-photon microscopy or IVMPM. Multi-photon excitation microscopy can be applied to visualize real-time physiologic events in multiple organs including the kidney. This imaging modality can generate four-dimensional high resolution images that are inherently confocal due to the fact that the photon density needed to excite fluorescence only occurs at the objective focal plane, not above or below. Additionally, longer excitation wavelengths allow for deeper penetration into tissue, improved excitation, and are inherently less phototoxic than shorter excitation wavelengths. Applying imaging tools to study physiology in rats has become a valuable scientific technique due to the relatively simple surgical procedures, improved quality of reagents, and reproducibility of established assays. In this chapter, the authors provide an example of the application of fluorescent techniques to study cardio-renal functions in rat models. Use of experimental procedures described here, together with multiple available genetically modified animal models, provide new prospective for the further application of multi-photon microscopy in basic and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben M Sandoval
- Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Bruce A Molitoris
- Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Oleg Palygin
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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Shaheen R, Jamil MN, Farooq U. Anatomic Patterns Of Right Renal Vein. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2019; 31:55-59. [PMID: 30868784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preoperative surgical planning assumes a central role in avoiding catastrophic outcomes of a surgery in the field of renal transplantation, and other urological procedures. This study was aimed to study the different anatomic patterns of human renal venous system. METHODS It is a descriptive cross-sectional study including 50 adult male cadavers with well-preserved kidneys, renal vasculature and the inferior vena cava. Cadavers with deformed or congenitally anomalous kidney, evidence of surgery, solitary kidney, tumours of kidneys or injured renal vessels / inferior vena cava were excluded from the study. The kidneys, renal veins and the inferior vena cava were exposed. After securing inferior vena cava fifty ml mixture of Indian ink and gelatine was injected into renal veins via inferior vena cava and was allowed to solidify. Following this, the renal venous anatomy was studied. RESULTS Twenty-eight cadavers had their right renal vein formed by 2 tributaries (56%), 13 (26%) had 3 tributaries, 5 (10%) had 4 tributaries, 1 cadaver had a posterior tributary (2%), while 3 cadavers had other numbers of tributaries (6%). Out of total 50 cadavers 40 (80%) had normal distribution of right renal vein. Additional renal veins were found in 14 (7%) cadavers, double renal veins in 1 (2%) and proximally double renal veins in 2 cadavers (4%).. CONCLUSIONS There is considerable variation in renal venous anatomy. Knowledge of common venous patterns is necessary for minimizing intraoperative damage to renal anatomy and to prevent intra- and post-operative complications..
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Affiliation(s)
- Robina Shaheen
- Department of Anatomy,Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Umar Farooq
- **King Abdullah Teaching Hospital, Mansehra, Pakistan
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Muttray J, Mehrabi A, Hafezi M, Saffari A, Bui-Ta TTT, Meyburg J, Wühl E, Schenk JP. ARFI shear-wave elastography with simulation of acute urinary tract obstruction in an ex vivo porcine kidney model. Diagn Interv Radiol 2018; 24:308-315. [PMID: 30211684 PMCID: PMC6135057 DOI: 10.5152/dir.2018.17353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
METHODS A total of 20 heparinized pig kidneys were investigated at 10 intrapelvic hydrostatic pressure steps (0-90 mmHg). SWE (ARFI; Virtual TouchTM IQ, Siemens) measurements were taken at three different measuring regions and in two measuring sequences using a linear ultrasonography probe (9L4, Siemens). Median values of 10 shear-wave speed (SWS) measurements were calculated for each pressure step. Logarithmic transformed median SWS values were analyzed in a linear mixed model. RESULTS SWS increased significantly with increasing intrapelvic pressure. Median SWS for all kidneys in both measuring sequences and all measuring regions was 1.47 m/s (interquartile range [IQR], 0.38 m/s) at 0 mmHg, 1.94 m/s (IQR, 0.42 m/s) at 30 mmHg, 2.07 m/s (IQR, 0.43 m/s) at 60 mmHg, 2.24 m/s (IQR, 0.49 m/s) at 90 mmHg. The correlation between pelvic pressure increase and median SWS values for the central parenchyma was significantly higher compared with the peripheral parenchyma. CONCLUSION Acutely increased renal pelvic pressure correlates with increasing SWS values in ARFI elastography in an ex vivo porcine kidney model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Muttray
- From the Division of Pediatric Radiology, Clinic of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (J.M., T.T.T.B.-T., J.P.S. ), Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery (A.M., M.H., A.S.), Clinic I, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.M.), Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Clinic I, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (E.W.), University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arianeb Mehrabi
- From the Division of Pediatric Radiology, Clinic of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (J.M., T.T.T.B.-T., J.P.S. ), Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery (A.M., M.H., A.S.), Clinic I, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.M.), Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Clinic I, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (E.W.), University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohammadreza Hafezi
- From the Division of Pediatric Radiology, Clinic of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (J.M., T.T.T.B.-T., J.P.S. ), Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery (A.M., M.H., A.S.), Clinic I, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.M.), Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Clinic I, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (E.W.), University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arash Saffari
- From the Division of Pediatric Radiology, Clinic of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (J.M., T.T.T.B.-T., J.P.S. ), Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery (A.M., M.H., A.S.), Clinic I, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.M.), Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Clinic I, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (E.W.), University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thi Thanh Tam Bui-Ta
- From the Division of Pediatric Radiology, Clinic of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (J.M., T.T.T.B.-T., J.P.S. ), Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery (A.M., M.H., A.S.), Clinic I, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.M.), Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Clinic I, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (E.W.), University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Meyburg
- From the Division of Pediatric Radiology, Clinic of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology (J.M., T.T.T.B.-T., J.P.S. ), Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery (A.M., M.H., A.S.), Clinic I, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (J.M.), Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Clinic I, Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (E.W.), University of Heidelberg School of Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
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Yoo K, Walker WR, Williams R, Tremblay-Darveau C, Burns PN, Sheeran PS. Impact of Encapsulation on in vitro and in vivo Performance of Volatile Nanoscale Phase-Shift Perfluorocarbon Droplets. Ultrasound Med Biol 2018; 44:1836-1852. [PMID: 29908752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Phase-shift droplets can be converted by sound from low-echogenicity, liquid-core agents into highly echogenic microbubbles. Many proposed applications in imaging and therapy take advantage of the high spatiotemporal control over this dynamic transition. Although some studies have reported increased circulation time of the droplets compared with microbubbles, few have directly explored the impact of encapsulation on droplet performance. With the goal of developing nanoscale droplets with increased circulatory persistence, we first evaluate the half-life of several candidate phospholipid encapsulations in vitro at clinical frequencies. To evaluate in vivo circulatory persistence, we develop a technique to periodically measure droplet vaporization from high-frequency B-mode scans of a mouse kidney. Results show that longer acyl chain phospholipids can dramatically reduce droplet degradation, increasing median half-life in vitro to 25.6 min-a 50-fold increase over droplets formed from phospholipids commonly used for clinical microbubbles. In vivo, the best-performing droplet formulations showed a median half-life of 18.4 min, more than a 35-fold increase in circulatory half-life compared with microbubbles with the same encapsulation in vivo. These findings also point to possible refinements that may improve nanoscale phase-shift droplet performance beyond those measured here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimoon Yoo
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wesley R Walker
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ross Williams
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles Tremblay-Darveau
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter N Burns
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul S Sheeran
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Gomes Silva AP, da Silva Araujo Santiago M, Maranho LA, de Oliveira RP, Constantino DHJ, Pereira CDS, da Silva RCB, Perobelli JE. Could male reproductive system be the main target of subchronic exposure to manganese in adult animals? Toxicology 2018; 409:1-12. [PMID: 29990519 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is one of the most common chemical elements on Earth and an essential micronutrient in animal organism. However, in supraphysiological levels and long-term exposures, it is a potential toxicant. Although nervous system is the most studied in relation to Mn toxicity, other tissues can have their function impaired by Mn in high doses. The present study investigated the possible adverse effects of subchronic exposure to supraphysiologic level of Mn (5 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) on reproductive, neurobehavioral, renal and hepatic parameters of male rats. For the first time, the vulnerability of these parameters to Mn was concomitantly investigated. While our results demonstrate that Mn treatments were not sufficient to produce a marked effect of neurotoxic, hepatotoxic or renal toxicity in adult rats, we found typical indicators of reproductive toxicity such as histopathological changes (major in testes and epididymis) and impaired sperm concentration and quality. Mn, under these experimental conditions, seems to exert reproductive toxicity by different testicular mechanisms, i.e. direct and indirect action on germ cells. On the other hand, exposure to Mn did not change the pattern of cognitive and emotional behaviors and the histological organization of kidneys of experimental rats. The liver showed a weight increasement and hidropic degeneration, probable due to the detoxification overload. In summary, for the first time it was demonstrated that adult male reproductive system was more sensitive to Mn toxicity than nervous, hepatic and renal systems, although nervous system is known as the main target tissue of this metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Priscila Gomes Silva
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Experimental-LATOEX, Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Campus Baixada Santista, Santos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcella da Silva Araujo Santiago
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Experimental-LATOEX, Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Campus Baixada Santista, Santos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Luciane Alves Maranho
- Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Campus Baixada Santista, Santos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rodolpho Pereira de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Psicobiologia da Esquizofrenia, Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Campus Baixada Santista, Santos, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Camilo Dias Seabra Pereira
- Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Campus Baixada Santista, Santos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Regina Cláudia Barbosa da Silva
- Laboratório de Psicobiologia da Esquizofrenia, Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Campus Baixada Santista, Santos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Elaine Perobelli
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Experimental-LATOEX, Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Campus Baixada Santista, Santos, SP, Brazil.
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Garisto J, Bertolo R, Dagenais J, Kaouk J. Infrared Light Structured Sensor Three-dimensional Approach to Estimate Kidney Volume: A Validation Study. Urology 2018; 119:155-160. [PMID: 29958967 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To validate a new procedure for the three-dimensional estimation of total renal parenchyma volumeusing a structured-light infrared laser sensor. METHODS To evaluate the accuracy of the sensor for assessing renal volume, we performed 3 experiments. Twenty freshly excised porcine kidneys were obtained. Experiment A, the water displacement method was used to obtain a determination of the renal parenchyma volume after immersing every kidney into 0.9% saline. Thereafter a structured sensor (Occipital, San Francisco, CA) was used to scan the kidney. Kidney sample surface was presented initially as a mesh and then imported into MeshLab (Visual Computing Lab, Pisa, Italy) software to obtain the surface volume. Experiment B, a partial excision of the kidney with measurement of the excised volume and remnant was performed. Experiment C, a renorrhaphy of the remnant kidney was performed then measured. Bias and limits of agreement (LOA) were determined using the Bland-Altman method. Reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS Experiment A, the sensor bias was -1.95mL (LOA: -19.5 to 15.59, R2 = 0.410) with slightly overestimating the volumes. Experiment B, remnant kidney after partial excision and excised kidneyvolume were measured showing a sensor bias of -0.5mL (LOA -5.34 to 4.20, R2= 0.490) and -0.6mL (LOA: -1.97.08 to 0.77, R2 = 0.561), respectively. Experiment C, the sensor bias was -0.89mL (LOA -12.9 to 11.1, R2= 0.888). ICC was 0.9998. CONCLUSION The sensor is a reliable method for assessing total renal volume with high levels of accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Garisto
- Cleveland Clinic, Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Riccardo Bertolo
- Cleveland Clinic, Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Julien Dagenais
- Cleveland Clinic, Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Jihad Kaouk
- Cleveland Clinic, Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland, OH.
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47
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Marticorena Garcia SR, Grossmann M, Lang ST, Nguyen Trong M, Schultz M, Guo J, Hamm B, Braun J, Sack I, Tzschätzsch H. Full-Field-of-View Time-Harmonic Elastography of the Native Kidney. Ultrasound Med Biol 2018; 44:949-954. [PMID: 29478787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze full-field-of-view maps of renal shear wave speed (SWS) measured by time-harmonic elastography (THE) in healthy volunteers in terms of reproducibility, regional variation and physiologic effects. The kidneys of 37 healthy volunteers were investigated by multifrequency THE. The complete renal parenchyma, as well as cortex and medulla, was analyzed. A subgroup was investigated to test reproducibility (n = 3). Significant differences between SWS in cortex, medulla and full parenchyma were observed (2.10 ± 0.17, 1.35 ± 0.11 and 1.71 ± 0.16 m/s, all p values < 0.001) with mean intra-volunteer standard deviations of repeated measurements of 0.04 m/s (1.6%), 0.06 m/s (4.0%) and 0.08 m/s (4.5%), respectively. No effects of kidney anatomy, age, body mass index, blood pressure and heart rate on SWS were observed. THE allows generation of full-field-of-view SWS maps of native kidneys with high reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Rodrigo Marticorena Garcia
- Department of Radiology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Grossmann
- Department of Radiology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophia Theresa Lang
- Department of Radiology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Jing Guo
- Department of Radiology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Hamm
- Department of Radiology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Braun
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingolf Sack
- Department of Radiology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heiko Tzschätzsch
- Department of Radiology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Torres HR, Queirós S, Morais P, Oliveira B, Fonseca JC, Vilaça JL. Kidney segmentation in ultrasound, magnetic resonance and computed tomography images: A systematic review. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2018; 157:49-67. [PMID: 29477435 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Segmentation is an essential step in computer-aided diagnosis and treatment planning of kidney diseases. In recent years, several researchers proposed multiple techniques to segment the kidney in medical images from distinct imaging acquisition systems, namely ultrasound, magnetic resonance, and computed tomography. This article aims to present a systematic review of the different methodologies developed for kidney segmentation. METHODS With this work, it is intended to analyze and categorize the different kidney segmentation algorithms, establishing a comparison between them and discussing the most appropriate methods for each modality. For that, articles published between 2010 and 2016 were analyzed. The search was performed in Scopus and Web of Science using the expressions "kidney segmentation" and "renal segmentation". RESULTS A total of 1528 articles were retrieved from the databases, and 95 articles were selected for this review. After analysis of the selected articles, the reviewed segmentation techniques were categorized according to their theoretical approach. CONCLUSIONS Based on the performed analysis, it was possible to identify segmentation approaches based on distinct image processing classes that can be used to accurately segment the kidney in images of different imaging modalities. Nevertheless, further research on kidney segmentation must be conducted to overcome the current drawbacks of the state-of-the-art methods. Moreover, a standardization of the evaluation database and metrics is needed to allow a direct comparison between methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena R Torres
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Algoritmi Center, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Sandro Queirós
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Algoritmi Center, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal; Lab on Cardiovascular Imaging & Dynamics, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KULeuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pedro Morais
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Algoritmi Center, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal; Lab on Cardiovascular Imaging & Dynamics, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KULeuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Instituto de Ciência e Inovação em Engenharia Mecânica e Engenharia Industrial, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Oliveira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Algoritmi Center, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jaime C Fonseca
- Algoritmi Center, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João L Vilaça
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; 2Ai-Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave, Barcelos, Portugal
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49
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Rabell-Montiel A, Thomson AJ, Anderson TA, Pye SD, Moran CM. Acoustic Properties of Small Animal Soft Tissue in the Frequency Range 12-32 MHz. Ultrasound Med Biol 2018; 44:702-713. [PMID: 29277451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Quality assurance phantoms are made of tissue-mimicking materials (TMMs) the acoustic properties of which mimic those of soft tissue. However, the acoustic properties of many soft tissue types have not been measured at ultrasonic frequencies >9 MHz. With the increasing use of high-frequency ultrasound for both clinical and pre-clinical applications, it is of increasing interest to ensure that TMMs accurately reflect the acoustic properties of soft tissue at these higher frequencies. In this study, the acoustic properties of ex vivo brain, liver and kidney samples from 50 mice were assessed in the frequency range 12-32 MHz. Measurements were performed within 6 min of euthanasia in a phosphate-buffered saline solution maintained at 37.2 ± 0.2 °C. The measured mean values for the speed of sound for all organs were found to be higher than the International Electrotechnical Commission guideline recommended value for TMMs. The attenuation coefficients measured for brain, liver and kidney samples were compared with the results of previous studies at lower frequencies. Only the measured kidney attenuation coefficient was found to be in good agreement with the International Electrotechnical Commission guideline. The information provided in this study can be used as a baseline on which to manufacture a TMM suitable for high-frequency applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Rabell-Montiel
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Adrian J Thomson
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tom A Anderson
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D Pye
- Medical Physics, NHS Lothian, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carmel M Moran
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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50
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Matenaers C, Popper B, Rieger A, Wanke R, Blutke A. Practicable methods for histological section thickness measurement in quantitative stereological analyses. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192879. [PMID: 29444158 PMCID: PMC5812658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The accuracy of quantitative stereological analysis tools such as the (physical) disector method substantially depends on the precise determination of the thickness of the analyzed histological sections. One conventional method for measurement of histological section thickness is to re-embed the section of interest vertically to its original section plane. The section thickness is then measured in a subsequently prepared histological section of this orthogonally re-embedded sample. However, the orthogonal re-embedding (ORE) technique is quite work- and time-intensive and may produce inaccurate section thickness measurement values due to unintentional slightly oblique (non-orthogonal) positioning of the re-embedded sample-section. Here, an improved ORE method is presented, allowing for determination of the factual section plane angle of the re-embedded section, and correction of measured section thickness values for oblique (non-orthogonal) sectioning. For this, the analyzed section is mounted flat on a foil of known thickness (calibration foil) and both the section and the calibration foil are then vertically (re-)embedded. The section angle of the re-embedded section is then calculated from the deviation of the measured section thickness of the calibration foil and its factual thickness, using basic geometry. To find a practicable, fast, and accurate alternative to ORE, the suitability of spectral reflectance (SR) measurement for determination of plastic section thicknesses was evaluated. Using a commercially available optical reflectometer (F20, Filmetrics®, USA), the thicknesses of 0.5 μm thick semi-thin Epon (glycid ether)-sections and of 1–3 μm thick plastic sections (glycolmethacrylate/ methylmethacrylate, GMA/MMA), as regularly used in physical disector analyses, could precisely be measured within few seconds. Compared to the measured section thicknesses determined by ORE, SR measures displayed less than 1% deviation. Our results prove the applicability of SR to efficiently provide accurate section thickness measurements as a prerequisite for reliable estimates of dependent quantitative stereological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrill Matenaers
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bastian Popper
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alexandra Rieger
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Wanke
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology at the Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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