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Brunet J, Cook AC, Walsh CL, Cranley J, Tafforeau P, Engel K, Berruyer C, O’Leary EB, Bellier A, Torii R, Werlein C, Jonigk DD, Ackermann M, Dollman K, Lee PD. Multidimensional Analysis of the Adult Human Heart in Health and Disease using Hierarchical Phase-Contrast Tomography (HiP-CT). bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.09.561474. [PMID: 37873359 PMCID: PMC10592740 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.09.561474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of death worldwide. Current clinical imaging modalities provide resolution adequate for diagnosis but are unable to provide detail of structural changes in the heart, across length-scales, necessary for understanding underlying pathophysiology of disease. Hierarchical Phase-Contrast Tomography (HiP-CT), using new (4th) generation synchrotron sources, potentially overcomes this limitation, allowing micron resolution imaging of intact adult organs with unprecedented detail. In this proof of principle study (n=2), we show the utility of HiP-CT to image whole adult human hearts ex-vivo: one 'control' without known cardiac disease and one with multiple known cardiopulmonary pathologies. The resulting multiscale imaging was able to demonstrate exemplars of anatomy in each cardiac segment along with novel findings in the cardiac conduction system, from gross (20 um/voxel) to cellular scale (2.2 um/voxel), non-destructively, thereby bridging the gap between macroscopic and microscopic investigations. We propose that the technique represents a significant step in virtual autopsy methods for studying structural heart disease, facilitating research into abnormalities across scales and age-groups. It opens up possibilities for understanding and treating disease; and provides a cardiac 'blueprint' with potential for in-silico simulation, device design, virtual surgical training, and bioengineered heart in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Brunet
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - A. C. Cook
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, London, UK
| | - C. L. Walsh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - J. Cranley
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - P. Tafforeau
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - K. Engel
- Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany
| | - C. Berruyer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - E. Burke O’Leary
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - A. Bellier
- Laboratoire d’Anatomie des Alpes Françaises (LADAF), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F
| | - R. Torii
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - C. Werlein
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in End-stage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Lung Research Centre (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - D. D. Jonigk
- Biomedical Research in End-stage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Lung Research Centre (DZL), Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Aachen Medical University, RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - M. Ackermann
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Helios University Clinic Wuppertal, University of Witten/Herdecke, Wuppertal, Germany
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - K. Dollman
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - P. D. Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Didcot, UK
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Abbasi R, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Alameddine JM, Alves AA, Amin NM, Andeen K, Anderson T, Anton G, Argüelles C, Ashida Y, Athanasiadou S, Axani S, Bai X, Balagopal V A, Barwick SW, Basu V, Baur S, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Becker KH, Tjus JB, Beise J, Bellenghi C, Benda S, BenZvi S, Berley D, Bernardini E, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Blaufuss E, Blot S, Boddenberg M, Bontempo F, Book JY, Borowka J, Böser S, Botner O, Böttcher J, Bourbeau E, Bradascio F, Braun J, Brinson B, Bron S, Brostean-Kaiser J, Burley RT, Busse RS, Campana MA, Carnie-Bronca EG, Chen C, Chen Z, Chirkin D, Choi K, Clark BA, Clark K, Classen L, Coleman A, Collin GH, Connolly A, Conrad JM, Coppin P, Correa P, Cowen DF, Cross R, Dappen C, Dave P, De Clercq C, DeLaunay JJ, López DD, Dembinski H, Deoskar K, Desai A, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de Wasseige G, DeYoung T, Diaz A, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dittmer M, Dujmovic H, Dunkman M, DuVernois MA, Ehrhardt T, Eller P, Engel R, Erpenbeck H, Evans J, Evenson PA, Fan KL, Fazely AR, Fedynitch A, Feigl N, Fiedlschuster S, Fienberg AT, Finley C, Fischer L, Fox D, Franckowiak A, Friedman E, Fritz A, Fürst P, Gaisser TK, Gallagher J, Ganster E, Garcia A, Garrappa S, Gerhardt L, Ghadimi A, Glaser C, Glauch T, Glüsenkamp T, Goehlke N, Goldschmidt A, Gonzalez JG, Goswami S, Grant D, Grégoire T, Griswold S, Günther C, Gutjahr P, Haack C, Hallgren A, Halliday R, Halve L, Halzen F, Minh MH, Hanson K, Hardin J, Harnisch AA, Haungs A, Helbing K, Henningsen F, Hettinger EC, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill C, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoshina K, Hou W, Huang F, Huber M, Huber T, Hultqvist K, Hünnefeld M, Hussain R, Hymon K, In S, Iovine N, Ishihara A, Jansson M, Japaridze GS, Jeong M, Jin M, Jones BJP, Kang D, Kang W, Kang X, Kappes A, Kappesser D, Kardum L, Karg T, Karl M, Karle A, Katz U, Kauer M, Kellermann M, Kelley JL, Kheirandish A, Kin K, Kiryluk J, Klein SR, Kochocki A, Koirala R, Kolanoski H, Kontrimas T, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Koundal P, Kovacevich M, Kowalski M, Kozynets T, Krupczak E, Kun E, Kurahashi N, Lad N, Gualda CL, Lanfranchi JL, Larson MJ, Lauber F, Lazar JP, Lee JW, Leonard K, Leszczyńska A, Li Y, Lincetto M, Liu QR, Liubarska M, Lohfink E, Mariscal CJL, Lu L, Lucarelli F, Ludwig A, Luszczak W, Lyu Y, Ma WY, Madsen J, Mahn KBM, Makino Y, Mancina S, Mariş IC, Martinez-Soler I, Maruyama R, McHale S, McElroy T, McNally F, Mead JV, Meagher K, Mechbal S, Medina A, Meier M, Meighen-Berger S, Merckx Y, Micallef J, Mockler D, Montaruli T, Moore RW, Morik K, Morse R, Moulai M, Mukherjee T, Naab R, Nagai R, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Necker J, Nguyen LV, Niederhausen H, Nisa MU, Nowicki SC, Nygren D, Pollmann AO, Oehler M, Oeyen B, Olivas A, O'Sullivan E, Pandya H, Pankova DV, Park N, Parker GK, Paudel EN, Paul L, de Los Heros CP, Peters L, Peterson J, Philippen S, Pieper S, Pizzuto A, Plum M, Popovych Y, Porcelli A, Rodriguez MP, Pries B, Przybylski GT, Raab C, Rack-Helleis J, Raissi A, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Rea IC, Rechav Z, Rehman A, Reichherzer P, Reimann R, Renzi G, Resconi E, Reusch S, Rhode W, Richman M, Riedel B, Roberts EJ, Robertson S, Roellinghoff G, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ryckbosch D, Cantu DR, Safa I, Saffer J, Salazar-Gallegos D, Sampathkumar P, Herrera SES, Sandrock A, Santander M, Sarkar S, Sarkar S, Satalecka K, Schaufel M, Schieler H, Schindler S, Schmidt T, Schneider A, Schneider J, Schröder FG, Schumacher L, Schwefer G, Sclafani S, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Sharma A, Shefali S, Shimizu N, Silva M, Skrzypek B, Smithers B, Snihur R, Soedingrekso J, Sogaard A, Soldin D, Spannfellner C, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stein R, Stettner J, Stezelberger T, Stokstad B, Stürwald T, Stuttard T, Sullivan GW, Taboada I, Ter-Antonyan S, Thwaites J, Tilav S, Tischbein F, Tollefson K, Tönnis C, Toscano S, Tosi D, Trettin A, Tselengidou M, Tung CF, Turcati A, Turcotte R, Turley CF, Twagirayezu JP, Ty B, Elorrieta MAU, Valtonen-Mattila N, Vandenbroucke J, van Eijndhoven N, Vannerom D, van Santen J, Veitch-Michaelis J, Verpoest S, Walck C, Wang W, Watson TB, Weaver C, Weigel P, Weindl A, Weiss MJ, Weldert J, Wendt C, Werthebach J, Weyrauch M, Whitehorn N, Wiebusch CH, Willey N, Williams DR, Wolf M, Wrede G, Wulff J, Xu XW, Yanez JP, Yildizci E, Yoshida S, Yu S, Yuan T, Zhang Z, Zhelnin P. Observation of high-energy neutrinos from the Galactic plane. Science 2023; 380:1338-1343. [PMID: 37384687 DOI: 10.1126/science.adc9818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The origin of high-energy cosmic rays, atomic nuclei that continuously impact Earth's atmosphere, is unknown. Because of deflection by interstellar magnetic fields, cosmic rays produced within the Milky Way arrive at Earth from random directions. However, cosmic rays interact with matter near their sources and during propagation, which produces high-energy neutrinos. We searched for neutrino emission using machine learning techniques applied to 10 years of data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. By comparing diffuse emission models to a background-only hypothesis, we identified neutrino emission from the Galactic plane at the 4.5σ level of significance. The signal is consistent with diffuse emission of neutrinos from the Milky Way but could also arise from a population of unresolved point sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Abbasi
- Department of Physics, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - M Ackermann
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J A Aguilar
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Ahlers
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Ahrens
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J M Alameddine
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - A A Alves
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N M Amin
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - K Andeen
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA
| | - T Anderson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - G Anton
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Argüelles
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Y Ashida
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - S Athanasiadou
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - S Axani
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - X Bai
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
| | - A Balagopal V
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - S W Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - V Basu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - S Baur
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Bay
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - J J Beatty
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - K-H Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J Beise
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Bellenghi
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S Benda
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - S BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - D Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - E Bernardini
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
- Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - D Z Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - G Binder
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - D Bindig
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - E Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - S Blot
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Boddenberg
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F Bontempo
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Y Book
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - J Borowka
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Böser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - O Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Böttcher
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - E Bourbeau
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - F Bradascio
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Braun
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - B Brinson
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - S Bron
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | | | - R T Burley
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - R S Busse
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M A Campana
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E G Carnie-Bronca
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - C Chen
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Z Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800, USA
| | - D Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - K Choi
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - B A Clark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - K Clark
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - L Classen
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - A Coleman
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - G H Collin
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A Connolly
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - J M Conrad
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - P Coppin
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst Elementary Particles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Correa
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst Elementary Particles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D F Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - R Cross
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - C Dappen
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - P Dave
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - C De Clercq
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst Elementary Particles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J J DeLaunay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - D Delgado López
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - H Dembinski
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - K Deoskar
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Desai
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - P Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - K D de Vries
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst Elementary Particles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G de Wasseige
- Centre for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - T DeYoung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - A Diaz
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - J C Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - M Dittmer
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - H Dujmovic
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Dunkman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - M A DuVernois
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - T Ehrhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - P Eller
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - R Engel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - H Erpenbeck
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Evans
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - P A Evenson
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - K L Fan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - A R Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
| | - A Fedynitch
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - N Feigl
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Fiedlschuster
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A T Fienberg
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - C Finley
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Fischer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - D Fox
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - A Franckowiak
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - E Friedman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - A Fritz
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - P Fürst
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - T K Gaisser
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - J Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - E Ganster
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Garcia
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - S Garrappa
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - L Gerhardt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - A Ghadimi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - C Glaser
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T Glauch
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Glüsenkamp
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - N Goehlke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Goldschmidt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - J G Gonzalez
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - S Goswami
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - D Grant
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - T Grégoire
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - S Griswold
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - C Günther
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - P Gutjahr
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - C Haack
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R Halliday
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - L Halve
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - M Ha Minh
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - K Hanson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - J Hardin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - A A Harnisch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - A Haungs
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - F Henningsen
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - E C Hettinger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - S Hickford
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Hignight
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - C Hill
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - G C Hill
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - K D Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - K Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - W Hou
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F Huang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - M Huber
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Huber
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K Hultqvist
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Hünnefeld
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - R Hussain
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - K Hymon
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S In
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - N Iovine
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Ishihara
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Jansson
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G S Japaridze
- The Center for Theoretical Studies of Physical Systems, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
| | - M Jeong
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - M Jin
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - B J P Jones
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - D Kang
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - W Kang
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - X Kang
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - A Kappes
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - D Kappesser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - L Kardum
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Karg
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Karl
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - U Katz
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Kauer
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - M Kellermann
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J L Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - A Kheirandish
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - K Kin
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - J Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800, USA
| | - S R Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - A Kochocki
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - R Koirala
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - H Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T Kontrimas
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - L Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Kopper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - S Kopper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - D J Koskinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Koundal
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Kovacevich
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - M Kowalski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - T Kozynets
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E Krupczak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - E Kun
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - N Kurahashi
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - N Lad
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | | | - J L Lanfranchi
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - M J Larson
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - F Lauber
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J P Lazar
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - J W Lee
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - K Leonard
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - A Leszczyńska
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Y Li
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - M Lincetto
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Q R Liu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - M Liubarska
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - E Lohfink
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C J Lozano Mariscal
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - L Lu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - F Lucarelli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - A Ludwig
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - W Luszczak
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Y Lyu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - W Y Ma
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Madsen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - K B M Mahn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Y Makino
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - S Mancina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - I C Mariş
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - I Martinez-Soler
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - R Maruyama
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - S McHale
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - T McElroy
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - F McNally
- Department of Physics, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207-0001, USA
| | - J V Mead
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Meagher
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - S Mechbal
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - A Medina
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - M Meier
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - S Meighen-Berger
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Y Merckx
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst Elementary Particles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Micallef
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - D Mockler
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - T Montaruli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - R W Moore
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - K Morik
- Computer Science Faculty, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - R Morse
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - M Moulai
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - T Mukherjee
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - R Naab
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - R Nagai
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - R Nahnhauer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - U Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Necker
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - L V Nguyen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - H Niederhausen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - M U Nisa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - S C Nowicki
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - D Nygren
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - M Oehler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - B Oeyen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - A Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - E O'Sullivan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Pandya
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - D V Pankova
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - N Park
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - G K Parker
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - E N Paudel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - L Paul
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA
| | - C Pérez de Los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L Peters
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Peterson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - S Philippen
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Pieper
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A Pizzuto
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - M Plum
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
| | - Y Popovych
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - A Porcelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - M Prado Rodriguez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - B Pries
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - G T Przybylski
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - C Raab
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Rack-Helleis
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - A Raissi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - M Rameez
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Rawlins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99508, USA
| | - I C Rea
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Z Rechav
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - A Rehman
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - P Reichherzer
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - R Reimann
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - G Renzi
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Resconi
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S Reusch
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - W Rhode
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Richman
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - B Riedel
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - E J Roberts
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - S Robertson
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - G Roellinghoff
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - M Rongen
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Rott
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - T Ruhe
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - D Ryckbosch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - D Rysewyk Cantu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - I Safa
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - J Saffer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D Salazar-Gallegos
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - P Sampathkumar
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S E Sanchez Herrera
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - A Sandrock
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Santander
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - S Sarkar
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - S Sarkar
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - K Satalecka
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Schaufel
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - H Schieler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S Schindler
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - A Schneider
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - J Schneider
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - F G Schröder
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - L Schumacher
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G Schwefer
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Sclafani
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - D Seckel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - S Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI 54022, USA
| | - A Sharma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Shefali
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N Shimizu
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Silva
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - B Skrzypek
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - B Smithers
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - R Snihur
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - J Soedingrekso
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - A Sogaard
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D Soldin
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - C Spannfellner
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G M Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI 54022, USA
| | - C Spiering
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Stamatikos
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - T Stanev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - R Stein
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Stettner
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - T Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - B Stokstad
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - T Stürwald
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - T Stuttard
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G W Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - I Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - S Ter-Antonyan
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
| | - J Thwaites
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - S Tilav
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - F Tischbein
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Tollefson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - C Tönnis
- Institute of Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - S Toscano
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Tosi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - A Trettin
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Tselengidou
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C F Tung
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - A Turcati
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - R Turcotte
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C F Turley
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - J P Twagirayezu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - B Ty
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - M A Unland Elorrieta
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - N Valtonen-Mattila
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Vandenbroucke
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - N van Eijndhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst Elementary Particles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Vannerom
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - J van Santen
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Veitch-Michaelis
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - S Verpoest
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - C Walck
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - W Wang
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - T B Watson
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - C Weaver
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - P Weigel
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A Weindl
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M J Weiss
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - J Weldert
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Wendt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - J Werthebach
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Weyrauch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N Whitehorn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - C H Wiebusch
- Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - N Willey
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - D R Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - M Wolf
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - G Wrede
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - J Wulff
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - X W Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
| | - J P Yanez
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - E Yildizci
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - S Yoshida
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - S Yu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - T Yuan
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800, USA
| | - P Zhelnin
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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3
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Brunet J, Walsh CL, Wagner WL, Bellier A, Werlein C, Marussi S, Jonigk DD, Verleden SE, Ackermann M, Lee PD, Tafforeau P. Preparation of large biological samples for high-resolution, hierarchical, synchrotron phase-contrast tomography with multimodal imaging compatibility. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:1441-1461. [PMID: 36859614 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00804-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Imaging across different scales is essential for understanding healthy organ morphology and pathophysiological changes. The macro- and microscale three-dimensional morphology of large samples, including intact human organs, is possible with X-ray microtomography (using laboratory or synchrotron sources). Preparation of large samples for high-resolution imaging, however, is challenging due to limitations such as sample shrinkage, insufficient contrast, movement of the sample and bubble formation during mounting or scanning. Here, we describe the preparation, stabilization, dehydration and mounting of large soft-tissue samples for X-ray microtomography. We detail the protocol applied to whole human organs and hierarchical phase-contrast tomography at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, yet it is applicable to a range of biological samples, including complete organisms. The protocol enhances the contrast when using X-ray imaging, while preventing sample motion during the scan, even with different sample orientations. Bubbles trapped during mounting and those formed during scanning (in the case of synchrotron X-ray imaging) are mitigated by multiple degassing steps. The sample preparation is also compatible with magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography and histological observation. The sample preparation and mounting require 24-36 d for a large organ such as a whole human brain or heart. The preparation time varies depending on the composition, size and fragility of the tissue. Use of the protocol enables scanning of intact organs with a diameter of 150 mm with a local voxel size of 1 μm. The protocol requires users with expertise in handling human or animal organs, laboratory operation and X-ray imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brunet
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France.
| | - C L Walsh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.
| | - W L Wagner
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Centre Heidelberg (TLRC), German Lung Research Centre (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Bellier
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie des Alpes Françaises (LADAF), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - C Werlein
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Marussi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - D D Jonigk
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in End-stage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Lung Research Centre (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - S E Verleden
- Antwerp Surgical Training, Anatomy and Research Centre (ASTARC), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - M Ackermann
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Helios University Clinic Wuppertal, University of Witten/Herdecke, Wuppertal, Germany
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter D Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.
- Research Complex at Harwell, Didcot, UK.
| | - Paul Tafforeau
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France.
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4
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Yacheur D, Ackermann M, Li T, Kalyanov A, Russomanno E, Mata ADC, Wolf M, Jiang J. Imaging Cerebral Blood Vessels Using Near-Infrared Optical Tomography: A Simulation Study. Adv Exp Med Biol 2023; 1438:203-207. [PMID: 37845462 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-42003-0_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral veins have received increasing attention due to their importance in preoperational planning and the brain oxygenation measurement. There are different modalities to image those vessels, such as magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and recently, contrast-enhanced (CE) 3D gradient-echo sequences. However, the current techniques have certain disadvantages, i.e., the long examination time, the requirement of contrast agents or inability to measure oxygenation. Near-infrared optical tomography (NIROT) is emerging as a viable new biomedical imaging modality that employs near infrared light (650-950 nm) to image biological tissue. It was proven to easily penetrate the skull and therefore enables the brain vessels to be assessed. NIROT utilizes safe non-ionizing radiation and can be applied in e.g., early detection of neonatal brain injury and ischemic strokes. The aim is to develop non-invasive label-free dynamic time domain (TD) NIROT to image the brain vessels. A simulation study was performed with the software (NIRFAST) which models light propagation in tissue with the finite element method (FEM). Both a simple shape mesh and a real head mesh including all the segmented vessels from MRI images were simulated using both FEM and a hybrid FEM-U-Net network, we were able to visualize the superficial vessels with NIROT with a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) lower than 0.079.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Yacheur
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory (BORL), Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - M Ackermann
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory (BORL), Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - T Li
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory (BORL), Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Kalyanov
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory (BORL), Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E Russomanno
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory (BORL), Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Di Costanzo Mata
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory (BORL), Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Wolf
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory (BORL), Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J Jiang
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory (BORL), Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Hansmann G, Rog-Zielinska E, Giera M, Mülleder M, Schwecke T, Ziyue W, Ralser M, Ackermann M, von Kaisenberg C, Bertram H, Hass R, Legchenko E, Chouvarine P. Successful Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Treatment of Severe Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: In Vivo Effects and First-In-Human Application. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2023. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1761849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Hansmann
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Deutschland
| | - E. Rog-Zielinska
- University Heart Center Freiburg Bad Krozingen, Freiburg, Deutschland
| | - M. Giera
- Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - M. Mülleder
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - T. Schwecke
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - W. Ziyue
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - M. Ralser
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | | | | | - H. Bertram
- Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, Deutschland
| | - R. Hass
- Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Deutschland
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6
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Abbasi R, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Alameddine JM, Alispach C, Alves AA, Amin NM, Andeen K, Anderson T, Anton G, Argüelles C, Ashida Y, Axani S, Bai X, Balagopal V. A, Barbano A, Barwick SW, Bastian B, Basu V, Baur S, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Becker KH, Becker Tjus J, Bellenghi C, BenZvi S, Berley D, Bernardini E, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Blaufuss E, Blot S, Boddenberg M, Bontempo F, Borowka J, Böser S, Botner O, Böttcher J, Bourbeau E, Bradascio F, Braun J, Brinson B, Bron S, Brostean-Kaiser J, Browne S, Burgman A, Burley RT, Busse RS, Campana MA, Carnie-Bronca EG, Chen C, Chen Z, Chirkin D, Choi K, Clark BA, Clark K, Classen L, Coleman A, Collin GH, Conrad JM, Coppin P, Correa P, Cowen DF, Cross R, Dappen C, Dave P, De Clercq C, DeLaunay JJ, Delgado López D, Dembinski H, Deoskar K, Desai A, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de Wasseige G, de With M, DeYoung T, Diaz A, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dittmer M, Dujmovic H, Dunkman M, DuVernois MA, Dvorak E, Ehrhardt T, Eller P, Engel R, Erpenbeck H, Evans J, Evenson PA, Fan KL, Fazely AR, Fedynitch A, Feigl N, Fiedlschuster S, Fienberg AT, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer L, Fox D, Franckowiak A, Friedman E, Fritz A, Fürst P, Gaisser TK, Gallagher J, Ganster E, Garcia A, Garrappa S, Gerhardt L, Ghadimi A, Glaser C, Glauch T, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Gonzalez JG, Goswami S, Grant D, Grégoire T, Griswold S, Günther C, Gutjahr P, Haack C, Hallgren A, Halliday R, Halve L, Halzen F, Ha Minh M, Hanson K, Hardin J, Harnisch AA, Haungs A, Hebecker D, Helbing K, Henningsen F, Hettinger EC, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill C, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Hokanson-Fasig B, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Huber T, Hultqvist K, Hünnefeld M, Hussain R, Hymon K, In S, Iovine N, Ishihara A, Jansson M, Japaridze GS, Jeong M, Jin M, Jones BJP, Kang D, Kang W, Kang X, Kappes A, Kappesser D, Kardum L, Karg T, Karl M, Karle A, Katz U, Kauer M, Kellermann M, Kelley JL, Kheirandish A, Kin K, Kintscher T, Kiryluk J, Klein SR, Koirala R, Kolanoski H, Kontrimas T, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Koundal P, Kovacevich M, Kowalski M, Kozynets T, Kun E, Kurahashi N, Lad N, Lagunas Gualda C, Lanfranchi JL, Larson MJ, Lauber F, Lazar JP, Lee JW, Leonard K, Leszczyńska A, Li Y, Lincetto M, Liu QR, Liubarska M, Lohfink E, Lozano Mariscal CJ, Lu L, Lucarelli F, Ludwig A, Luszczak W, Lyu Y, Ma WY, Madsen J, Mahn KBM, Makino Y, Mancina S, Mariş IC, Martinez-Soler I, Maruyama R, Mase K, McElroy T, McNally F, Mead JV, Meagher K, Mechbal S, Medina A, Meier M, Meighen-Berger S, Micallef J, Mockler D, Montaruli T, Moore RW, Morse R, Moulai M, Naab R, Nagai R, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Necker J, Nguyen LV, Niederhausen H, Nisa MU, Nowicki SC, Nygren D, Obertacke Pollmann A, Oehler M, Oeyen B, Olivas A, O’Sullivan E, Pandya H, Pankova DV, Park N, Parker GK, Paudel EN, Paul L, Pérez de los Heros C, Peters L, Peterson J, Philippen S, Pieper S, Pittermann M, Pizzuto A, Plum M, Popovych Y, Porcelli A, Prado Rodriguez M, Price PB, Pries B, Przybylski GT, Raab C, Rack-Helleis J, Raissi A, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Rea IC, Rehman A, Reichherzer P, Reimann R, Renzi G, Resconi E, Reusch S, Rhode W, Richman M, Riedel B, Roberts EJ, Robertson S, Roellinghoff G, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ryckbosch D, Rysewyk Cantu D, Safa I, Saffer J, Sanchez Herrera SE, Sandrock A, Sandroos J, Santander M, Sarkar S, Sarkar S, Satalecka K, Schaufel M, Schieler H, Schindler S, Schmidt T, Schneider A, Schneider J, Schröder FG, Schumacher L, Schwefer G, Sclafani S, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Sharma A, Shefali S, Silva M, Skrzypek B, Smithers B, Snihur R, Soedingrekso J, Soldin D, Spannfellner C, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stachurska J, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stein R, Stettner J, Steuer A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad R, Stürwald T, Stuttard T, Sullivan GW, Taboada I, Ter-Antonyan S, Tilav S, Tischbein F, Tollefson K, Tönnis C, Toscano S, Tosi D, Trettin A, Tselengidou M, Tung CF, Turcati A, Turcotte R, Turley CF, Twagirayezu JP, Ty B, Unland Elorrieta MA, Valtonen-Mattila N, Vandenbroucke J, van Eijndhoven N, Vannerom D, van Santen J, Verpoest S, Walck C, Watson TB, Weaver C, Weigel P, Weindl A, Weiss MJ, Weldert J, Wendt C, Werthebach J, Weyrauch M, Whitehorn N, Wiebusch CH, Williams DR, Wolf M, Woschnagg K, Wrede G, Wulff J, Xu XW, Yanez JP, Yoshida S, Yu S, Yuan T, Zhang Z, Zhelnin P. Evidence for neutrino emission from the nearby active galaxy NGC 1068. Science 2022; 378:538-543. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abg3395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A supermassive black hole, obscured by cosmic dust, powers the nearby active galaxy NGC 1068. Neutrinos, which rarely interact with matter, could provide information on the galaxy’s active core. We searched for neutrino emission from astrophysical objects using data recorded with the IceCube neutrino detector between 2011 and 2020. The positions of 110 known gamma-ray sources were individually searched for neutrino detections above atmospheric and cosmic backgrounds. We found that NGC 1068 has an excess of
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neutrinos at tera–electron volt energies, with a global significance of 4.2σ, which we interpret as associated with the active galaxy. The flux of high-energy neutrinos that we measured from NGC 1068 is more than an order of magnitude higher than the upper limit on emissions of tera–electron volt gamma rays from this source.
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7
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Abbasi R, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Alameddine JM, Alves AA, Amin NM, Andeen K, Anderson T, Anton G, Argüelles C, Ashida Y, Axani S, Bai X, Balagopal V A, Barwick SW, Bastian B, Basu V, Baur S, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Becker KH, Becker Tjus J, Beise J, Bellenghi C, Benda S, BenZvi S, Berley D, Bernardini E, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Blaufuss E, Blot S, Boddenberg M, Bontempo F, Book JY, Borowka J, Böser S, Botner O, Böttcher J, Bourbeau E, Bradascio F, Braun J, Brinson B, Bron S, Brostean-Kaiser J, Burley RT, Busse RS, Campana MA, Carnie-Bronca EG, Chen C, Chen Z, Chirkin D, Choi K, Clark BA, Clark K, Classen L, Coleman A, Collin GH, Conrad JM, Coppin P, Correa P, Cowen DF, Cross R, Dappen C, Dave P, De Clercq C, DeLaunay JJ, Delgado López D, Dembinski H, Deoskar K, Desai A, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de Wasseige G, de With M, DeYoung T, Diaz A, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dittmer M, Dujmovic H, Dunkman M, DuVernois MA, Ehrhardt T, Eller P, Engel R, Erpenbeck H, Evans J, Evenson PA, Fan KL, Fazely AR, Fedynitch A, Feigl N, Fiedlschuster S, Fienberg AT, Finley C, Fischer L, Fox D, Franckowiak A, Friedman E, Fritz A, Fürst P, Gaisser TK, Gallagher J, Ganster E, Garcia A, Garrappa S, Gerhardt L, Ghadimi A, Glaser C, Glauch T, Glüsenkamp T, Goehlke N, Gonzalez JG, Goswami S, Grant D, Grégoire T, Griswold S, Günther C, Gutjahr P, Haack C, Hallgren A, Halliday R, Halve L, Halzen F, Ha Minh M, Hanson K, Hardin J, Harnisch AA, Haungs A, Hebecker D, Helbing K, Henningsen F, Hettinger EC, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill C, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoshina K, Hou W, Huang F, Huber M, Huber T, Hultqvist K, Hünnefeld M, Hussain R, Hymon K, In S, Iovine N, Ishihara A, Jansson M, Japaridze GS, Jeong M, Jin M, Jones BJP, Kang D, Kang W, Kang X, Kappes A, Kappesser D, Kardum L, Karg T, Karl M, Karle A, Katz U, Kauer M, Kellermann M, Kelley JL, Kheirandish A, Kin K, Kintscher T, Kiryluk J, Klein SR, Kochocki A, Koirala R, Kolanoski H, Kontrimas T, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Koundal P, Kovacevich M, Kowalski M, Kozynets T, Krupczak E, Kun E, Kurahashi N, Lad N, Lagunas Gualda C, Lanfranchi JL, Larson MJ, Lauber F, Lazar JP, Lee JW, Leonard K, Leszczyńska A, Li Y, Lincetto M, Liu QR, Liubarska M, Lohfink E, Lozano Mariscal CJ, Lu L, Lucarelli F, Ludwig A, Luszczak W, Lyu Y, Ma WY, Madsen J, Mahn KBM, Makino Y, Mancina S, Mariş IC, Martinez-Soler I, Maruyama R, McCarthy S, McElroy T, McNally F, Mead JV, Meagher K, Mechbal S, Medina A, Meier M, Meighen-Berger S, Micallef J, Mockler D, Montaruli T, Moore RW, Morse R, Moulai M, Mukherjee T, Naab R, Nagai R, Naumann U, Necker J, Nguyễn LV, Niederhausen H, Nisa MU, Nowicki SC, Obertacke Pollmann A, Oehler M, Oeyen B, Olivas A, O'Sullivan E, Pandya H, Pankova DV, Park N, Parker GK, Paudel EN, Paul L, Pérez de Los Heros C, Peters L, Peterson J, Philippen S, Pieper S, Pizzuto A, Plum M, Popovych Y, Porcelli A, Prado Rodriguez M, Pries B, Przybylski GT, Raab C, Rack-Helleis J, Raissi A, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Rea IC, Rechav Z, Rehman A, Reichherzer P, Reimann R, Renzi G, Resconi E, Reusch S, Rhode W, Richman M, Riedel B, Roberts EJ, Robertson S, Roellinghoff G, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ryckbosch D, Rysewyk Cantu D, Safa I, Saffer J, Sampathkumar P, Sanchez Herrera SE, Sandrock A, Santander M, Sarkar S, Sarkar S, Satalecka K, Schaufel M, Schieler H, Schindler S, Schmidt T, Schneider A, Schneider J, Schröder FG, Schumacher L, Schwefer G, Sclafani S, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Sharma A, Shefali S, Shimizu N, Silva M, Skrzypek B, Smithers B, Snihur R, Soedingrekso J, Soldin D, Spannfellner C, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stachurska J, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stein R, Stettner J, Stezelberger T, Stürwald T, Stuttard T, Sullivan GW, Taboada I, Ter-Antonyan S, Thwaites J, Tilav S, Tischbein F, Tollefson K, Tönnis C, Toscano S, Tosi D, Trettin A, Tselengidou M, Tung CF, Turcati A, Turcotte R, Turley CF, Twagirayezu JP, Ty B, Unland Elorrieta MA, Valtonen-Mattila N, Vandenbroucke J, van Eijndhoven N, Vannerom D, van Santen J, Veitch-Michaelis J, Verpoest S, Walck C, Wang W, Watson TB, Weaver C, Weigel P, Weindl A, Weiss MJ, Weldert J, Wendt C, Werthebach J, Weyrauch M, Whitehorn N, Wiebusch CH, Willey N, Williams DR, Wolf M, Wrede G, Wulff J, Xu XW, Yanez JP, Yildizci E, Yoshida S, Yu S, Yuan T, Zhang Z, Zhelnin P. Search for Unstable Sterile Neutrinos with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:151801. [PMID: 36269964 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.151801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We present a search for an unstable sterile neutrino by looking for a resonant signal in eight years of atmospheric ν_{μ} data collected from 2011 to 2019 at the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. Both the (stable) three-neutrino and the 3+1 sterile neutrino models are disfavored relative to the unstable sterile neutrino model, though with p values of 2.8% and 0.81%, respectively, we do not observe evidence for 3+1 neutrinos with neutrino decay. The best-fit parameters for the sterile neutrino with decay model from this study are Δm_{41}^{2}=6.7_{-2.5}^{+3.9} eV^{2}, sin^{2}2θ_{24}=0.33_{-0.17}^{+0.20}, and g^{2}=2.5π±1.5π, where g is the decay-mediating coupling. The preferred regions of the 3+1+decay model from short-baseline oscillation searches are excluded at 90% C.L.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Abbasi
- Department of Physics, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, USA
| | | | - J Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J A Aguilar
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Ahlers
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Ahrens
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J M Alameddine
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - A A Alves
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N M Amin
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - K Andeen
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
| | - T Anderson
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - G Anton
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Argüelles
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Y Ashida
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Axani
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - X Bai
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - A Balagopal V
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S W Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | | | - V Basu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Baur
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Bay
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J J Beatty
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - K-H Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J Beise
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Bellenghi
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S Benda
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - D Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | | | - D Z Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - G Binder
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Bindig
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - E Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Blot
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Boddenberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F Bontempo
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Y Book
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - J Borowka
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Böser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - O Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Böttcher
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - E Bourbeau
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - J Braun
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B Brinson
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - S Bron
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | | | - R T Burley
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - R S Busse
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M A Campana
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - E G Carnie-Bronca
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - C Chen
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Z Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - D Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Choi
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - B A Clark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - K Clark
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - L Classen
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - A Coleman
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - G H Collin
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J M Conrad
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P Coppin
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Correa
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D F Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - R Cross
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - C Dappen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - P Dave
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - C De Clercq
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J J DeLaunay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - D Delgado López
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - H Dembinski
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - K Deoskar
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Desai
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - P Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K D de Vries
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G de Wasseige
- Centre for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology - CP3, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - M de With
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T DeYoung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - A Diaz
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J C Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Dittmer
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - H Dujmovic
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Dunkman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M A DuVernois
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T Ehrhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - P Eller
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - R Engel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - H Erpenbeck
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Evans
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - P A Evenson
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - K L Fan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A R Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - A Fedynitch
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - N Feigl
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Fiedlschuster
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A T Fienberg
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - C Finley
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - D Fox
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - A Franckowiak
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - E Friedman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Fritz
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - P Fürst
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - T K Gaisser
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - J Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E Ganster
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Garcia
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | | | - L Gerhardt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Ghadimi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - C Glaser
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T Glauch
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Glüsenkamp
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - N Goehlke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J G Gonzalez
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Goswami
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - D Grant
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - T Grégoire
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - S Griswold
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - C Günther
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - P Gutjahr
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - C Haack
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R Halliday
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - L Halve
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Ha Minh
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - K Hanson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Hardin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A A Harnisch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - A Haungs
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D Hebecker
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - K Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - F Henningsen
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - E C Hettinger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S Hickford
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Hignight
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - C Hill
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - G C Hill
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - K D Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - K Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - W Hou
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F Huang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Huber
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Huber
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K Hultqvist
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Hünnefeld
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - R Hussain
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Hymon
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S In
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - N Iovine
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Ishihara
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Jansson
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G S Japaridze
- CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA
| | - M Jeong
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - M Jin
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - B J P Jones
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates Street, Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - D Kang
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - W Kang
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - X Kang
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - A Kappes
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - D Kappesser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - L Kardum
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Karg
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Karl
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - U Katz
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Kauer
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Kellermann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J L Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Kheirandish
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - K Kin
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | | | - J Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - S R Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Kochocki
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - R Koirala
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - H Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T Kontrimas
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - L Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Kopper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S Kopper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - D J Koskinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Koundal
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Kovacevich
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - M Kowalski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - T Kozynets
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E Krupczak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - E Kun
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - N Kurahashi
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - N Lad
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | | | - J L Lanfranchi
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M J Larson
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - F Lauber
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J P Lazar
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J W Lee
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - K Leonard
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Leszczyńska
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Y Li
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Lincetto
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Q R Liu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Liubarska
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - E Lohfink
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C J Lozano Mariscal
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - L Lu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - F Lucarelli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - A Ludwig
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W Luszczak
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Y Lyu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - W Y Ma
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Madsen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K B M Mahn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Y Makino
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Mancina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - I C Mariş
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - I Martinez-Soler
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - R Maruyama
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - S McCarthy
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T McElroy
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - F McNally
- Department of Physics, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia 31207-0001, USA
| | - J V Mead
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Meagher
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - A Medina
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - M Meier
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - S Meighen-Berger
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J Micallef
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - D Mockler
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - T Montaruli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - R W Moore
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - R Morse
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Moulai
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - T Mukherjee
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - R Naab
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - R Nagai
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - U Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - L V Nguyễn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - H Niederhausen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - M U Nisa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S C Nowicki
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | | | - M Oehler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - B Oeyen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - A Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - E O'Sullivan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Pandya
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D V Pankova
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - N Park
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - G K Parker
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates Street, Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - E N Paudel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - L Paul
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
| | - C Pérez de Los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L Peters
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Peterson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Philippen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Pieper
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A Pizzuto
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Plum
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - Y Popovych
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - A Porcelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - M Prado Rodriguez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B Pries
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - G T Przybylski
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Raab
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Rack-Helleis
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - A Raissi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - M Rameez
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Rawlins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
| | - I C Rea
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Z Rechav
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Rehman
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - P Reichherzer
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - R Reimann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - G Renzi
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Resconi
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - W Rhode
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Richman
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - B Riedel
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E J Roberts
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - S Robertson
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Roellinghoff
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - M Rongen
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Rott
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - T Ruhe
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - D Ryckbosch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - D Rysewyk Cantu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - I Safa
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Saffer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P Sampathkumar
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S E Sanchez Herrera
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - A Sandrock
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Santander
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - S Sarkar
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - S Sarkar
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | | | - M Schaufel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - H Schieler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S Schindler
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Schneider
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Schneider
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - F G Schröder
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - L Schumacher
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G Schwefer
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Sclafani
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - D Seckel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - A Sharma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Shefali
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N Shimizu
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Silva
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B Skrzypek
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - B Smithers
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates Street, Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - R Snihur
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Soedingrekso
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - D Soldin
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - C Spannfellner
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G M Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | | | | | - M Stamatikos
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - T Stanev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - R Stein
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Stettner
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - T Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T Stürwald
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - T Stuttard
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G W Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - I Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - S Ter-Antonyan
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - J Thwaites
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Tilav
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - F Tischbein
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Tollefson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - C Tönnis
- Institute of Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - S Toscano
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Tosi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - M Tselengidou
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C F Tung
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - A Turcati
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - R Turcotte
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C F Turley
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J P Twagirayezu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - B Ty
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M A Unland Elorrieta
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - N Valtonen-Mattila
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Vandenbroucke
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - N van Eijndhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Vannerom
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - J Veitch-Michaelis
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Verpoest
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - C Walck
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - W Wang
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T B Watson
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates Street, Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - C Weaver
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - P Weigel
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Weindl
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M J Weiss
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J Weldert
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Wendt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Werthebach
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Weyrauch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N Whitehorn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C H Wiebusch
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - N Willey
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - D R Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - M Wolf
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - G Wrede
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - J Wulff
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - X W Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - J P Yanez
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - E Yildizci
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Yoshida
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - S Yu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - T Yuan
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - P Zhelnin
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Abbasi R, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Alameddine JM, Alispach C, Alves AA, Amin NM, Andeen K, Anderson T, Anton G, Argüelles C, Ashida Y, Axani S, Bai X, Balagopal A, Barbano A, Barwick SW, Bastian B, Basu V, Baur S, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Becker KH, Becker Tjus J, Bellenghi C, Benda S, BenZvi S, Berley D, Bernardini E, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Blaufuss E, Blot S, Boddenberg M, Bontempo F, Borowka J, Böser S, Botner O, Böttcher J, Bourbeau E, Bradascio F, Braun J, Brinson B, Bron S, Brostean-Kaiser J, Browne S, Burgman A, Burley RT, Busse RS, Campana MA, Carnie-Bronca EG, Chen C, Chen Z, Chirkin D, Choi K, Clark BA, Clark K, Classen L, Coleman A, Collin GH, Conrad JM, Coppin P, Correa P, Cowen DF, Cross R, Dappen C, Dave P, De Clercq C, DeLaunay JJ, Delgado López D, Dembinski H, Deoskar K, Desai A, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de Wasseige G, de With M, DeYoung T, Diaz A, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dittmer M, Dujmovic H, Dunkman M, DuVernois MA, Dvorak E, Ehrhardt T, Eller P, Engel R, Erpenbeck H, Evans J, Evenson PA, Fan KL, Fazely AR, Fedynitch A, Feigl N, Fiedlschuster S, Fienberg AT, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer L, Fox D, Franckowiak A, Friedman E, Fritz A, Fürst P, Gaisser TK, Gallagher J, Ganster E, Garcia A, Garrappa S, Gerhardt L, Ghadimi A, Glaser C, Glauch T, Glüsenkamp T, Gonzalez JG, Goswami S, Grant D, Grégoire T, Griswold S, Günther C, Gutjahr P, Haack C, Hallgren A, Halliday R, Halve L, Halzen F, Ha Minh M, Hanson K, Hardin J, Harnisch AA, Haungs A, Hebecker D, Helbing K, Henningsen F, Hettinger EC, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill C, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Huber T, Hultqvist K, Hünnefeld M, Hussain R, Hymon K, In S, Iovine N, Ishihara A, Jansson M, Japaridze GS, Jeong M, Jin M, Jones BJP, Kang D, Kang W, Kang X, Kappes A, Kappesser D, Kardum L, Karg T, Karl M, Karle A, Katz U, Kauer M, Kellermann M, Kelley JL, Kheirandish A, Kin K, Kintscher T, Kiryluk J, Klein SR, Koirala R, Kolanoski H, Kontrimas T, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Koundal P, Kovacevich M, Kowalski M, Kozynets T, Kun E, Kurahashi N, Lad N, Lagunas Gualda C, Lanfranchi JL, Larson MJ, Lauber F, Lazar JP, Lee JW, Leonard K, Leszczyńska A, Li Y, Lincetto M, Liu QR, Liubarska M, Lohfink E, Lozano Mariscal CJ, Lu L, Lucarelli F, Ludwig A, Luszczak W, Lyu Y, Ma WY, Madsen J, Mahn KBM, Makino Y, Mancina S, Mariş IC, Martinez-Soler I, Maruyama R, McCarthy S, McElroy T, McNally F, Mead JV, Meagher K, Mechbal S, Medina A, Meier M, Meighen-Berger S, Micallef J, Mockler D, Montaruli T, Moore RW, Morse R, Moulai M, Naab R, Nagai R, Naumann U, Necker J, Nguyễn LV, Niederhausen H, Nisa MU, Nowicki SC, Obertacke Pollmann A, Oehler M, Oeyen B, Olivas A, O'Sullivan E, Pandya H, Pankova DV, Park N, Parker GK, Paudel EN, Paul L, Pérez de Los Heros C, Peters L, Peterson J, Philippen S, Pieper S, Pittermann M, Pizzuto A, Plum M, Popovych Y, Porcelli A, Prado Rodriguez M, Price PB, Pries B, Przybylski GT, Raab C, Rack-Helleis J, Raissi A, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Rea IC, Rechav Z, Rehman A, Reichherzer P, Reimann R, Renzi G, Resconi E, Reusch S, Rhode W, Richman M, Riedel B, Roberts EJ, Robertson S, Roellinghoff G, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ryckbosch D, Rysewyk Cantu D, Safa I, Saffer J, Sanchez Herrera SE, Sandrock A, Santander M, Sarkar S, Sarkar S, Satalecka K, Schaufel M, Schieler H, Schindler S, Schmidt T, Schneider A, Schneider J, Schröder FG, Schumacher L, Schwefer G, Sclafani S, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Sharma A, Shefali S, Shimizu N, Silva M, Skrzypek B, Smithers B, Snihur R, Soedingrekso J, Soldin D, Spannfellner C, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stachurska J, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stein R, Stettner J, Stezelberger T, Stürwald T, Stuttard T, Sullivan GW, Taboada I, Ter-Antonyan S, Thwaites J, Tilav S, Tischbein F, Tollefson K, Tönnis C, Toscano S, Tosi D, Trettin A, Tselengidou M, Tung CF, Turcati A, Turcotte R, Turley CF, Twagirayezu JP, Ty B, Unland Elorrieta MA, Valtonen-Mattila N, Vandenbroucke J, van Eijndhoven N, Vannerom D, van Santen J, Veitch-Michaelis J, Verpoest S, Walck C, Wang W, Watson TB, Weaver C, Weigel P, Weindl A, Weiss MJ, Weldert J, Wendt C, Werthebach J, Weyrauch M, Whitehorn N, Wiebusch CH, Williams DR, Wolf M, Woschnagg K, Wrede G, Wulff J, Xu XW, Yanez JP, Yildizci E, Yoshida S, Yu S, Yuan T, Zhang Z, Zhelnin P. Strong Constraints on Neutrino Nonstandard Interactions from TeV-Scale ν_{μ} Disappearance at IceCube. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 129:011804. [PMID: 35841552 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.011804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report a search for nonstandard neutrino interactions (NSI) using eight years of TeV-scale atmospheric muon neutrino data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. By reconstructing incident energies and zenith angles for atmospheric neutrino events, this analysis presents unified confidence intervals for the NSI parameter ε_{μτ}. The best-fit value is consistent with no NSI at a p value of 25.2%. With a 90% confidence interval of -0.0041≤ε_{μτ}≤0.0031 along the real axis and similar strength in the complex plane, this result is the strongest constraint on any NSI parameter from any oscillation channel to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Abbasi
- Department of Physics, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, USA
| | | | - J Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J A Aguilar
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Ahlers
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Ahrens
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J M Alameddine
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - C Alispach
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - A A Alves
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N M Amin
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - K Andeen
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
| | - T Anderson
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - G Anton
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Argüelles
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Y Ashida
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Axani
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - X Bai
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - A Balagopal
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Barbano
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - S W Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | | | - V Basu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Baur
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Bay
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J J Beatty
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - K-H Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - C Bellenghi
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S Benda
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - D Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | | | - D Z Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - G Binder
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Bindig
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - E Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Blot
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Boddenberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F Bontempo
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Borowka
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Böser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - O Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Böttcher
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - E Bourbeau
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - J Braun
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B Brinson
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - S Bron
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | | | - S Browne
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Burgman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R T Burley
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - R S Busse
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M A Campana
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - E G Carnie-Bronca
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - C Chen
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Z Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - D Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Choi
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - B A Clark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - K Clark
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - L Classen
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - A Coleman
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - G H Collin
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J M Conrad
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P Coppin
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Correa
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D F Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - R Cross
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - C Dappen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - P Dave
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - C De Clercq
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J J DeLaunay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - D Delgado López
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - H Dembinski
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - K Deoskar
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Desai
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - P Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K D de Vries
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G de Wasseige
- Centre for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology-CP3, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - M de With
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T DeYoung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - A Diaz
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J C Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Dittmer
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - H Dujmovic
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Dunkman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M A DuVernois
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E Dvorak
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - T Ehrhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - P Eller
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - R Engel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - H Erpenbeck
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Evans
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - P A Evenson
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - K L Fan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A R Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - A Fedynitch
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - N Feigl
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Fiedlschuster
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A T Fienberg
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - K Filimonov
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Finley
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - D Fox
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - A Franckowiak
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - E Friedman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Fritz
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - P Fürst
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - T K Gaisser
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - J Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E Ganster
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Garcia
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | | | - L Gerhardt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Ghadimi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - C Glaser
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T Glauch
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Glüsenkamp
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - J G Gonzalez
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Goswami
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - D Grant
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - T Grégoire
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - S Griswold
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - C Günther
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - P Gutjahr
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - C Haack
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R Halliday
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - L Halve
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Ha Minh
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - K Hanson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Hardin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A A Harnisch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - A Haungs
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D Hebecker
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - K Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - F Henningsen
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - E C Hettinger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S Hickford
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Hignight
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - C Hill
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - G C Hill
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - K D Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - R Hoffmann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - K Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - F Huang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Huber
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Huber
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K Hultqvist
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Hünnefeld
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - R Hussain
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Hymon
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S In
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - N Iovine
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Ishihara
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Jansson
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G S Japaridze
- CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA
| | - M Jeong
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - M Jin
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - B J P Jones
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - D Kang
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - W Kang
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - X Kang
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - A Kappes
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - D Kappesser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - L Kardum
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Karg
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Karl
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - U Katz
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Kauer
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Kellermann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J L Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Kheirandish
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - K Kin
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | | | - J Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - S R Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R Koirala
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - H Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T Kontrimas
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - L Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Kopper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S Kopper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - D J Koskinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Koundal
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Kovacevich
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - M Kowalski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - T Kozynets
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E Kun
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - N Kurahashi
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - N Lad
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | | | - J L Lanfranchi
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M J Larson
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - F Lauber
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J P Lazar
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J W Lee
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - K Leonard
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Leszczyńska
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Y Li
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Lincetto
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Q R Liu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Liubarska
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - E Lohfink
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C J Lozano Mariscal
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - L Lu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - F Lucarelli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - A Ludwig
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W Luszczak
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Y Lyu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - W Y Ma
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Madsen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K B M Mahn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Y Makino
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Mancina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - I C Mariş
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - I Martinez-Soler
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - R Maruyama
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - S McCarthy
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T McElroy
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - F McNally
- Department of Physics, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia 31207-0001, USA
| | - J V Mead
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Meagher
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - A Medina
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - M Meier
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - S Meighen-Berger
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J Micallef
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - D Mockler
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - T Montaruli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - R W Moore
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - R Morse
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Moulai
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R Naab
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - R Nagai
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - U Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - L V Nguyễn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - H Niederhausen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - M U Nisa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S C Nowicki
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | | | - M Oehler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - B Oeyen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - A Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - E O'Sullivan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Pandya
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D V Pankova
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - N Park
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - G K Parker
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - E N Paudel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - L Paul
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
| | - C Pérez de Los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L Peters
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Peterson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Philippen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Pieper
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M Pittermann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Pizzuto
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Plum
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
| | - Y Popovych
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - A Porcelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - M Prado Rodriguez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - P B Price
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - B Pries
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - G T Przybylski
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Raab
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Rack-Helleis
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - A Raissi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - M Rameez
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Rawlins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
| | - I C Rea
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Z Rechav
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Rehman
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - P Reichherzer
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - R Reimann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - G Renzi
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Resconi
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - W Rhode
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Richman
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - B Riedel
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E J Roberts
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - S Robertson
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Roellinghoff
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - M Rongen
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Rott
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - T Ruhe
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - D Ryckbosch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - D Rysewyk Cantu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - I Safa
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Saffer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S E Sanchez Herrera
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - A Sandrock
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Santander
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - S Sarkar
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - S Sarkar
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | | | - M Schaufel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - H Schieler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S Schindler
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Schneider
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Schneider
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - F G Schröder
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - L Schumacher
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G Schwefer
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Sclafani
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - D Seckel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - A Sharma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Shefali
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N Shimizu
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Silva
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B Skrzypek
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - B Smithers
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - R Snihur
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Soedingrekso
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - D Soldin
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - C Spannfellner
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G M Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | | | | | - M Stamatikos
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - T Stanev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - R Stein
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Stettner
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - T Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T Stürwald
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - T Stuttard
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G W Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - I Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - S Ter-Antonyan
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - J Thwaites
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Tilav
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - F Tischbein
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Tollefson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - C Tönnis
- Institute of Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - S Toscano
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Tosi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - M Tselengidou
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C F Tung
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - A Turcati
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - R Turcotte
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C F Turley
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J P Twagirayezu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - B Ty
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M A Unland Elorrieta
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - N Valtonen-Mattila
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Vandenbroucke
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - N van Eijndhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Vannerom
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - J Veitch-Michaelis
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Verpoest
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - C Walck
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - W Wang
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T B Watson
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - C Weaver
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - P Weigel
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Weindl
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M J Weiss
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J Weldert
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Wendt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Werthebach
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Weyrauch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N Whitehorn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C H Wiebusch
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D R Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - M Wolf
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Woschnagg
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Wrede
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - J Wulff
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - X W Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - J P Yanez
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - E Yildizci
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Yoshida
- Department of Physics and The International Center for Hadron Astrophysics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - S Yu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - T Yuan
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - P Zhelnin
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Abbasi R, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Alispach C, Alves AA, Amin NM, An R, Andeen K, Anderson T, Anton G, Argüelles C, Ashida Y, Axani S, Bai X, Balagopal V A, Barbano A, Barwick SW, Bastian B, Basu V, Baur S, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Becker KH, Becker Tjus J, Bellenghi C, BenZvi S, Berley D, Bernardini E, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Blaufuss E, Blot S, Boddenberg M, Bontempo F, Borowka J, Böser S, Botner O, Böttcher J, Bourbeau E, Bradascio F, Braun J, Bron S, Brostean-Kaiser J, Browne S, Burgman A, Burley RT, Busse RS, Campana MA, Carnie-Bronca EG, Chen C, Chen Z, Chirkin D, Choi K, Clark BA, Clark K, Classen L, Coleman A, Collin GH, Conrad JM, Coppin P, Correa P, Cowen DF, Cross R, Dappen C, Dave P, De Clercq C, DeLaunay JJ, Dembinski H, Deoskar K, Desai A, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de Wasseige G, de With M, DeYoung T, Dharani S, Diaz A, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dittmer M, Dujmovic H, Dunkman M, DuVernois MA, Dvorak E, Ehrhardt T, Eller P, Engel R, Erpenbeck H, Evans J, Evenson PA, Fan KL, Fazely AR, Feigl N, Fiedlschuster S, Fienberg AT, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer L, Fox D, Franckowiak A, Friedman E, Fritz A, Fürst P, Gaisser TK, Gallagher J, Ganster E, Garcia A, Garrappa S, Gerhardt L, Ghadimi A, Glaser C, Glauch T, Glüsenkamp T, Gonzalez JG, Goswami S, Grant D, Grégoire T, Griswold S, Gündüz M, Günther C, Haack C, Hallgren A, Halliday R, Halve L, Halzen F, Ha Minh M, Hanson K, Hardin J, Harnisch AA, Haungs A, Hauser S, Hebecker D, Helbing K, Henningsen F, Hettinger EC, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill C, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Hoinka T, Hokanson-Fasig B, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Huber T, Hultqvist K, Hünnefeld M, Hussain R, In S, Iovine N, Ishihara A, Jansson M, Japaridze GS, Jeong M, Jones BJP, Kang D, Kang W, Kang X, Kappes A, Kappesser D, Karg T, Karl M, Karle A, Katz U, Kauer M, Kellermann M, Kelley JL, Kheirandish A, Kin K, Kintscher T, Kiryluk J, Klein SR, Koirala R, Kolanoski H, Kontrimas T, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Koundal P, Kovacevich M, Kowalski M, Kozynets T, Kun E, Kurahashi N, Lad N, Lagunas Gualda C, Lanfranchi JL, Larson MJ, Lauber F, Lazar JP, Lee JW, Leonard K, Leszczyńska A, Li Y, Lincetto M, Liu QR, Liubarska M, Lohfink E, Lozano Mariscal CJ, Lu L, Lucarelli F, Ludwig A, Luszczak W, Lyu Y, Ma WY, Madsen J, Mahn KBM, Makino Y, Mancina S, Mariş IC, Maruyama R, Mase K, McElroy T, McNally F, Mead JV, Meagher K, Mechbal S, Medina A, Meier M, Meighen-Berger S, Micallef J, Mockler D, Montaruli T, Moore RW, Morse R, Moulai M, Naab R, Nagai R, Naumann U, Necker J, Nguyễn LV, Niederhausen H, Nisa MU, Nowicki SC, Obertacke Pollmann A, Oehler M, Oeyen B, Olivas A, O'Sullivan E, Pandya H, Pankova DV, Park N, Parker GK, Paudel EN, Paul L, Pérez de Los Heros C, Peters L, Peterson J, Philippen S, Pieloth D, Pieper S, Pittermann M, Pizzuto A, Plum M, Popovych Y, Porcelli A, Prado Rodriguez M, Price PB, Pries B, Przybylski GT, Raab C, Raissi A, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Rea IC, Rehman A, Reichherzer P, Reimann R, Renzi G, Resconi E, Reusch S, Rhode W, Richman M, Riedel B, Roberts EJ, Robertson S, Roellinghoff G, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ryckbosch D, Rysewyk Cantu D, Safa I, Saffer J, Sanchez Herrera SE, Sandrock A, Sandroos J, Santander M, Sarkar S, Sarkar S, Satalecka K, Scharf M, Schaufel M, Schieler H, Schindler S, Schlunder P, Schmidt T, Schneider A, Schneider J, Schröder FG, Schumacher L, Schwefer G, Sclafani S, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Sharma A, Shefali S, Silva M, Skrzypek B, Smithers B, Snihur R, Soedingrekso J, Soldin D, Spannfellner C, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stachurska J, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stein R, Stettner J, Steuer A, Stezelberger T, Stürwald T, Stuttard T, Sullivan GW, Taboada I, Tenholt F, Ter-Antonyan S, Tilav S, Tischbein F, Tollefson K, Tomankova L, Tönnis C, Toscano S, Tosi D, Trettin A, Tselengidou M, Tung CF, Turcati A, Turcotte R, Turley CF, Twagirayezu JP, Ty B, Unland Elorrieta MA, Valtonen-Mattila N, Vandenbroucke J, van Eijndhoven N, Vannerom D, van Santen J, Verpoest S, Walck C, Watson TB, Weaver C, Weigel P, Weindl A, Weiss MJ, Weldert J, Wendt C, Werthebach J, Weyrauch M, Whitehorn N, Wiebusch CH, Williams DR, Wolf M, Woschnagg K, Wrede G, Wulff J, Xu XW, Yanez JP, Yoshida S, Yu S, Yuan T, Zhang Z. Search for Relativistic Magnetic Monopoles with Eight Years of IceCube Data. Phys Rev Lett 2022; 128:051101. [PMID: 35179913 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.051101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present an all-sky 90% confidence level upper limit on the cosmic flux of relativistic magnetic monopoles using 2886 days of IceCube data. The analysis was optimized for monopole speeds between 0.750c and 0.995c, without any explicit restriction on the monopole mass. We constrain the flux of relativistic cosmic magnetic monopoles to a level below 2.0×10^{-19} cm^{-2} s^{-1} sr^{-1} over the majority of the targeted speed range. This result constitutes the most strict upper limit to date for magnetic monopoles with β≳0.8 and up to β∼0.995 and fills the gap between existing limits on the cosmic flux of nonrelativistic and ultrarelativistic magnetic monopoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Abbasi
- Department of Physics, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, USA
| | | | - J Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J A Aguilar
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Ahlers
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Ahrens
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Alispach
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - A A Alves
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N M Amin
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - R An
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - K Andeen
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201, USA
| | - T Anderson
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - G Anton
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Argüelles
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Y Ashida
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Axani
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - X Bai
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - A Balagopal V
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Barbano
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - S W Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | | | - V Basu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Baur
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Bay
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J J Beatty
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - K-H Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - C Bellenghi
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - D Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | | | - D Z Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - G Binder
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Bindig
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - E Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Blot
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Boddenberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F Bontempo
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Borowka
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Böser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - O Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Böttcher
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - E Bourbeau
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - J Braun
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Bron
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | | | - S Browne
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Burgman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R T Burley
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - R S Busse
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M A Campana
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - E G Carnie-Bronca
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - C Chen
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Z Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - D Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Choi
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - B A Clark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - K Clark
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - L Classen
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - A Coleman
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - G H Collin
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J M Conrad
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P Coppin
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Correa
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D F Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - R Cross
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - C Dappen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - P Dave
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - C De Clercq
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J J DeLaunay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - H Dembinski
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - K Deoskar
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Desai
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - P Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K D de Vries
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G de Wasseige
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M de With
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T DeYoung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S Dharani
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Diaz
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J C Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Dittmer
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - H Dujmovic
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Dunkman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M A DuVernois
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E Dvorak
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - T Ehrhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - P Eller
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - R Engel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - H Erpenbeck
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Evans
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - P A Evenson
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - K L Fan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A R Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - N Feigl
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S Fiedlschuster
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A T Fienberg
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - K Filimonov
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Finley
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - D Fox
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - A Franckowiak
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - E Friedman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Fritz
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - P Fürst
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - T K Gaisser
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - J Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E Ganster
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Garcia
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | | | - L Gerhardt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Ghadimi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - C Glaser
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T Glauch
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Glüsenkamp
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - J G Gonzalez
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Goswami
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - D Grant
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - T Grégoire
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - S Griswold
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - M Gündüz
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - C Günther
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - C Haack
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R Halliday
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - L Halve
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Ha Minh
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - K Hanson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Hardin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A A Harnisch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - A Haungs
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S Hauser
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D Hebecker
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - K Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - F Henningsen
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - E C Hettinger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S Hickford
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Hignight
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - C Hill
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - G C Hill
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - K D Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - R Hoffmann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - T Hoinka
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - B Hokanson-Fasig
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - F Huang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Huber
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Huber
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - K Hultqvist
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Hünnefeld
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - R Hussain
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S In
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - N Iovine
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Ishihara
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Jansson
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G S Japaridze
- CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA
| | - M Jeong
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - B J P Jones
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates Street, Science Hall Room 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - D Kang
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - W Kang
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - X Kang
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - A Kappes
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - D Kappesser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Karg
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Karl
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - U Katz
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Kauer
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Kellermann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J L Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Kheirandish
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - K Kin
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | | | - J Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - S R Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R Koirala
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - H Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T Kontrimas
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - L Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Kopper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S Kopper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - D J Koskinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Koundal
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Kovacevich
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - M Kowalski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - T Kozynets
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E Kun
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - N Kurahashi
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - N Lad
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | | | - J L Lanfranchi
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M J Larson
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - F Lauber
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J P Lazar
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J W Lee
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - K Leonard
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Leszczyńska
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Y Li
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Lincetto
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Q R Liu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Liubarska
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - E Lohfink
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C J Lozano Mariscal
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - L Lu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - F Lucarelli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - A Ludwig
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - W Luszczak
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Y Lyu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - W Y Ma
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Madsen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K B M Mahn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Y Makino
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Mancina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - I C Mariş
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Maruyama
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - K Mase
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - T McElroy
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - F McNally
- Department of Physics, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia 31207-0001, USA
| | - J V Mead
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Meagher
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - A Medina
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - M Meier
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - S Meighen-Berger
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J Micallef
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - D Mockler
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - T Montaruli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - R W Moore
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - R Morse
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Moulai
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R Naab
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - R Nagai
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - U Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - L V Nguyễn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - H Niederhausen
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M U Nisa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S C Nowicki
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | | | - M Oehler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - B Oeyen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - A Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - E O'Sullivan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - H Pandya
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D V Pankova
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - N Park
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics, and Astronomy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - G K Parker
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates Street, Science Hall Room 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - E N Paudel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - L Paul
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201, USA
| | - C Pérez de Los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L Peters
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Peterson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Philippen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D Pieloth
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S Pieper
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M Pittermann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Pizzuto
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Plum
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201, USA
| | - Y Popovych
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - A Porcelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - M Prado Rodriguez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - P B Price
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - B Pries
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - G T Przybylski
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Raab
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Raissi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - M Rameez
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Rawlins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
| | - I C Rea
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Rehman
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - P Reichherzer
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - R Reimann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - G Renzi
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Resconi
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - W Rhode
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Richman
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - B Riedel
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E J Roberts
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - S Robertson
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Roellinghoff
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - M Rongen
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Rott
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - T Ruhe
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - D Ryckbosch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - D Rysewyk Cantu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - I Safa
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Saffer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S E Sanchez Herrera
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - A Sandrock
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - J Sandroos
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - M Santander
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - S Sarkar
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - S Sarkar
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | | | - M Scharf
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Schaufel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - H Schieler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S Schindler
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - P Schlunder
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Schneider
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Schneider
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - F G Schröder
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - L Schumacher
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G Schwefer
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Sclafani
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - D Seckel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - A Sharma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Shefali
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Silva
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B Skrzypek
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - B Smithers
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates Street, Science Hall Room 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - R Snihur
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Soedingrekso
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - D Soldin
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - C Spannfellner
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G M Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | | | | | - M Stamatikos
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - T Stanev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - R Stein
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Stettner
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Steuer
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T Stürwald
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - T Stuttard
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G W Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - I Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - F Tenholt
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - S Ter-Antonyan
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - S Tilav
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - F Tischbein
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Tollefson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - L Tomankova
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - C Tönnis
- Institute of Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - S Toscano
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Tosi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - M Tselengidou
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C F Tung
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - A Turcati
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - R Turcotte
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C F Turley
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J P Twagirayezu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - B Ty
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M A Unland Elorrieta
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - N Valtonen-Mattila
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Vandenbroucke
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - N van Eijndhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Vannerom
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - S Verpoest
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - C Walck
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T B Watson
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates Street, Science Hall Room 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - C Weaver
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - P Weigel
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Weindl
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M J Weiss
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J Weldert
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Wendt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Werthebach
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Weyrauch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Experimental Particle Physics, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - N Whitehorn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - C H Wiebusch
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D R Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - M Wolf
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - K Woschnagg
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Wrede
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - J Wulff
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - X W Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - J P Yanez
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - S Yoshida
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - S Yu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - T Yuan
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
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Walsh CL, Tafforeau P, Wagner WL, Jafree DJ, Bellier A, Werlein C, Kühnel MP, Boller E, Walker-Samuel S, Robertus JL, Long DA, Jacob J, Marussi S, Brown E, Holroyd N, Jonigk DD, Ackermann M, Lee PD. Imaging intact human organs with local resolution of cellular structures using hierarchical phase-contrast tomography. Nat Methods 2021; 18:1532-1541. [PMID: 34737453 PMCID: PMC8648561 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01317-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Imaging intact human organs from the organ to the cellular scale in three dimensions is a goal of biomedical imaging. To meet this challenge, we developed hierarchical phase-contrast tomography (HiP-CT), an X-ray phase propagation technique using the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF)'s Extremely Brilliant Source (EBS). The spatial coherence of the ESRF-EBS combined with our beamline equipment, sample preparation and scanning developments enabled us to perform non-destructive, three-dimensional (3D) scans with hierarchically increasing resolution at any location in whole human organs. We applied HiP-CT to image five intact human organ types: brain, lung, heart, kidney and spleen. HiP-CT provided a structural overview of each whole organ followed by multiple higher-resolution volumes of interest, capturing organotypic functional units and certain individual specialized cells within intact human organs. We demonstrate the potential applications of HiP-CT through quantification and morphometry of glomeruli in an intact human kidney and identification of regional changes in the tissue architecture in a lung from a deceased donor with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Walsh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, UK.
| | - P Tafforeau
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France.
| | - W L Wagner
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Lung Research Centre (DZL), Translational Lung Research Centre Heidelberg (TLRC), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D J Jafree
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- UCL MB/PhD Programme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - A Bellier
- French Alps Laboratory of Anatomy (LADAF), Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - C Werlein
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - M P Kühnel
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
| | - E Boller
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - S Walker-Samuel
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - J L Robertus
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D A Long
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - J Jacob
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
| | - S Marussi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - E Brown
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - N Holroyd
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - D D Jonigk
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hannover, Germany.
| | - M Ackermann
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
- Institute of Pathology and Department of Molecular Pathology, Helios University Clinic Wuppertal, University of Witten-Herdecke, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - P D Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.
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11
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Righesso LAR, Terekhov M, Götz H, Ackermann M, Emrich T, Schreiber LM, Müller WEG, Jung J, Rojas JP, Al-Nawas B. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for monitoring neovascularization during bone regeneration-a randomized in vivo study in rabbits. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:5843-5854. [PMID: 33786647 PMCID: PMC8443511 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-03889-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Micro-computed tomography (μ-CT) and histology, the current gold standard methods for assessing the formation of new bone and blood vessels, are invasive and/or destructive. With that in mind, a more conservative tool, dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI), was tested for its accuracy and reproducibility in monitoring neovascularization during bone regeneration. Additionally, the suitability of blood perfusion as a surrogate of the efficacy of osteoplastic materials was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixteen rabbits were used and equally divided into four groups, according to the time of euthanasia (2, 3, 4, and 6 weeks after surgery). The animals were submitted to two 8-mm craniotomies that were filled with blood or autogenous bone. Neovascularization was assessed in vivo through DCE-MRI, and bone regeneration, ex vivo, through μ-CT and histology. RESULTS The defects could be consistently identified, and their blood perfusion measured through DCE-MRI, there being statistically significant differences within the blood clot group between 3 and 6 weeks (p = 0.029), and between the former and autogenous bone at six weeks (p = 0.017). Nonetheless, no significant correlations between DCE-MRI findings on neovascularization and μ-CT (r =-0.101, 95% CI [-0.445; 0.268]) or histology (r = 0.305, 95% CI [-0.133; 0.644]) findings on bone regeneration were observed. CONCLUSIONS These results support the hypothesis that DCE-MRI can be used to monitor neovascularization but contradict the premise that it could predict bone regeneration as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A R Righesso
- Clinic for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - M Terekhov
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - H Götz
- Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - M Ackermann
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 13, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - T Emrich
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner-Site Rhine-Main, Potsdamer Strasse 58, 10785, Berlin, Germany
| | - L M Schreiber
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - W E G Müller
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - J Jung
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 23, Kyung Hee Dae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - J P Rojas
- Private Practice, Av. La Dehesa, 181, Santiago, Chile
| | - B Al-Nawas
- Clinic for Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
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12
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Walsh C, Tafforeau P, Wagner WL, Jafree DJ, Bellier A, Werlein C, Kühnel MP, Boller E, Walker-Samuel S, Robertus JL, Long DA, Jacob J, Marussi S, Brown E, Holroyd N, Jonigk DD, Ackermann M, Lee PD. Multiscale three-dimensional imaging of intact human organs down to the cellular scale using hierarchical phase-contrast tomography. bioRxiv 2021:2021.02.03.429481. [PMID: 33564772 PMCID: PMC7872374 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.03.429481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human organs are complex, three-dimensional and multiscale systems. Spatially mapping the human body down through its hierarchy, from entire organs to their individual functional units and specialised cells, is a major obstacle to fully understanding health and disease. To meet this challenge, we developed hierarchical phase-contrast tomography (HiP-CT), an X-ray phase propagation technique utilising the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility's Extremely Brilliant Source: the world's first high-energy 4 th generation X-ray source. HiP-CT enabled three-dimensional and non-destructive imaging at near-micron resolution in soft tissues at one hundred thousand times the voxel size whilst maintaining the organ's structure. We applied HiP-CT to image five intact human parenchymal organs: brain, lung, heart, kidney and spleen. These were hierarchically assessed with HiP-CT, providing a structural overview of the whole organ alongside detail of the organ's individual functional units and cells. The potential applications of HiP-CT were demonstrated through quantification and morphometry of glomeruli in an intact human kidney, and identification of regional changes to the architecture of the air-tissue interface and alveolar morphology in the lung of a deceased COVID-19 patient. Overall, we show that HiP-CT is a powerful tool which can provide a comprehensive picture of structural information for whole intact human organs, encompassing precise details on functional units and their constituent cells to better understand human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Walsh
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, U.K
| | - P Tafforeau
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - Willi L Wagner
- Dept of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany Translational Lung Research Centre Heidelberg (TLRC), German Lung Research Centre (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D J Jafree
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
- UCL MB/PhD Programme, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, UK
| | - A Bellier
- French Alps Laboratory of Anatomy (LADAF), Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - C Werlein
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover)
| | - M P Kühnel
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover)
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH)
| | - E Boller
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - S Walker-Samuel
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, U.K
| | - J L Robertus
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D A Long
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
| | - J Jacob
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - S Marussi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University College London, U.K
| | - E Brown
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, U.K
| | - N Holroyd
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, U.K
| | - D D Jonigk
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover)
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH)
| | - M Ackermann
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz
| | - P D Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University College London, U.K
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13
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Rodriguez Gonzalez C, Tschritter D, Brinkert K, Brauer M, Meinshausen C, Ackermann M, Nietert M, Lachmann N, Tümmler B, Munder A. P036 Analysis of the dysfunction of cystic fibrosis macrophages. J Cyst Fibros 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(21)01063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Aartsen MG, Abbasi R, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Alispach C, Amin NM, Andeen K, Anderson T, Ansseau I, Anton G, Argüelles C, Auffenberg J, Axani S, Bagherpour H, Bai X, Balagopal A, Barbano A, Barwick SW, Bastian B, Basu V, Baum V, Baur S, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Becker KH, Becker Tjus J, BenZvi S, Berley D, Bernardini E, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Blaufuss E, Blot S, Bohm C, Böser S, Botner O, Böttcher J, Bourbeau E, Bourbeau J, Bradascio F, Braun J, Bron S, Brostean-Kaiser J, Burgman A, Buscher J, Busse RS, Carver T, Chen C, Cheung E, Chirkin D, Choi S, Clark BA, Clark K, Classen L, Coleman A, Collin GH, Conrad JM, Coppin P, Correa P, Cowen DF, Cross R, Dave P, De Clercq C, DeLaunay JJ, Dembinski H, Deoskar K, De Ridder S, Desai A, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de Wasseige G, de With M, DeYoung T, Dharani S, Diaz A, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dujmovic H, Dunkman M, DuVernois MA, Dvorak E, Ehrhardt T, Eller P, Engel R, Evenson PA, Fahey S, Fazely AR, Fedynitch A, Felde J, Fienberg AT, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fox D, Franckowiak A, Friedman E, Fritz A, Gaisser TK, Gallagher J, Ganster E, Garrappa S, Gerhardt L, Glauch T, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Gonzalez JG, Grant D, Grégoire T, Griffith Z, Griswold S, Günder M, Gündüz M, Haack C, Hallgren A, Halliday R, Halve L, Halzen F, Hanson K, Hardin J, Haungs A, Hauser S, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Heix P, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Henningsen F, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Hoinka T, Hokanson-Fasig B, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Huber T, Hultqvist K, Hünnefeld M, Hussain R, In S, Iovine N, Ishihara A, Jansson M, Japaridze GS, Jeong M, Jones BJP, Jonske F, Joppe R, Kang D, Kang W, Kappes A, Kappesser D, Karg T, Karl M, Karle A, Katz U, Kauer M, Kellermann M, Kelley JL, Kheirandish A, Kim J, Kintscher T, Kiryluk J, Kittler T, Klein SR, Koirala R, Kolanoski H, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Koundal P, Kowalski M, Krings K, Krückl G, Kulacz N, Kurahashi N, Kyriacou A, Lanfranchi JL, Larson MJ, Lauber F, Lazar JP, Leonard K, Leszczyńska A, Li Y, Liu QR, Lohfink E, Lozano Mariscal CJ, Lu L, Lucarelli F, Ludwig A, Lünemann J, Luszczak W, Lyu Y, Ma WY, Madsen J, Maggi G, Mahn KBM, Makino Y, Mallik P, Mancina S, Mariş IC, Maruyama R, Mase K, Maunu R, McNally F, Meagher K, Medici M, Medina A, Meier M, Meighen-Berger S, Merz J, Meures T, Micallef J, Mockler D, Momenté G, Montaruli T, Moore RW, Morse R, Moulai M, Muth P, Nagai R, Naumann U, Neer G, Nguyen LV, Niederhausen H, Nisa MU, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke Pollmann A, Oehler M, Olivas A, O'Murchadha A, O'Sullivan E, Palczewski T, Pandya H, Pankova DV, Park N, Parker GK, Paudel EN, Peiffer P, Pérez de Los Heros C, Philippen S, Pieloth D, Pieper S, Pinat E, Pizzuto A, Plum M, Popovych Y, Porcelli A, Prado Rodriguez M, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Raab C, Raissi A, Rameez M, Rauch L, Rawlins K, Rea IC, Rehman A, Reimann R, Relethford B, Renschler M, Renzi G, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Riedel B, Robertson S, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ryckbosch D, Rysewyk Cantu D, Safa I, Sanchez Herrera SE, Sandrock A, Sandroos J, Santander M, Sarkar S, Sarkar S, Satalecka K, Scharf M, Schaufel M, Schieler H, Schlunder P, Schmidt T, Schneider A, Schneider J, Schröder FG, Schumacher L, Sclafani S, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Shefali S, Silva M, Smithers B, Snihur R, Soedingrekso J, Soldin D, Song M, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stachurska J, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stein R, Stettner J, Steuer A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stößl A, Strotjohann NL, Stürwald T, Stuttard T, Sullivan GW, Taboada I, Tenholt F, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tilav S, Tollefson K, Tomankova L, Tönnis C, Toscano S, Tosi D, Trettin A, Tselengidou M, Tung CF, Turcati A, Turcotte R, Turley CF, Ty B, Unger E, Unland Elorrieta MA, Usner M, Vandenbroucke J, Van Driessche W, van Eijk D, van Eijndhoven N, Vannerom D, van Santen J, Verpoest S, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallace A, Wallraff M, Watson TB, Weaver C, Weindl A, Weiss MJ, Weldert J, Wendt C, Werthebach J, Whelan BJ, Whitehorn N, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Williams DR, Wills L, Wolf M, Wood TR, Woschnagg K, Wrede G, Wulff J, Xu XW, Xu Y, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Yuan T, Zhang Z, Zöcklein M. eV-Scale Sterile Neutrino Search Using Eight Years of Atmospheric Muon Neutrino Data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:141801. [PMID: 33064514 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.141801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The results of a 3+1 sterile neutrino search using eight years of data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory are presented. A total of 305 735 muon neutrino events are analyzed in reconstructed energy-zenith space to test for signatures of a matter-enhanced oscillation that would occur given a sterile neutrino state with a mass-squared differences between 0.01 and 100 eV^{2}. The best-fit point is found to be at sin^{2}(2θ_{24})=0.10 and Δm_{41}^{2}=4.5 eV^{2}, which is consistent with the no sterile neutrino hypothesis with a p value of 8.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Aartsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - R Abbasi
- Department of Physics, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, USA
| | | | - J Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J A Aguilar
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Ahlers
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Ahrens
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Alispach
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - N M Amin
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - K Andeen
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
| | - T Anderson
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - I Ansseau
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Anton
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Argüelles
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J Auffenberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Axani
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H Bagherpour
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - X Bai
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - A Balagopal
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Barbano
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - S W Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | | | - V Basu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - V Baum
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - S Baur
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Bay
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J J Beatty
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - K-H Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - S BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - D Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | | | - D Z Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - G Binder
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Bindig
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - E Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Blot
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - C Bohm
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Böser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - O Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Böttcher
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - E Bourbeau
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Bourbeau
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - J Braun
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Bron
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | | | - A Burgman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Buscher
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - R S Busse
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - T Carver
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - C Chen
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - E Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Choi
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - B A Clark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - K Clark
- SNOLAB, 1039 Regional Road 24, Creighton Mine 9, Lively, Ontario P3Y 1N2, Canada
| | - L Classen
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - A Coleman
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - G H Collin
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J M Conrad
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P Coppin
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Correa
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D F Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - R Cross
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - P Dave
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - C De Clercq
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J J DeLaunay
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - H Dembinski
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - K Deoskar
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S De Ridder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - A Desai
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - P Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K D de Vries
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G de Wasseige
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M de With
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T DeYoung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S Dharani
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Diaz
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J C Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - H Dujmovic
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Dunkman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M A DuVernois
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E Dvorak
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - T Ehrhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - P Eller
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - R Engel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P A Evenson
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Fahey
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A R Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Lousiana 70813, USA
| | - A Fedynitch
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, the University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-ha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan
| | - J Felde
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A T Fienberg
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - K Filimonov
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Finley
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Fox
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | | | - E Friedman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Fritz
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T K Gaisser
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - J Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E Ganster
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - L Gerhardt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T Glauch
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Glüsenkamp
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Goldschmidt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J G Gonzalez
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D Grant
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - T Grégoire
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Z Griffith
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Griswold
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - M Günder
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Gündüz
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - C Haack
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R Halliday
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - L Halve
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Hanson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Hardin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Haungs
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S Hauser
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D Hebecker
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - D Heereman
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Heix
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - R Hellauer
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - F Henningsen
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S Hickford
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Hignight
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - G C Hill
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - K D Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - R Hoffmann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - T Hoinka
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - B Hokanson-Fasig
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - F Huang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Huber
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Huber
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - K Hultqvist
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Hünnefeld
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - R Hussain
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S In
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - N Iovine
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Ishihara
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Jansson
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G S Japaridze
- CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA
| | - M Jeong
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - B J P Jones
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates Street, Science Hall Room 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - F Jonske
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - R Joppe
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D Kang
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - W Kang
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - A Kappes
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - D Kappesser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Karg
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Karl
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - U Katz
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Kauer
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Kellermann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J L Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Kheirandish
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J Kim
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | | | - J Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - T Kittler
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S R Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R Koirala
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - H Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - L Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Kopper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S Kopper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - D J Koskinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Koundal
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Kowalski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - K Krings
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G Krückl
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - N Kulacz
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - N Kurahashi
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - A Kyriacou
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - J L Lanfranchi
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M J Larson
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - F Lauber
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J P Lazar
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Leonard
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Leszczyńska
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Y Li
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Q R Liu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E Lohfink
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C J Lozano Mariscal
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - L Lu
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - F Lucarelli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - A Ludwig
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - J Lünemann
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - W Luszczak
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Y Lyu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - W Y Ma
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Madsen
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - G Maggi
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K B M Mahn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Y Makino
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - P Mallik
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Mancina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - I C Mariş
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Maruyama
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - K Mase
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - R Maunu
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - F McNally
- Department of Physics, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia 31207-0001, USA
| | - K Meagher
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Medici
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Medina
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - M Meier
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S Meighen-Berger
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J Merz
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - T Meures
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Micallef
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - D Mockler
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Momenté
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Montaruli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - R W Moore
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - R Morse
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Moulai
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P Muth
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - R Nagai
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - U Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G Neer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - L V Nguyen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - H Niederhausen
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M U Nisa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S C Nowicki
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - D R Nygren
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - M Oehler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A O'Murchadha
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E O'Sullivan
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Palczewski
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - H Pandya
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D V Pankova
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - N Park
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - G K Parker
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates Street, Science Hall Room 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - E N Paudel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - P Peiffer
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Pérez de Los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Philippen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D Pieloth
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S Pieper
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - E Pinat
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Pizzuto
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Plum
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
| | - Y Popovych
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Porcelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - M Prado Rodriguez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - P B Price
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G T Przybylski
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Raab
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Raissi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - M Rameez
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L Rauch
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - K Rawlins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
| | - I C Rea
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Rehman
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - R Reimann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - B Relethford
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - M Renschler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G Renzi
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Resconi
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - W Rhode
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Richman
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - B Riedel
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Robertson
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - M Rongen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - C Rott
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - T Ruhe
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - D Ryckbosch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - D Rysewyk Cantu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - I Safa
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S E Sanchez Herrera
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - A Sandrock
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - J Sandroos
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - M Santander
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - S Sarkar
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - S Sarkar
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | | | - M Scharf
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Schaufel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - H Schieler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P Schlunder
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Schneider
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Schneider
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - F G Schröder
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - L Schumacher
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Sclafani
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - D Seckel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - S Shefali
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Silva
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B Smithers
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates Street, Science Hall Room 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - R Snihur
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Soedingrekso
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - D Soldin
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - M Song
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - G M Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | | | | | - M Stamatikos
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - T Stanev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - R Stein
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Stettner
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Steuer
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R G Stokstad
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Stößl
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | | | - T Stürwald
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - T Stuttard
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G W Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - I Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - F Tenholt
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - S Ter-Antonyan
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Lousiana 70813, USA
| | | | - S Tilav
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - K Tollefson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - L Tomankova
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - C Tönnis
- Institute of Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - S Toscano
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Tosi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - M Tselengidou
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C F Tung
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - A Turcati
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - R Turcotte
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C F Turley
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - B Ty
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E Unger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M A Unland Elorrieta
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M Usner
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Vandenbroucke
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - W Van Driessche
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - D van Eijk
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - N van Eijndhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Vannerom
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - S Verpoest
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - M Vraeghe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - C Walck
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Wallace
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - M Wallraff
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - T B Watson
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates Street, Science Hall Room 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - C Weaver
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - A Weindl
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M J Weiss
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J Weldert
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Wendt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Werthebach
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - B J Whelan
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - N Whitehorn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - K Wiebe
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C H Wiebusch
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D R Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - L Wills
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - M Wolf
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T R Wood
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - K Woschnagg
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Wrede
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - J Wulff
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - X W Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Lousiana 70813, USA
| | - Y Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - J P Yanez
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - G Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - S Yoshida
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - T Yuan
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - M Zöcklein
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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15
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Aartsen M, Abbasi R, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar J, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Alispach C, Amin N, Andeen K, Anderson T, Ansseau I, Anton G, Argüelles C, Auffenberg J, Axani S, Bagherpour H, Bai X, Balagopal V. A, Barbano A, Barwick S, Bastian B, Basu V, Baum V, Baur S, Bay R, Beatty J, Becker KH, Becker Tjus J, BenZvi S, Berley D, Bernardini E, Besson D, Binder G, Bindig D, Blaufuss E, Blot S, Bohm C, Böser S, Botner O, Böttcher J, Bourbeau E, Bourbeau J, Bradascio F, Braun J, Bron S, Brostean-Kaiser J, Burgman A, Buscher J, Busse R, Carver T, Chen C, Cheung E, Chirkin D, Choi S, Clark B, Clark K, Classen L, Coleman A, Collin G, Conrad J, Coppin P, Correa P, Cowen D, Cross R, Dave P, De Clercq C, DeLaunay J, Dembinski H, Deoskar K, De Ridder S, Desai A, Desiati P, de Vries K, de Wasseige G, de With M, DeYoung T, Dharani S, Diaz A, Díaz-Vélez J, Dujmovic H, Dunkman M, DuVernois M, Dvorak E, Ehrhardt T, Eller P, Engel R, Evenson P, Fahey S, Fazely A, Fedynitch A, Felde J, Fienberg A, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fox D, Franckowiak A, Friedman E, Fritz A, Gaisser T, Gallagher J, Ganster E, Garrappa S, Gerhardt L, Glauch T, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Gonzalez J, Grant D, Grégoire T, Griffith Z, Griswold S, Günder M, Gündüz M, Haack C, Hallgren A, Halliday R, Halve L, Halzen F, Hanson K, Hardin J, Haungs A, Hauser S, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Heix P, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Henningsen F, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill G, Hoffman K, Hoffmann R, Hoinka T, Hokanson-Fasig B, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Huber T, Hultqvist K, Hünnefeld M, Hussain R, In S, Iovine N, Ishihara A, Jansson M, Japaridze G, Jeong M, Jones B, Jonske F, Joppe R, Kang D, Kang W, Kappes A, Kappesser D, Karg T, Karl M, Karle A, Katz U, Kauer M, Kellermann M, Kelley J, Kheirandish A, Kim J, Kintscher T, Kiryluk J, Kittler T, Klein S, Koirala R, Kolanoski H, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen D, Koundal P, Kowalski M, Krings K, Krückl G, Kulacz N, Kurahashi N, Kyriacou A, Lanfranchi J, Larson M, Lauber F, Lazar J, Leonard K, Leszczyńska A, Li Y, Liu Q, Lohfink E, Lozano Mariscal C, Lu L, Lucarelli F, Ludwig A, Lünemann J, Luszczak W, Lyu Y, Ma W, Madsen J, Maggi G, Mahn K, Makino Y, Mallik P, Mancina S, Mariş I, Maruyama R, Mase K, Maunu R, McNally F, Meagher K, Medici M, Medina A, Meier M, Meighen-Berger S, Merz J, Meures T, Micallef J, Mockler D, Momenté G, Montaruli T, Moore R, Morse R, Moulai M, Muth P, Nagai R, Naumann U, Neer G, Nguyen L, Niederhausen H, Nisa M, Nowicki S, Nygren D, Obertacke Pollmann A, Oehler M, Olivas A, O’Murchadha A, O’Sullivan E, Palczewski T, Pandya H, Pankova D, Park N, Parker G, Paudel E, Peiffer P, Pérez de los Heros C, Philippen S, Pieloth D, Pieper S, Pinat E, Pizzuto A, Plum M, Popovych Y, Porcelli A, Prado Rodriguez M, Price P, Przybylski G, Raab C, Raissi A, Rameez M, Rauch L, Rawlins K, Rea I, Rehman A, Reimann R, Relethford B, Renschler M, Renzi G, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Riedel B, Robertson S, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ryckbosch D, Rysewyk Cantu D, Safa I, Sanchez Herrera S, Sandrock A, Sandroos J, Santander M, Sarkar S, Sarkar S, Satalecka K, Scharf M, Schaufel M, Schieler H, Schlunder P, Schmidt T, Schneider A, Schneider J, Schröder F, Schumacher L, Sclafani S, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Shefali S, Silva M, Smithers B, Snihur R, Soedingrekso J, Soldin D, Song M, Spiczak G, Spiering C, Stachurska J, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stein R, Stettner J, Steuer A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad R, Stößl A, Strotjohann N, Stürwald T, Stuttard T, Sullivan G, Taboada I, Tenholt F, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tilav S, Tollefson K, Tomankova L, Tönnis C, Toscano S, Tosi D, Trettin A, Tselengidou M, Tung C, Turcati A, Turcotte R, Turley C, Ty B, Unger E, Unland Elorrieta M, Usner M, Vandenbroucke J, Van Driessche W, van Eijk D, van Eijndhoven N, Vannerom D, van Santen J, Verpoest S, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallace A, Wallraff M, Watson T, Weaver C, Weindl A, Weiss M, Weldert J, Wendt C, Werthebach J, Whelan B, Whitehorn N, Wiebe K, Wiebusch C, Williams D, Wills L, Wolf M, Wood T, Woschnagg K, Wrede G, Wulff J, Xu X, Xu Y, Yanez J, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Yuan T, Zhang Z, Zöcklein M. Searching for eV-scale sterile neutrinos with eight years of atmospheric neutrinos at the IceCube Neutrino Telescope. Int J Clin Exp Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.102.052009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Aartsen MG, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Alispach C, Andeen K, Anderson T, Ansseau I, Anton G, Argüelles C, Auffenberg J, Axani S, Backes P, Bagherpour H, Bai X, Balagopal V A, Barbano A, Barwick SW, Bastian B, Baum V, Baur S, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Becker KH, Becker Tjus J, BenZvi S, Berley D, Bernardini E, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Blaufuss E, Blot S, Bohm C, Böser S, Botner O, Böttcher J, Bourbeau E, Bourbeau J, Bradascio F, Braun J, Bron S, Brostean-Kaiser J, Burgman A, Buscher J, Busse RS, Carver T, Chen C, Cheung E, Chirkin D, Choi S, Clark K, Classen L, Coleman A, Collin GH, Conrad JM, Coppin P, Correa P, Cowen DF, Cross R, Dave P, De Clercq C, DeLaunay JJ, Dembinski H, Deoskar K, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de Wasseige G, de With M, DeYoung T, Diaz A, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dujmovic H, Dunkman M, Dvorak E, Eberhardt B, Ehrhardt T, Eller P, Engel R, Evenson PA, Fahey S, Fazely AR, Felde J, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fox D, Franckowiak A, Friedman E, Fritz A, Gaisser TK, Gallagher J, Ganster E, Garrappa S, Gerhardt L, Ghorbani K, Glauch T, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Gonzalez JG, Grant D, Grégoire T, Griffith Z, Griswold S, Günder M, Gündüz M, Haack C, Hallgren A, Halliday R, Halve L, Halzen F, Hanson K, Haungs A, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Heix P, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Henningsen F, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Hoinka T, Hokanson-Fasig B, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Huber T, Hultqvist K, Hünnefeld M, Hussain R, In S, Iovine N, Ishihara A, Jansson M, Japaridze GS, Jeong M, Jero K, Jones BJP, Jonske F, Joppe R, Kang D, Kang W, Kappes A, Kappesser D, Karg T, Karl M, Karle A, Katz U, Kauer M, Kelley JL, Kheirandish A, Kim J, Kintscher T, Kiryluk J, Kittler T, Klein SR, Koirala R, Kolanoski H, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Krings K, Krückl G, Kulacz N, Kurahashi N, Kyriacou A, Lanfranchi JL, Larson MJ, Lauber F, Lazar JP, Leonard K, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leszczyńska A, Leuermann M, Liu QR, Lohfink E, Lozano Mariscal CJ, Lu L, Lucarelli F, Lünemann J, Luszczak W, Lyu Y, Ma WY, Madsen J, Maggi G, Mahn KBM, Makino Y, Mallik P, Mallot K, Mancina S, Mariş IC, Maruyama R, Mase K, Maunu R, McNally F, Meagher K, Medici M, Medina A, Meier M, Meighen-Berger S, Merino G, Meures T, Micallef J, Mockler D, Momenté G, Montaruli T, Moore RW, Morse R, Moulai M, Muth P, Nagai R, Naumann U, Neer G, Niederhausen H, Nisa MU, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke Pollmann A, Oehler M, Olivas A, O'Murchadha A, O'Sullivan E, Palczewski T, Pandya H, Pankova DV, Park N, Peiffer P, Pérez de Los Heros C, Philippen S, Pieloth D, Pieper S, Pinat E, Pizzuto A, Plum M, Porcelli A, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Raab C, Raissi A, Rameez M, Rauch L, Rawlins K, Rea IC, Rehman A, Reimann R, Relethford B, Renschler M, Renzi G, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Robertson S, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ryckbosch D, Rysewyk D, Safa I, Sanchez Herrera SE, Sandrock A, Sandroos J, Santander M, Sarkar S, Sarkar S, Satalecka K, Schaufel M, Schieler H, Schlunder P, Schmidt T, Schneider A, Schneider J, Schröder FG, Schumacher L, Sclafani S, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Shefali S, Silva M, Snihur R, Soedingrekso J, Soldin D, Song M, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stachurska J, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stein R, Stettner J, Steuer A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stößl A, Strotjohann NL, Stürwald T, Stuttard T, Sullivan GW, Taboada I, Tenholt F, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tilav S, Tollefson K, Tomankova L, Tönnis C, Toscano S, Tosi D, Trettin A, Tselengidou M, Tung CF, Turcati A, Turcotte R, Turley CF, Ty B, Unger E, Unland Elorrieta MA, Usner M, Vandenbroucke J, Van Driessche W, van Eijk D, van Eijndhoven N, van Santen J, Verpoest S, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallace A, Wallraff M, Wandkowsky N, Watson TB, Weaver C, Weindl A, Weiss MJ, Weldert J, Wendt C, Werthebach J, Whelan BJ, Whitehorn N, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Wille L, Williams DR, Wills L, Wolf M, Wood J, Wood TR, Woschnagg K, Wrede G, Xu DL, Xu XW, Xu Y, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Yuan T, Zöcklein M. Characteristics of the Diffuse Astrophysical Electron and Tau Neutrino Flux with Six Years of IceCube High Energy Cascade Data. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:121104. [PMID: 33016752 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.121104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report on the first measurement of the astrophysical neutrino flux using particle showers (cascades) in IceCube data from 2010-2015. Assuming standard oscillations, the astrophysical neutrinos in this dedicated cascade sample are dominated (∼90%) by electron and tau flavors. The flux, observed in the sensitive energy range from 16 TeV to 2.6 PeV, is consistent with a single power-law model as expected from Fermi-type acceleration of high energy particles at astrophysical sources. We find the flux spectral index to be γ=2.53±0.07 and a flux normalization for each neutrino flavor of ϕ_{astro}=1.66_{-0.27}^{+0.25} at E_{0}=100 TeV, in agreement with IceCube's complementary muon neutrino results and with all-neutrino flavor fit results. In the measured energy range we reject spectral indices γ≤2.28 at ≥3σ significance level. Because of high neutrino energy resolution and low atmospheric neutrino backgrounds, this analysis provides the most detailed characterization of the neutrino flux at energies below ∼100 TeV compared to previous IceCube results. Results from fits assuming more complex neutrino flux models suggest a flux softening at high energies and a flux hardening at low energies (p value ≥0.06). The sizable and smooth flux measured below ∼100 TeV remains a puzzle. In order to not violate the isotropic diffuse gamma-ray background as measured by the Fermi Large Area Telescope, it suggests the existence of astrophysical neutrino sources characterized by dense environments which are opaque to gamma rays.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Aartsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - J Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J A Aguilar
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Ahlers
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Ahrens
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Alispach
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - K Andeen
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201, USA
| | - T Anderson
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - I Ansseau
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Anton
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Argüelles
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J Auffenberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Axani
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P Backes
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - H Bagherpour
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - X Bai
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - A Balagopal V
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Barbano
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - S W Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | | | - V Baum
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - S Baur
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Bay
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J J Beatty
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - K-H Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - S BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - D Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | | | - D Z Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - G Binder
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Bindig
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - E Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Blot
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - C Bohm
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Böser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - O Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Böttcher
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - E Bourbeau
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Bourbeau
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - J Braun
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Bron
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | | | - A Burgman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Buscher
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - R S Busse
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - T Carver
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - C Chen
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - E Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Choi
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - K Clark
- SNOLAB, 1039 Regional Road 24, Creighton Mine 9, Lively, Ontario, Canada P3Y 1N2
| | - L Classen
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - A Coleman
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - G H Collin
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J M Conrad
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P Coppin
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Correa
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D F Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - R Cross
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - P Dave
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - C De Clercq
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J J DeLaunay
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - H Dembinski
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - K Deoskar
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S De Ridder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - P Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K D de Vries
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G de Wasseige
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M de With
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T DeYoung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - A Diaz
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J C Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - H Dujmovic
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Dunkman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - E Dvorak
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - B Eberhardt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T Ehrhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - P Eller
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - R Engel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P A Evenson
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Fahey
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A R Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - J Felde
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - K Filimonov
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Finley
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Fox
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | | | - E Friedman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Fritz
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T K Gaisser
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - J Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E Ganster
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - L Gerhardt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - K Ghorbani
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T Glauch
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Glüsenkamp
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Goldschmidt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J G Gonzalez
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D Grant
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - T Grégoire
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Z Griffith
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Griswold
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - M Günder
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Gündüz
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - C Haack
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R Halliday
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - L Halve
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Hanson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Haungs
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D Hebecker
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - D Heereman
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Heix
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - R Hellauer
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - F Henningsen
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S Hickford
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Hignight
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - G C Hill
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - K D Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - R Hoffmann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - T Hoinka
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - B Hokanson-Fasig
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - F Huang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Huber
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Huber
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - K Hultqvist
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Hünnefeld
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - R Hussain
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S In
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - N Iovine
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Ishihara
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Jansson
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G S Japaridze
- CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA
| | - M Jeong
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - K Jero
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B J P Jones
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates Street, Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - F Jonske
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - R Joppe
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D Kang
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - W Kang
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - A Kappes
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - D Kappesser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Karg
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Karl
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - U Katz
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Kauer
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J L Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Kheirandish
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Kim
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | | | - J Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - T Kittler
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S R Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R Koirala
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - H Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - L Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Kopper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S Kopper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - D J Koskinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Kowalski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - K Krings
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G Krückl
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - N Kulacz
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - N Kurahashi
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - A Kyriacou
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - J L Lanfranchi
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M J Larson
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - F Lauber
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J P Lazar
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Leonard
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Lesiak-Bzdak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - A Leszczyńska
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Leuermann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Q R Liu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E Lohfink
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C J Lozano Mariscal
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - L Lu
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - F Lucarelli
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - J Lünemann
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - W Luszczak
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Y Lyu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - W Y Ma
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Madsen
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - G Maggi
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K B M Mahn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Y Makino
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - P Mallik
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Mallot
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Mancina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - I C Mariş
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Maruyama
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - K Mase
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - R Maunu
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - F McNally
- Department of Physics, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia 31207-0001, USA
| | - K Meagher
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Medici
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Medina
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - M Meier
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S Meighen-Berger
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G Merino
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T Meures
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Micallef
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - D Mockler
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Momenté
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Montaruli
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - R W Moore
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - R Morse
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Moulai
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P Muth
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - R Nagai
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - U Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G Neer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - H Niederhausen
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - M U Nisa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S C Nowicki
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - D R Nygren
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - M Oehler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A O'Murchadha
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E O'Sullivan
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Palczewski
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - H Pandya
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D V Pankova
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - N Park
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - P Peiffer
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Pérez de Los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Philippen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D Pieloth
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S Pieper
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - E Pinat
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Pizzuto
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Plum
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201, USA
| | - A Porcelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - P B Price
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G T Przybylski
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Raab
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Raissi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - M Rameez
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L Rauch
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - K Rawlins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
| | - I C Rea
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Rehman
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - R Reimann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - B Relethford
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - M Renschler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G Renzi
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Resconi
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - W Rhode
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Richman
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - S Robertson
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - M Rongen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - C Rott
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - T Ruhe
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - D Ryckbosch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - D Rysewyk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - I Safa
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S E Sanchez Herrera
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - A Sandrock
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - J Sandroos
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - M Santander
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - S Sarkar
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - S Sarkar
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | | | - M Schaufel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - H Schieler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P Schlunder
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Schneider
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Schneider
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - F G Schröder
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - L Schumacher
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Sclafani
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - D Seckel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - S Shefali
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Silva
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - R Snihur
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Soedingrekso
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - D Soldin
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - M Song
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - G M Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | | | | | - M Stamatikos
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - T Stanev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - R Stein
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Stettner
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Steuer
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R G Stokstad
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Stößl
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | | | - T Stürwald
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - T Stuttard
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G W Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - I Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - F Tenholt
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - S Ter-Antonyan
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | | | - S Tilav
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - K Tollefson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - L Tomankova
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - C Tönnis
- Institute of Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - S Toscano
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Tosi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - M Tselengidou
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C F Tung
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - A Turcati
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - R Turcotte
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C F Turley
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - B Ty
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E Unger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M A Unland Elorrieta
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M Usner
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Vandenbroucke
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - W Van Driessche
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - D van Eijk
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - N van Eijndhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - S Verpoest
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - M Vraeghe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - C Walck
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Wallace
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - M Wallraff
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - N Wandkowsky
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T B Watson
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates Street, Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - C Weaver
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - A Weindl
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M J Weiss
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J Weldert
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Wendt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Werthebach
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B J Whelan
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - N Whitehorn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - K Wiebe
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C H Wiebusch
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Wille
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D R Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - L Wills
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - M Wolf
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J Wood
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T R Wood
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - K Woschnagg
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Wrede
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - D L Xu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - X W Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - Y Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - J P Yanez
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - G Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - S Yoshida
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - T Yuan
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Zöcklein
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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Aartsen MG, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Alispach C, Andeen K, Anderson T, Ansseau I, Anton G, Argüelles C, Auffenberg J, Axani S, Backes P, Bagherpour H, Bai X, Balagopal A, Barbano A, Barwick SW, Bastian B, Baum V, Baur S, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Becker KH, Becker Tjus J, BenZvi S, Berley D, Bernardini E, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Blaufuss E, Blot S, Bohm C, Börner M, Böser S, Botner O, Böttcher J, Bourbeau E, Bourbeau J, Bradascio F, Braun J, Bron S, Brostean-Kaiser J, Burgman A, Buscher J, Busse RS, Carver T, Chen C, Cheung E, Chirkin D, Choi S, Clark K, Classen L, Coleman A, Collin GH, Conrad JM, Coppin P, Correa P, Cowen DF, Cross R, Dave P, De Clercq C, DeLaunay JJ, Dembinski H, Deoskar K, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de Wasseige G, de With M, DeYoung T, Diaz A, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dujmovic H, Dunkman M, Dvorak E, Eberhardt B, Ehrhardt T, Eller P, Engel R, Evenson PA, Fahey S, Fazely AR, Felde J, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fox D, Franckowiak A, Friedman E, Fritz A, Gaisser TK, Gallagher J, Ganster E, Garrappa S, Gerhardt L, Ghorbani K, Glauch T, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Gonzalez JG, Grant D, Griffith Z, Griswold S, Günder M, Gündüz M, Haack C, Hallgren A, Halliday R, Halve L, Halzen F, Hanson K, Haungs A, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Heix P, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Henningsen F, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Hoinka T, Hokanson-Fasig B, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Huber T, Hultqvist K, Hünnefeld M, Hussain R, In S, Iovine N, Ishihara A, Japaridze GS, Jeong M, Jero K, Jones BJP, Jonske F, Joppe R, Kang D, Kang W, Kappes A, Kappesser D, Karg T, Karl M, Karle A, Katz U, Kauer M, Kelley JL, Kheirandish A, Kim J, Kintscher T, Kiryluk J, Kittler T, Klein SR, Koirala R, Kolanoski H, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Krings K, Krückl G, Kulacz N, Kurahashi N, Kyriacou A, Labare M, Lanfranchi JL, Larson MJ, Lauber F, Lazar JP, Leonard K, Leszczyńska A, Leuermann M, Liu QR, Lohfink E, Lozano Mariscal CJ, Lu L, Lucarelli F, Lünemann J, Luszczak W, Lyu Y, Ma WY, Madsen J, Maggi G, Mahn KBM, Makino Y, Mallik P, Mallot K, Mancina S, Mariş IC, Maruyama R, Mase K, Matis HS, Maunu R, McNally F, Meagher K, Medici M, Medina A, Meier M, Meighen-Berger S, Menne T, Merino G, Meures T, Micallef J, Mockler D, Momenté G, Montaruli T, Moore RW, Morse R, Moulai M, Muth P, Nagai R, Naumann U, Neer G, Niederhausen H, Nisa MU, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke Pollmann A, Oehler M, Olivas A, O'Murchadha A, O'Sullivan E, Palczewski T, Pandya H, Pankova DV, Park N, Peiffer P, Pérez de Los Heros C, Philippen S, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Pizzuto A, Plum M, Porcelli A, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Raab C, Raissi A, Rameez M, Rauch L, Rawlins K, Rea IC, Reimann R, Relethford B, Renschler M, Renzi G, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Robertson S, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ryckbosch D, Rysewyk D, Safa I, Sanchez Herrera SE, Sandrock A, Sandroos J, Santander M, Sarkar S, Sarkar S, Satalecka K, Schaufel M, Schieler H, Schlunder P, Schmidt T, Schneider A, Schneider J, Schröder FG, Schumacher L, Sclafani S, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Shefali S, Silva M, Snihur R, Soedingrekso J, Soldin D, Song M, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stachurska J, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stein R, Steinmüller P, Stettner J, Steuer A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stößl A, Strotjohann NL, Stürwald T, Stuttard T, Sullivan GW, Taboada I, Tenholt F, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tilav S, Tollefson K, Tomankova L, Tönnis C, Toscano S, Tosi D, Trettin A, Tselengidou M, Tung CF, Turcati A, Turcotte R, Turley CF, Ty B, Unger E, Unland Elorrieta MA, Usner M, Vandenbroucke J, Van Driessche W, van Eijk D, van Eijndhoven N, Vanheule S, van Santen J, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallace A, Wallraff M, Wandkowsky N, Watson TB, Weaver C, Weindl A, Weiss MJ, Weldert J, Wendt C, Werthebach J, Whelan BJ, Whitehorn N, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Wille L, Williams DR, Wills L, Wolf M, Wood J, Wood TR, Woschnagg K, Wrede G, Xu DL, Xu XW, Xu Y, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Yuan T, Zöcklein M. Time-Integrated Neutrino Source Searches with 10 Years of IceCube Data. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:051103. [PMID: 32083934 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.051103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This Letter presents the results from pointlike neutrino source searches using ten years of IceCube data collected between April 6, 2008 and July 10, 2018. We evaluate the significance of an astrophysical signal from a pointlike source looking for an excess of clustered neutrino events with energies typically above ∼1 TeV among the background of atmospheric muons and neutrinos. We perform a full-sky scan, a search within a selected source catalog, a catalog population study, and three stacked Galactic catalog searches. The most significant point in the northern hemisphere from scanning the sky is coincident with the Seyfert II galaxy NGC 1068, which was included in the source catalog search. The excess at the coordinates of NGC 1068 is inconsistent with background expectations at the level of 2.9σ after accounting for statistical trials from the entire catalog. The combination of this result along with excesses observed at the coordinates of three other sources, including TXS 0506+056, suggests that, collectively, correlations with sources in the northern catalog are inconsistent with background at 3.3σ significance. The southern catalog is consistent with background. These results, all based on searches for a cumulative neutrino signal integrated over the 10 years of available data, motivate further study of these and similar sources, including time-dependent analyses, multimessenger correlations, and the possibility of stronger evidence with coming upgrades to the detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Aartsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - J Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J A Aguilar
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Ahlers
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Ahrens
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Alispach
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - K Andeen
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201, USA
| | - T Anderson
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - I Ansseau
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Anton
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Argüelles
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J Auffenberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Axani
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P Backes
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - H Bagherpour
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - X Bai
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - A Balagopal
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Barbano
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - S W Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | | | - V Baum
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - S Baur
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Bay
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J J Beatty
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - K-H Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - S BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - D Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | | | - D Z Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - G Binder
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Bindig
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - E Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Blot
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - C Bohm
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Börner
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S Böser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - O Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Böttcher
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - E Bourbeau
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Bourbeau
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - J Braun
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Bron
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | | | - A Burgman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Buscher
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - R S Busse
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - T Carver
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - C Chen
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - E Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Choi
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - K Clark
- SNOLAB, 1039 Regional Road 24, Creighton Mine 9, Lively, Ontario, Canada P3Y 1N2
| | - L Classen
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - A Coleman
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - G H Collin
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J M Conrad
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P Coppin
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Correa
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D F Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - R Cross
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - P Dave
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - C De Clercq
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J J DeLaunay
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - H Dembinski
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - K Deoskar
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S De Ridder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - P Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K D de Vries
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G de Wasseige
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M de With
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T DeYoung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - A Diaz
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J C Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - H Dujmovic
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Dunkman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - E Dvorak
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - B Eberhardt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T Ehrhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - P Eller
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - R Engel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P A Evenson
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Fahey
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A R Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - J Felde
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - K Filimonov
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Finley
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Fox
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | | | - E Friedman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Fritz
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T K Gaisser
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - J Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E Ganster
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - L Gerhardt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - K Ghorbani
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T Glauch
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Glüsenkamp
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Goldschmidt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J G Gonzalez
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D Grant
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Z Griffith
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Griswold
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - M Günder
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Gündüz
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - C Haack
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R Halliday
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - L Halve
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Hanson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Haungs
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D Hebecker
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - D Heereman
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Heix
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - R Hellauer
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - F Henningsen
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S Hickford
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Hignight
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - G C Hill
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - K D Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - R Hoffmann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - T Hoinka
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - B Hokanson-Fasig
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - F Huang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Huber
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Huber
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - K Hultqvist
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Hünnefeld
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - R Hussain
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S In
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - N Iovine
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Ishihara
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - G S Japaridze
- CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA
| | - M Jeong
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - K Jero
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B J P Jones
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - F Jonske
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - R Joppe
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D Kang
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - W Kang
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - A Kappes
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - D Kappesser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Karg
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Karl
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - U Katz
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Kauer
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J L Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Kheirandish
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Kim
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | | | - J Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - T Kittler
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S R Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R Koirala
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - H Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - L Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Kopper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S Kopper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - D J Koskinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Kowalski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - K Krings
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G Krückl
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - N Kulacz
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - N Kurahashi
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - A Kyriacou
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - M Labare
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - J L Lanfranchi
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M J Larson
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - F Lauber
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J P Lazar
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Leonard
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Leszczyńska
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Leuermann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Q R Liu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E Lohfink
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C J Lozano Mariscal
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - L Lu
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - F Lucarelli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - J Lünemann
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - W Luszczak
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Y Lyu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - W Y Ma
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Madsen
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - G Maggi
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K B M Mahn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Y Makino
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - P Mallik
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Mallot
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Mancina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - I C Mariş
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Maruyama
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - K Mase
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - H S Matis
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R Maunu
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - F McNally
- Department of Physics, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia 31207-0001, USA
| | - K Meagher
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Medici
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Medina
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - M Meier
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S Meighen-Berger
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Menne
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - G Merino
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T Meures
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Micallef
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - D Mockler
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Momenté
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Montaruli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - R W Moore
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - R Morse
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Moulai
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P Muth
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - R Nagai
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - U Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G Neer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - H Niederhausen
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M U Nisa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S C Nowicki
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - D R Nygren
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - M Oehler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A O'Murchadha
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E O'Sullivan
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Palczewski
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - H Pandya
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D V Pankova
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - N Park
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - P Peiffer
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Pérez de Los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Philippen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D Pieloth
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - E Pinat
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Pizzuto
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Plum
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201, USA
| | - A Porcelli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - P B Price
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G T Przybylski
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Raab
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Raissi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - M Rameez
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L Rauch
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - K Rawlins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
| | - I C Rea
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - R Reimann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - B Relethford
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - M Renschler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G Renzi
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Resconi
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - W Rhode
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Richman
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - S Robertson
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - M Rongen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - C Rott
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - T Ruhe
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - D Ryckbosch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - D Rysewyk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - I Safa
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S E Sanchez Herrera
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - A Sandrock
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - J Sandroos
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - M Santander
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - S Sarkar
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - S Sarkar
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | | | - M Schaufel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - H Schieler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P Schlunder
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Schneider
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Schneider
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - F G Schröder
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - L Schumacher
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Sclafani
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - D Seckel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - S Shefali
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Silva
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - R Snihur
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Soedingrekso
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - D Soldin
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - M Song
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - G M Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | | | | | - M Stamatikos
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - T Stanev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - R Stein
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - P Steinmüller
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Stettner
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Steuer
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R G Stokstad
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Stößl
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | | | - T Stürwald
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - T Stuttard
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G W Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - I Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - F Tenholt
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - S Ter-Antonyan
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | | | - S Tilav
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - K Tollefson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - L Tomankova
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - C Tönnis
- Institute of Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - S Toscano
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Tosi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - M Tselengidou
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C F Tung
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - A Turcati
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - R Turcotte
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - C F Turley
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - B Ty
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E Unger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M A Unland Elorrieta
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M Usner
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Vandenbroucke
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - W Van Driessche
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - D van Eijk
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - N van Eijndhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Vanheule
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | - M Vraeghe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - C Walck
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Wallace
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - M Wallraff
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - N Wandkowsky
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T B Watson
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - C Weaver
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - A Weindl
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M J Weiss
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J Weldert
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Wendt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Werthebach
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B J Whelan
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - N Whitehorn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - K Wiebe
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C H Wiebusch
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Wille
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D R Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - L Wills
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - M Wolf
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J Wood
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T R Wood
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - K Woschnagg
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Wrede
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - D L Xu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - X W Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - Y Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - J P Yanez
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - G Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - S Yoshida
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - T Yuan
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Zöcklein
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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Aartsen M, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar J, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Altmann D, Andeen K, Anderson T, Ansseau I, Anton G, Argüelles C, Auffenberg J, Axani S, Backes P, Bagherpour H, Bai X, Barbano A, Barron J, Barwick S, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty J, Becker KH, Becker Tjus J, BenZvi S, Berley D, Bernardini E, Besson D, Binder G, Bindig D, Blaufuss E, Blot S, Bohm C, Börner M, Böser S, Botner O, Bourbeau E, Bourbeau J, Bradascio F, Braun J, Bretz HP, Bron S, Brostean-Kaiser J, Burgman A, Busse R, Carver T, Chen C, Cheung E, Chirkin D, Clark K, Classen L, Collin G, Conrad J, Coppin P, Correa P, Cowen D, Cross R, Dave P, de André J, De Clercq C, DeLaunay J, Dembinski H, Deoskar K, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries K, de Wasseige G, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez J, Dujmovic H, Dunkman M, Dvorak E, Eberhardt B, Ehrhardt T, Eller P, Evenson P, Fahey S, Fazely A, Felde J, Filimonov K, Finley C, Franckowiak A, Friedman E, Fritz A, Gaisser T, Gallagher J, Ganster E, Garrappa S, Gerhardt L, Ghorbani K, Giang W, Glauch T, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Gonzalez J, Grant D, Griffith Z, Gündüz M, Haack C, Hallgren A, Halve L, Halzen F, Hanson K, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Henningsen F, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill G, Hoffman K, Hoffmann R, Hoinka T, Hokanson-Fasig B, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Hultqvist K, Hünnefeld M, Hussain R, In S, Iovine N, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Japaridze G, Jeong M, Jero K, Jones B, Kalaczynski P, Kang W, Kappes A, Kappesser D, Karg T, Karl M, Karle A, Katz U, Kauer M, Keivani A, Kelley J, Kheirandish A, Kim J, Kintscher T, Kiryluk J, Kittler T, Klein S, Koirala R, Kolanoski H, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen D, Kowalski M, Krings K, Krückl G, Kunwar S, Kurahashi N, Kyriacou A, Labare M, Lanfranchi J, Larson M, Lauber F, Lazar J, Leonard K, Leuermann M, Liu Q, Lohfink E, Lozano Mariscal C, Lu L, Lünemann J, Luszczak W, Madsen J, Maggi G, Mahn K, Makino Y, Mallot K, Mancina S, Mariş I, Maruyama R, Mase K, Maunu R, Meagher K, Medici M, Medina A, Meier M, Meighen-Berger S, Menne T, Merino G, Meures T, Miarecki S, Micallef J, Momenté G, Montaruli T, Moore R, Moulai M, Nagai R, Nahnhauer R, Nakarmi P, Naumann U, Neer G, Niederhausen H, Nowicki S, Nygren D, Obertacke Pollmann A, Olivas A, O’Murchadha A, O’Sullivan E, Palczewski T, Pandya H, Pankova D, Park N, Peiffer P, Pérez de los Heros C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Pizzuto A, Plum M, Price P, Przybylski G, Raab C, Raissi A, Rameez M, Rauch L, Rawlins K, Rea I, Reimann R, Relethford B, Renzi G, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Robertson S, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ryckbosch D, Rysewyk D, Safa I, Sanchez Herrera S, Sandrock A, Sandroos J, Santander M, Sarkar S, Sarkar S, Satalecka K, Schaufel M, Schlunder P, Schmidt T, Schneider A, Schneider J, Schumacher L, Sclafani S, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Silva M, Snihur R, Soedingrekso J, Soldin D, Song M, Spiczak G, Spiering C, Stachurska J, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stasik A, Stein R, Stettner J, Steuer A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad R, Stößl A, Strotjohann N, Stuttard T, Sullivan G, Sutherland M, Taboada I, Tenholt F, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tilav S, Tomankova L, Tönnis C, Toscano S, Tosi D, Tselengidou M, Tung C, Turcati A, Turcotte R, Turley C, Ty B, Unger E, Unland Elorrieta M, Usner M, Vandenbroucke J, Van Driessche W, van Eijk D, van Eijndhoven N, Vanheule S, van Santen J, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallace A, Wallraff M, Wandkowsky N, Wandler F, Watson T, Weaver C, Weiss M, Weldert J, Wendt C, Werthebach J, Westerhoff S, Whelan B, Whitehorn N, Wiebe K, Wiebusch C, Wille L, Williams D, Wills L, Wolf M, Wood J, Wood T, Woolsey E, Woschnagg K, Wrede G, Xu D, Xu X, Xu Y, Yanez J, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Yuan T. Measurement of atmospheric tau neutrino appearance with IceCube DeepCore. Int J Clin Exp Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.99.032007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Aartsen M, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar J, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Al Samarai I, Altmann D, Andeen K, Anderson T, Ansseau I, Anton G, Argüelles C, Auffenberg J, Axani S, Backes P, Bagherpour H, Bai X, Barbano A, Barron J, Barwick S, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty J, Becker Tjus J, Becker KH, BenZvi S, Berley D, Bernardini E, Besson D, Binder G, Bindig D, Blaufuss E, Blot S, Bohm C, Börner M, Bos F, Böser S, Botner O, Bourbeau E, Bourbeau J, Bradascio F, Braun J, Brenzke M, Bretz HP, Bron S, Brostean-Kaiser J, Burgman A, Busse R, Carver T, Cheung E, Chirkin D, Clark K, Classen L, Collin G, Conrad J, Coppin P, Correa P, Cowen D, Cross R, Dave P, Day M, de André J, De Clercq C, DeLaunay J, Dembinski H, Deoskar K, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries K, de Wasseige G, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez J, di Lorenzo V, Dujmovic H, Dumm J, Dunkman M, Dvorak E, Eberhardt B, Ehrhardt T, Eichmann B, Eller P, Evenson P, Fahey S, Fazely A, Felde J, Filimonov K, Finley C, Franckowiak A, Friedman E, Fritz A, Gaisser T, Gallagher J, Ganster E, Garrappa S, Gerhardt L, Ghorbani K, Giang W, Glauch T, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Gonzalez J, Grant D, Griffith Z, Haack C, Hallgren A, Halve L, Halzen F, Hanson K, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill G, Hoffman K, Hoffmann R, Hoinka T, Hokanson-Fasig B, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Hultqvist K, Hünnefeld M, Hussain R, In S, Iovine N, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Japaridze G, Jeong M, Jero K, Jones B, Kalaczynski P, Kang W, Kappes A, Kappesser D, Karg T, Karle A, Katz U, Kauer M, Keivani A, Kelley J, Kheirandish A, Kim J, Kintscher T, Kiryluk J, Kittler T, Klein S, Koirala R, Kolanoski H, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koschinsky J, Koskinen D, Kowalski M, Krings K, Kroll M, Krückl G, Kunwar S, Kurahashi N, Kyriacou A, Labare M, Lanfranchi J, Larson M, Lauber F, Leonard K, Leuermann M, Liu Q, Lohfink E, Lozano Mariscal C, Lu L, Lünemann J, Luszczak W, Madsen J, Maggi G, Mahn K, Makino Y, Mancina S, Mariş I, Maruyama R, Mase K, Maunu R, Meagher K, Medici M, Meier M, Menne T, Merino G, Meures T, Miarecki S, Micallef J, Momenté G, Montaruli T, Moore R, Moulai M, Nagai R, Nahnhauer R, Nakarmi P, Naumann U, Neer G, Niederhausen H, Nowicki S, Nygren D, Obertacke Pollmann A, Olivas A, O’Murchadha A, O’Sullivan E, Palczewski T, Pandya H, Pankova D, Peiffer P, Pepper J, Pérez de los Heros C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Pizzuto A, Plum M, Price P, Przybylski G, Raab C, Rameez M, Rauch L, Rawlins K, Rea I, Reimann R, Relethford B, Renzi G, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Robertson S, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ryckbosch D, Rysewyk D, Safa I, Sanchez Herrera S, Sandrock A, Sandroos J, Santander M, Sarkar S, Sarkar S, Satalecka K, Schaufel M, Schlunder P, Schmidt T, Schneider A, Schneider J, Schöneberg S, Schumacher L, Sclafani S, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Soedingrekso J, Soldin D, Song M, Spiczak G, Spiering C, Stachurska J, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stasik A, Stein R, Stettner J, Steuer A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad R, Stößl A, Strotjohann N, Stuttard T, Sullivan G, Sutherland M, Taboada I, Tenholt F, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tilav S, Toale P, Tobin M, Tönnis C, Toscano S, Tosi D, Tselengidou M, Tung C, Turcati A, Turley C, Ty B, Unger E, Unland Elorrieta M, Usner M, Vandenbroucke J, Van Driessche W, van Eijk D, van Eijndhoven N, Vanheule S, van Santen J, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallace A, Wallraff M, Wandler F, Wandkowsky N, Watson T, Waza A, Weaver C, Weiss M, Wendt C, Werthebach J, Westerhoff S, Whelan B, Whitehorn N, Wiebe K, Wiebusch C, Wille L, Williams D, Wills L, Wolf M, Wood J, Wood T, Woolsey E, Woschnagg K, Wrede G, Xu D, Xu X, Xu Y, Yanez J, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Yuan T. Measurements using the inelasticity distribution of multi-TeV neutrino interactions in IceCube. Int J Clin Exp Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.99.032004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Aartsen MG, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Al Samarai I, Altmann D, Andeen K, Anderson T, Ansseau I, Anton G, Argüelles C, Auffenberg J, Axani S, Backes P, Bagherpour H, Bai X, Barbano A, Barron JP, Barwick SW, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Becker Tjus J, Becker KH, BenZvi S, Berley D, Bernardini E, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Blaufuss E, Blot S, Bohm C, Börner M, Bos F, Böser S, Botner O, Bourbeau E, Bourbeau J, Bradascio F, Braun J, Brenzke M, Bretz HP, Bron S, Brostean-Kaiser J, Burgman A, Busse RS, Carver T, Cheung E, Chirkin D, Christov A, Clark K, Classen L, Collin GH, Conrad JM, Coppin P, Correa P, Cowen DF, Cross R, Dave P, Day M, de André JPAM, De Clercq C, DeLaunay JJ, Dembinski H, Deoskar K, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de Wasseige G, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, di Lorenzo V, Dujmovic H, Dumm JP, Dunkman M, Dvorak E, Eberhardt B, Ehrhardt T, Eichmann B, Eller P, Evans PA, Evenson PA, Fahey S, Fazely AR, Felde J, Filimonov K, Finley C, Franckowiak A, Friedman E, Fritz A, Gaisser TK, Gallagher J, Ganster E, Gerhardt L, Ghorbani K, Giang W, Glauch T, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Gonzalez JG, Grant D, Griffith Z, Haack C, Hallgren A, Halve L, Halzen F, Hanson K, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Hoinka T, Hokanson-Fasig B, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Hultqvist K, Hünnefeld M, Hussain R, In S, Iovine N, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Japaridze GS, Jeong M, Jero K, Jones BJP, Kalaczynski P, Kang W, Kappes A, Kappesser D, Karg T, Karle A, Katz U, Kauer M, Keivani A, Kelley JL, Kheirandish A, Kim J, Kintscher T, Kiryluk J, Kittler T, Klein SR, Koirala R, Kolanoski H, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koschinsky JP, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Krings K, Kroll M, Krückl G, Kunwar S, Kurahashi N, Kyriacou A, Labare M, Lanfranchi JL, Larson MJ, Lauber F, Leonard K, Leuermann M, Liu QR, Lohfink E, Lozano Mariscal CJ, Lu L, Lünemann J, Luszczak W, Madsen J, Maggi G, Mahn KBM, Makino Y, Mancina S, Mariş IC, Maruyama R, Mase K, Maunu R, Meagher K, Medici M, Meier M, Menne T, Merino G, Meures T, Miarecki S, Micallef J, Momenté G, Montaruli T, Moore RW, Moulai M, Nagai R, Nahnhauer R, Nakarmi P, Naumann U, Neer G, Niederhausen H, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke Pollmann A, Olivas A, O'Murchadha A, Osborne JP, O'Sullivan E, Palczewski T, Pandya H, Pankova DV, Peiffer P, Pepper JA, Pérez de Los Heros C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Pizzuto A, Plum M, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Raab C, Rameez M, Rauch L, Rawlins K, Rea IC, Reimann R, Relethford B, Renzi G, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Robertson S, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ryckbosch D, Rysewyk D, Safa I, Sanchez Herrera SE, Sandrock A, Sandroos J, Santander M, Sarkar S, Sarkar S, Satalecka K, Schaufel M, Schlunder P, Schmidt T, Schneider A, Schneider J, Schöneberg S, Schumacher L, Sclafani S, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Soedingrekso J, Soldin D, Song M, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stachurska J, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stasik A, Stein R, Stettner J, Steuer A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stößl A, Strotjohann NL, Stuttard T, Sullivan GW, Sutherland M, Taboada I, Tenholt F, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tilav S, Toale PA, Tobin MN, Tönnis C, Toscano S, Tosi D, Tselengidou M, Tung CF, Turcati A, Turley CF, Ty B, Unger E, Unland Elorrieta MA, Usner M, Vandenbroucke J, Van Driessche W, van Eijk D, van Eijndhoven N, Vanheule S, van Santen J, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallace A, Wallraff M, Wandler FD, Wandkowsky N, Watson TB, Waza A, Weaver C, Weiss MJ, Wendt C, Werthebach J, Westerhoff S, Whelan BJ, Whitehorn N, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Wille L, Williams DR, Wills L, Wolf M, Wood J, Wood TR, Woolsey E, Woschnagg K, Wrede G, Xu DL, Xu XW, Xu Y, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Yuan T. Constraints on Minute-Scale Transient Astrophysical Neutrino Sources. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 122:051102. [PMID: 30822017 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.051102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High-energy neutrino emission has been predicted for several short-lived astrophysical transients including gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), core-collapse supernovae with choked jets, and neutron star mergers. IceCube's optical and x-ray follow-up program searches for such transient sources by looking for two or more muon neutrino candidates in directional coincidence and arriving within 100 s. The measured rate of neutrino alerts is consistent with the expected rate of chance coincidences of atmospheric background events and no likely electromagnetic counterparts have been identified in Swift follow-up observations. Here, we calculate generic bounds on the neutrino flux of short-lived transient sources. Assuming an E^{-2.5} neutrino spectrum, we find that the neutrino flux of rare sources, like long gamma-ray bursts, is constrained to <5% of the detected astrophysical flux and the energy released in neutrinos (100 GeV to 10 PeV) by a median bright GRB-like source is <10^{52.5} erg. For a harder E^{-2.13} neutrino spectrum up to 30% of the flux could be produced by GRBs and the allowed median source energy is <10^{52} erg. A hypothetical population of transient sources has to be more common than 10^{-5} Mpc^{-3} yr^{-1} (5×10^{-8} Mpc^{-3} yr^{-1} for the E^{-2.13} spectrum) to account for the complete astrophysical neutrino flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Aartsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - J Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J A Aguilar
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Ahlers
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Ahrens
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Al Samarai
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - D Altmann
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - K Andeen
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201, USA
| | - T Anderson
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - I Ansseau
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Anton
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Argüelles
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J Auffenberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Axani
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P Backes
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - H Bagherpour
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - X Bai
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - A Barbano
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - J P Barron
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - S W Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - V Baum
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - R Bay
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J J Beatty
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - J Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - K-H Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - D Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | | | - D Z Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - G Binder
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Bindig
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - E Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Blot
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - C Bohm
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Börner
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - F Bos
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - S Böser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - O Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E Bourbeau
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Bourbeau
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - J Braun
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Brenzke
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - S Bron
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | | | - A Burgman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R S Busse
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T Carver
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - E Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Christov
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - K Clark
- SNOLAB, 1039 Regional Road 24, Creighton Mine 9, Lively, Ontario, Canada P3Y 1N2
| | - L Classen
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - G H Collin
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J M Conrad
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - P Coppin
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Correa
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D F Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - R Cross
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - P Dave
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - M Day
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J P A M de André
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - C De Clercq
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J J DeLaunay
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - H Dembinski
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - K Deoskar
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S De Ridder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - P Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K D de Vries
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G de Wasseige
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M de With
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T DeYoung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - J C Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - V di Lorenzo
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - H Dujmovic
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - J P Dumm
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Dunkman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - E Dvorak
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - B Eberhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Ehrhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - B Eichmann
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - P Eller
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - P A Evans
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - P A Evenson
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Fahey
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A R Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - J Felde
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - K Filimonov
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Finley
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - E Friedman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Fritz
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T K Gaisser
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - J Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E Ganster
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Gerhardt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - K Ghorbani
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - W Giang
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - T Glauch
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Glüsenkamp
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Goldschmidt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J G Gonzalez
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D Grant
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - Z Griffith
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - C Haack
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L Halve
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Hanson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D Hebecker
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - D Heereman
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - R Hellauer
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Hickford
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Hignight
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - G C Hill
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - K D Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - R Hoffmann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - T Hoinka
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - B Hokanson-Fasig
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - F Huang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Huber
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - K Hultqvist
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Hünnefeld
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - R Hussain
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S In
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - N Iovine
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Ishihara
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | | | - G S Japaridze
- CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA
| | - M Jeong
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - K Jero
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B J P Jones
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - P Kalaczynski
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - W Kang
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - A Kappes
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - D Kappesser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Karg
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - A Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - U Katz
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Kauer
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Keivani
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J L Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Kheirandish
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Kim
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | | | - J Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - T Kittler
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S R Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R Koirala
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - H Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - L Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Kopper
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - S Kopper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - J P Koschinsky
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D J Koskinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Kowalski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - K Krings
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Kroll
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - G Krückl
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - N Kurahashi
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - A Kyriacou
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - M Labare
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - J L Lanfranchi
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M J Larson
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - F Lauber
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - K Leonard
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Leuermann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Q R Liu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E Lohfink
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C J Lozano Mariscal
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - L Lu
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - J Lünemann
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - W Luszczak
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Madsen
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - G Maggi
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K B M Mahn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Y Makino
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - S Mancina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - I C Mariş
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Maruyama
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - K Mase
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - R Maunu
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - K Meagher
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Medici
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Meier
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Menne
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - G Merino
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T Meures
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Miarecki
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J Micallef
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - G Momenté
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Montaruli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - R W Moore
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - M Moulai
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - R Nagai
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | | | - P Nakarmi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - U Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G Neer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - H Niederhausen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - S C Nowicki
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - D R Nygren
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - A Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A O'Murchadha
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J P Osborne
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - E O'Sullivan
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Palczewski
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - H Pandya
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D V Pankova
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - P Peiffer
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J A Pepper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - C Pérez de Los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - D Pieloth
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - E Pinat
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Pizzuto
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Plum
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201, USA
| | - P B Price
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G T Przybylski
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Raab
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Rameez
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L Rauch
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - K Rawlins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
| | - I C Rea
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - R Reimann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - B Relethford
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - G Renzi
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Resconi
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - W Rhode
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Richman
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - S Robertson
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - M Rongen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - C Rott
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - T Ruhe
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - D Ryckbosch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - D Rysewyk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - I Safa
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S E Sanchez Herrera
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - A Sandrock
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - J Sandroos
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - M Santander
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - S Sarkar
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, United Kingdom
| | - S Sarkar
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | | | - M Schaufel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - P Schlunder
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Schneider
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Schneider
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Schöneberg
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - L Schumacher
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Sclafani
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - D Seckel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - J Soedingrekso
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - D Soldin
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - M Song
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - G M Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | | | | | - M Stamatikos
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - T Stanev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | | | - R Stein
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Stettner
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Steuer
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R G Stokstad
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Stößl
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | | | - T Stuttard
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G W Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Sutherland
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - I Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - F Tenholt
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - S Ter-Antonyan
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | | | - S Tilav
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - P A Toale
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - M N Tobin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - C Tönnis
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - S Toscano
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Tosi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Tselengidou
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C F Tung
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - A Turcati
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - C F Turley
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - B Ty
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E Unger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M A Unland Elorrieta
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M Usner
- DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Vandenbroucke
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| | - W Van Driessche
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - D van Eijk
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| | - N van Eijndhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Vanheule
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | - M Vraeghe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - C Walck
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Wallace
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - M Wallraff
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F D Wandler
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - N Wandkowsky
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| | - T B Watson
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - A Waza
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - C Weaver
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| | - M J Weiss
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| | - C Wendt
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| | - J Werthebach
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| | - S Westerhoff
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| | - B J Whelan
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - N Whitehorn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - K Wiebe
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C H Wiebusch
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Wille
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| | - D R Williams
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| | - L Wills
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| | - M Wolf
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| | - J Wood
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| | - T R Wood
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - E Woolsey
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| | - K Woschnagg
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| | - G Wrede
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| | - D L Xu
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| | - X W Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - Y Xu
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| | - J P Yanez
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| | - G Yodh
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| | - S Yoshida
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - T Yuan
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Chinello E, Modestino MA, Schüttauf JW, Coulot L, Ackermann M, Gerlich F, Faes A, Psaltis D, Moser C. A comparative performance analysis of stand-alone, off-grid solar-powered sodium hypochlorite generators. RSC Adv 2019; 9:14432-14442. [PMID: 35519297 PMCID: PMC9064146 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02221j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is a chemical commodity widely employed as a disinfection agent in water treatment applications. Its production commonly follows electrochemical routes in an undivided reactor. Powering the process with photovoltaic (PV) electricity holds the potential to install stand-alone, independent generators and reduce the NaClO production cost. This study reports the comparative assessment of autonomous, solar-powered sodium hypochlorite generators employing different photovoltaic (PV) technologies: silicon hetero-junction (SHJ) and multi-junction (MJ) solar cells. For Si hetero-junctions, the series connection of either four or five SHJ (4SHJ and 5SHJ, respectively) cells was implemented to obtain the reaction potential required. MJ cells were illuminated by a novel planar solar concentrator that guarantees solar tracking with minimal linear displacements. The three solar-hypochlorite generators were tested under real atmospheric conditions, demonstrating solar-to-chemical conversion efficiencies (SCE) of 9.8% for 4SHJ, 14.2% for 5SHJ and 25.1% for MJ solar cells, respectively. Simulations based on weather databases allowed us to assess efficiencies throughout the entire model year and resulted in specific sodium hypochlorite yearly production rates between 7.2–28 gNaClO cm−2 (referred to the PV surface), depending on the considered PV technology, location, and deployment of electronics converters. The economic viability and competitiveness of solar hypochlorite generators have been investigated and compared with an analog disinfection system deploying ultraviolet lamps. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of off-grid, solar-hypochlorite generators, and points towards the implementation of SHJ solar cells as a reliable technology for stand-alone solar-chemical devices. Solar-powered electrochemical technologies can be employed to generate valuable chemical commodities on-site. We demonstrate solar-driven production of sodium hypochlorite, a widely employed water disinfection agent.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Chinello
- School of Engineering
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - M. A. Modestino
- Tandon School of Engineering
- New York University (NYU)
- Brooklyn
- New York
| | - J. W. Schüttauf
- Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM)
- Neuchâtel
- Switzerland
| | - L. Coulot
- Insolight SA
- CH 1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | | | | | - A. Faes
- Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM)
- Neuchâtel
- Switzerland
| | - D. Psaltis
- School of Engineering
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - C. Moser
- School of Engineering
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- Lausanne
- Switzerland
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22
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Lozada-Gobilard S, Weigend M, Fischer E, Janssens SB, Ackermann M, Abrahamczyk S. Breeding systems in Balsaminaceae in relation to pollen/ovule ratio, pollination syndromes, life history and climate zone. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2019; 21:157-166. [PMID: 30134002 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pollen/ovule (P/O) ratios are often used as proxy for breeding systems. Here, we investigate the relations between breeding systems and P/O ratios, pollination syndromes, life history and climate zone in Balsaminaceae. We conducted controlled breeding system experiments (autonomous and active self-pollination and outcrossing tests) for 65 Balsaminaceae species, analysed pollen grain and ovule numbers and evaluated the results in combination with data on pollination syndrome, life history and climate zone on a phylogenetic basis. Based on fruit set, we assigned three breeding systems: autogamy, self-compatibility and self-incompatibility. Self-pollination led to lower fruit set than outcrossing. We neither found significant P/O differences between breeding systems nor between pollination syndromes. However, the numbers of pollen grains and ovules per flower were significantly lower in autogamous species, but pollen grain and ovule numbers did not differ between most pollination syndromes. Finally, we found no relation between breeding system and climate zone, but a relation between climate zone and life history. In Balsaminaceae reproductive traits can change under resource or pollinator limitation, leading to the evolution of autogamy, but are evolutionary rather constant and not under strong selection pressure by pollinator guild and geographic range changes. Colonisation of temperate regions, however, is correlated with transitions towards annual life history. Pollen/ovule-ratios, commonly accepted as good indicators of breeding system, have a low predictive value in Balsaminaceae. In the absence of experimental data on breeding system, additional floral traits (overall pollen grain and ovule number, traits of floral morphology) may be used as proxies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lozada-Gobilard
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Biodiversity Research/Systematic Botany, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - M Weigend
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - E Fischer
- Institute for Integrated Natural Sciences - Biology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Koblenz, Germany
| | | | - M Ackermann
- Institute for Integrated Natural Sciences - Biology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Koblenz, Germany
| | - S Abrahamczyk
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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23
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Ackermann M, Ajello M, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bellazzini R, Bissaldi E, Blandford RD, Bonino R, Bottacini E, Bregeon J, Bruel P, Buehler R, Burns E, Buson S, Cameron RA, Caputo R, Caraveo PA, Cavazzuti E, Chen S, Chiaro G, Ciprini S, Costantin D, Cuoco A, Cutini S, D'Ammando F, de la Torre Luque P, de Palma F, Desai A, Digel SW, Di Lalla N, Di Mauro M, Di Venere L, Fana Dirirsa F, Favuzzi C, Franckowiak A, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Green D, Grenier IA, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Horan D, Jóhannesson G, Kuss M, Larsson S, Latronico L, Li J, Liodakis I, Longo F, Loparco F, Lubrano P, Magill JD, Maldera S, Malyshev D, Manfreda A, Mazziotta MN, Mereu I, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Negro M, Nuss E, Orienti M, Orlando E, Palatiello M, Paliya VS, Paneque D, Persic M, Pesce-Rollins M, Petrosian V, Piron F, Porter TA, Principe G, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Razzaque S, Reimer A, Reimer O, Serini D, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Suson DJ, Tajima H, Takahashi M, Thayer JB, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Troja E, Venters TM, Vianello G, Wood K, Yassine M, Zaharijas G, Ammazzalorso S, Fornengo N, Regis M. Unresolved Gamma-Ray Sky through its Angular Power Spectrum. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:241101. [PMID: 30608723 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.241101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The gamma-ray sky has been observed with unprecedented accuracy in the last decade by the Fermi -large area telescope (LAT), allowing us to resolve and understand the high-energy Universe. The nature of the remaining unresolved emission [unresolved gamma-ray background (UGRB)] below the LAT source detection threshold can be uncovered by characterizing the amplitude and angular scale of the UGRB fluctuation field. This Letter presents a measurement of the UGRB autocorrelation angular power spectrum based on eight years of Fermi-LAT Pass 8 data products. The analysis is designed to be robust against contamination from resolved sources and noise systematics. The sensitivity to subthreshold sources is greatly enhanced with respect to previous measurements. We find evidence (with ∼3.7σ significance) that the scenario in which two classes of sources contribute to the UGRB signal is favored over a single class. A double power law with exponential cutoff can explain the anisotropy energy spectrum well, with photon indices of the two populations being 2.55±0.23 and 1.86±0.15.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - S Ammazzalorso
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - N Fornengo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - M Regis
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
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24
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Aartsen MG, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Samarai IA, Altmann D, Andeen K, Anderson T, Ansseau I, Anton G, Argüelles C, Auffenberg J, Axani S, Backes P, Bagherpour H, Bai X, Barron JP, Barwick SW, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Becker Tjus J, Becker KH, BenZvi S, Berley D, Bernardini E, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Blaufuss E, Blot S, Bohm C, Börner M, Bos F, Böser S, Botner O, Bourbeau E, Bourbeau J, Bradascio F, Braun J, Brenzke M, Bretz HP, Bron S, Brostean-Kaiser J, Burgman A, Busse RS, Carver T, Cheung E, Chirkin D, Christov A, Clark K, Classen L, Collin GH, Conrad JM, Coppin P, Correa P, Cowen DF, Cross R, Dave P, Day M, de André JPAM, De Clercq C, DeLaunay JJ, Dembinski H, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de Wasseige G, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, di Lorenzo V, Dujmovic H, Dumm JP, Dunkman M, Dvorak E, Eberhardt B, Ehrhardt T, Eichmann B, Eller P, Evenson PA, Fahey S, Fazely AR, Felde J, Filimonov K, Finley C, Flis S, Franckowiak A, Friedman E, Fritz A, Gaisser TK, Gallagher J, Ganster E, Gerhardt L, Ghorbani K, Giang W, Glauch T, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Gonzalez JG, Grant D, Griffith Z, Haack C, Hallgren A, Halve L, Halzen F, Hanson K, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Hoinka T, Hokanson-Fasig B, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Hultqvist K, Hünnefeld M, Hussain R, In S, Iovine N, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Japaridze GS, Jeong M, Jero K, Jones BJP, Kalaczynski P, Kang W, Kappes A, Kappesser D, Karg T, Karle A, Katz U, Kauer M, Keivani A, Kelley JL, Kheirandish A, Kim J, Kim M, Kintscher T, Kiryluk J, Kittler T, Klein SR, Koirala R, Kolanoski H, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koschinsky JP, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Krings K, Kroll M, Krückl G, Kunwar S, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Kyriacou A, Labare M, Lanfranchi JL, Larson MJ, Lauber F, Leonard K, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Liu QR, Lohfink E, Mariscal CJL, Lu L, Lünemann J, Luszczak W, Madsen J, Maggi G, Mahn KBM, Mancina S, Maruyama R, Mase K, Maunu R, Meagher K, Medici M, Meier M, Menne T, Merino G, Meures T, Miarecki S, Micallef J, Momenté G, Montaruli T, Moore RW, Moulai M, Nahnhauer R, Nakarmi P, Naumann U, Neer G, Niederhausen H, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke Pollmann A, Olivas A, O’Murchadha A, O’Sullivan E, Palczewski T, Pandya H, Pankova DV, Peiffer P, Pepper JA, Pérez de los Heros C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Plum M, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Raab C, Rädel L, Rameez M, Rauch L, Rawlins K, Rea IC, Reimann R, Relethford B, Relich M, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Robertson S, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ryckbosch D, Rysewyk D, Safa I, Sanchez Herrera SE, Sandrock A, Sandroos J, Santander M, Sarkar S, Sarkar S, Satalecka K, Schaufel M, Schlunder P, Schmidt T, Schneider A, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schumacher L, Sclafani S, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Soedingrekso J, Soldin D, Song M, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stachurska J, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stasik A, Stein R, Stettner J, Steuer A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stößl A, Strotjohann NL, Stuttard T, Sullivan GW, Sutherland M, Taboada I, Tatar J, Tenholt F, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tilav S, Toale PA, Tobin MN, Tönnis C, Toscano S, Tosi D, Tselengidou M, Tung CF, Turcati A, Turley CF, Ty B, Unger E, Usner M, Vandenbroucke J, Van Driessche W, van Eijk D, van Eijndhoven N, Vanheule S, van Santen J, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallace A, Wallraff M, Wandler FD, Wandkowsky N, Waza A, Weaver C, Weiss MJ, Wendt C, Werthebach J, Westerhoff S, Whelan BJ, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Wille L, Williams DR, Wills L, Wolf M, Wood J, Wood TR, Woolsey E, Woschnagg K, Wrede G, Xu DL, Xu XW, Xu Y, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Yuan T. Search for neutrinos from decaying dark matter with IceCube: IceCube Collaboration. Eur Phys J C Part Fields 2018; 78:831. [PMID: 30930683 PMCID: PMC6405043 DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-018-6273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With the observation of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, interest has risen in models of PeV-mass decaying dark matter particles to explain the observed flux. We present two dedicated experimental analyses to test this hypothesis. One analysis uses 6 years of IceCube data focusing on muon neutrino 'track' events from the Northern Hemisphere, while the second analysis uses 2 years of 'cascade' events from the full sky. Known background components and the hypothetical flux from unstable dark matter are fitted to the experimental data. Since no significant excess is observed in either analysis, lower limits on the lifetime of dark matter particles are derived: we obtain the strongest constraint to date, excluding lifetimes shorter than10 28 s at 90% CL for dark matter masses above 10 TeV .
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Affiliation(s)
- M. G. Aartsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - J. Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J. A. Aguilar
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M. Ahlers
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M. Ahrens
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I. Al Samarai
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - D. Altmann
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - K. Andeen
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
| | - T. Anderson
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - I. Ansseau
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G. Anton
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C. Argüelles
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - J. Auffenberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S. Axani
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - P. Backes
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - H. Bagherpour
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - X. Bai
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA
| | - J. P. Barron
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - S. W. Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - V. Baum
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - R. Bay
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - J. J. Beatty
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - J. Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - K.-H. Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S. BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - D. Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | | | - D. Z. Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - G. Binder
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - D. Bindig
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - E. Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - S. Blot
- DESY, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - C. Bohm
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M. Börner
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - F. Bos
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - S. Böser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - O. Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E. Bourbeau
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J. Bourbeau
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | | | - J. Braun
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - M. Brenzke
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - S. Bron
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - A. Burgman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R. S. Busse
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - T. Carver
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - E. Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - D. Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - A. Christov
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - K. Clark
- SNOLAB, 1039 Regional Road 24, Creighton Mine 9, Lively, ON P3Y 1N2 Canada
| | - L. Classen
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - G. H. Collin
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - J. M. Conrad
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - P. Coppin
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P. Correa
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D. F. Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - R. Cross
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - P. Dave
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - M. Day
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - J. P. A. M. de André
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - C. De Clercq
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J. J. DeLaunay
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - H. Dembinski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - S. De Ridder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - P. Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - K. D. de Vries
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G. de Wasseige
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M. de With
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T. DeYoung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - J. C. Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - V. di Lorenzo
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - H. Dujmovic
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746 Korea
| | - J. P. Dumm
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M. Dunkman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - E. Dvorak
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA
| | - B. Eberhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T. Ehrhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - B. Eichmann
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - P. Eller
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - P. A. Evenson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - S. Fahey
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - A. R. Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USA
| | - J. Felde
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - K. Filimonov
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - C. Finley
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S. Flis
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - E. Friedman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - A. Fritz
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T. K. Gaisser
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - J. Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - E. Ganster
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L. Gerhardt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - K. Ghorbani
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - W. Giang
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - T. Glauch
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T. Glüsenkamp
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A. Goldschmidt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - J. G. Gonzalez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - D. Grant
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Z. Griffith
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - C. Haack
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A. Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L. Halve
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F. Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - K. Hanson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - D. Hebecker
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - D. Heereman
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K. Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - R. Hellauer
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - S. Hickford
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J. Hignight
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - G. C. Hill
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 Australia
| | - K. D. Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - R. Hoffmann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - T. Hoinka
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - B. Hokanson-Fasig
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - K. Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - F. Huang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - M. Huber
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - K. Hultqvist
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M. Hünnefeld
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - R. Hussain
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - S. In
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746 Korea
| | - N. Iovine
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A. Ishihara
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | | | | | - M. Jeong
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746 Korea
| | - K. Jero
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - B. J. P. Jones
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates St., Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, TX 76019 USA
| | - P. Kalaczynski
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - W. Kang
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746 Korea
| | - A. Kappes
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - D. Kappesser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T. Karg
- DESY, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - A. Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - U. Katz
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M. Kauer
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - A. Keivani
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - J. L. Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - A. Kheirandish
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - J. Kim
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746 Korea
| | - M. Kim
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | | | - J. Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800 USA
| | - T. Kittler
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S. R. Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - R. Koirala
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - H. Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - L. Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C. Kopper
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - S. Kopper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - J. P. Koschinsky
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D. J. Koskinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M. Kowalski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- DESY, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - K. Krings
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M. Kroll
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - G. Krückl
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - N. Kurahashi
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - T. Kuwabara
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | - A. Kyriacou
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 Australia
| | - M. Labare
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - J. L. Lanfranchi
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - M. J. Larson
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - F. Lauber
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - K. Leonard
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - M. Lesiak-Bzdak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800 USA
| | - M. Leuermann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Q. R. Liu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - E. Lohfink
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C. J. Lozano Mariscal
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - L. Lu
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | - J. Lünemann
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - W. Luszczak
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - J. Madsen
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI 54022 USA
| | - G. Maggi
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K. B. M. Mahn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - S. Mancina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - R. Maruyama
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - K. Mase
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | - R. Maunu
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - K. Meagher
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M. Medici
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M. Meier
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T. Menne
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - G. Merino
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - T. Meures
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S. Miarecki
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - J. Micallef
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - G. Momenté
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T. Montaruli
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - R. W. Moore
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - M. Moulai
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | | | - P. Nakarmi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - U. Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G. Neer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - H. Niederhausen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800 USA
| | - S. C. Nowicki
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - D. R. Nygren
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | | | - A. Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - A. O’Murchadha
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E. O’Sullivan
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T. Palczewski
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - H. Pandya
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - D. V. Pankova
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - P. Peiffer
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J. A. Pepper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - C. Pérez de los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - D. Pieloth
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - E. Pinat
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M. Plum
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
| | - P. B. Price
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | | | - C. Raab
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - L. Rädel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M. Rameez
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - K. Rawlins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508 USA
| | - I. C. Rea
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - R. Reimann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - B. Relethford
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - M. Relich
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | - E. Resconi
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - W. Rhode
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M. Richman
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - S. Robertson
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 Australia
| | - M. Rongen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - C. Rott
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746 Korea
| | - T. Ruhe
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - D. Ryckbosch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - D. Rysewyk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - I. Safa
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | | | - A. Sandrock
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - J. Sandroos
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - M. Santander
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - S. Sarkar
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3NP UK
| | - S. Sarkar
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | | | - M. Schaufel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - P. Schlunder
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T. Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - A. Schneider
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - S. Schoenen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S. Schöneberg
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - L. Schumacher
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S. Sclafani
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - D. Seckel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - S. Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI 54022 USA
| | - J. Soedingrekso
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - D. Soldin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - M. Song
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - G. M. Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI 54022 USA
| | | | | | - M. Stamatikos
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - T. Stanev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | | | | | - J. Stettner
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A. Steuer
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T. Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - R. G. Stokstad
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - A. Stößl
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | | | - T. Stuttard
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G. W. Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - M. Sutherland
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - I. Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - J. Tatar
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - F. Tenholt
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - S. Ter-Antonyan
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USA
| | | | - S. Tilav
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - P. A. Toale
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - M. N. Tobin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - C. Tönnis
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746 Korea
| | - S. Toscano
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D. Tosi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - M. Tselengidou
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C. F. Tung
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - A. Turcati
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - C. F. Turley
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - B. Ty
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - E. Unger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - J. Vandenbroucke
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - W. Van Driessche
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - D. van Eijk
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - N. van Eijndhoven
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S. Vanheule
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - M. Vraeghe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - C. Walck
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A. Wallace
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 Australia
| | - M. Wallraff
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F. D. Wandler
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - N. Wandkowsky
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - A. Waza
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - C. Weaver
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - M. J. Weiss
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - C. Wendt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - J. Werthebach
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - S. Westerhoff
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - B. J. Whelan
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 Australia
| | - K. Wiebe
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C. H. Wiebusch
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L. Wille
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - D. R. Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - L. Wills
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - M. Wolf
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J. Wood
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - T. R. Wood
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - E. Woolsey
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - K. Woschnagg
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - G. Wrede
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - D. L. Xu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - X. W. Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USA
| | - Y. Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800 USA
| | - J. P. Yanez
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - G. Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - S. Yoshida
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | - T. Yuan
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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Horakova J, Mikes P, Saman A, Jencova V, Klapstova A, Svarcova T, Ackermann M, Novotny V, Suchy T, Lukas D. The effect of ethylene oxide sterilization on electrospun vascular grafts made from biodegradable polyesters. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2018; 92:132-142. [PMID: 30184736 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The study describes the detailed examination of the effect of ethylene oxide sterilization on electrospun scaffolds constructed from biodegradable polyesters. Different fibrous layers fabricated from polycaprolactone (PCL) and a copolymer consisting of polylactide and polycaprolactone (PLCL) were investigated for the determination of their mechanical properties, degradation rates and interaction with fibroblasts. It was discovered that the sterilization procedure influenced the mechanical properties of the electrospun PLCL copolymer scaffold to the greatest extent. No effect of ethylene oxide sterilization on degradation behavior was observed. However, a delayed fibroblast proliferation rate was noticed with concern to the ethylene oxide sterilized samples compared to the ethanol sterilization of the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Horakova
- Department of Nonwovens and Nanofibrous Materials, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Studentska 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic.
| | - P Mikes
- Department of Nonwovens and Nanofibrous Materials, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Studentska 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic.
| | - A Saman
- Department of Nonwovens and Nanofibrous Materials, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Studentska 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic.
| | - V Jencova
- Department of Nonwovens and Nanofibrous Materials, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Studentska 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic.
| | - A Klapstova
- Department of Nonwovens and Nanofibrous Materials, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Studentska 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic.
| | - T Svarcova
- Department of Nonwovens and Nanofibrous Materials, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Studentska 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic.
| | - M Ackermann
- Department of Industrial Technology, Institute of Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentska 1402/2, 460 01 Liberec, Czech Republic.
| | - V Novotny
- Department of Nanomaterials in Natural Sciences, Institute of Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic.
| | - T Suchy
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, V Holesovickach 94/41, 182 09 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - D Lukas
- Department of Nonwovens and Nanofibrous Materials, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Studentska 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic.
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Zimmermann M, Escrig S, Lavik G, Kuypers MMM, Meibom A, Ackermann M, Schreiber F. Substrate and electron donor limitation induce phenotypic heterogeneity in different metabolic activities in a green sulphur bacterium. Environ Microbiol Rep 2018; 10:179-183. [PMID: 29393582 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Populations of genetically identical cells can display marked variation in phenotypic traits; such variation is termed phenotypic heterogeneity. Here, we investigate the effect of substrate and electron donor limitation on phenotypic heterogeneity in N2 and CO2 fixation in the green sulphur bacterium Chlorobium phaeobacteroides. We grew populations in chemostats and batch cultures and used stable isotope labelling combined with nanometer-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) to quantify phenotypic heterogeneity. Experiments in H2 S (i.e. electron donor) limited chemostats show that varying levels of NH4+ limitation induce heterogeneity in N2 fixation. Comparison of phenotypic heterogeneity between chemostats and batch (unlimited for H2 S) populations indicates that electron donor limitation drives heterogeneity in N2 and CO2 fixation. Our results demonstrate that phenotypic heterogeneity in a certain metabolic activity can be driven by different modes of limitation and that heterogeneity can emerge in different metabolic processes upon the same mode of limitation. In conclusion, our data suggest that limitation is a general driver of phenotypic heterogeneity in microbial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zimmermann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - S Escrig
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G Lavik
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - M M M Kuypers
- Department of Biogeochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - A Meibom
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Advanced Surface Analysis, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Ackermann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - F Schreiber
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Division Biodeterioration and Reference Organisms, Department of Materials and Environment, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany
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Koch C, Ramsauer AS, Drögemüller M, Ackermann M, Gerber V, Tobler K. Genomic comparison of bovine papillomavirus 1 isolates from bovine, equine and asinine lesional tissue samples. Virus Res 2017; 244:6-12. [PMID: 29113823 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Several attempts have been made to categorize equid- and bovid-specific bovine papillomavirus 1 (BPV1) isolates based on sequence tags. This study includes newly determined sequence information from 33 BPV1 isolates of equine, asinine and bovine origin and investigates sequence bias due to host species. Twenty of the viral genomes were sequenced over their entire length and a further thirteen were sequenced, including flanking sequences, at two specific sites, the LCR and the E5 ORF. Alignment and analyses of the sequences did not reveal statistically significant site differences between the sequences of bovine and equid origin. None of the proposed sites of divergence noted by other authors demonstrated significant species-specific characteristics. Our results suggest that BPV1 is shared between equine, asinine and bovine host species, and that viral transfer between bovines and equids is a repeated and ongoing phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Koch
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty Berne, University of Berne, and ALP-Haras, Länggasstrasse 124, Postfach 8466, CH-3001 Berne, Switzerland.
| | - A S Ramsauer
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty Berne, University of Berne, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Postfach 8466, CH-3001 Berne, Switzerland
| | - M Ackermann
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - V Gerber
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty Berne, University of Berne, and ALP-Haras, Länggasstrasse 124, Postfach 8466, CH-3001 Berne, Switzerland
| | - K Tobler
- Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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28
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Henyš P, Ackermann M, Čapek L, Drahorád T, Šimůnek A, Exnerová M. Stress and fatigue analysis of cantilevered bridge during biting: a computer study. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2017; 20:103-104. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2017.1382882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Henyš
- Department of Textile Technologies, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - M. Ackermann
- Center of Nanomaterials CxI, Technical University of Liberec, Bendlova, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - L. Čapek
- Department of Textile Technologies, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - T. Drahorád
- Department of Textile Technologies, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - A. Šimůnek
- Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Department of Dentistry, Charles University, Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - M. Exnerová
- Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Department of Dentistry, Charles University, Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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29
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Aartsen MG, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Al Samarai I, Altmann D, Andeen K, Anderson T, Ansseau I, Anton G, Archinger M, Argüelles C, Auffenberg J, Axani S, Bagherpour H, Bai X, Barwick SW, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Becker Tjus J, Becker KH, BenZvi S, Berley D, Bernardini E, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Blaufuss E, Blot S, Bohm C, Börner M, Bos F, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Bradascio F, Braun J, Brayeur L, Bretz HP, Bron S, Burgman A, Carver T, Casier M, Cheung E, Chirkin D, Christov A, Clark K, Classen L, Coenders S, Collin GH, Conrad JM, Cowen DF, Cross R, Day M, de André JPAM, De Clercq C, del Pino Rosendo E, Dembinski H, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de Wasseige G, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, di Lorenzo V, Dujmovic H, Dumm JP, Dunkman M, Eberhardt B, Ehrhardt T, Eichmann B, Eller P, Euler S, Evenson PA, Fahey S, Fazely AR, Feintzeig J, Felde J, Filimonov K, Finley C, Flis S, Fösig CC, Franckowiak A, Friedman E, Fuchs T, Gaisser TK, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Ghorbani K, Giang W, Gladstone L, Glauch T, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Gonzalez JG, Grant D, Griffith Z, Haack C, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hansen E, Hansmann T, Hanson K, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Hultqvist K, In S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Japaridze GS, Jeong M, Jero K, Jones BJP, Kang W, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Katz U, Kauer M, Keivani A, Kelley JL, Kheirandish A, Kim J, Kim M, Kintscher T, Kiryluk J, Kittler T, Klein SR, Kohnen G, Koirala R, Kolanoski H, Konietz R, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Krings K, Kroll M, Krückl G, Krüger C, Kunnen J, Kunwar S, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Kyriacou A, Labare M, Lanfranchi JL, Larson MJ, Lauber F, Lennarz D, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Lu L, Lünemann J, Madsen J, Maggi G, Mahn KBM, Mancina S, Maruyama R, Mase K, Maunu R, McNally F, Meagher K, Medici M, Meier M, Menne T, Merino G, Meures T, Miarecki S, Micallef J, Momenté G, Montaruli T, Moulai M, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Neer G, Niederhausen H, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke Pollmann A, Olivas A, O’Murchadha A, Palczewski T, Pandya H, Pankova DV, Peiffer P, Penek Ö, Pepper JA, Pérez de los Heros C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Quinnan M, Raab C, Rädel L, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Reimann R, Relethford B, Relich M, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Riedel B, Robertson S, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ryckbosch D, Rysewyk D, Sabbatini L, Sanchez Herrera SE, Sandrock A, Sandroos J, Sarkar S, Satalecka K, Schlunder P, Schmidt T, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schumacher L, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Soldin D, Song M, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stachurska J, Stanev T, Stasik A, Stettner J, Steuer A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stößl A, Ström R, Strotjohann NL, Sullivan GW, Sutherland M, Taavola H, Taboada I, Tatar J, Tenholt F, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tešić G, Tilav S, Toale PA, Tobin MN, Toscano S, Tosi D, Tselengidou M, Tung CF, Turcati A, Unger E, Usner M, Vandenbroucke J, van Eijndhoven N, Vanheule S, van Rossem M, van Santen J, Vehring M, Voge M, Vogel E, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallace A, Wallraff M, Wandkowsky N, Waza A, Weaver C, Weiss MJ, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whelan BJ, Wickmann S, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Wille L, Williams DR, Wills L, Wolf M, Wood TR, Woolsey E, Woschnagg K, Xu DL, Xu XW, Xu Y, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zoll M. Measurement of the ν μ energy spectrum with IceCube-79: IceCube Collaboration. Eur Phys J C Part Fields 2017; 77:692. [PMID: 31997925 PMCID: PMC6956919 DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-017-5261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
IceCube is a neutrino observatory deployed in the glacial ice at the geographic South Pole. The ν μ energy unfolding described in this paper is based on data taken with IceCube in its 79-string configuration. A sample of muon neutrino charged-current interactions with a purity of 99.5% was selected by means of a multivariate classification process based on machine learning. The subsequent unfolding was performed using the software Truee. The resulting spectrum covers an E ν -range of more than four orders of magnitude from 125 GeV to 3.2 PeV. Compared to the Honda atmospheric neutrino flux model, the energy spectrum shows an excess of more than 1.9 σ in four adjacent bins for neutrino energies E ν ≥ 177.8 TeV . The obtained spectrum is fully compatible with previous measurements of the atmospheric neutrino flux and recent IceCube measurements of a flux of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. G. Aartsen
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 Australia
| | | | - J. Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J. A. Aguilar
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M. Ahlers
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - M. Ahrens
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I. Al Samarai
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - D. Altmann
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - K. Andeen
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
| | - T. Anderson
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - I. Ansseau
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G. Anton
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M. Archinger
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C. Argüelles
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - J. Auffenberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S. Axani
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - H. Bagherpour
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - X. Bai
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA
| | - S. W. Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - V. Baum
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - R. Bay
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - J. J. Beatty
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - J. Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - K.-H. Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S. BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - D. Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | | | - D. Z. Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - G. Binder
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - D. Bindig
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - E. Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - S. Blot
- DESY, 15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - C. Bohm
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M. Börner
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - F. Bos
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - D. Bose
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746 Korea
| | - S. Böser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - O. Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - J. Braun
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - L. Brayeur
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - S. Bron
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A. Burgman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T. Carver
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M. Casier
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E. Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - D. Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - A. Christov
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - K. Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7 Canada
| | - L. Classen
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - S. Coenders
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G. H. Collin
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - J. M. Conrad
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - D. F. Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - R. Cross
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - M. Day
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - J. P. A. M. de André
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - C. De Clercq
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E. del Pino Rosendo
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - H. Dembinski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - S. De Ridder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - P. Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - K. D. de Vries
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G. de Wasseige
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M. de With
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T. DeYoung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - J. C. Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - V. di Lorenzo
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - H. Dujmovic
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746 Korea
| | - J. P. Dumm
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M. Dunkman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - B. Eberhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T. Ehrhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - B. Eichmann
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - P. Eller
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - S. Euler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P. A. Evenson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - S. Fahey
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - A. R. Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USA
| | - J. Feintzeig
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - J. Felde
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - K. Filimonov
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - C. Finley
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S. Flis
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C.-C. Fösig
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - E. Friedman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - T. Fuchs
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T. K. Gaisser
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - J. Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - L. Gerhardt
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - K. Ghorbani
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - W. Giang
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - L. Gladstone
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - T. Glauch
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - T. Glüsenkamp
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A. Goldschmidt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - J. G. Gonzalez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - D. Grant
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Z. Griffith
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - C. Haack
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A. Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - F. Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - E. Hansen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T. Hansmann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K. Hanson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - D. Hebecker
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - D. Heereman
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K. Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - R. Hellauer
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - S. Hickford
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J. Hignight
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - G. C. Hill
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 Australia
| | - K. D. Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - R. Hoffmann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - K. Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - F. Huang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - M. Huber
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - K. Hultqvist
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S. In
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746 Korea
| | - A. Ishihara
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | | | | | - M. Jeong
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746 Korea
| | - K. Jero
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - B. J. P. Jones
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - W. Kang
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746 Korea
| | - A. Kappes
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - T. Karg
- DESY, 15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - A. Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - U. Katz
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M. Kauer
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - A. Keivani
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - J. L. Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - A. Kheirandish
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - J. Kim
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746 Korea
| | - M. Kim
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746 Korea
| | | | - J. Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800 USA
| | - T. Kittler
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S. R. Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - G. Kohnen
- Université de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - R. Koirala
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - H. Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - R. Konietz
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L. Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C. Kopper
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - S. Kopper
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D. J. Koskinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M. Kowalski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- DESY, 15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - K. Krings
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M. Kroll
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - G. Krückl
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C. Krüger
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - J. Kunnen
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - N. Kurahashi
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - T. Kuwabara
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | - A. Kyriacou
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 Australia
| | - M. Labare
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - J. L. Lanfranchi
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - M. J. Larson
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - F. Lauber
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D. Lennarz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - M. Lesiak-Bzdak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800 USA
| | - M. Leuermann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L. Lu
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | - J. Lünemann
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J. Madsen
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI 54022 USA
| | - G. Maggi
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K. B. M. Mahn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - S. Mancina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - R. Maruyama
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - K. Mase
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | - R. Maunu
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - F. McNally
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - K. Meagher
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M. Medici
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M. Meier
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T. Menne
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - G. Merino
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - T. Meures
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S. Miarecki
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - J. Micallef
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - G. Momenté
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T. Montaruli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M. Moulai
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | | | - U. Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G. Neer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - H. Niederhausen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800 USA
| | - S. C. Nowicki
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - D. R. Nygren
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | | | - A. Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - A. O’Murchadha
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - T. Palczewski
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - H. Pandya
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - D. V. Pankova
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - P. Peiffer
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ö. Penek
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J. A. Pepper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - C. Pérez de los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - D. Pieloth
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - E. Pinat
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P. B. Price
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | | | - M. Quinnan
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - C. Raab
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - L. Rädel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M. Rameez
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K. Rawlins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508 USA
| | - R. Reimann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - B. Relethford
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - M. Relich
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | - E. Resconi
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - W. Rhode
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M. Richman
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - B. Riedel
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - S. Robertson
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 Australia
| | - M. Rongen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - C. Rott
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746 Korea
| | - T. Ruhe
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - D. Ryckbosch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - D. Rysewyk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - L. Sabbatini
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | | | - A. Sandrock
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - J. Sandroos
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - S. Sarkar
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3NP UK
| | | | - P. Schlunder
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T. Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - S. Schoenen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S. Schöneberg
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - L. Schumacher
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D. Seckel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - S. Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI 54022 USA
| | - D. Soldin
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M. Song
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - G. M. Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI 54022 USA
| | | | | | - T. Stanev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | | | - J. Stettner
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A. Steuer
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T. Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - R. G. Stokstad
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - A. Stößl
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | - R. Ström
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - G. W. Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - M. Sutherland
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - H. Taavola
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I. Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - J. Tatar
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- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - F. Tenholt
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| | - S. Ter-Antonyan
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| | | | - G. Tešić
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| | - S. Tilav
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - P. A. Toale
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| | - M. N. Tobin
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| | - D. Tosi
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| | - M. Tselengidou
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C. F. Tung
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
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| | - N. van Eijndhoven
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| | - S. Vanheule
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - M. van Rossem
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M. Voge
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - E. Vogel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M. Vraeghe
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| | - C. Walck
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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| | - Ch. Weaver
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
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| | - G. Yodh
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| | - M. Zoll
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Forner K, Hidalgo I, Lin J, Ackermann M, Langguth P. Dissolution/permeation: The importance of the experimental setup for the prediction of formulation effects on fenofibrate in vivo performance. Pharmazie 2017; 72:581-586. [PMID: 29441882 DOI: 10.1691/ph.2017.7066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of formulation strategies in early drug development requires in vitro methods that correctly predict oral drug absorption. The present study aimed to define key parameters for the predictability of dissolution/permeation experiments. Dissolution/permeation experiments were performed in various setups. The IDAS1 chamber, Ussing chamber, and transwells were used as Caco-2 cell based dissolution/permeation models to study the impact of chamber volumes and vertical or horizontal membrane orientation. Dissolution/permeation experiments in Ussing chambers with excised rat intestine were performed to depict the impact of the permeation membrane. Fenofibrate served as model compound in formulations of different particle size. Caco-2 cell based dissolution/permeation experiments with a vertical membrane orientation correctly depicted the formulation effect seen in vivo. The chamber volumes did not affect the outcome. A horizontal membrane orientation achieved no distinction. Experiments using excised rat intestinal sheets did not distinguish between the formulations, and the permeation was much lower than across Caco-2 cells. Mucus might present an artificially enhanced barrier for fenofibrate. Factors that greatly affected the predictivity of the dissolution/permeation experiments were thus the type and orientation of the permeation membrane, whereas chamber volumes only had a minor influence. Vertically mounted Caco-2 cells resulted in the best formulation distinction.
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M, van den Brand J, Van Den Broeck C, Vander-Hyde D, van der Schaaf L, van Heijningen J, van Veggel A, Vardaro M, Archinger M, Varma V, Vass S, Vasúth M, Vecchio A, Vedovato G, Veitch J, Veitch P, Venkateswara K, Venugopalan G, Verkindt D, Argüelles C, Vetrano F, Viceré A, Viets A, Vinciguerra S, Vine D, Vinet JY, Vitale S, Vo T, Vocca H, Vorvick C, Auffenberg J, Voss D, Vousden W, Vyatchanin S, Wade A, Wade L, Wade M, Walker M, Wallace L, Walsh S, Wang G, Axani S, Wang H, Wang M, Wang Y, Ward R, Warner J, Was M, Watchi J, Weaver B, Wei LW, Weinert M, Bagherpour H, Weinstein A, Weiss R, Wen L, Weßels P, Westphal T, Wette K, Whelan J, Whiting B, Whittle C, Williams D, Bai X, Williams R, Williamson A, Willis J, Willke B, Wimmer M, Winkler W, Wipf C, Wittel H, Woan G, Woehler J, Barwick S, Worden J, Wright J, Wu D, Wu G, Yam W, Yamamoto H, Yancey C, Yap M, Yu H, Yu H, Baum V, Yvert M, Zadrożny A, Zangrando L, Zanolin M, Zendri JP, Zevin M, Zhang L, Zhang M, Zhang T, Zhang Y, Bay R, Zhao 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Hebecker D, Heereman D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill G, Hoffman K, Hoffmann R, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Hultqvist K, In S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Japaridze G, Jeong M, Jero K, Jones B, Kang W, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Katz U, Kauer M, Keivani A, Kelley J, Kheirandish A, Kim J, Kim M, Kintscher T, Kiryluk J, Kittler T, Klein S, Kohnen G, Koirala R, Kolanoski H, Konietz R, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen D, Kowalski M, Krings K, Kroll M, Krückl G, Krüger C, Kunnen J, Kunwar S, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Kyriacou A, Labare M, Lanfranchi J, Larson M, Lauber F, Lennarz D, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Lu L, Lünemann J, Madsen J, Maggi G, Mahn K, Mancina S, Maruyama R, Mase K, Maunu R, McNally F, Meagher K, Medici M, Meier M, Menne T, Merino G, Meures T, Miarecki S, Micallef J, Momenté G, Montaruli T, Moulai M, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Neer G, Niederhausen H, Nowicki S, Nygren D, Obertacke Pollmann A, Olivas A, O’Murchadha A, Palczewski T, Pandya H, Pankova D, Peiffer P, Penek Ö, Pepper J, Pérez de los Heros C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Price P, Przybylski G, Quinnan M, Raab C, Rädel L, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Reimann R, Relethford B, Relich M, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Riedel B, Robertson S, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ryckbosch D, Rysewyk D, Sabbatini L, Sanchez Herrera S, Sandrock A, Sandroos J, Sarkar S, Satalecka K, Schlunder P, Schmidt T, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schumacher L, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Soldin D, Song M, Spiczak G, Spiering C, Stachurska J, Stanev T, Stasik A, Stettner J, Steuer A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad R, Stößl A, Ström R, Strotjohann N, Sullivan G, Sutherland M, Taavola H, Taboada I, Tatar J, Tenholt F, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tešić G, Tilav S, Toale P, Tobin M, Toscano S, Tosi D, Tselengidou M, Tung C, Turcati A, Unger E, Usner M, Vandenbroucke J, van Eijndhoven N, Vanheule S, van Rossem M, van Santen J, Vehring M, Voge M, Vogel E, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallace A, Wallraff M, Wandkowsky N, Waza A, Weaver C, Weiss M, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whelan B, Wickmann S, Wiebe K, Wiebusch C, Wille L, Williams D, Wills L, Wolf M, Wood T, Woolsey E, Woschnagg K, Xu D, Xu X, Xu Y, Yanez J, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zoll M, Abbott B, Abbott R, Abbott T, Abernathy M, Acernese F, Ackley K, Adams C, Adams T, Addesso P, Adhikari R, Adya V, Affeldt C, Agathos M, Agatsuma K, Aggarwal N, Aguiar O, Aiello L, Ain A, Ajith P, Allen B, Allocca A, Altin P, Ananyeva A, Anderson S, Anderson W, Appert S, Arai K, Araya M, Areeda J, Arnaud N, Arun K, Ascenzi S, Ashton G, Ast M, Aston S, Astone P, Aufmuth P, Aulbert C, Avila-Alvarez A, Babak S, Bacon P, Bader M, Baker P, Baldaccini F, Ballardin G, Ballmer S, Barayoga J, Barclay S, Barish B, Barker D, Barone F, Barr B, Barsotti L, Barsuglia M, Barta D, Bartlett J, Bartos I, Bassiri R, Basti A, Batch J, Baune C, Bavigadda V, Bazzan M, Beer C, Bejger M, Belahcene I, Belgin M, Bell A, Berger B, Bergmann G, Berry C, Bersanetti D, Bertolini A, Betzwieser J, Bhagwat S, Bhandare R, Bilenko I, Billingsley G, Billman C, Birch J, Birney R, Birnholtz O, Biscans S, Bisht A, Bitossi M, Biwer C, Bizouard M, Blackburn J, Blackman J, Blair C, Blair D, Blair R, Bloemen S, Bock O, Boer M, Bogaert G, Bohe A, Bondu F, Bonnand R, Boom B, Bork R, Boschi V, Bose S, Bouffanais Y, Bozzi A, Bradaschia C, Brady P, Braginsky V, Branchesi M, Brau J, Briant T, Brillet A, Brinkmann M, Brisson V, Brockill P, Broida J, Brooks A, Brown D, Brown D, Brown N, Brunett S, Buchanan C, Buikema A, Bulik T, Bulten H, Buonanno A, Buskulic D, Buy C, Byer R, Cabero M, Cadonati L, Cagnoli G, Cahillane C, Calderón Bustillo J, Callister T, Calloni E, Camp J, Canepa M, Cannon K, Cao H, Cao J, Capano C, Capocasa E, Carbognani F, Caride S, Casanueva Diaz J, Casentini C, Caudill S, Cavaglià M, Cavalier F, Cavalieri R, Cella G, Cepeda C, Cerboni Baiardi L, Cerretani G, Cesarini E, Chamberlin S, Chan M, Chao S, Charlton P, Chassande-Mottin E, Cheeseboro B, Chen H, Chen Y, Cheng HP, Chincarini A, Chiummo A, Chmiel T, Cho H, Cho M, Chow J, Christensen N, Chu Q, Chua A, Chua S, Chung S, Ciani G, Clara F, Clark J, Cleva F, Cocchieri C, Coccia E, Cohadon PF, Colla A, Collette C, Cominsky L, Constancio M, Conti L, Cooper S, Corbitt T, Cornish N, Corsi A, Cortese S, Costa C, Coughlin M, Coughlin S, Coulon JP, Countryman S, Couvares P, Covas P, Cowan E, Coward D, Cowart M, Coyne D, Coyne R, Creighton J, Creighton T, Cripe J, Crowder S, Cullen T, Cumming A, Cunningham L, Cuoco E, Dal Canton T, Danilishin S, D’Antonio S, Danzmann K, Dasgupta A, Da Silva Costa C, Dattilo V, Dave I, Davier M, Davies G, Davis D, Daw E, Day B, Day R, De S, DeBra D, Debreczeni G, Degallaix J, De Laurentis M, Deléglise S, Del Pozzo W, Denker T, Dent T, Dergachev V, De Rosa R, DeRosa R, DeSalvo R, Devine R, Dhurandhar S, Díaz M, Di Fiore L, Di Giovanni M, Di Girolamo T, Di Lieto A, Di Pace S, Di Palma I, Di Virgilio A, Doctor Z, Dolique V, Donovan F, Dooley K, Doravari S, Dorrington I, Douglas R, Dovale Álvarez M, Downes T, Drago M, Drever R, Driggers J, Du Z, Ducrot M, Dwyer S, Edo T, Edwards M, Effler A, Eggenstein HB, Ehrens P, Eichholz J, Eikenberry S, Eisenstein R, Essick R, Etienne Z, Etzel T, Evans M, Evans T, Everett R, Factourovich M, Fafone V, Fair H, Fairhurst S, Fan X, Farinon S, Farr B, Farr W, Fauchon-Jones E, Favata M, Fays M, Fehrmann H, Fejer M, Fernández Galiana A, Ferrante I, Ferreira E, Ferrini F, Fidecaro F, Fiori I, Fiorucci D, Fisher R, Flaminio R, Fletcher M, Fong H, Forsyth S, Fournier JD, Frasca S, Frasconi F, Frei Z, Freise A, Frey R, Frey V, Fries E, Fritschel P, Frolov V, Fulda P, Fyffe M, Gabbard H, Gadre B, Gaebel S, Gair J, Gammaitoni L, Gaonkar S, Garufi F, Gaur G, Gayathri V, Gehrels N, Gemme G, Genin E, Gennai A, George J, Gergely L, Germain V, Ghonge S, Ghosh A, Ghosh A, Ghosh S, Giaime J, Giardina K, Giazotto A, Gill K, Glaefke A, Goetz E, Goetz R, Gondan L, González G, Gonzalez Castro J, Gopakumar A, Gorodetsky M, Gossan S, Gosselin M, Gouaty R, Grado A, Graef C, Granata M, Grant A, Gras S, Gray C, Greco G, Green A, Groot P, Grote H, Grunewald S, Guidi G, Guo X, Gupta A, Gupta M, Gushwa K, Gustafson E, Gustafson R, Hacker J, Hall B, Hall E, Hammond G, Haney M, Hanke M, Hanks J, Hanna C, Hannam M, Hanson J, Hardwick T, Harms J, Harry G, Harry I, Hart M, Hartman M, Haster CJ, Haughian K, Healy J, Heidmann A, Heintze M, Heitmann H, Hello P, Hemming G, Hendry M, Heng I, Hennig J, Henry J, Heptonstall A, Heurs M, Hild S, Hoak D, Hofman D, Holt K, Holz D, Hopkins P, Hough J, Houston E, Howell E, Hu Y, Huerta E, Huet D, Hughey B, Husa S, Huttner S, Huynh-Dinh T, Indik N, Ingram D, Inta R, Isa H, Isac JM, Isi M, Isogai T, Iyer B, Izumi K, Jacqmin T, Jani K, Jaranowski P, Jawahar S, Jiménez-Forteza F, Johnson W, Jones D, Jones R, Jonker R, Ju L, Junker J, Kalaghatgi C, Kalogera V, Kandhasamy S, Kang G, Kanner J, Karki S, Karvinen K, Kasprzack M, Katsavounidis E, Katzman W, Kaufer S, Kaur T, Kawabe K, Kéfélian F, Keitel D, Kelley D, Kennedy R, Key J, Khalili F, Khan I, Khan S, Khan Z, Khazanov E, Kijbunchoo N, Kim C, Kim J, Kim W, Kim W, Kim YM, Kimbrell S, King E, King P, Kirchhoff R, Kissel J, Klein B, Kleybolte L, Klimenko S, Koch P, Koehlenbeck S, Koley S, Kondrashov V, Kontos A, Korobko M, Korth W, Kowalska I, Kozak D, Krämer C, Kringel V, Królak A, Kuehn G, Kumar P, Kumar R, Kuo L, Kutynia A, Lackey B, Landry M, Lang R, Lange J, Lantz B, Lanza R, Lartaux-Vollard A, Lasky P, Laxen M, Lazzarini A, Lazzaro C, Leaci P, Leavey S, Lebigot E, Lee C, Lee H, Lee H, Lee K, Lehmann J, Lenon A, Leonardi M, Leong J, Leroy N, Letendre N, Levin Y, Li T, Libson A, Littenberg T, Liu J, Lockerbie N, Lombardi A, London L, Lord J, Lorenzini M, Loriette V, Lormand M, Losurdo G, Lough J, Lovelace G, Lück H, Lundgren A, Lynch R, Ma Y, Macfoy S, Machenschalk B, MacInnis M, Macleod D, Magaña-Sandoval F, Majorana E, Maksimovic I, Malvezzi V, Man N, Mandic V, Mangano V, Mansell G, Manske M, Mantovani M, Marchesoni F, Marion F, Márka S, Márka Z, Markosyan A, Maros E, Martelli F, Martellini L, Martin I, Martynov D, Mason K, Masserot A, Massinger T, Masso-Reid M, Mastrogiovanni S, Matichard F, Matone L, Mavalvala N, Mazumder N, McCarthy R, McClelland D, McCormick S, McGrath C, McGuire S, McIntyre G. Search for high-energy neutrinos from gravitational wave event GW151226 and candidate LVT151012 with ANTARES and IceCube. Int J Clin Exp Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.96.022005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Haller S, Montandon ML, Rodriguez C, Ackermann M, Herrmann FR, Giannakopoulos P. APOE* E4 Is Associated with Gray Matter Loss in the Posterior Cingulate Cortex in Healthy Elderly Controls Subsequently Developing Subtle Cognitive Decline. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017; 38:1335-1342. [PMID: 28495939 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The presence of apolipoprotein E4 (APOE*E4) is the strongest currently known genetic risk factor for Alzheimer disease and is associated with brain gray matter loss, notably in areas involved in Alzheimer disease pathology. Our objective was to assess the effect of APOE*E4 on brain structures in healthy elderly controls who subsequently developed subtle cognitive decline. MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective study included 382 community-dwelling elderly controls. At baseline, participants underwent MR imaging at 3T, extensive neuropsychological testing, and genotyping. After neuropsychological follow-up at 18 months, participants were classified into cognitively stable controls and cognitively deteriorating controls. Data analysis included whole-brain voxel-based morphometry and ROI analysis of GM. RESULTS APOE*E4-related GM loss at baseline was found only in the cognitively deteriorating controls in the posterior cingulate cortex. There was no APOE*E4-related effect in the hippocampus, mesial temporal lobe, or brain areas not involved in Alzheimer disease pathology. Controls in the cognitively deteriorating group had slightly lower GM concentration in the hippocampus at baseline. Higher GM densities in the hippocampus, middle temporal lobe, and amygdala were associated with a decreased risk for cognitively deteriorating group status at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS APOE*E4-related GM loss in the posterior cingulate cortex (an area involved in Alzheimer disease pathology) was found only in those elderly controls who subsequently developed subtle cognitive decline but not in cognitively stable controls. This finding might explain the partially conflicting results of previous studies that typically did not include detailed neuropsychological assessment and follow-up. Most important, APOE*E4 status had no impact on GM density in areas affected early by neurofibrillary tangle formation such as the hippocampus and mesial temporal lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Haller
- From the Affidea Centre de Diagnostic Radiologique de Carouge (S.H.), Geneva, Switzerland .,Faculty of Medicine (S.H., M.-L.M., F.R.H., P.G.), University of Geneva, Switzerland.,Departments of Surgical Sciences and Radiology (S.H.), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Neuroradiology (S.H.), University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - M-L Montandon
- Faculty of Medicine (S.H., M.-L.M., F.R.H., P.G.), University of Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry (M.-L.M., M.A.)
| | - C Rodriguez
- Division of Institutional Measures, Medical Direction (C.R., P.G.)
| | - M Ackermann
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry (M.-L.M., M.A.)
| | - F R Herrmann
- Faculty of Medicine (S.H., M.-L.M., F.R.H., P.G.), University of Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics (F.R.H.), University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - P Giannakopoulos
- Faculty of Medicine (S.H., M.-L.M., F.R.H., P.G.), University of Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Institutional Measures, Medical Direction (C.R., P.G.)
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Abdollahi S, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Albert A, Atwood WB, Baldini L, Barbiellini G, Bellazzini R, Bissaldi E, Bloom ED, Bonino R, Bottacini E, Brandt TJ, Bruel P, Buson S, Caragiulo M, Cavazzuti E, Chekhtman A, Ciprini S, Costanza F, Cuoco A, Cutini S, D'Ammando F, de Palma F, Desiante R, Digel SW, Di Lalla N, Di Mauro M, Di Venere L, Donaggio B, Drell PS, Favuzzi C, Focke WB, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Green D, Guiriec S, Harding AK, Jogler T, Jóhannesson G, Kamae T, Kuss M, Larsson S, Latronico L, Li J, Longo F, Loparco F, Lubrano P, Magill JD, Malyshev D, Manfreda A, Mazziotta MN, Meehan M, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Negro M, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Omodei N, Paneque D, Perkins JS, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Pivato G, Principe G, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Sgrò C, Simone D, Siskind EJ, Spada F, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Strong AW, Tajima H, Thayer JB, Torres DF, Troja E, Vandenbroucke J, Zaharijas G, Zimmer S. Search for Cosmic-Ray Electron and Positron Anisotropies with Seven Years of Fermi Large Area Telescope Data. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 118:091103. [PMID: 28306280 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.091103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Large Area Telescope on board the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope has collected the largest ever sample of high-energy cosmic-ray electron and positron events since the beginning of its operation. Potential anisotropies in the arrival directions of cosmic-ray electrons or positrons could be a signature of the presence of nearby sources. We use almost seven years of data with energies above 42 GeV processed with the Pass 8 reconstruction. The present data sample can probe dipole anisotropies down to a level of 10^{-3}. We take into account systematic effects that could mimic true anisotropies at this level. We present a detailed study of the event selection optimization of the cosmic-ray electrons and positrons to be used for anisotropy searches. Since no significant anisotropies have been detected on any angular scale, we present upper limits on the dipole anisotropy. The present constraints are among the strongest to date probing the presence of nearby young and middle-aged sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Abdollahi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - M Ackermann
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Ajello
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Kinard Lab of Physics, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0978, USA
| | - A Albert
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - W B Atwood
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - L Baldini
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Enrico Fermi" dell'Università di Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - G Barbiellini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - R Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E Bissaldi
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - E D Bloom
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - R Bonino
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - E Bottacini
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - T J Brandt
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - P Bruel
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - S Buson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - M Caragiulo
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - E Cavazzuti
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - A Chekhtman
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA resident at Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - S Ciprini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - F Costanza
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - A Cuoco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology, (TTK), RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Cutini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - F D'Ammando
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Bologna, I-40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - F de Palma
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Università Telematica Pegaso, Piazza Trieste e Trento, 48, I-80132 Napoli, Italy
| | - R Desiante
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Università di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - S W Digel
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - N Di Lalla
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Enrico Fermi" dell'Università di Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M Di Mauro
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - L Di Venere
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - B Donaggio
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - P S Drell
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - C Favuzzi
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - W B Focke
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Y Fukazawa
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - S Funk
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - P Fusco
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F Gargano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D Gasparrini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - N Giglietto
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F Giordano
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M Giroletti
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - D Green
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Guiriec
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - A K Harding
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - T Jogler
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - G Jóhannesson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - T Kamae
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - M Kuss
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - S Larsson
- Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - J Li
- Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Longo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - F Loparco
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P Lubrano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - J D Magill
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Malyshev
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Manfreda
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Enrico Fermi" dell'Università di Pisa, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M N Mazziotta
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M Meehan
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - P F Michelson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - W Mitthumsiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - T Mizuno
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - A A Moiseev
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - M E Monzani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - A Morselli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata", I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - M Negro
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - E Nuss
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - T Ohsugi
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - N Omodei
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - D Paneque
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - J S Perkins
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - M Pesce-Rollins
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - F Piron
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - G Pivato
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - G Principe
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Rainò
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R Rando
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M Razzano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - A Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - O Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - C Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - D Simone
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - E J Siskind
- NYCB Real-Time Computing Inc., Lattingtown, New York 11560-1025, USA
| | - F Spada
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - G Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - P Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - A W Strong
- Max-Planck Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - H Tajima
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - J B Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - D F Torres
- Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Troja
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - J Vandenbroucke
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - G Zaharijas
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, and Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - S Zimmer
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpuscolaire (DPNC), University of Geneva, CH-1211 Genéve 4, Switzerland
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Aartsen MG, Abraham K, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Altmann D, Andeen K, Anderson T, Ansseau I, Anton G, Archinger M, Argüelles C, Auffenberg J, Axani S, Bai X, Barwick SW, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Becker Tjus J, Becker KH, BenZvi S, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Bissok M, Blaufuss E, Blot S, Bohm C, Börner M, Bos F, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Braun J, Brayeur L, Bretz HP, Burgman A, Carver T, Casier M, Cheung E, Chirkin D, Christov A, Clark K, Classen L, Coenders S, Collin GH, Conrad JM, Cowen DF, Cross R, Day M, de André JPAM, De Clercq C, Del Pino Rosendo E, Dembinski H, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de Wasseige G, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, di Lorenzo V, Dujmovic H, Dumm JP, Dunkman M, Eberhardt B, Ehrhardt T, Eichmann B, Eller P, Euler S, Evenson PA, Fahey S, Fazely AR, Feintzeig J, Felde J, Filimonov K, Finley C, Flis S, Fösig CC, Franckowiak A, Friedman E, Fuchs T, Gaisser TK, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Ghorbani K, Giang W, Gladstone L, Glagla M, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Gonzalez JG, Grant D, Griffith Z, Haack C, Haj Ismail A, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hansen E, Hansmann B, Hansmann T, Hanson K, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Holzapfel K, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Hultqvist K, In S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Japaridze GS, Jeong M, Jero K, Jones BJP, Jurkovic M, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Katz U, Kauer M, Keivani A, Kelley JL, Kemp J, Kheirandish A, Kim M, Kintscher T, Kiryluk J, Kittler T, Klein SR, Kohnen G, Koirala R, Kolanoski H, Konietz R, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Krings K, Kroll M, Krückl G, Krüger C, Kunnen J, Kunwar S, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Lanfranchi JL, Larson MJ, Lauber F, Lennarz D, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Leuner J, Lu L, Lünemann J, Madsen J, Maggi G, Mahn KBM, Mancina S, Mandelartz M, Maruyama R, Mase K, Maunu R, McNally F, Meagher K, Medici M, Meier M, Meli A, Menne T, Merino G, Meures T, Miarecki S, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Moulai M, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Neer G, Niederhausen H, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke Pollmann A, Olivas A, O'Murchadha A, Palczewski T, Pandya H, Pankova DV, Penek Ö, Pepper JA, Pérez de Los Heros C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Quinnan M, Raab C, Rädel L, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Reimann R, Relethford B, Relich M, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Riedel B, Robertson S, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ryckbosch D, Rysewyk D, Sabbatini L, Sanchez Herrera SE, Sandrock A, Sandroos J, Sarkar S, Satalecka K, Schimp M, Schlunder P, Schmidt T, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schumacher L, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Soldin D, Song M, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stahlberg M, Stanev T, Stasik A, Steuer A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stößl A, Ström R, Strotjohann NL, Sullivan GW, Sutherland M, Taavola H, Taboada I, Tatar J, Tenholt F, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tešić G, Tilav S, Toale PA, Tobin MN, Toscano S, Tosi D, Tselengidou M, Turcati A, Unger E, Usner M, Vandenbroucke J, van Eijndhoven N, Vanheule S, van Rossem M, van Santen J, Veenkamp J, Vehring M, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallace A, Wallraff M, Wandkowsky N, Weaver C, Weiss MJ, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whelan BJ, Wickmann S, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Wille L, Williams DR, Wills L, Wolf M, Wood TR, Woolsey E, Woschnagg K, Xu DL, Xu XW, Xu Y, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zoll M. Constraints on Ultrahigh-Energy Cosmic-Ray Sources from a Search for Neutrinos above 10 PeV with IceCube. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:241101. [PMID: 28009216 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.241101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report constraints on the sources of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) above 10^{9} GeV, based on an analysis of seven years of IceCube data. This analysis efficiently selects very high- energy neutrino-induced events which have deposited energies from 5×10^{5} GeV to above 10^{11} GeV. Two neutrino-induced events with an estimated deposited energy of (2.6±0.3)×10^{6} GeV, the highest neutrino energy observed so far, and (7.7±2.0)×10^{5} GeV were detected. The atmospheric background-only hypothesis of detecting these events is rejected at 3.6σ. The hypothesis that the observed events are of cosmogenic origin is also rejected at >99% CL because of the limited deposited energy and the nonobservation of events at higher energy, while their observation is consistent with an astrophysical origin. Our limits on cosmogenic neutrino fluxes disfavor the UHECR sources having a cosmological evolution stronger than the star formation rate, e.g., active galactic nuclei and γ-ray bursts, assuming proton-dominated UHECRs. Constraints on UHECR sources including mixed and heavy UHECR compositions are obtained for models of neutrino production within UHECR sources. Our limit disfavors a significant part of parameter space for active galactic nuclei and new-born pulsar models. These limits on the ultrahigh-energy neutrino flux models are the most stringent to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Aartsen
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - K Abraham
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - J Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800 Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J A Aguilar
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Ahlers
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Ahrens
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Altmann
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - K Andeen
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
| | - T Anderson
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - I Ansseau
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Anton
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Archinger
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Argüelles
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J Auffenberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Axani
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - X Bai
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, south Dakota 57701, USA
| | - S W Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - V Baum
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - R Bay
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J J Beatty
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - J Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - K-H Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - P Berghaus
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409, Moscow, Russia
| | - D Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | | | - A Bernhard
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D Z Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - G Binder
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Bindig
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M Bissok
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - E Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Blot
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - C Bohm
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Börner
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - F Bos
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - D Bose
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - S Böser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - O Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Braun
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - L Brayeur
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - A Burgman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T Carver
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - M Casier
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Christov
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - K Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A7
| | - L Classen
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - S Coenders
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G H Collin
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J M Conrad
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D F Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - R Cross
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - M Day
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J P A M de André
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - C De Clercq
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Del Pino Rosendo
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - H Dembinski
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S De Ridder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - P Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K D de Vries
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G de Wasseige
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M de With
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T DeYoung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - J C Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - V di Lorenzo
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - H Dujmovic
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - J P Dumm
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Dunkman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - B Eberhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Ehrhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - B Eichmann
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - P Eller
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - S Euler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P A Evenson
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Fahey
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A R Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - J Feintzeig
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Felde
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - K Filimonov
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Finley
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Flis
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C-C Fösig
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - E Friedman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - T Fuchs
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T K Gaisser
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - J Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WIsconsin 53706, USA
| | - L Gerhardt
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - K Ghorbani
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - W Giang
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - L Gladstone
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Glagla
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - A Goldschmidt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Golup
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J G Gonzalez
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D Grant
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - Z Griffith
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - C Haack
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Haj Ismail
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - A Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - F Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E Hansen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B Hansmann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - T Hansmann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Hanson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D Hebecker
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - D Heereman
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - R Hellauer
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Hickford
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Hignight
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - G C Hill
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - K D Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - R Hoffmann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - K Holzapfel
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - K Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - F Huang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Huber
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - K Hultqvist
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S In
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - A Ishihara
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | | | - G S Japaridze
- CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA
| | - M Jeong
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - K Jero
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B J P Jones
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Jurkovic
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Kappes
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - T Karg
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - A Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - U Katz
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Kauer
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Keivani
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J L Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Kemp
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Kheirandish
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Kim
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | | | - J Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - T Kittler
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S R Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Kohnen
- Université de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - R Koirala
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - H Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - R Konietz
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Kopper
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - S Kopper
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D J Koskinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Kowalski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - K Krings
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Kroll
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - G Krückl
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Krüger
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Kunnen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - N Kurahashi
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - T Kuwabara
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Labare
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - J L Lanfranchi
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M J Larson
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - F Lauber
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D Lennarz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - M Lesiak-Bzdak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - M Leuermann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Leuner
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Lu
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - J Lünemann
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Madsen
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - G Maggi
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K B M Mahn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S Mancina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Mandelartz
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - R Maruyama
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - K Mase
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - R Maunu
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - F McNally
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Meagher
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Medici
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Meier
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - A Meli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - T Menne
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - G Merino
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T Meures
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Miarecki
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - T Montaruli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - M Moulai
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - U Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G Neer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - H Niederhausen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - S C Nowicki
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - D R Nygren
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - A Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A O'Murchadha
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - T Palczewski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - H Pandya
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D V Pankova
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Ö Penek
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J A Pepper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - C Pérez de Los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - D Pieloth
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - E Pinat
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P B Price
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G T Przybylski
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - M Quinnan
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - C Raab
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - L Rädel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Rameez
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Rawlins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
| | - R Reimann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - B Relethford
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - M Relich
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - E Resconi
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - W Rhode
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Richman
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - B Riedel
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - S Robertson
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - M Rongen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - C Rott
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - T Ruhe
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - D Ryckbosch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - D Rysewyk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - L Sabbatini
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S E Sanchez Herrera
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - A Sandrock
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - J Sandroos
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - S Sarkar
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, United Kingdom
| | | | - M Schimp
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - P Schlunder
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Schoenen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Schöneberg
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - L Schumacher
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D Seckel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - D Soldin
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M Song
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - G M Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | | | - M Stahlberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | | | - A Steuer
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R G Stokstad
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Stößl
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - R Ström
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - G W Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Sutherland
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - H Taavola
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - J Tatar
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - F Tenholt
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - S Ter-Antonyan
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | | | - G Tešić
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - S Tilav
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - P A Toale
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - M N Tobin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Toscano
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Tosi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Tselengidou
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Turcati
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - E Unger
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| | - M Usner
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
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- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - N van Eijndhoven
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| | - S Vanheule
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - M van Rossem
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - J Veenkamp
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Vehring
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- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - C Walck
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Wallace
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
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- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - N Wandkowsky
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Ch Weaver
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - M J Weiss
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - C Wendt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Westerhoff
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B J Whelan
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
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- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Wiebe
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C H Wiebusch
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Wille
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| | - D R Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - L Wills
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - M Wolf
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T R Wood
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - E Woolsey
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - K Woschnagg
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D L Xu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - X W Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - Y Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | | | - G Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - S Yoshida
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Zoll
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Wang X, Ackermann M, Tolba E, Neufurth M, Wurm F, Feng Q, Wang S, Schröder HC, Müller WE. Artificial cartilage bio-matrix formed of hyaluronic acid and Mg2+-polyphosphate. Eur Cell Mater 2016; 32:271-283. [PMID: 27905661 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v032a18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we show that inorganic polyphosphate (polyP), a polyanionic metabolic regulator consisting of multiple phosphate residues linked by energy-rich phosphoanhydride bonds, is present in the synovial fluid. In a biomimetic approach, to enhance cartilage synthesis and regeneration, we prepared amorphous polyP microparticles with Mg2+ as counterions. The particles were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) analyses. Similar particles were obtained after addition of Mg2+ ions to a solution containing hyaluronic acid, as a major component of the synovial fluid, and soluble Na-polyP. The viscous paste-like material formed, composed of globular microparticles with diameter of 400 nm, strongly promoted the adhesion of chondrocytes and caused a significant upregulation of the expression of the genes encoding collagen type 3A1, as a marker for chondrocyte differentiation, and SOX9, a transcription factor that regulates chondrocyte differentiation and proliferation. The expression level of the collagen type 3A1 gene was also enhanced by exposure of chondrocytes to synovial fluid that was found to contain polyP with a size of about 80 phosphate residues. This stimulatory effect was abolished after pre-incubation of the synovial fluid with the polyP degrading alkaline phosphatase. We propose a strategy for treatment of joint dysfunctions caused by osteoarthritis based on the application of amorphous Mg2+-polyP microparticles thatprevent calcium crystal formation in the synovial fluid using scavenging Ca2+ ions (Mg2+/Ca2+ exchange) and enhance chondrocyte function after binding of the Ca2+-polyP to hyaluronic acid at the cartilage surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - W E Müller
- University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55128 Mainz,
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Abstract
In turbid media, light gets multiply scattered to an extent that all the information of its propagation is scrambled over a characteristic distance called the transport mean free path. Controlling light propagation through such media is therefore challenging. By using a feedback signal, the input wavefront of light can be shaped such that light gets focused through or even inside a scattering medium [Vellekoop et al., Opt. Express36, 67(2008)]. In this article, we show that such an interferometric focus can be transformed into an array of multiple focal spots with a desired structure. These focal spots can serve as a structured illumination source to image the interior of thick scattering tissues as in deconvolution imaging or in the optical micromanipulation of microscopic targets.
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Aartsen MG, Abraham K, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Altmann D, Andeen K, Anderson T, Ansseau I, Anton G, Archinger M, Argüelles C, Arlen TC, Auffenberg J, Axani S, Bai X, Barwick SW, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Becker Tjus J, Becker KH, BenZvi S, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Blaufuss E, Blot S, Boersma DJ, Bohm C, Börner M, Bos F, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Braun J, Brayeur L, Bretz HP, Burgman A, Casey J, Casier M, Cheung E, Chirkin D, Christov A, Clark K, Classen L, Coenders S, Collin GH, Conrad JM, Cowen DF, Cruz Silva AH, Daughhetee J, Davis JC, Day M, de André JPAM, De Clercq C, Del Pino Rosendo E, Dembinski H, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de Wasseige G, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, di Lorenzo V, Dujmovic H, Dumm JP, Dunkman M, Eberhardt B, Ehrhardt T, Eichmann B, Euler S, Evenson PA, Fahey S, Fazely AR, Feintzeig J, Felde J, Filimonov K, Finley C, Flis S, Fösig CC, Fuchs T, Gaisser TK, Gaior R, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Ghorbani K, Giang W, Gladstone L, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Gonzalez JG, Góra D, Grant D, Griffith Z, Haj Ismail A, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hansen E, Hanson K, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Holzapfel K, Homeier A, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Huelsnitz W, Hultqvist K, In S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Japaridze GS, Jeong M, Jero K, Jones BJP, Jurkovic M, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Katz U, Kauer M, Keivani A, Kelley JL, Kheirandish A, Kim M, Kintscher T, Kiryluk J, Kittler T, Klein SR, Kohnen G, Koirala R, Kolanoski H, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Krings K, Kroll M, Krückl G, Krüger C, Kunnen J, Kunwar S, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Lanfranchi JL, Larson MJ, Lennarz D, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Lu L, Lünemann J, Madsen J, Maggi G, Mahn KBM, Mancina S, Mandelartz M, Maruyama R, Mase K, Maunu R, McNally F, Meagher K, Medici M, Meier M, Meli A, Menne T, Merino G, Meures T, Miarecki S, Middell E, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Moulai M, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Neer G, Niederhausen H, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke Pollmann A, Olivas A, Omairat A, O'Murchadha A, Palczewski T, Pandya H, Pankova DV, Pepper JA, Pérez de Los Heros C, Pfendner C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Posselt J, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Quinnan M, Raab C, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Relich M, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Riedel B, Robertson S, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ryckbosch D, Rysewyk D, Sabbatini L, Salvado J, Sanchez Herrera SE, Sandrock A, Sandroos J, Sarkar S, Satalecka K, Schlunder P, Schmidt T, Schöneberg S, Schönwald A, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Soldin D, Song M, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stasik A, Steuer A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stößl A, Ström R, Strotjohann NL, Sullivan GW, Sutherland M, Taavola H, Taboada I, Tatar J, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tešić G, Tilav S, Toale PA, Tobin MN, Toscano S, Tosi D, Tselengidou M, Turcati A, Unger E, Usner M, Vallecorsa S, Vandenbroucke J, van Eijndhoven N, Vanheule S, van Rossem M, van Santen J, Veenkamp J, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallace A, Wandkowsky N, Weaver C, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whelan BJ, Wiebe K, Wille L, Williams DR, Wills L, Wissing H, Wolf M, Wood TR, Woolsey E, Woschnagg K, Xu DL, Xu XW, Xu Y, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zoll M. Searches for Sterile Neutrinos with the IceCube Detector. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:071801. [PMID: 27563950 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.071801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The IceCube neutrino telescope at the South Pole has measured the atmospheric muon neutrino spectrum as a function of zenith angle and energy in the approximate 320 GeV to 20 TeV range, to search for the oscillation signatures of light sterile neutrinos. No evidence for anomalous ν_{μ} or ν[over ¯]_{μ} disappearance is observed in either of two independently developed analyses, each using one year of atmospheric neutrino data. New exclusion limits are placed on the parameter space of the 3+1 model, in which muon antineutrinos experience a strong Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein-resonant oscillation. The exclusion limits extend to sin^{2}2θ_{24}≤0.02 at Δm^{2}∼0.3 eV^{2} at the 90% confidence level. The allowed region from global analysis of appearance experiments, including LSND and MiniBooNE, is excluded at approximately the 99% confidence level for the global best-fit value of |U_{e4}|^{2}.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Aartsen
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - K Abraham
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - J Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J A Aguilar
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Ahlers
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Ahrens
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Altmann
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - K Andeen
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
| | - T Anderson
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - I Ansseau
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Anton
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Archinger
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Argüelles
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - T C Arlen
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J Auffenberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Axani
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - X Bai
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - S W Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - V Baum
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - R Bay
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J J Beatty
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - J Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - K-H Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - P Berghaus
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - D Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | | | - A Bernhard
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D Z Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - G Binder
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Bindig
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - E Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Blot
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - D J Boersma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Bohm
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Börner
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - F Bos
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - D Bose
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - S Böser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - O Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Braun
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - L Brayeur
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - A Burgman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Casey
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - M Casier
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Christov
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - K Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - L Classen
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - S Coenders
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G H Collin
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J M Conrad
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D F Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | | | - J Daughhetee
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - J C Davis
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - M Day
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J P A M de André
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - C De Clercq
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Del Pino Rosendo
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - H Dembinski
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S De Ridder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - P Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K D de Vries
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G de Wasseige
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M de With
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T DeYoung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - J C Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - V di Lorenzo
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - H Dujmovic
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - J P Dumm
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Dunkman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - B Eberhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Ehrhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - B Eichmann
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - S Euler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P A Evenson
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Fahey
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A R Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - J Feintzeig
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Felde
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - K Filimonov
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Finley
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Flis
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C-C Fösig
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Fuchs
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T K Gaisser
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - R Gaior
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - J Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - L Gerhardt
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - K Ghorbani
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - W Giang
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Alberta, Canada
| | - L Gladstone
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - A Goldschmidt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Golup
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J G Gonzalez
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D Góra
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - D Grant
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Alberta, Canada
| | - Z Griffith
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Haj Ismail
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - A Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - F Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E Hansen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Hanson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D Hebecker
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - D Heereman
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - R Hellauer
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Hickford
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Hignight
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - G C Hill
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - K D Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - R Hoffmann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - K Holzapfel
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Homeier
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - K Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - F Huang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Huber
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - W Huelsnitz
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - K Hultqvist
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S In
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - A Ishihara
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | | | - G S Japaridze
- CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA
| | - M Jeong
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - K Jero
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B J P Jones
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Jurkovic
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Kappes
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - T Karg
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - A Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - U Katz
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Kauer
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - A Keivani
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J L Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Kheirandish
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Kim
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | | | - J Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - T Kittler
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S R Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Kohnen
- Université de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - R Koirala
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - H Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - L Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Kopper
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Alberta, Canada
| | - S Kopper
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D J Koskinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Kowalski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - K Krings
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Kroll
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - G Krückl
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Krüger
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Kunnen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - N Kurahashi
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - T Kuwabara
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Labare
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - J L Lanfranchi
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M J Larson
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D Lennarz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - M Lesiak-Bzdak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - M Leuermann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Lu
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - J Lünemann
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Madsen
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - G Maggi
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K B M Mahn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S Mancina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Mandelartz
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - R Maruyama
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - K Mase
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - R Maunu
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - F McNally
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Meagher
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Medici
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Meier
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - A Meli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - T Menne
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - G Merino
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T Meures
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Miarecki
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | | | - T Montaruli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - M Moulai
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - U Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G Neer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - H Niederhausen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - S C Nowicki
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Alberta, Canada
| | - D R Nygren
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - A Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Omairat
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A O'Murchadha
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - T Palczewski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - H Pandya
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D V Pankova
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J A Pepper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - C Pérez de Los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
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- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
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- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
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- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
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- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Alberta, Canada
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- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
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- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
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- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
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- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - L Sabbatini
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Salvado
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S E Sanchez Herrera
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Alberta, Canada
| | - A Sandrock
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - J Sandroos
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, United Kingdom
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- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Schöneberg
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - D Soldin
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M Song
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - G M Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
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- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - T Stanev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | | | - A Steuer
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R G Stokstad
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Stößl
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - R Ström
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - G W Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Sutherland
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - H Taavola
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - J Tatar
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S Ter-Antonyan
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | | | - G Tešić
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - S Tilav
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - P A Toale
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - M N Tobin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Toscano
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Tosi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Tselengidou
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Turcati
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - E Unger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Usner
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - S Vallecorsa
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - J Vandenbroucke
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - N van Eijndhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Vanheule
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - M van Rossem
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - J Veenkamp
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Voge
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - M Vraeghe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - C Walck
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Wallace
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - N Wandkowsky
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Ch Weaver
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Alberta, Canada
| | - C Wendt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Westerhoff
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B J Whelan
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - K Wiebe
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - L Wille
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D R Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - L Wills
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - H Wissing
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Wolf
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T R Wood
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Alberta, Canada
| | - E Woolsey
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Alberta, Canada
| | - K Woschnagg
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D L Xu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - X W Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - Y Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | | | - G Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - S Yoshida
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Zoll
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Šafka J, Ackermann M, Voleský L. Structural properties of H13 tool steel parts produced with use of selective laser melting technology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/709/1/012004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ackermann M, Ajello M, Albert A, Atwood WB, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Bissaldi E, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonino R, Bregeon J, Britto RJ, Bruel P, Buehler R, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caragiulo M, Caraveo PA, Cavazzuti E, Cecchi C, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Chiang J, Chiaro G, Ciprini S, Cohen-Tanugi J, Cominsky LR, Costanza F, Cutini S, D'Ammando F, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Desiante R, Digel SW, Di Mauro M, Di Venere L, Domínguez A, Drell PS, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Ferrara EC, Franckowiak A, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Giglietto N, Giommi P, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Godfrey G, Green D, Grenier IA, Guiriec S, Hays E, Horan D, Iafrate G, Jogler T, Jóhannesson G, Kuss M, La Mura G, Larsson S, Latronico L, Li J, Li L, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Madejski GM, Magill J, Maldera S, Manfreda A, Mayer M, Mazziotta MN, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Negro M, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Okada C, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Paneque D, Perkins JS, Pesce-Rollins M, Petrosian V, Piron F, Pivato G, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Razzaque S, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Romani RW, Sánchez-Conde M, Schmid J, Schulz A, Sgrò C, Simone D, Siskind EJ, Spada F, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Suson DJ, Takahashi H, Thayer JB, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Troja E, Vianello G, Yassine M, Zimmer S. Resolving the Extragalactic γ-Ray Background above 50 GeV with the Fermi Large Area Telescope. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 116:151105. [PMID: 27127954 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.151105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) Collaboration has recently released a catalog of 360 sources detected above 50 GeV (2FHL). This catalog was obtained using 80 months of data re-processed with Pass 8, the newest event-level analysis, which significantly improves the acceptance and angular resolution of the instrument. Most of the 2FHL sources at high Galactic latitude are blazars. Using detailed Monte Carlo simulations, we measure, for the first time, the source count distribution, dN/dS, of extragalactic γ-ray sources at E>50 GeV and find that it is compatible with a Euclidean distribution down to the lowest measured source flux in the 2FHL (∼8×10^{-12} ph cm^{-2} s^{-1}). We employ a one-point photon fluctuation analysis to constrain the behavior of dN/dS below the source detection threshold. Overall, the source count distribution is constrained over three decades in flux and found compatible with a broken power law with a break flux, S_{b}, in the range [8×10^{-12},1.5×10^{-11}] ph cm^{-2} s^{-1} and power-law indices below and above the break of α_{2}∈[1.60,1.75] and α_{1}=2.49±0.12, respectively. Integration of dN/dS shows that point sources account for at least 86_{-14}^{+16}% of the total extragalactic γ-ray background. The simple form of the derived source count distribution is consistent with a single population (i.e., blazars) dominating the source counts to the minimum flux explored by this analysis. We estimate the density of sources detectable in blind surveys that will be performed in the coming years by the Cherenkov Telescope Array.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ackermann
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M Ajello
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Kinard Lab of Physics, Clemson, SC 29634-0978, USA
| | - A Albert
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - W B Atwood
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - L Baldini
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Università di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - J Ballet
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d'Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - G Barbiellini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - D Bastieri
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - K Bechtol
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - R Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E Bissaldi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R D Blandford
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E D Bloom
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - R Bonino
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica Generale "Amadeo Avogadro", Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - J Bregeon
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - R J Britto
- Department of Physics, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - P Bruel
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - R Buehler
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - G A Caliandro
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS), I-10133 Torino, Italy
| | - R A Cameron
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M Caragiulo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P A Caraveo
- INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - E Cavazzuti
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - C Cecchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - E Charles
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A Chekhtman
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, resident at Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | - J Chiang
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - G Chiaro
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - S Ciprini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - J Cohen-Tanugi
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - L R Cominsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928-3609, USA
| | - F Costanza
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S Cutini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone (Roma), Italy
| | - F D'Ammando
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Bologna, I-40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - A de Angelis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, I-33100 Udine
| | - F de Palma
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Università Telematica Pegaso, Piazza Trieste e Trento, 48, I-80132 Napoli, Italy
| | - R Desiante
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Università di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - S W Digel
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M Di Mauro
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - L Di Venere
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - A Domínguez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Kinard Lab of Physics, Clemson, SC 29634-0978, USA
| | - P S Drell
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - C Favuzzi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S J Fegan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - E C Ferrara
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - A Franckowiak
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Y Fukazawa
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - S Funk
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - P Fusco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F Gargano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D Gasparrini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - N Giglietto
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P Giommi
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - F Giordano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M Giroletti
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - G Godfrey
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - D Green
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - I A Grenier
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d'Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - S Guiriec
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellow, USA
| | - E Hays
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - D Horan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - G Iafrate
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, I-34143 Trieste, Italy
| | - T Jogler
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - G Jóhannesson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - M Kuss
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - G La Mura
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S Larsson
- Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - J Li
- Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Li
- Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Longo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - F Loparco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - B Lott
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, IN2P3/CNRS, Université Bordeaux 1, BP120, F-33175 Gradignan Cedex, France
| | - M N Lovellette
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5352, USA
| | - P Lubrano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - G M Madejski
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J Magill
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - S Maldera
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - A Manfreda
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M Mayer
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M N Mazziotta
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P F Michelson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - W Mitthumsiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - T Mizuno
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - A A Moiseev
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - M E Monzani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - A Morselli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata", I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - I V Moskalenko
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S Murgia
- Center for Cosmology, Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2575, USA
| | - M Negro
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica Generale "Amadeo Avogadro", Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - E Nuss
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - T Ohsugi
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - C Okada
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - N Omodei
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - E Orlando
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J F Ormes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, USA
| | - D Paneque
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - J S Perkins
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - M Pesce-Rollins
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - V Petrosian
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - F Piron
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - G Pivato
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - T A Porter
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S Rainò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R Rando
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M Razzano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- Funded by contract FIRB-2012-RBFR12PM1F from the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR)
| | - S Razzaque
- Department of Physics, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - A Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - O Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T Reposeur
- Centre d'Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, IN2P3/CNRS, Université Bordeaux 1, BP120, F-33175 Gradignan Cedex, France
| | - R W Romani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M Sánchez-Conde
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Schmid
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d'Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - A Schulz
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - C Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - D Simone
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - E J Siskind
- NYCB Real-Time Computing Inc., Lattingtown, New York 11560-1025, USA
| | - F Spada
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - G Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - P Spinelli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D J Suson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, Indiana 46323-2094, USA
| | - H Takahashi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - J B Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - L Tibaldo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D F Torres
- Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Troja
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - G Vianello
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M Yassine
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - S Zimmer
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Ackermann M, Ajello M, Albert A, Atwood WB, Baldini L, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bellazzini R, Bissaldi E, Blandford RD, Bonino R, Bottacini E, Bregeon J, Bruel P, Buehler R, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caragiulo M, Caraveo PA, Cavazzuti E, Cecchi C, Chekhtman A, Chiang J, Chiaro G, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Costanza F, Cuoco A, Cutini S, D’Ammando F, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Desiante R, Digel SW, Di Venere L, Drell PS, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Focke WB, Franckowiak A, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grove JE, Guiriec S, Harding AK, Hewitt JW, Horan D, Hou X, Iafrate G, Jóhannesson G, Kamae T, Kuss M, Larsson S, Latronico L, Li J, Li L, Longo F, Loparco F, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Magill J, Maldera S, Manfreda A, Mayer M, Mazziotta MN, Michelson PF, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Murgia S, Nuss E, Omodei N, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Paneque D, Perkins JS, Pesce-Rollins M, Petrosian V, Piron F, Pivato G, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Spada F, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Takahashi H, Thayer JB, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Tosti G, Troja E, Vianello G, Winer BL, Wood KS, Yassine M, Cerutti F, Ferrari A, Sala PR. Measurement of the high-energy gamma-ray emission from the Moon with the Fermi Large Area Telescope. Phys Rev D 2016; 93:082001. [PMID: 32743154 PMCID: PMC7394319 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.93.082001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We have measured the gamma-ray emission spectrum of the Moon using the data collected by the Large Area Telescope onboard the Fermi satellite during its first seven years of operation, in the energy range from 30 MeV up to a few GeV. We have also studied the time evolution of the flux, finding a correlation with the solar activity. We have developed a full Monte Carlo simulation describing the interactions of cosmic rays with the lunar surface. The results of the present analysis can be explained in the framework of this model, where the production of gamma rays is due to the interactions of cosmic-ray proton and helium nuclei with the surface of the Moon. Finally, we have used our simulation to derive the cosmic-ray proton and helium spectra near Earth from the Moon gamma-ray data.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ackermann
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M. Ajello
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Kinard Lab of Physics, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0978, USA
| | - A. Albert
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - W. B. Atwood
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - L. Baldini
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Università di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - G. Barbiellini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - D. Bastieri
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - R. Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E. Bissaldi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R. D. Blandford
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - R. Bonino
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica Generale “AmadeoAvogadro”, Università degli Studidi Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - E. Bottacini
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J. Bregeon
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - P. Bruel
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - R. Buehler
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - G. A. Caliandro
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS), I-10133 Torino, Italy
| | - R. A. Cameron
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - M. Caragiulo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P. A. Caraveo
- INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - E. Cavazzuti
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - C. Cecchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - A. Chekhtman
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA and resident at Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, USA
| | - J. Chiang
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - G. Chiaro
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - S. Ciprini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - R. Claus
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J. Cohen-Tanugi
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - F. Costanza
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - A. Cuoco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica Generale “AmadeoAvogadro”, Università degli Studidi Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - S. Cutini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone (Roma), Italy
| | - F. D’Ammando
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Bologna, I-40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - A. de Angelis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, I-33100 Udine
| | - F. de Palma
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Università Telematica Pegaso, Piazza Trieste e Trento, 48, I-80132 Napoli, Italy
| | - R. Desiante
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Università di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - S. W. Digel
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - L. Di Venere
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P. S. Drell
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - C. Favuzzi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. J. Fegan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - W. B. Focke
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - A. Franckowiak
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - S. Funk
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - P. Fusco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F. Gargano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D. Gasparrini
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - N. Giglietto
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F. Giordano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. Giroletti
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - T. Glanzman
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - G. Godfrey
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - I. A. Grenier
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - J. E. Grove
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375-5352, USA
| | - S. Guiriec
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellow, USA
| | - A. K. Harding
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - J. W. Hewitt
- Department of Physics, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
| | - D. Horan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - X. Hou
- Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650216, China
- Key Laboratory for the Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650216, China
| | - G. Iafrate
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, I-34143 Trieste, Italy
| | - G. Jóhannesson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - T. Kamae
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - M. Kuss
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - S. Larsson
- Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L. Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - J. Li
- Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - L. Li
- Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F. Longo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - F. Loparco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. N. Lovellette
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375-5352, USA
| | - P. Lubrano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - J. Magill
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S. Maldera
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - A. Manfreda
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Mayer
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M. N. Mazziotta
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P. F. Michelson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - W. Mitthumsiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - T. Mizuno
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - M. E. Monzani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - A. Morselli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata”, I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - S. Murgia
- Center for Cosmology, Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2575, USA
| | - E. Nuss
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - N. Omodei
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - E. Orlando
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J. F. Ormes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado 80208, USA
| | - D. Paneque
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - J. S. Perkins
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - M. Pesce-Rollins
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - V. Petrosian
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - F. Piron
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - G. Pivato
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - S. Rainò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R. Rando
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei”, Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M. Razzano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- Funded by contract FIRB-2012-RBFR12PM1F from the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR)
| | - A. Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - O. Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - T. Reposeur
- Centre d’Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, IN2P3/CNRS, Université Bordeaux 1, BP120, F-33175 Gradignan Cedex, France
| | - C. Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E. J. Siskind
- NYCB Real-Time Computing Inc., Lattingtown, New York 11560-1025, USA
| | - F. Spada
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - G. Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - P. Spinelli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - H. Takahashi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - J. B. Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - D. J. Thompson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - L. Tibaldo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D. F. Torres
- Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - G. Tosti
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - E. Troja
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - G. Vianello
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - B. L. Winer
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - K. S. Wood
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375-5352, USA
| | - M. Yassine
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | | | - F. Cerutti
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A. Ferrari
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - P. R. Sala
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy
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Braun U, Hässig M, Previtali M, Franchini M, Vögtlin A, Storset AK, Ackermann M. [Interleukin-2 for the treatment of cows with malignant catarrhal fever]. SCHWEIZ ARCH TIERH 2016; 157:31-8. [PMID: 26753317 DOI: 10.17236/sat00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate whether administration of interleukin-2 (IL-2) would improve the outcome of cows with malignant catarrhal fever (MCF). The study population consisted of ten healthy control cows and 22 cows with MCF. Nineteen cows with MCF and all of the controls were treated with either 2'500 U IL-2 or 25'000 U IL-2, administered intravenously. Three cows with MCF were not treated with IL-2 (MCF controls). All of the cows with MCF received danofloxacin, flunixin meglumine and intravenous fluid therapy. Blood samples for haematological and biochemical evaluation were collected once daily for six days in all cows. Of the 19 cows treated with IL-2, 13 were eutha nized because of deterioration. All cows with MCF that did not receive IL-2 died. The clinical condition of six cows treated with 2'500 U IL-2 gradually improved. Sur viving cows had significantly higher total leukocyte counts than cows that died or were euthanized. The main reason for leukopenia in non-surviving vs. surviv ing cows was persistent lymphopenia. Use of the lower IL-2 dose was associated with clinical recovery in some cows and this treatment might therefore be considered in valuable cows, provided that the lymphocyte count is within the reference interval.
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Stamm C, Räsänen K, Burdon F, Altermatt F, Jokela J, Joss A, Ackermann M, Eggen R. Unravelling the Impacts of Micropollutants in Aquatic Ecosystems. ADV ECOL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ackermann M, Albert A, Anderson B, Atwood WB, Baldini L, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bechtol K, Bellazzini R, Bissaldi E, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonino R, Bottacini E, Brandt TJ, Bregeon J, Bruel P, Buehler R, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caputo R, Caragiulo M, Caraveo PA, Cecchi C, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Chiang J, Chiaro G, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Conrad J, Cuoco A, Cutini S, D'Ammando F, de Angelis A, de Palma F, Desiante R, Digel SW, Di Venere L, Drell PS, Drlica-Wagner A, Essig R, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Ferrara EC, Focke WB, Franckowiak A, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Gomez-Vargas GA, Grenier IA, Guiriec S, Gustafsson M, Hays E, Hewitt JW, Horan D, Jogler T, Jóhannesson G, Kuss M, Larsson S, Latronico L, Li J, Li L, Llena Garde M, Longo F, Loparco F, Lubrano P, Malyshev D, Mayer M, Mazziotta MN, McEnery JE, Meyer M, Michelson PF, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Murgia S, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Orienti M, Orlando E, Ormes JF, Paneque D, Perkins JS, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Pivato G, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Ritz S, Sánchez-Conde M, Schulz A, Sehgal N, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Spada F, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Strigari L, Tajima H, Takahashi H, Thayer JB, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Troja E, Vianello G, Werner M, Winer BL, Wood KS, Wood M, Zaharijas G, Zimmer S. Searching for Dark Matter Annihilation from Milky Way Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies with Six Years of Fermi Large Area Telescope Data. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 115:231301. [PMID: 26684107 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.231301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The dwarf spheroidal satellite galaxies (dSphs) of the Milky Way are some of the most dark matter (DM) dominated objects known. We report on γ-ray observations of Milky Way dSphs based on six years of Fermi Large Area Telescope data processed with the new Pass8 event-level analysis. None of the dSphs are significantly detected in γ rays, and we present upper limits on the DM annihilation cross section from a combined analysis of 15 dSphs. These constraints are among the strongest and most robust to date and lie below the canonical thermal relic cross section for DM of mass ≲100 GeV annihilating via quark and τ-lepton channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ackermann
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - A Albert
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - B Anderson
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - W B Atwood
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - L Baldini
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Università di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - G Barbiellini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - D Bastieri
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - K Bechtol
- Dept. of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - R Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E Bissaldi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R D Blandford
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - E D Bloom
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - R Bonino
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica Generale "Amadeo Avogadro", Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - E Bottacini
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - T J Brandt
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - J Bregeon
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - P Bruel
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - R Buehler
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - G A Caliandro
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS), I-10133 Torino, Italy
| | - R A Cameron
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - R Caputo
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - M Caragiulo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P A Caraveo
- INAF-Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - C Cecchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - E Charles
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - A Chekhtman
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, USA
| | - J Chiang
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - G Chiaro
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - S Ciprini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone (Roma), Italy
| | - R Claus
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J Cohen-Tanugi
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - J Conrad
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Academy Fellow
| | - A Cuoco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica Generale "Amadeo Avogadro", Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - S Cutini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone (Roma), Italy
| | - F D'Ammando
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Bologna, I-40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - A de Angelis
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Udine and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, Gruppo Collegato di Udine, I-33100 Udine
| | - F de Palma
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Università Telematica Pegaso, Piazza Trieste e Trento, 48, I-80132 Napoli, Italy
| | - R Desiante
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Università di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - S W Digel
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - L Di Venere
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P S Drell
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - A Drlica-Wagner
- Center for Particle Astrophysics, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510, USA
| | - R Essig
- C.N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3840, USA
| | - C Favuzzi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S J Fegan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - E C Ferrara
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - W B Focke
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - A Franckowiak
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Y Fukazawa
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - S Funk
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - P Fusco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F Gargano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - D Gasparrini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) Science Data Center, I-00133 Roma, Italy
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, I-00040 Monte Porzio Catone (Roma), Italy
| | - N Giglietto
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - F Giordano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M Giroletti
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - T Glanzman
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - G Godfrey
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - G A Gomez-Vargas
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata", I-00133 Roma, Italy
- Departamento de Fisíca, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile
| | - I A Grenier
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d'Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - S Guiriec
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellow, USA
| | - M Gustafsson
- Georg-August University Göttingen, Institute for theoretical Physics-Faculty of Physics, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - E Hays
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - J W Hewitt
- University of North Florida, Department of Physics, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, USA
| | - D Horan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, Palaiseau, France
| | - T Jogler
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - G Jóhannesson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - M Kuss
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - S Larsson
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - J Li
- Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Li
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Llena Garde
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Longo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - F Loparco
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - P Lubrano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - D Malyshev
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - M Mayer
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - M N Mazziotta
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - J E McEnery
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Meyer
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P F Michelson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - T Mizuno
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - A A Moiseev
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - M E Monzani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - A Morselli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma "Tor Vergata", I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - S Murgia
- Center for Cosmology, Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2575, USA
| | - E Nuss
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - T Ohsugi
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - M Orienti
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - E Orlando
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J F Ormes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - D Paneque
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | - J S Perkins
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
| | - M Pesce-Rollins
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - F Piron
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, Montpellier, France
| | - G Pivato
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - T A Porter
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - S Rainò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R Rando
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "G. Galilei", Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - M Razzano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - A Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - O Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S Ritz
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - M Sánchez-Conde
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Schulz
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - N Sehgal
- Physics and Astronomy Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - C Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - E J Siskind
- NYCB Real-Time Computing Inc., Lattingtown, New York 11560-1025, USA
| | - F Spada
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - G Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - P Spinelli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica "M. Merlin" dell'Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - L Strigari
- Texas A&M University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, College Station, Texas 77843-4242, USA
| | - H Tajima
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - H Takahashi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - J B Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - L Tibaldo
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - D F Torres
- Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Troja
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - G Vianello
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - M Werner
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B L Winer
- Department of Physics, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - K S Wood
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5352, USA
| | - M Wood
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - G Zaharijas
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, and Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - S Zimmer
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Ackermann M, Albert A, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Barbieri C, Bastieri D, Bellazzini R, Bissaldi E, Bonino R, Bottacini E, Brandt TJ, Bregeon J, Bruel P, Buehler R, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caraveo PA, Cecchi C, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Chiaro G, Ciprini S, Cohen-Tanugi J, Cuoco A, Cutini S, D’Ammando F, Desiante FDPR, Digel SW, Di Venere L, Drell PS, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Ferrara EC, Franckowiak A, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grondin MH, Grove JE, Guillemot L, Guiriec S, Hagiwara K, Harding AK, Hays E, Hewitt JW, Hill AB, Horan D, Johnson TJ, Knödlseder J, Kuss M, Larsson S, Latronico L, Lemoine-Goumard M, Li J, Li L, Longo F, Loparco F, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Maldera S, Manfreda A, Marshall F, Martin P, Mayer M, Mazziotta MN, Michelson PF, Mirabal N, Mizuno T, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Naletto G, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Orienti M, Orlando E, Paneque D, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Pivato G, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Reposeur T, Romani RW, Parkinson PMS, Schulz A, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Smith DA, Spada F, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Suson DJ, Takahashi H, Thayer JB, Thompson DJ, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Uchiyama Y, Vianello G, Wood KS, Wood M, Zampieri L. An extremely bright gamma-ray pulsar in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Science 2015; 350:801-5. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aac7400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Ackermann M, Ajello M, Atwood WB, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Gonzalez JB, Bellazzini R, Bissaldi E, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonino R, Bottacini E, Brandt TJ, Bregeon J, Britto RJ, Bruel P, Buehler R, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caragiulo M, Caraveo PA, Carpenter B, Casandjian JM, Cavazzuti E, Cecchi C, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Cheung CC, Chiang J, Chiaro G, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Cominsky LR, Conrad J, Cutini S, D’Abrusco R, D’Ammando F, Angelis AD, Desiante R, Digel SW, Venere LD, Drell PS, Favuzzi C, Fegan SJ, Ferrara EC, Finke J, Focke WB, Franckowiak A, Fuhrmann L, Fukazawa Y, Furniss AK, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Giglietto N, Giommi P, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grove JE, Guiriec S, Hewitt JW, Hill AB, Horan D, Itoh R, Jóhannesson G, Johnson AS, Johnson WN, Kataoka J, Kawano T, Krauss F, Kuss M, Mura GL, Larsson S, Latronico L, Leto C, Li J, Li L, Longo F, Loparco F, Lott B, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Madejski GM, Mayer M, Mazziotta MN, McEnery JE, Michelson PF, Mizuno T, Moiseev AA, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nuss E, Ohno M, Ohsugi T, Ojha R, Omodei N, Orienti M, Orlando E, Paggi A, Paneque D, Perkins JS, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Pivato G, Porter TA, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Razzaque S, Reimer A, Reimer O, Romani RW, Salvetti D, Schaal M, Schinzel FK, Schulz A, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Sokolovsky KV, Spada F, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Stawarz L, Suson DJ, Takahashi H, Takahashi T, Tanaka Y, Thayer JG, Thayer JB, Tibaldo L, Torres DF, Torresi E, Tosti G, Troja E, Uchiyama Y, Vianello G, Winer BL, Wood KS, Zimmer S. THE THIRD CATALOG OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI DETECTED BY THEFERMILARGE AREA TELESCOPE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/810/1/14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Aartsen MG, Abraham K, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Altmann D, Anderson T, Archinger M, Arguelles C, Arlen TC, Auffenberg J, Bai X, Barwick SW, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Tjus JB, Becker KH, Beiser E, BenZvi S, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Bissok M, Blaufuss E, Blumenthal J, Boersma DJ, Bohm C, Börner M, Bos F, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Braun J, Brayeur L, Bretz HP, Brown AM, Buzinsky N, Casey J, Casier M, Cheung E, Chirkin D, Christov A, Christy B, Clark K, Classen L, Coenders S, Cowen DF, Silva AHC, Daughhetee J, Davis JC, Day M, de André JPAM, De Clercq C, Dembinski H, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de Wasseige G, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dumm JP, Dunkman M, Eagan R, Eberhardt B, Ehrhardt T, Eichmann B, Euler S, Evenson PA, Fadiran O, Fahey S, Fazely AR, Fedynitch A, Feintzeig J, Felde J, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer-Wasels T, Flis S, Fuchs T, Glagla M, Gaisser TK, Gaior R, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Ghorbani K, Gier D, Gladstone L, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Gonzalez JG, Goodman JA, Góra D, Grant D, Gretskov P, Groh JC, Groß A, Ha C, Haack C, Ismail AH, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hansmann B, Hanson K, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hellwig D, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Holzapfe K, Homeier A, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Huelsnitz W, Hulth PO, Hultqvist K, In S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Japaridze GS, Jero K, Jurkovic M, Kaminsky B, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Kauer M, Keivani A, Kelley JL, Kemp J, Kheirandish A, Kiryluk J, Kläs J, Klein SR, Kohnen G, Kolanoski H, Konietz R, Koob A, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Krings K, Kroll G, Kroll M, Kunnen J, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Lanfranchi JL, Larson MJ, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Leuner J, Lünemann J, Madsen J, Maggi G, Mahn KBM, Maruyama R, Mase K, Matis HS, Maunu R, McNally F, Meagher K, Medici M, Meli A, Menne T, Merino G, Meures T, Miarecki S, Middell E, Middlemas E, Miller J, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Morse R, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Niederhausen H, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke A, Olivas A, Omairat A, O'Murchadha A, Palczewski T, Paul L, Pepper JA, de Los Heros CP, Pfendner C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Posselt J, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Pütz J, Quinnan M, Rädel L, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Redl P, Reimann R, Relich M, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Richter S, Riedel B, Robertson S, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ruzybayev B, Ryckbosch D, Saba SM, Sabbatini L, Sander HG, Sandrock A, Sandroos J, Sarkar S, Schatto K, Scheriau F, Schimp M, Schmidt T, Schmitz M, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schönwald A, Schukraft A, Schulte L, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Shanidze R, Smith MWE, Soldin D, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stahlberg M, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stanisha NA, Stasik A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stößl A, Strahler EA, Ström R, Strotjohann NL, Sullivan GW, Sutherland M, Taavola H, Taboada I, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tešić G, Tilav S, Toale PA, Tobin MN, Tosi D, Tselengidou M, Unger E, Usner M, Vallecorsa S, van Eijndhoven N, Vandenbroucke J, van Santen J, Vanheule S, Veenkamp J, Vehring M, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallraff M, Wandkowsky N, Weaver C, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whelan BJ, Whitehorn N, Wichary C, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Wille L, Williams DR, Wissing H, Wolf M, Wood TR, Woschnagg K, Xu DL, Xu XW, Xu Y, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zarzhitsky P, Zoll M. Evidence for Astrophysical Muon Neutrinos from the Northern Sky with IceCube. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 115:081102. [PMID: 26340177 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.081102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Results from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory have recently provided compelling evidence for the existence of a high energy astrophysical neutrino flux utilizing a dominantly Southern Hemisphere data set consisting primarily of ν(e) and ν(τ) charged-current and neutral-current (cascade) neutrino interactions. In the analysis presented here, a data sample of approximately 35,000 muon neutrinos from the Northern sky is extracted from data taken during 659.5 days of live time recorded between May 2010 and May 2012. While this sample is composed primarily of neutrinos produced by cosmic ray interactions in Earth's atmosphere, the highest energy events are inconsistent with a hypothesis of solely terrestrial origin at 3.7σ significance. These neutrinos can, however, be explained by an astrophysical flux per neutrino flavor at a level of Φ(E(ν))=9.9(-3.4)(+3.9)×10(-19) GeV(-1) cm(-2) sr(-1) s(-1)(E(ν)/100 TeV(-2), consistent with IceCube's Southern-Hemisphere-dominated result. Additionally, a fit for an astrophysical flux with an arbitrary spectral index is performed. We find a spectral index of 2.2(-0.2)(+0.2), which is also in good agreement with the Southern Hemisphere result.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Aartsen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - K Abraham
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - J Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J A Aguilar
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Ahlers
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Ahrens
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Altmann
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Anderson
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Archinger
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Arguelles
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T C Arlen
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J Auffenberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - X Bai
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - S W Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - V Baum
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - R Bay
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J J Beatty
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - J Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - K-H Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - E Beiser
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - D Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | | | - A Bernhard
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D Z Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - G Binder
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Bindig
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M Bissok
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - E Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - J Blumenthal
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D J Boersma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Bohm
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Börner
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - F Bos
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - D Bose
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - S Böser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - O Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Braun
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - L Brayeur
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - A M Brown
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - N Buzinsky
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E1
| | - J Casey
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - M Casier
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Christov
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - B Christy
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - K Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A7
| | - L Classen
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Coenders
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D F Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | | | - J Daughhetee
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - J C Davis
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - M Day
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J P A M de André
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - C De Clercq
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Dembinski
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S De Ridder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - P Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K D de Vries
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G de Wasseige
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M de With
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T DeYoung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - J C Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J P Dumm
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Dunkman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - R Eagan
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - B Eberhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Ehrhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - B Eichmann
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - S Euler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P A Evenson
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - O Fadiran
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Fahey
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A R Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - A Fedynitch
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J Feintzeig
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Felde
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - K Filimonov
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Finley
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Fischer-Wasels
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S Flis
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Fuchs
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Glagla
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - T K Gaisser
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - R Gaior
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - J Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - L Gerhardt
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - K Ghorbani
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D Gier
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Gladstone
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - A Goldschmidt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Golup
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J G Gonzalez
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - J A Goodman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Góra
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - D Grant
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E1
| | - P Gretskov
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J C Groh
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - A Groß
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - C Ha
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Haack
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Haj Ismail
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - A Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - F Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B Hansmann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Hanson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D Hebecker
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - D Heereman
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - R Hellauer
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Hellwig
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Hickford
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Hignight
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - G C Hill
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - K D Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - R Hoffmann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - K Holzapfe
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Homeier
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - K Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - F Huang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Huber
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - W Huelsnitz
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - P O Hulth
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Hultqvist
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S In
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - A Ishihara
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | | | - G S Japaridze
- CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA
| | - K Jero
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Jurkovic
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - A Kappes
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Karg
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - A Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Kauer
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - A Keivani
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J L Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Kemp
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Kheirandish
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - J Kläs
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S R Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Kohnen
- Université de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - H Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - R Konietz
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Koob
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Kopper
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E1
| | - S Kopper
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D J Koskinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Kowalski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - K Krings
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G Kroll
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - M Kroll
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J Kunnen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - N Kurahashi
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - T Kuwabara
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Labare
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - J L Lanfranchi
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M J Larson
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Lesiak-Bzdak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - M Leuermann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Leuner
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Lünemann
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J Madsen
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - G Maggi
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K B M Mahn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - R Maruyama
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - K Mase
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - H S Matis
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R Maunu
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - F McNally
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Meagher
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Medici
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Meli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - T Menne
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - G Merino
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T Meures
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Miarecki
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - E Middlemas
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Miller
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - T Montaruli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - R Morse
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - U Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - H Niederhausen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - S C Nowicki
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E1
| | - D R Nygren
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Obertacke
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Omairat
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A O'Murchadha
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - T Palczewski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - L Paul
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J A Pepper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - C Pérez de Los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Pfendner
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - D Pieloth
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - E Pinat
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Posselt
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - P B Price
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G T Przybylski
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J Pütz
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Quinnan
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - L Rädel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Rameez
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - K Rawlins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
| | - P Redl
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - R Reimann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Relich
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - E Resconi
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - W Rhode
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Richman
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - S Richter
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B Riedel
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E1
| | - S Robertson
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - M Rongen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - C Rott
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - T Ruhe
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - B Ruzybayev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D Ryckbosch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - S M Saba
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - L Sabbatini
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - H-G Sander
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - A Sandrock
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - J Sandroos
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Sarkar
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, United Kingdom
| | - K Schatto
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - F Scheriau
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Schimp
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - T Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Schmitz
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S Schoenen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Schöneberg
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - A Schukraft
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Schulte
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - D Seckel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | | | - M W E Smith
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - D Soldin
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G M Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | | | - M Stahlberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Stamatikos
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - T Stanev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - N A Stanisha
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | | | - T Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R G Stokstad
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Stößl
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - E A Strahler
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Ström
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - G W Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Sutherland
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - H Taavola
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - S Ter-Antonyan
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | | | - G Tešić
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - S Tilav
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - P A Toale
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - M N Tobin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D Tosi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Tselengidou
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - E Unger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Usner
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - S Vallecorsa
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - N van Eijndhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Vandenbroucke
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J van Santen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Vanheule
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - J Veenkamp
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Vehring
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Voge
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - M Vraeghe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - C Walck
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Wallraff
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - N Wandkowsky
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - C Weaver
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - C Wendt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Westerhoff
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B J Whelan
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - N Whitehorn
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - C Wichary
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Wiebe
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C H Wiebusch
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Wille
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D R Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - H Wissing
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Wolf
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T R Wood
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E1
| | - K Woschnagg
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D L Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - X W Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - Y Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | | | - G Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - S Yoshida
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - P Zarzhitsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - M Zoll
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Aartsen MG, Abraham K, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Altmann D, Anderson T, Archinger M, Arguelles C, Arlen TC, Auffenberg J, Bai X, Barwick SW, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Tjus JB, Becker KH, Beiser E, BenZvi S, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Bissok M, Blaufuss E, Blumenthal J, Boersma DJ, Bohm C, Börner M, Bos F, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Braun J, Brayeur L, Bretz HP, Brown AM, Buzinsky N, Casey J, Casier M, Cheung E, Chirkin D, Christov A, Christy B, Clark K, Classen L, Coenders S, Cowen DF, Silva AHC, Daughhetee J, Davis JC, Day M, André JPAMD, Clercq CD, Dembinski H, Ridder SD, Desiati P, Vries KDD, Wasseige GD, With MD, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dumm JP, Dunkman M, Eagan R, Eberhardt B, Ehrhardt T, Eichmann B, Euler S, Evenson PA, Fadiran O, Fahey S, Fazely AR, Fedynitch A, Feintzeig J, Felde J, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer-Wasels T, Flis S, Fuchs T, Gaisser TK, Gaior R, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Ghorbani K, Gier D, Gladstone L, Glagla M, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Gonzalez JG, Goodman JA, Góra D, Grant D, Gretskov P, Groh JC, Gross A, Ha C, Haack C, Ismail AH, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hansmann B, Hanson K, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hellwig D, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Holzapfel K, Homeier A, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Huelsnitz W, Hulth PO, Hultqvist K, In S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Japaridze GS, Jero K, Jurkovic M, Kaminsky B, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Kauer M, Keivani A, Kelley JL, Kemp J, Kheirandish A, Kiryluk J, Kläs J, Klein SR, Kohnen G, Kolanoski H, Konietz R, Koob A, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Krings K, Kroll G, Kroll M, Kunnen J, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Lanfranchi JL, Larson MJ, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Leuner J, Lünemann J, Madsen J, Maggi G, Mahn KBM, Maruyama R, Mase K, Matis HS, Maunu R, McNally F, Meagher K, Medici M, Meli A, Menne T, Merino G, Meures T, Miarecki S, Middell E, Middlemas E, Miller J, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Morse R, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Niederhausen H, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke A, Olivas A, Omairat A, O’Murchadha A, Palczewski T, Paul L, Pepper JA, Heros CPDL, Pfendner C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Posselt J, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Pütz J, Quinnan M, Rädel L, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Redl P, Reimann R, Relich M, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Richter S, Riedel B, Robertson S, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ruzybayev B, Ryckbosch D, Saba SM, Sabbatini L, Sander HG, Sandrock A, Sandroos J, Sarkar S, Schatto K, Scheriau F, Schimp M, Schmidt T, Schmitz M, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schönwald A, Schukraft A, Schulte L, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Shanidze R, Smith MWE, Soldin D, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stahlberg M, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stanisha NA, Stasik A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stössl A, Strahler EA, Ström R, Strotjohann NL, Sullivan GW, Sutherland M, Taavola H, Taboada I, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tešić G, Tilav S, Toale PA, Tobin MN, Tosi D, Tselengidou M, Unger E, Usner M, Vallecorsa S, Vandenbroucke J, Eijndhoven NV, Vanheule S, Santen JV, Veenkamp J, Vehring M, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallace A, Wallraff M, Wandkowsky N, Weaver C, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whelan BJ, Whitehorn N, Wichary C, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Wille L, Williams DR, Wissing H, Wolf M, Wood TR, Woschnagg K, Xu DL, Xu XW, Xu Y, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zarzhitsky P, Zoll M. A COMBINED MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD ANALYSIS OF THE HIGH-ENERGY ASTROPHYSICAL NEUTRINO FLUX MEASURED WITH ICECUBE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/809/1/98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Clark CJ, Pletsch HJ, Wu J, Guillemot L, Ackermann M, Allen B, Angelis AD, Aulbert C, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bellazzini R, Bissaldi E, Bock O, Bonino R, Bottacini E, Brandt TJ, Bregeon J, Bruel P, Buson S, Caliandro GA, Cameron RA, Caragiulo M, Caraveo PA, Cecchi C, Champion DJ, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Chiang J, Chiaro G, Ciprini S, Claus R, Cohen-Tanugi J, Cuéllar A, Cutini S, D’Ammando F, Desiante R, Drell PS, Eggenstein HB, Favuzzi C, Fehrmann H, Ferrara EC, Focke WB, Franckowiak A, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Glanzman T, Godfrey G, Grenier IA, Grove JE, Guiriec S, Harding AK, Hays E, Hewitt JW, Hill AB, Horan D, Hou X, Jogler T, Johnson AS, Jóhannesson G, Kramer M, Krauss F, Kuss M, Laffon H, Larsson S, Latronico L, Li J, Li L, Longo F, Loparco F, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Machenschalk B, Manfreda A, Marelli M, Mayer M, Mazziotta MN, Michelson PF, Mizuno T, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Murgia S, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Orienti M, Orlando E, Palma FD, Paneque D, Pesce-Rollins M, Piron F, Pivato G, Rainò S, Rando R, Razzano M, Reimer A, Parkinson PMS, Schaal M, Schulz A, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Spada F, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Suson DJ, Takahashi H, Thayer JB, Tibaldo L, Torne P, Torres DF, Tosti G, Troja E, Vianello G, Wood KS, Wood M, Yassine M. PSR J1906+0722: AN ELUSIVE GAMMA-RAY PULSAR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/809/1/l2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Aartsen M, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar J, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Altmann D, Anderson T, Archinger M, Arguelles C, Arlen T, Auffenberg J, Bai X, Barwick S, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty J, Becker Tjus J, Becker KH, Beiser E, BenZvi S, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Besson D, Binder G, Bindig D, Bissok M, Blaufuss E, Blumenthal J, Boersma D, Bohm C, Börner M, Bos F, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Braun J, Brayeur L, Bretz HP, Brown A, Buzinsky N, Casey J, Casier M, Cheung E, Chirkin D, Christov A, Christy B, Clark K, Classen L, Coenders S, Cowen D, Cruz Silva A, Daughhetee J, Davis J, Day M, de André J, De Clercq C, Dembinski H, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries K, de Wasseige G, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez J, Dumm J, Dunkman M, Eagan R, Eberhardt B, Ehrhardt T, Eichmann B, Euler S, Evenson P, Fadiran O, Fahey S, Fazely A, Fedynitch A, Feintzeig J, Felde J, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer-Wasels T, Flis S, Fuchs T, Glagla M, Gaisser T, Gaior R, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Ghorbani K, Gier D, Gladstone L, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Gonzalez J, Goodman J, Góra D, Grant D, Gretskov P, Groh J, Groß A, Ha C, Haack C, Haj Ismail A, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hansmann B, Hanson K, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hellwig D, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill G, Hoffman K, Hoffmann R, Homeier A, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Huelsnitz W, Hulth P, Hultqvist K, In S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Japaridze G, Jero K, Jurkovic M, Kaminsky B, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Kauer M, Keivani A, Kelley J, Kemp J, Kheirandish A, Kiryluk J, Kläs J, Klein S, Kohnen G, Kolanoski H, Konietz R, Koob A, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen D, Kowalski M, Krings K, Kroll G, Kroll M, Kunnen J, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Lanfranchi J, Larson M, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Leuner J, Lünemann J, Madsen J, Maggi G, Mahn K, Maruyama R, Mase K, Matis H, Maunu R, McNally F, Meagher K, Medici M, Meli A, Menne T, Merino G, Meures T, Miarecki S, Middell E, Middlemas E, Miller J, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Morse R, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Niederhausen H, Nowicki S, Nygren D, Obertacke A, Olivas A, Omairat A, O’Murchadha A, Palczewski T, Paul L, Pepper J, Pérez de los Heros C, Pfendner C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Posselt J, Price P, Przybylski G, Pütz J, Quinnan M, Rädel L, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Redl P, Reimann R, Relich M, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Richter S, Riedel B, Robertson S, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ruzybayev B, Ryckbosch D, Saba S, Sabbatini L, Sander HG, Sandrock A, Sandroos J, Sarkar S, Schatto K, Scheriau F, Schimp M, Schmidt T, Schmitz M, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schönwald A, Schukraft A, Schulte L, Schulz O, Seckel D, Sestayo Y, Seunarine S, Shanidze R, Smith M, Soldin D, Spiczak G, Spiering C, Stahlberg M, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stanisha N, Stasik A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad R, Stößl A, Strahler E, Ström R, Strotjohann N, Sullivan G, Sutherland M, Taavola H, Taboada I, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tešić G, Tilav S, Toale P, Tobin M, Tosi D, Tselengidou M, Unger E, Usner M, Vallecorsa S, van Eijndhoven N, Vandenbroucke J, van Santen J, Vanheule S, Vehring M, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallraff M, Wandkowsky N, Weaver C, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whelan B, Whitehorn N, Wichary C, Wiebe K, Wiebusch C, Wille L, Williams D, Wissing H, Wolf M, Wood T, Woschnagg K, Xu D, Xu X, Xu Y, Yanez J, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zarzhitsky P, Zoll M. Measurement of the AtmosphericνeSpectrum with IceCube. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.91.122004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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