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Fuchs T, Jupke A. Impact of Salt Selection on Ion‐Exchange Chromatography of Model Proteins. CHEM-ING-TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202255137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Fuchs
- RWTH Aachen University Fluid Process Engineering (AVT. FVT) Forckenbeckstr. 51 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - A. Jupke
- RWTH Aachen University Fluid Process Engineering (AVT. FVT) Forckenbeckstr. 51 52074 Aachen Germany
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Franz D, Raschke M, Giannoudis PV, Leliveld M, Metsemakers WJ, Verhofstad MHJ, Craig JA, Shore J, Smith A, Muehlendyck C, Kerstan M, Fuchs T. Use of antibiotic coated intramedullary nails in open tibia fractures: A European medical resource use and cost-effectiveness analysis. Injury 2021; 52:1951-1958. [PMID: 34001375 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2021.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In patients with open tibial fractures, bone and wound infections are associated with an increased hospital length of stay and higher costs. The infection risk increases with the use of implants. Innovations to reduce this risk include antibiotic-coated implants. This study models whether the use of a gentamicin-coated intramedullary tibial nail is cost-effective for trauma centers managing patients with a high risk of infection. EFFICACY Absolute infection risk and relative risk reduction, by fracture grade, for antibiotic-coated nails compared to standard nails for patients with open tibial fractures were estimated based on the results of a meta-analysis, which assessed the additional benefit of locally-administered prophylactic antibiotics in open tibia fractures treated with implants. The observed efficacy of antibiotic-coated nails in reducing infections was applied in an economic model. METHODS The model compared infection rates, inpatient days, theatre usage and costs in high risk patients, with a Gustilo-Anderson (GA) grade III open fracture, for two patient cohorts from a trauma center perspective, with a 1-year time horizon. In one cohort all GAIII patients received a gentamicin-coated nail whilst GAI and GAII patients received a standard nail. All patients in the comparator cohort received a standard nail. Four European trauma centers provided patient-level data (n=193) on inpatient days, procedures and related costs for patients with and without infections. RESULTS Using the gentamicin-coated nail in patients at high risk of infection (GAIII) was associated with 75% lower rate of infection and cost savings (€477 - €3.263) for all included centers; the higher cost of the implant was offset by savings from fewer infections, inpatient days (-26%) and re-operations (-10%). This result was confirmed by extensive sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS Analyses demonstrated that infection rates and total costs for in-hospital treatment could be potentially reduced by 75% and up to 15% respectively, by using a gentamicin-coated nail in patients at high risk of infection. Fewer infections, reduced inpatient days and re-operations may be potentially associated with use of antibiotic-coated implants. Results are sensitive to the underlying infection risk, with greatest efficacy and cost-savings when the coated implant is used in high risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Franz
- Franz und Wenke, Beratung im Gesundheitswesen GbR, Technologiehof Mendelstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - M Raschke
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Germany.
| | - P V Giannoudis
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital of Leeds, England.
| | - M Leliveld
- Trauma Research Unit, Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - W J Metsemakers
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium.
| | - M H J Verhofstad
- Trauma Research Unit, Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - J A Craig
- York Health Economics Consortium, University of York, York, UK, YO10 5NQ.
| | - J Shore
- York Health Economics Consortium, University of York, York, UK, YO10 5NQ.
| | - A Smith
- Health Economics Consortium, University of York, York, UK, YO10 5NQ.
| | - C Muehlendyck
- J&J, Hummelsbutteler Steindamm 71, 22851 Norderstedt, Germany.
| | - M Kerstan
- J&J, Synthes GmbH, Luzernstrasse 21, 4528 Zuchwil, Switzerland.
| | - T Fuchs
- Vivantes Klinikum im Friedrichshain, Zentrum für Muskuloskelettale Medizin, Klinik für Orthopädie, Unfall-, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie Standort Landsberger Allee 49, 10249 Berlin, Germany.
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Maris I, Dölle‐Bierke S, Renaudin J, Lange L, Koehli A, Spindler T, Hourihane J, Scherer K, Nemat K, Kemen C, Neustädter I, Vogelberg C, Reese T, Yildiz I, Szepfalusi Z, Ott H, Straube H, Papadopoulos NG, Hämmerling S, Staden U, Polz M, Mustakov T, Cichocka‐Jarosz E, Cocco R, Fiocchi AG, Fernandez‐Rivas M, Worm M, Grünhagen J, Wittenberg M, Beyer K, Henschel A, Küper S, Möser A, Fuchs T, Ruëff F, Wedi B, Hansen G, Buck T, Büsselberg J, Drägerdt R, Pfeffer L, Dickel H, Körner‐Rettberg C, Merk H, Lehmann S, Bauer A, Nordwig A, Zeil S, Hannapp C, Wagner N, Rietschel E, Hunzelmann N, Huseynow I, Treudler R, Aurich S, Prenzel F, Klimek L, Pfaar O, Reider N, Aberer W, Varga E, Bogatu B, Schmid‐Grendelmeier P, Guggenheim R, Riffelmann F, Kreft B, Kinaciyan K, Hartl L, Ebner C, Horak F, Brehler R, Witte J, Buss M, Hompes S, Bieber T, Gernert S, Bücheler M, Rabe U, Brosi W, Nestoris S, Hawranek T, Lang R, Bruns R, Pföhler C, Eng P, Schweitzer‐Krantz S, Meller S, Rebmann H, Fischer J, Stichtenoth G, Thies S, Gerstlauer M, Utz P, Neustädter I, Klinge J, Volkmuth S, Plank‐Habibi S, Schilling B, Kleinheinz A, Brückner A, Schäkel K, Manolaraki I, Kowalski M, Solarewicz‐Madajek K, Tscheiller S, Seidenberg J, Cardona V, Garcia B, Bilo M, Cabañes Higuero N, Vega Castro A, Poziomkowska‐Gęsicka I, Büsing S, Virchow C, Christoff G, Jappe U, Müller S, Knöpfel F, Correard A, Rogala B, Montoro A, Brandes A, Muraro A, Zimmermann N, Hernandez D, Minale P, Niederwimmer J, Zahel B, Dahdah L, Arasi S, Reissig A, Eitelberger F, Asero R, Hermann F, Zeidler S, Pistauer S, Geißler M, Ensina L, Plaza Martin A, Meister J, Stieglitz S, Hamelmann E. Peanut-induced anaphylaxis in children and adolescents: Data from the European Anaphylaxis Registry. Allergy 2021; 76:1517-1527. [PMID: 33274436 DOI: 10.1111/all.14683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peanut allergy has a rising prevalence in high-income countries, affecting 0.5%-1.4% of children. This study aimed to better understand peanut anaphylaxis in comparison to anaphylaxis to other food triggers in European children and adolescents. METHODS Data was sourced from the European Anaphylaxis Registry via an online questionnaire, after in-depth review of food-induced anaphylaxis cases in a tertiary paediatric allergy centre. RESULTS 3514 cases of food anaphylaxis were reported between July 2007 - March 2018, 56% in patients younger than 18 years. Peanut anaphylaxis was recorded in 459 children and adolescents (85% of all peanut anaphylaxis cases). Previous reactions (42% vs. 38%; p = .001), asthma comorbidity (47% vs. 35%; p < .001), relevant cofactors (29% vs. 22%; p = .004) and biphasic reactions (10% vs. 4%; p = .001) were more commonly reported in peanut anaphylaxis. Most cases were labelled as severe anaphylaxis (Ring&Messmer grade III 65% vs. 56% and grade IV 1.1% vs. 0.9%; p = .001). Self-administration of intramuscular adrenaline was low (17% vs. 15%), professional adrenaline administration was higher in non-peanut food anaphylaxis (34% vs. 26%; p = .003). Hospitalization was higher for peanut anaphylaxis (67% vs. 54%; p = .004). CONCLUSIONS The European Anaphylaxis Registry data confirmed peanut as one of the major causes of severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reactions in European children, with some characteristic features e.g., presence of asthma comorbidity and increased rate of biphasic reactions. Usage of intramuscular adrenaline as first-line treatment is low and needs to be improved. The Registry, designed as the largest database on anaphylaxis, allows continuous assessment of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Maris
- Bon Secours Hospital Cork/Paediatrics and Child HealthUniversity College Cork Cork Ireland
| | - Sabine Dölle‐Bierke
- Division of Allergy and Immunology Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
| | | | - Lars Lange
- Department of Paediatrics St. Marien‐Hospital Bonn Germany
| | - Alice Koehli
- Division of Allergology University Children’s Hospital Zurich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Thomas Spindler
- Department of Paediatrics Medical Campus Hochgebirgsklinik Davos Davos Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Hourihane
- Paediatrics and Child Health Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland
- Children’s Health Ireland Dublin Ireland
| | | | - Katja Nemat
- Practice for paediatric pneumology and allergology Kinderzentrum Dresden‐Friedrichstadt Dresden Germany
| | - C. Kemen
- Department of Paediatrics Children’s Hospital WILHELMSTIFT Hamburg Germany
| | - Irena Neustädter
- Department of Paediatrics Hallerwiese Cnopfsche Kinderklinik Nuremberg Germany
| | - Christian Vogelberg
- Department of Paediatrics Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav CarusTechnical University Dresden Germany
| | - Thomas Reese
- Department of Paediatrics Mathias‐Spital Rheine Rheine Germany
| | - Ismail Yildiz
- Department of Paediatrics Friedrich‐Ebert‐Krankenhaus Neumuenster Germany
| | - Zsolt Szepfalusi
- Division of Paediatric Pulmonology, Allergology and Endocrinology Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Competence Center Paediatrics Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Hagen Ott
- Division of Paediatric Dermatology and Allergology Epidermolysis bullosa‐Centre HannoverChildren’s Hospital AUF DER BULT Hanover Germany
| | - Helen Straube
- Division of Allergology Darmstädter Kinderkliniken Prinzessin Margaret Darmstadt Germany
| | - Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos
- Allergy Department 2nd Paediatric Clinic National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece
- Division of Infection Immunity& Respiratory Medicine University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Susanne Hämmerling
- Division of Paediatric Pulmonology and Allergology University Children`s Hospital Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Ute Staden
- Paediatric Pneumology & Allergology Medical practice Klettke/Staden Berlin Germany
| | - Michael Polz
- Department of Paediatrics GPR Klinikum Rüsselsheim Germany
| | - Tihomir Mustakov
- Chair of Allergy University Hospital Alexandrovska Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Ewa Cichocka‐Jarosz
- Department of Paediatrics Jagiellonian University Medical College Krakow Poland
| | - Renata Cocco
- Division of Allergy Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology Department of Paediatrics Federal University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | | | | | - Margitta Worm
- Division of Allergy and Immunology Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
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Pfaar O, Klimek L, Worm M, Bergmann KC, Bieber T, Buhl R, Buters J, Darsow U, Keil T, Kleine-Tebbe J, Lau S, Maurer M, Merk H, Mösges R, Saloga J, Staubach P, Stute P, Rabe K, Rabe U, Vogelmeier C, Biedermann T, Jung K, Schlenter W, Ring J, Chaker A, Wehrmann W, Becker S, Mülleneisen N, Nemat K, Czech W, Wrede H, Brehler R, Fuchs T, Tomazic PV, Aberer W, Fink-Wagner A, Horak F, Wöhrl S, Niederberger-Leppin V, Pali-Schöll I, Pohl W, Roller-Wirnsberger R, Spranger O, Valenta R, Akdis M, Akdis C, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Jutel M, Matricardi P, Spertini F, Khaltaev N, Michel JP, Nicod L, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Hamelmann E, Jakob T, Werfel T, Wagenmann M, Taube C, Gerstlauer M, Vogelberg C, Bousquet J, Zuberbier T. [Handling of allergen immunotherapy in the COVID-19 pandemic: An ARIA-EAACI-AeDA-GPA-DGAKI Position Paper (Pocket-Guide)]. Laryngorhinootologie 2020; 99:676-679. [PMID: 32823368 DOI: 10.1055/a-1170-8426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O Pfaar
- Sektion Rhinologie und Allergologie, Klinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg, Philipps-Universität Marburg
| | - L Klimek
- Zentrum für Rhinologie und Allergologie, Wiesbaden
| | - M Worm
- Comprehensive Allergy Centre Charité, Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - K-C Bergmann
- Comprehensive Allergy Centre Charité, Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - T Bieber
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn
| | - R Buhl
- III. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik Hämatologie, Internistische Onkologie und Pneumologie, Universitätsmedizin Mainz
| | - J Buters
- Zentrum Allergie und Umwelt (ZAUM), Technische Universität und Helmholtz-Zentrum München
| | - U Darsow
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie der Technischen Universität München
| | - T Keil
- Institut für klinische Epidemiologie und Biometrie, Julius-Maximilian-Universität, Würzburg
| | | | - S Lau
- Klinik für Pädiatrie m. S. Pneumologie, Immunologie und Intensivmedizin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - M Maurer
- Dermatologische Allergologie, Allergie-Centrum Charité, Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - H Merk
- Abteilung Dermatologie & Allergologie, RWTH Aachen Universität
| | - R Mösges
- Medizinische Fakultät der Universität zu Köln.,CRI - Clinical Research International Ltd., Hamburg.,ClinCompetence Cologne GmbH, Köln
| | - J Saloga
- Hautklinik, Universitätsmedizin, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz
| | - P Staubach
- Hautklinik, Universitätsmedizin, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz
| | - P Stute
- Europäische Vereinigung für Vitalität und Aktives Altern, Leipzig
| | - K Rabe
- Abteilung für Pneumologie, LungenClinic Grosshansdorf
| | - U Rabe
- Klinik für Allergologie, Johanniter-Krankenhaus im Fläming Treuenbrietzen GmbH, Treuenbrietzen
| | - C Vogelmeier
- Klinik für Innere Medizin Schwerpunkt Pneumologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg
| | - T Biedermann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie der Technischen Universität München.,Einheit für Klinische Allergologie (EKA), Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg
| | - K Jung
- Praxis für Dermatologie, Immunologie und Allergologie, Erfurt
| | - W Schlenter
- Ärzteverband Deutscher Allergologen, Dreieich
| | - J Ring
- Haut- und Laserzentrum an der Oper, München.,Academia, München
| | - A Chaker
- HNO-Klinik des Klinikums rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München.,Zentrum Allergie und Umwelt, München (ZAUM); Helmholtz-Zentrum München
| | - W Wehrmann
- Praxis für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Münster
| | - S Becker
- Klinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde, Universität Tübingen
| | | | - K Nemat
- Universitäts AllergieCentrum (UAC), Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden.,Praxis für Kinderpneumologie/Allergologie am Kinderzentrum Dresden (Kid), Dresden
| | - W Czech
- Praxis für Dermatologie, Allergologie, Phlebologie, Villingen-Schwenningen
| | - H Wrede
- HNO- und Allergiezentrum Herford
| | - R Brehler
- Klinik für Allergologie, Berufsdermatologie und Umweltmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Münster
| | - T Fuchs
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen
| | - P-V Tomazic
- Klinische Abteilung für Allgemeine HNO, Medizinische Universität Graz, Österreich
| | - W Aberer
- Universitätsklinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Medizinische Universität Graz, Österreich
| | - A Fink-Wagner
- Global Allergy and Airways Patient Platform GAAPP, Wien, Österreich
| | - F Horak
- Praxis für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenkrankheiten, Wien, Österreich
| | - S Wöhrl
- Floridsdorfer Allergiezentrum, Wien, Österreich
| | - V Niederberger-Leppin
- Universitätsklinik für Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenkrankheiten, Medizinische Universität Wien, Österreich
| | - I Pali-Schöll
- Institut für Komparative Medizin, Interdisziplinäres Messerli Forschungsinstitut, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien und Medizinische Universität Wien, Österreich.,Institut für Pathophysiologie und Allergieforschung, Medizinische Universität Wien, Österreich
| | - W Pohl
- Abteilung für Atmungs- und Lungenkrankheiten, Krankenhaus Hietzing, Wien, Österreich
| | - R Roller-Wirnsberger
- Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin, Medizinische Universität Graz, Österreich
| | - O Spranger
- Global Allergy and Airways Patient Platform GAAPP, Wien, Österreich
| | - R Valenta
- Institut für Pathophysiologie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Österreich
| | - M Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Schweiz
| | - C Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Schweiz
| | - K Hoffmann-Sommergruber
- Institut für Pathophysiologie und Allergieforschung, Medizinische Universität Wien, Österreich
| | - M Jutel
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medizinische Universität Breslau, Polen
| | | | - F Spertini
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Schweiz
| | | | - J-P Michel
- Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, University of Geneva, Genf, Schweiz
| | - L Nicod
- Clinique Cecil, Hirslanden-Gruppe, Lausanne, Schweiz.,Abteilung Pneumologie, Centre hospitalier universitaire vaudois, Lausanne, Schweiz
| | | | - E Hamelmann
- Kinderzentrum Bethel, Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel, Universitätsmedizin OWL der Universität Bielefeld
| | - T Jakob
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Gießen, UKGM, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
| | - T Werfel
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Allergologie und Venerologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover
| | | | - C Taube
- Klinik für Pneumologie, Ruhrlandklinik, Universitätsmedizin Essen
| | - M Gerstlauer
- Abteilung für Kinderpneumologie und Allergologie, Medizinische Universität Augsburg
| | - C Vogelberg
- Universitäts AllergieCentrum (UAC), Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden.,Fachbereich Kinderpneumologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden
| | - J Bousquet
- MACVIA-France, Fondation partenariale FMC VIA-LR, Montpellier, Frankreich.,INSERM U 1168, VIMA: Ageing and Chronic Diseases Epidemiological and Public Health Approaches, Villejuif.,Université Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, UMR-S 1168, Montigny le Bretonneux, Frankreich.,Euforea, Brussels, Belgien.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.,Berlin Institute of Health, Comprehensive Allergy Center, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Berlin
| | - T Zuberbier
- Comprehensive Allergy Centre Charité, Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin
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5
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Dickel H, Kuhlmann L, Bauer A, Bircher AJ, Breuer K, Fuchs T, Grabbe J, Mahler V, Pföhler C, Przybilla B, Rieker-Schwienbacher J, Schröder-Kraft C, Simon D, Treudler R, Weisshaar E, Worm M, Trinder E, Geier J. Atopy patch testing with aeroallergens in a large clinical population of dermatitis patients in Germany and Switzerland, 2000-2015: a retrospective multicentre study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:2086-2095. [PMID: 32003071 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnostic significance of the atopy patch test for the management of dermatitis possibly triggered by aeroallergens is still controversial. However, sufficiently large studies with routinely tested standardized aeroallergen patch test preparations in dermatitis patients are lacking. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the reaction frequency and the reaction profiles of 10 until mid-2015 commercially available, standardized aeroallergen patch test preparations of the 'Stallerpatch' test series (Stallergenes, Antony Cedex, France) in a large multicentre patient cohort. METHODS A retrospective data analysis of patients with suspected aeroallergen-dependent eczematous skin lesions was performed, who were patch tested in 15 Information Network of Departments of Dermatology-associated clinics between 2000 and 2015. Patients were stratified according to their atopic dermatitis (AD) status. RESULTS The study group included 3676 patients (median age 41 years, 34.8% males, 54.5% AD). The most common aeroallergens causing positive patch test reactions were Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (19.6%), Dermatophagoides farinae (16.9%), birch (6.2%), timothy grass (6.0%), cat dander (5.4%), mugwort (4.9%) and dog dander (4.6%). Reactions to other pollen allergen preparations, that is 5 grasses (3.2%), cocksfoot (2.1%) and plantain (1.6%), were less common. Positive patch test reactions to aeroallergens were consistently more frequent in patients with AD. These patients showed proportionally less dubious, follicular, irritant and weak positive reactions. Independent of AD status, a patient history of past or present allergic rhinitis was associated with an increased chance of a positive aeroallergen patch test reaction to pollen allergens. CONCLUSION The aeroallergen patch test is a useful add-on tool in clinical routine, especially in patients with AD and/or respiratory allergy. A patch test series comprising Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, birch, timothy grass, cat dander and mugwort seems to be suitable. Controlled studies with specific provocation and elimination procedures are required to further evaluate the diagnostic significance of the proposed screening series.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dickel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - L Kuhlmann
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, St. Vincenz Hospital, Vestische Caritas Clinics GmbH, Datteln, Germany
| | - A Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Allergy Centre, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - A J Bircher
- Allergy Unit, Dermatology Clinic, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - K Breuer
- Department of Allergology, Dermatologikum Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Fuchs
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - J Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - V Mahler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Pföhler
- Department of Dermatology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - B Przybilla
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - J Rieker-Schwienbacher
- Centre for Dermatology, Phlebology and Allergology, Hospital Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - C Schröder-Kraft
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), BG Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - D Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - R Treudler
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - E Weisshaar
- Occupational Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Ruprecht Karls University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Worm
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Allergy and Venerology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - E Trinder
- Department of Medicine I, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - J Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Brinkmann A, Röhr AC, Köberer A, Fuchs T, Krüger WA, König C, Richter D, Weigand MA, Frey OR. [Adequate anti-infective treatment : Importance of individual dosing and application]. Anaesthesist 2019; 67:461-476. [PMID: 29766208 DOI: 10.1007/s00101-018-0443-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis-induced changes in pharmacokinetic parameters are a well-known problem in intensive care medicine. Dosing of antibiotics in this setting is therefore challenging. Alterations to the substance-specific kinetics of anti-infective substances have an effect on the distribution and excretion processes in the body. Increased clearance and an increased distribution volume (Vd) and particularly compromized organ function with reduced antibiotic elimination are often encountered in patients with sepsis. Renal replacement treatment, which is frequently used in intensive care medicine, represents a substantial intervention in this system. Current international guidelines recommend individualized dosing strategies and adaptation of doses according to measured serum levels and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters as concepts to optimize anti-infective therapy in the critically ill. Likewise, the recommendation to adjust the administration form of beta-lactam antibiotics to prolonged or continuous infusion can be found increasingly more often in the literature. This article reviews the background of the individual dosing in intensive care patients and their applicability to the clinical routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Brinkmann
- Klinik für Anästhesie, operative Intensivmedizin und spezielle Schmerztherapie, Klinikum Heidenheim, Schlosshaustr. 100, 89522, Heidenheim, Deutschland.
| | - A C Röhr
- Apotheke, Klinikum Heidenheim, Heidenheim, Deutschland
| | - A Köberer
- Klinik für Anästhesie, operative Intensivmedizin und spezielle Schmerztherapie, Klinikum Heidenheim, Schlosshaustr. 100, 89522, Heidenheim, Deutschland
| | - T Fuchs
- Klinik für Anästhesie, operative Intensivmedizin und spezielle Schmerztherapie, Klinikum Heidenheim, Schlosshaustr. 100, 89522, Heidenheim, Deutschland
| | - W A Krüger
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Klinikum Konstanz, Konstanz, Deutschland
| | - C König
- Klinik für Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Deutschland.,Klinikapotheke, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - D Richter
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - M A Weigand
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - O R Frey
- Apotheke, Klinikum Heidenheim, Heidenheim, Deutschland
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7
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Benetos G, Goncalves M, Von Felten E, Rampidis G, Clerc O, Benz D, Gebhard K, Fuchs T, Pazhenkottil A, Kaufmann P, Buechel R, Graeni C. P6157Indexed coronary volume - A potential novel low-dose CCTA derived predictor for cardiovascular events. Eur Heart J 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz746.0763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) provides incremental prognostic information over traditional risk factors in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. However, little is known about the long-term predictive performance of CCTA-derived coronary volumes and mid-diastolic left ventricular (LV) mass.
Purpose
To assess long-term prognostic value of coronary volumes and mid-diastolic LV mass as novel potential imaging predictors derived from low-dose prospectively ECG-triggered CCTA.
Methods
Consecutive patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease, referred for low-dose CCTA, were included. Patients with previous revascularization were excluded. The following parameters were evaluated: calcium score, segment involvement score (SIS: 1 point for each coronary segment with presence of plaque), coronary volume, mid-diastolic LV mass and coronary volume indexed to LV mass. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were defined as all-cause death, non-fatal myocardial infarction and revascularization (PCI or CABG). The association between CCTA measures and the occurrence of events was quantified using cox regression hazard and Kaplan Meier analysis.
Results
A total of 147 consecutive patients were included in the study. Of them, 93 (63.3%) were male and 79 (53.7%) hat one or more traditional cardiovascular risk factors. There was a weak but statistical significant inverse correlation between indexed coronary volume and both calcium score (R=-0.3, p=0.01) and SIS (R=-0.24, p=0.005). After a median follow-up of 5.8 years 30 MACE occurred in 25 patients, including 3 deaths, 26 revascularizations and 1 non-fatal myocardial infarction. In univariate cox regression hazard analysis calcium score (HR=12.69, 95% CI 2.99–53.83, p<0.001), SIS (HR=1.66, 95% CI 1.43–1.94, p<0.001), LV mass (HR=1.02, 95% CI 1.01–1.03, p=0.007) and indexed coronary volume (HR=0.89, 95% 0.82–0.96, p=0.004) were associated with outcome. In multivariate analysis, indexed coronary volume, remained an independent predictor for MACE when adjusted for traditional risk factors and SIS (HR=0.93, 95% CI 0.87–1.00, p=0.05), while LV mass did not reach statistical significance (p=0.46). By ROC curve analysis, a value of 21.85 mm3/gr was defined as optimal cutoff for indexed coronary volume. In Kaplan Meier plots, patients with low indexed coronary volume (<21.85 mm3/gr) showed higher event rates (log rank p<0.001) compared to high indexed coronary volume (≥21.85 mm3/gr).
Conclusions
Indexed coronary volume, derived from low-dose CCTA, independently predicts cardiovascular events. Larger studies are mandated to confirm the predictive value of this potential new biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Benetos
- University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Goncalves
- University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - G Rampidis
- University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - O Clerc
- University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - D Benz
- University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K Gebhard
- University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - T Fuchs
- University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - P Kaufmann
- University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R Buechel
- University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C Graeni
- University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Voss M, Wild B, von Hirschhausen E, Fuchs T, Ong P. [Effect of humor training on stress, cheerfulness and depression in patients with coronary artery disease and refractory angina pectoris]. Herz 2019; 45:80-87. [PMID: 31187195 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-019-4813-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angina pectoris refractory to conventional medical treatment is a common phenomenon in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD). Many of these patients suffer from depression and generate substantial costs in the healthcare system. Therefore, the development of new therapeutic concepts is of particular importance. This study investigated whether professional, structured humor training has a positive effect on the symptoms of patients with treatment refractory angina pectoris. METHODS Between 2013 and 2014 a total of 35 patients with stable CAD were included. Enrolment was possible if patients suffered from treatment refractory angina pectoris (Canadian Cardiovascular Society, CCS grades II-IV) despite optimal antianginal medication and exhaustion of options for myocardial revascularization. Previously, 25.8% of the patients had had a myocardial infarction. In this study, a professional humor coaching was conducted with a duration of 7 weeks. In order to evaluate the effects of the coaching, the following examinations were performed before and after the intervention: exercise stress test (treadmill), hair segment cortisol analysis, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Trier Inventory for the Assessment of Chronic Stress (TICS) and the State-Trait-Cheerfulness Inventory (STCI). RESULTS Out of the 35 initially recruited patients 31 completed the study. The mean age was 65.5 years and 94.5% were female. There was a significant improvement in cheerfulness (STCI, pre 23.3 ± 5.4, post 27.5 ± 5, p = 0,03). This effect was even stronger in a subgroup analysis in which only female patients were included (pre 23.6 ± 5.5, post 27.7 ± 4.6, p = 0.003). The results of the BDI showed a remarkable improvement in the pre-post analysis (pre 14.6 ± 8.1, post 11.0 ± 6.5, p = 0.064). Analyzing only the female patients, this difference became significant (pre 13.1 ± 6.4, post 9.9 ± 4.6 p = 0,037). The hair segment investigations showed that patients who had a higher cortisol level in the beginning (>25. percentile, n = 22) showed a significant reduction of the cortisol concentration (pre 6.54 pg/mg, 3.78-12.12 pg/mg, post 3.65 pg/mg, 2.82-7.68 pg/mg, p = 0.029). CONCLUSION Patients with refractory angina pectoris and stable CAD benefit from a professional humor coaching. This effect was shown in a) a significant decrease in cortisol concentrations in the hair segment analysis, b) an improvement in cheerfulness in the STCI and c) a significant difference in the BDI between pre-post values.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Voss
- Abteilung für Kardiologie, Zentrum für Innere Medizin III, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Auerbachstr. 110, 70376, Stuttgart, Deutschland
| | - B Wild
- , Strohberg 27e, 70180, Stuttgart, Deutschland
| | | | | | - P Ong
- Abteilung für Kardiologie, Zentrum für Innere Medizin III, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Auerbachstr. 110, 70376, Stuttgart, Deutschland.
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9
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Florjański J, Pomorski M, Fuchs T, Tomiałowicz M. Spontaneous resolution of severe non-immune hydrops fetalis with unknown etiology in the 32 nd week of pregnancy: a case report and short review. CLIN EXP OBSTET GYN 2019. [DOI: 10.12891/ceog4434.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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10
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Ude-Koeller S, Fuchs T. 100 Jahre Hautklinik an der Georg-August-Universität in Göttingen: Die Moulagensammlung. Akt Dermatol 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-110985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungMoulagen wurden über viele Jahrzehnte als Lehrmittel verwendet und schienen im dermatologischen Unterricht bis in die 50er-Jahre unverzichtbar. Sie wurden dennoch von der Farbfotografie abgelöst. Mit diesen historischen Aspekten wird ein Bogen geschlagen zu aktuellen Entwicklungen, d. h. zu Perspektiven der interdisziplinären Moulagen-Forschung, zu Problemen bzw. Herausforderungen ihrer öffentlichen Präsentation, zur erneuten Integration der Moulagen in die dermatologische Lehre. Grundlage hierfür ist die seit 1917 unter dem ersten dermatologischen Göttinger Lehrstuhlinhaber Prof. Dr. Rudolf Erhard Riecke (1869 – 1939) in Göttingen angelegte Moulagen-Sammlung. In dem Zusammenhang erfolgten erstmalig biografische Nachforschungen zu dem in der Klinik tätigen Mouleur August Leonhardt. Dabei bestätigte sich die Bedeutung dieser Berufsgruppe als maßgebliche Sammlungsakteure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Ude-Koeller
- Institut für Geschichte und Ethik der Medizin der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
| | - T. Fuchs
- Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Abteilung für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie
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11
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Aartsen MG, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Al Samarai I, Altmann D, Andeen K, Anderson T, Ansseau I, Anton G, Archinger M, Argüelles C, Auffenberg J, Axani S, Bagherpour H, Bai X, Barwick SW, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Becker Tjus J, Becker KH, BenZvi S, Berley D, Bernardini E, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Blaufuss E, Blot S, Bohm C, Börner M, Bos F, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Bradascio F, Braun J, Brayeur L, Bretz HP, Bron S, Burgman A, Carver T, Casier M, Cheung E, Chirkin D, Christov A, Clark K, Classen L, Coenders S, Collin GH, Conrad JM, Cowen DF, Cross R, Day M, de André JPAM, De Clercq C, del Pino Rosendo E, Dembinski H, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de Wasseige G, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, di Lorenzo V, Dujmovic H, Dumm JP, Dunkman M, Eberhardt B, Ehrhardt T, Eichmann B, Eller P, Euler S, Evenson PA, Fahey S, Fazely AR, Feintzeig J, Felde J, Filimonov K, Finley C, Flis S, Fösig CC, Franckowiak A, Friedman E, Fuchs T, Gaisser TK, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Ghorbani K, Giang W, Gladstone L, Glauch T, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Gonzalez JG, Grant D, Griffith Z, Haack C, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hansen E, Hansmann T, Hanson K, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Hultqvist K, In S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Japaridze GS, Jeong M, Jero K, Jones BJP, Kang W, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Katz U, Kauer M, Keivani A, Kelley JL, Kheirandish A, Kim J, Kim M, Kintscher T, Kiryluk J, Kittler T, Klein SR, Kohnen G, Koirala R, Kolanoski H, Konietz R, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Krings K, Kroll M, Krückl G, Krüger C, Kunnen J, Kunwar S, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Kyriacou A, Labare M, Lanfranchi JL, Larson MJ, Lauber F, Lennarz D, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Lu L, Lünemann J, Madsen J, Maggi G, Mahn KBM, Mancina S, Maruyama R, Mase K, Maunu R, McNally F, Meagher K, Medici M, Meier M, Menne T, Merino G, Meures T, Miarecki S, Micallef J, Momenté G, Montaruli T, Moulai M, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Neer G, Niederhausen H, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke Pollmann A, Olivas A, O’Murchadha A, Palczewski T, Pandya H, Pankova DV, Peiffer P, Penek Ö, Pepper JA, Pérez de los Heros C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Quinnan M, Raab C, Rädel L, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Reimann R, Relethford B, Relich M, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Riedel B, Robertson S, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ryckbosch D, Rysewyk D, Sabbatini L, Sanchez Herrera SE, Sandrock A, Sandroos J, Sarkar S, Satalecka K, Schlunder P, Schmidt T, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schumacher L, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Soldin D, Song M, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stachurska J, Stanev T, Stasik A, Stettner J, Steuer A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stößl A, Ström R, Strotjohann NL, Sullivan GW, Sutherland M, Taavola H, Taboada I, Tatar J, Tenholt F, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tešić G, Tilav S, Toale PA, Tobin MN, Toscano S, Tosi D, Tselengidou M, Tung CF, Turcati A, Unger E, Usner M, Vandenbroucke J, van Eijndhoven N, Vanheule S, van Rossem M, van Santen J, Vehring M, Voge M, Vogel E, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallace A, Wallraff M, Wandkowsky N, Waza A, Weaver C, Weiss MJ, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whelan BJ, Wickmann S, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Wille L, Williams DR, Wills L, Wolf M, Wood TR, Woolsey E, Woschnagg K, Xu DL, Xu XW, Xu Y, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zoll M. Measurement of the ν μ energy spectrum with IceCube-79: IceCube Collaboration. Eur Phys J C Part Fields 2017; 77:692. [PMID: 31997925 PMCID: PMC6956919 DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-017-5261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
IceCube is a neutrino observatory deployed in the glacial ice at the geographic South Pole. The ν μ energy unfolding described in this paper is based on data taken with IceCube in its 79-string configuration. A sample of muon neutrino charged-current interactions with a purity of 99.5% was selected by means of a multivariate classification process based on machine learning. The subsequent unfolding was performed using the software Truee. The resulting spectrum covers an E ν -range of more than four orders of magnitude from 125 GeV to 3.2 PeV. Compared to the Honda atmospheric neutrino flux model, the energy spectrum shows an excess of more than 1.9 σ in four adjacent bins for neutrino energies E ν ≥ 177.8 TeV . The obtained spectrum is fully compatible with previous measurements of the atmospheric neutrino flux and recent IceCube measurements of a flux of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. G. Aartsen
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 Australia
| | | | - J. Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J. A. Aguilar
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M. Ahlers
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - M. Ahrens
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I. Al Samarai
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - D. Altmann
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - K. Andeen
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA
| | - T. Anderson
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - I. Ansseau
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G. Anton
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M. Archinger
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C. Argüelles
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - J. Auffenberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S. Axani
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - H. Bagherpour
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - X. Bai
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA
| | - S. W. Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - V. Baum
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - R. Bay
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - J. J. Beatty
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - J. Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - K.-H. Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S. BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - D. Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | | | - D. Z. Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - G. Binder
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - D. Bindig
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - E. Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - S. Blot
- DESY, 15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - C. Bohm
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M. Börner
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - F. Bos
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - D. Bose
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746 Korea
| | - S. Böser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - O. Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - J. Braun
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - L. Brayeur
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - S. Bron
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A. Burgman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T. Carver
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M. Casier
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E. Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - D. Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - A. Christov
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - K. Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7 Canada
| | - L. Classen
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - S. Coenders
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G. H. Collin
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - J. M. Conrad
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - D. F. Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - R. Cross
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - M. Day
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - J. P. A. M. de André
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - C. De Clercq
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E. del Pino Rosendo
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - H. Dembinski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - S. De Ridder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - P. Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - K. D. de Vries
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G. de Wasseige
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M. de With
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T. DeYoung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - J. C. Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - V. di Lorenzo
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - H. Dujmovic
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746 Korea
| | - J. P. Dumm
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M. Dunkman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - B. Eberhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T. Ehrhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - B. Eichmann
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - P. Eller
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - S. Euler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P. A. Evenson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - S. Fahey
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - A. R. Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USA
| | - J. Feintzeig
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - J. Felde
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - K. Filimonov
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - C. Finley
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S. Flis
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C.-C. Fösig
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - E. Friedman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - T. Fuchs
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T. K. Gaisser
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - J. Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - L. Gerhardt
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - K. Ghorbani
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - W. Giang
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - L. Gladstone
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - T. Glauch
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - T. Glüsenkamp
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A. Goldschmidt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - J. G. Gonzalez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - D. Grant
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Z. Griffith
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - C. Haack
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A. Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - F. Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - E. Hansen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T. Hansmann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K. Hanson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - D. Hebecker
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - D. Heereman
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K. Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - R. Hellauer
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - S. Hickford
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J. Hignight
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - G. C. Hill
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 Australia
| | - K. D. Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - R. Hoffmann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - K. Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - F. Huang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - M. Huber
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - K. Hultqvist
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S. In
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746 Korea
| | - A. Ishihara
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | | | | | - M. Jeong
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746 Korea
| | - K. Jero
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - B. J. P. Jones
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - W. Kang
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746 Korea
| | - A. Kappes
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - T. Karg
- DESY, 15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - A. Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - U. Katz
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M. Kauer
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - A. Keivani
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - J. L. Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - A. Kheirandish
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - J. Kim
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746 Korea
| | - M. Kim
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746 Korea
| | | | - J. Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800 USA
| | - T. Kittler
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S. R. Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - G. Kohnen
- Université de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - R. Koirala
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - H. Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - R. Konietz
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L. Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C. Kopper
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - S. Kopper
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D. J. Koskinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M. Kowalski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- DESY, 15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - K. Krings
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M. Kroll
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - G. Krückl
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C. Krüger
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - J. Kunnen
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - N. Kurahashi
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - T. Kuwabara
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | - A. Kyriacou
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 Australia
| | - M. Labare
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - J. L. Lanfranchi
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - M. J. Larson
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - F. Lauber
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D. Lennarz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - M. Lesiak-Bzdak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800 USA
| | - M. Leuermann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L. Lu
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | - J. Lünemann
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J. Madsen
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI 54022 USA
| | - G. Maggi
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K. B. M. Mahn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - S. Mancina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - R. Maruyama
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
| | - K. Mase
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | - R. Maunu
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - F. McNally
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - K. Meagher
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M. Medici
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M. Meier
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T. Menne
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - G. Merino
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - T. Meures
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S. Miarecki
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - J. Micallef
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - G. Momenté
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T. Montaruli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M. Moulai
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | | | - U. Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G. Neer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - H. Niederhausen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800 USA
| | - S. C. Nowicki
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - D. R. Nygren
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | | | - A. Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - A. O’Murchadha
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - T. Palczewski
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - H. Pandya
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - D. V. Pankova
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - P. Peiffer
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ö. Penek
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J. A. Pepper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - C. Pérez de los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - D. Pieloth
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - E. Pinat
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P. B. Price
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | | | - M. Quinnan
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - C. Raab
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - L. Rädel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M. Rameez
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K. Rawlins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508 USA
| | - R. Reimann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - B. Relethford
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - M. Relich
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | - E. Resconi
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - W. Rhode
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M. Richman
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - B. Riedel
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - S. Robertson
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 Australia
| | - M. Rongen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - C. Rott
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746 Korea
| | - T. Ruhe
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - D. Ryckbosch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - D. Rysewyk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - L. Sabbatini
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | | | - A. Sandrock
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - J. Sandroos
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - S. Sarkar
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3NP UK
| | | | - P. Schlunder
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T. Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - S. Schoenen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S. Schöneberg
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - L. Schumacher
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D. Seckel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - S. Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI 54022 USA
| | - D. Soldin
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M. Song
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - G. M. Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI 54022 USA
| | | | | | - T. Stanev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | | | - J. Stettner
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A. Steuer
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T. Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - R. G. Stokstad
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - A. Stößl
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | - R. Ström
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - G. W. Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - M. Sutherland
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - H. Taavola
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I. Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - J. Tatar
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - F. Tenholt
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - S. Ter-Antonyan
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USA
| | | | - G. Tešić
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - S. Tilav
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - P. A. Toale
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - M. N. Tobin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - S. Toscano
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D. Tosi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - M. Tselengidou
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C. F. Tung
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - A. Turcati
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - E. Unger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - J. Vandenbroucke
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - N. van Eijndhoven
- Dienst ELEM, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S. Vanheule
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - M. van Rossem
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | | | - M. Vehring
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M. Voge
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - E. Vogel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M. Vraeghe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - C. Walck
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A. Wallace
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 Australia
| | - M. Wallraff
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - N. Wandkowsky
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - A. Waza
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ch. Weaver
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - M. J. Weiss
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - C. Wendt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - S. Westerhoff
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - B. J. Whelan
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005 Australia
| | - S. Wickmann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K. Wiebe
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C. H. Wiebusch
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L. Wille
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - D. R. Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - L. Wills
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - M. Wolf
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T. R. Wood
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - E. Woolsey
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - K. Woschnagg
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - D. L. Xu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - X. W. Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USA
| | - Y. Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800 USA
| | - J. P. Yanez
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - G. Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - S. Yoshida
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | - M. Zoll
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Albert A, André M, Anghinolfi M, Anton G, Ardid M, Aubert JJ, Avgitas T, Baret B, Barrios-Martí J, Basa S, Bertin V, Biagi S, Bormuth R, Bourret S, Bouwhuis M, Bruijn R, Brunner J, Busto J, Capone A, Caramete L, Carr J, Celli S, Chiarusi T, Circella M, Coelho J, Coleiro A, Coniglione R, Costantini H, Coyle P, Creusot A, Deschamps A, De Bonis G, Distefano C, Di Palma I, Donzaud C, Dornic D, Drouhin D, Eberl T, El Bojaddaini I, Elsässer D, Enzenhöfer A, Felis I, Fusco L, Galatà S, Gay P, Giordano V, Glotin H, Grégoire T, Gracia Ruiz R, Graf K, Hallmann S, van Haren H, Heijboer A, Hello Y, Hernández-Rey J, Hößl J, Hofestädt J, Hugon C, Illuminati G, James C, de Jong M, Jongen M, Kadler M, Kalekin O, Katz U, Kießling D, Kouchner A, Kreter M, Kreykenbohm I, Kulikovskiy V, Lachaud C, Lahmann R, Lefèvre D, Leonora E, Lotze M, Loucatos S, Marcelin M, Margiotta A, Marinelli A, Martínez-Mora J, Mathieu A, Mele R, Melis K, Michael T, Migliozzi P, Moussa A, Nezri E, Păvălaş G, Pellegrino C, Perrina C, Piattelli P, Popa V, Pradier T, Quinn L, Racca C, Riccobene G, Sánchez-Losa A, Saldaña M, Salvadori I, Samtleben D, McIver J, McManus D, McRae T, McWilliams S, Meacher D, Meadors G, Meidam J, Melatos A, Mendell G, Mendoza-Gandara D, Sanguineti M, Mercer R, Merilh E, Merzougui M, Meshkov S, Messenger C, Messick C, Metzdorff R, Meyers P, Mezzani F, Miao H, Sapienza P, Michel C, Middleton H, Mikhailov E, Milano L, Miller A, Miller A, Miller B, Miller J, Millhouse M, Minenkov Y, Schüssler F, Ming J, Mirshekari S, Mishra C, Mitra S, Mitrofanov V, Mitselmakher G, Mittleman R, Moggi A, Mohan M, Mohapatra S, Sieger C, Montani M, Moore B, Moore C, Moraru D, Moreno G, Morriss S, Mours B, Mow-Lowry C, Mueller G, Muir A, Spurio M, Mukherjee A, Mukherjee D, Mukherjee S, Mukund N, Mullavey A, Munch J, Muniz E, Murray P, Mytidis A, Napier K, Stolarczyk T, Nardecchia I, Naticchioni L, Nelemans G, Nelson T, Neri M, Nery M, Neunzert A, Newport J, Newton G, Nguyen T, Taiuti M, Nielsen A, 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Search for high-energy neutrinos from gravitational wave event GW151226 and candidate LVT151012 with ANTARES and IceCube. Int J Clin Exp Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.96.022005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Fuchs T, Jefferson SJ, Hooper A, Yee PHP, Maguire J, Luscher B. Disinhibition of somatostatin-positive interneurons by deletion of postsynaptic GABA A receptors. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:787. [PMID: 28529315 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Fuchs
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, USA
| | - S J Jefferson
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, USA
| | - A Hooper
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P-H P Yee
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, USA
| | - J Maguire
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B Luscher
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, USA.,Center for Molecular Investigation of Neurological Disorders (CMIND), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA, USA
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Abstract
At the beginning of modern psychopathology the notion of the will had a high significance. Thus, the works of Eugen Bleuler, Emil Krapelin and Karl Jaspers show an intensive study of disorders of the will, such as abulia, ambivalence or disorders of impulse control. Retrospectively, changes of the scientific paradigms in psychology could be one of the reasons for a break, which led to giving up the concept of the will in psychopathology. With increasing interest in issues of agency and free will, however, a reactivation of this central concept could close a gap in psychopathology as well as in therapeutic practice. Methodologically, a psychopathology of the will may be founded on a differential typological phenomenology. To this purpose, the article first proposes a classification along the structural components of conation, suspension and volition, then gives a temporal analysis of the predecisional, the decisional and the postdecisional phases. The aim of the article is to help identify different disorders of the will, thus also furthering a psychotherapy of will, which can be connected with both cognitive behavioral and psychodynamic approaches.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
- Decision Making
- Depressive Disorder/diagnosis
- Depressive Disorder/psychology
- Depressive Disorder/therapy
- Depressive Disorder, Major/diagnosis
- Depressive Disorder, Major/psychology
- Depressive Disorder, Major/therapy
- Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/diagnosis
- Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/psychology
- Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/therapy
- Female
- Humans
- Inhibition, Psychological
- Intention
- Motivation
- Psychopathology
- Psychotherapy
- Psychotherapy, Psychodynamic
- Volition
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fuchs
- Klinik für Allgemeine Psychiatrie, Zentrum für Psychosoziale Medizin, Universität Heidelberg, Voßstr. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
| | - D Broschmann
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Asklepios Fachklinikum Tiefenbrunn, Rosdorf bei Göttingen, Deutschland
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Abstract
Since its development around 1800 psychiatry has been oscillating between the poles of the sciences and the humanities, being directed towards subjective experience on the one hand and towards the neural substrate on the other hand. Today, this dualism seems to have been overcome by a naturalism, which identifies subjective experience with neural processes, according to Griesinger's frequently quoted statement "mental diseases are brain diseases". The progress achieved by the neurobiological paradigm on the level of a fundamental science is in contrast to the tendency to isolate mental illnesses from the patients' social relationships and to neglect subjectivity and intersubjectivity in their explanation. What should be searched for is therefore an overarching paradigm that is able to establish psychiatry as a relational medicine in an encompassing sense: as a science and practice of biological, psychological and social relationships and their disorders. Within such a paradigm, the brain may be understood and investigated as the central "relational organ" without reductionist constrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fuchs
- Klinik für Allgemeine Psychiatrie, Zentrum für Psychosoziale Medizin, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
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Aartsen MG, Abraham K, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Altmann D, Andeen K, Anderson T, Ansseau I, Anton G, Archinger M, Argüelles C, Auffenberg J, Axani S, Bai X, Barwick SW, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Becker Tjus J, Becker KH, BenZvi S, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Bissok M, Blaufuss E, Blot S, Bohm C, Börner M, Bos F, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Braun J, Brayeur L, Bretz HP, Burgman A, Carver T, Casier M, Cheung E, Chirkin D, Christov A, Clark K, Classen L, Coenders S, Collin GH, Conrad JM, Cowen DF, Cross R, Day M, de André JPAM, De Clercq C, Del Pino Rosendo E, Dembinski H, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de Wasseige G, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, di Lorenzo V, Dujmovic H, Dumm JP, Dunkman M, Eberhardt B, Ehrhardt T, Eichmann B, Eller P, Euler S, Evenson PA, Fahey S, Fazely AR, Feintzeig J, Felde J, Filimonov K, Finley C, Flis S, Fösig CC, Franckowiak A, Friedman E, Fuchs T, Gaisser TK, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Ghorbani K, Giang W, Gladstone L, Glagla M, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Gonzalez JG, Grant D, Griffith Z, Haack C, Haj Ismail A, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hansen E, Hansmann B, Hansmann T, Hanson K, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Holzapfel K, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Hultqvist K, In S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Japaridze GS, Jeong M, Jero K, Jones BJP, Jurkovic M, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Katz U, Kauer M, Keivani A, Kelley JL, Kemp J, Kheirandish A, Kim M, Kintscher T, Kiryluk J, Kittler T, Klein SR, Kohnen G, Koirala R, Kolanoski H, Konietz R, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Krings K, Kroll M, Krückl G, Krüger C, Kunnen J, Kunwar S, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Lanfranchi JL, Larson MJ, Lauber F, Lennarz D, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Leuner J, Lu L, Lünemann J, Madsen J, Maggi G, Mahn KBM, Mancina S, Mandelartz M, Maruyama R, Mase K, Maunu R, McNally F, Meagher K, Medici M, Meier M, Meli A, Menne T, Merino G, Meures T, Miarecki S, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Moulai M, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Neer G, Niederhausen H, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke Pollmann A, Olivas A, O'Murchadha A, Palczewski T, Pandya H, Pankova DV, Penek Ö, Pepper JA, Pérez de Los Heros C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Quinnan M, Raab C, Rädel L, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Reimann R, Relethford B, Relich M, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Riedel B, Robertson S, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ryckbosch D, Rysewyk D, Sabbatini L, Sanchez Herrera SE, Sandrock A, Sandroos J, Sarkar S, Satalecka K, Schimp M, Schlunder P, Schmidt T, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schumacher L, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Soldin D, Song M, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stahlberg M, Stanev T, Stasik A, Steuer A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stößl A, Ström R, Strotjohann NL, Sullivan GW, Sutherland M, Taavola H, Taboada I, Tatar J, Tenholt F, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tešić G, Tilav S, Toale PA, Tobin MN, Toscano S, Tosi D, Tselengidou M, Turcati A, Unger E, Usner M, Vandenbroucke J, van Eijndhoven N, Vanheule S, van Rossem M, van Santen J, Veenkamp J, Vehring M, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallace A, Wallraff M, Wandkowsky N, Weaver C, Weiss MJ, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whelan BJ, Wickmann S, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Wille L, Williams DR, Wills L, Wolf M, Wood TR, Woolsey E, Woschnagg K, Xu DL, Xu XW, Xu Y, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zoll M. Constraints on Ultrahigh-Energy Cosmic-Ray Sources from a Search for Neutrinos above 10 PeV with IceCube. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:241101. [PMID: 28009216 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.241101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report constraints on the sources of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) above 10^{9} GeV, based on an analysis of seven years of IceCube data. This analysis efficiently selects very high- energy neutrino-induced events which have deposited energies from 5×10^{5} GeV to above 10^{11} GeV. Two neutrino-induced events with an estimated deposited energy of (2.6±0.3)×10^{6} GeV, the highest neutrino energy observed so far, and (7.7±2.0)×10^{5} GeV were detected. The atmospheric background-only hypothesis of detecting these events is rejected at 3.6σ. The hypothesis that the observed events are of cosmogenic origin is also rejected at >99% CL because of the limited deposited energy and the nonobservation of events at higher energy, while their observation is consistent with an astrophysical origin. Our limits on cosmogenic neutrino fluxes disfavor the UHECR sources having a cosmological evolution stronger than the star formation rate, e.g., active galactic nuclei and γ-ray bursts, assuming proton-dominated UHECRs. Constraints on UHECR sources including mixed and heavy UHECR compositions are obtained for models of neutrino production within UHECR sources. Our limit disfavors a significant part of parameter space for active galactic nuclei and new-born pulsar models. These limits on the ultrahigh-energy neutrino flux models are the most stringent to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Aartsen
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - K Abraham
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - J Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800 Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J A Aguilar
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Ahlers
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Ahrens
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Altmann
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - K Andeen
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
| | - T Anderson
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - I Ansseau
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Anton
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Archinger
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Argüelles
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J Auffenberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Axani
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - X Bai
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, south Dakota 57701, USA
| | - S W Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - V Baum
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - R Bay
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J J Beatty
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - J Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - K-H Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - P Berghaus
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409, Moscow, Russia
| | - D Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | | | - A Bernhard
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D Z Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - G Binder
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Bindig
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M Bissok
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - E Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Blot
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - C Bohm
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Börner
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - F Bos
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - D Bose
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - S Böser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - O Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Braun
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - L Brayeur
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - A Burgman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T Carver
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - M Casier
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Christov
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - K Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A7
| | - L Classen
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - S Coenders
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G H Collin
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J M Conrad
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D F Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - R Cross
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - M Day
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J P A M de André
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - C De Clercq
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Del Pino Rosendo
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - H Dembinski
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S De Ridder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - P Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K D de Vries
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G de Wasseige
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M de With
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T DeYoung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - J C Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - V di Lorenzo
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - H Dujmovic
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - J P Dumm
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Dunkman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - B Eberhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Ehrhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - B Eichmann
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - P Eller
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - S Euler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P A Evenson
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Fahey
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A R Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - J Feintzeig
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Felde
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - K Filimonov
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Finley
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Flis
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C-C Fösig
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - E Friedman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - T Fuchs
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T K Gaisser
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - J Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WIsconsin 53706, USA
| | - L Gerhardt
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - K Ghorbani
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - W Giang
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - L Gladstone
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Glagla
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - A Goldschmidt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Golup
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J G Gonzalez
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D Grant
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - Z Griffith
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - C Haack
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Haj Ismail
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - A Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - F Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E Hansen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B Hansmann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - T Hansmann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Hanson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D Hebecker
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - D Heereman
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - R Hellauer
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Hickford
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Hignight
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - G C Hill
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - K D Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - R Hoffmann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - K Holzapfel
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - K Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - F Huang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Huber
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - K Hultqvist
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S In
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - A Ishihara
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | | | - G S Japaridze
- CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA
| | - M Jeong
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - K Jero
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B J P Jones
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Jurkovic
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Kappes
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - T Karg
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - A Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - U Katz
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Kauer
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Keivani
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J L Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Kemp
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Kheirandish
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Kim
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | | | - J Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - T Kittler
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S R Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Kohnen
- Université de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - R Koirala
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - H Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - R Konietz
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Kopper
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - S Kopper
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D J Koskinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Kowalski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - K Krings
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Kroll
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - G Krückl
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Krüger
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Kunnen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - N Kurahashi
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - T Kuwabara
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Labare
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - J L Lanfranchi
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M J Larson
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - F Lauber
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D Lennarz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - M Lesiak-Bzdak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - M Leuermann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Leuner
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Lu
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - J Lünemann
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Madsen
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - G Maggi
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K B M Mahn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S Mancina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Mandelartz
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - R Maruyama
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - K Mase
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - R Maunu
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - F McNally
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Meagher
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Medici
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Meier
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - A Meli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - T Menne
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - G Merino
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T Meures
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Miarecki
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - T Montaruli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - M Moulai
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - U Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G Neer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - H Niederhausen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - S C Nowicki
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - D R Nygren
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - A Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A O'Murchadha
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - T Palczewski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - H Pandya
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D V Pankova
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Ö Penek
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J A Pepper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - C Pérez de Los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - D Pieloth
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - E Pinat
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P B Price
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G T Przybylski
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - M Quinnan
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - C Raab
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - L Rädel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Rameez
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Rawlins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
| | - R Reimann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - B Relethford
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - M Relich
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - E Resconi
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - W Rhode
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Richman
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - B Riedel
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - S Robertson
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - M Rongen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - C Rott
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - T Ruhe
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - D Ryckbosch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - D Rysewyk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - L Sabbatini
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S E Sanchez Herrera
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - A Sandrock
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - J Sandroos
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - S Sarkar
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, United Kingdom
| | | | - M Schimp
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - P Schlunder
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Schoenen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Schöneberg
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - L Schumacher
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D Seckel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - D Soldin
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M Song
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - G M Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | | | - M Stahlberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - T Stanev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | | | - A Steuer
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R G Stokstad
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Stößl
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - R Ström
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - G W Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Sutherland
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - H Taavola
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - J Tatar
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - F Tenholt
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - S Ter-Antonyan
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | | | - G Tešić
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - S Tilav
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - P A Toale
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - M N Tobin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Toscano
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Tosi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Tselengidou
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Turcati
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - E Unger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Usner
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Vandenbroucke
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - N van Eijndhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Vanheule
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - M van Rossem
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - J Veenkamp
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Vehring
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Voge
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - M Vraeghe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - C Walck
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Wallace
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - M Wallraff
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - N Wandkowsky
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Ch Weaver
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - M J Weiss
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - C Wendt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Westerhoff
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B J Whelan
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - S Wickmann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Wiebe
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C H Wiebusch
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Wille
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D R Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - L Wills
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - M Wolf
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T R Wood
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - E Woolsey
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - K Woschnagg
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D L Xu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - X W Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - Y Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | | | - G Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - S Yoshida
- Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Zoll
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Brinkmann A, Röhr AC, Köberer A, Fuchs T, Preisenberger J, Krüger WA, Frey OR. [Therapeutic drug monitoring and individual dosing of antibiotics during sepsis : Modern or just "trendy"?]. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2016; 113:82-93. [PMID: 27624768 DOI: 10.1007/s00063-016-0213-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic variability of anti-infective drugs due to pathophysiological changes by severe sepsis and septic shock is a well-known problem for critically ill patients resulting in suboptimal serum and most likely tissue concentrations of these agents.To cover a wide range of potential pathogens, high concentrations of broad spectrum anti-infectives have to reach the site of infection. Microbiological susceptibility testing (susceptible, intermediate, resistant) don't take the pharmacokinetic variability into account and are based on data generated by non-critically ill patients. But inter-patient variability in distribution and elimination of anti-infective drugs in ICU patients is extremely high and also highly unpredictable. Drug clearance of mainly renally eliminated drugs and thus the required dose can differ up to 10-fold due to the variability in renal function in patients with severe infections. To assure a timely and adequate anti-infective regime, individual dosing and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) seem to be appropriate tools in the setting of pathophysiological changes in pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmakodynamics (PD) due to severe sepsis. In the case of known minimal inhibitory concentration, PK/PD indices (time or peak concentration dependent activity) and measured serum level can provide an optimal target concentration for the individual drug and patient.Modern anti-infective management for ICU patients includes more than the choice of drug and prompt application. Individual dosing, optimized prolonged infusion time and TDM give way to new and promising opportunities in infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Brinkmann
- Klinik für Anästhesie, operative Intensivmedizin und spezielle Schmerztherapie, Klinikum Heidenheim, Schlosshaustraße 100, 89522, Heidenheim, Deutschland.
| | - A C Röhr
- Apotheke, Klinikum Heidenheim, Heidenheim, Deutschland
| | - A Köberer
- Klinik für Anästhesie, operative Intensivmedizin und spezielle Schmerztherapie, Klinikum Heidenheim, Schlosshaustraße 100, 89522, Heidenheim, Deutschland
| | - T Fuchs
- Klinik für Anästhesie, operative Intensivmedizin und spezielle Schmerztherapie, Klinikum Heidenheim, Schlosshaustraße 100, 89522, Heidenheim, Deutschland
| | | | - W A Krüger
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Klinikum Konstanz, Konstanz, Deutschland
| | - O R Frey
- Apotheke, Klinikum Heidenheim, Heidenheim, Deutschland
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18
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Aartsen MG, Abraham K, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Altmann D, Andeen K, Anderson T, Ansseau I, Anton G, Archinger M, Argüelles C, Arlen TC, Auffenberg J, Axani S, Bai X, Barwick SW, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Becker Tjus J, Becker KH, BenZvi S, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Blaufuss E, Blot S, Boersma DJ, Bohm C, Börner M, Bos F, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Braun J, Brayeur L, Bretz HP, Burgman A, Casey J, Casier M, Cheung E, Chirkin D, Christov A, Clark K, Classen L, Coenders S, Collin GH, Conrad JM, Cowen DF, Cruz Silva AH, Daughhetee J, Davis JC, Day M, de André JPAM, De Clercq C, Del Pino Rosendo E, Dembinski H, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de Wasseige G, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, di Lorenzo V, Dujmovic H, Dumm JP, Dunkman M, Eberhardt B, Ehrhardt T, Eichmann B, Euler S, Evenson PA, Fahey S, Fazely AR, Feintzeig J, Felde J, Filimonov K, Finley C, Flis S, Fösig CC, Fuchs T, Gaisser TK, Gaior R, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Ghorbani K, Giang W, Gladstone L, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Gonzalez JG, Góra D, Grant D, Griffith Z, Haj Ismail A, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hansen E, Hanson K, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Holzapfel K, Homeier A, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Huelsnitz W, Hultqvist K, In S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Japaridze GS, Jeong M, Jero K, Jones BJP, Jurkovic M, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Katz U, Kauer M, Keivani A, Kelley JL, Kheirandish A, Kim M, Kintscher T, Kiryluk J, Kittler T, Klein SR, Kohnen G, Koirala R, Kolanoski H, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Krings K, Kroll M, Krückl G, Krüger C, Kunnen J, Kunwar S, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Lanfranchi JL, Larson MJ, Lennarz D, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Lu L, Lünemann J, Madsen J, Maggi G, Mahn KBM, Mancina S, Mandelartz M, Maruyama R, Mase K, Maunu R, McNally F, Meagher K, Medici M, Meier M, Meli A, Menne T, Merino G, Meures T, Miarecki S, Middell E, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Moulai M, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Neer G, Niederhausen H, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke Pollmann A, Olivas A, Omairat A, O'Murchadha A, Palczewski T, Pandya H, Pankova DV, Pepper JA, Pérez de Los Heros C, Pfendner C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Posselt J, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Quinnan M, Raab C, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Relich M, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Riedel B, Robertson S, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ryckbosch D, Rysewyk D, Sabbatini L, Salvado J, Sanchez Herrera SE, Sandrock A, Sandroos J, Sarkar S, Satalecka K, Schlunder P, Schmidt T, Schöneberg S, Schönwald A, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Soldin D, Song M, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stasik A, Steuer A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stößl A, Ström R, Strotjohann NL, Sullivan GW, Sutherland M, Taavola H, Taboada I, Tatar J, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tešić G, Tilav S, Toale PA, Tobin MN, Toscano S, Tosi D, Tselengidou M, Turcati A, Unger E, Usner M, Vallecorsa S, Vandenbroucke J, van Eijndhoven N, Vanheule S, van Rossem M, van Santen J, Veenkamp J, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallace A, Wandkowsky N, Weaver C, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whelan BJ, Wiebe K, Wille L, Williams DR, Wills L, Wissing H, Wolf M, Wood TR, Woolsey E, Woschnagg K, Xu DL, Xu XW, Xu Y, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zoll M. Searches for Sterile Neutrinos with the IceCube Detector. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:071801. [PMID: 27563950 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.071801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The IceCube neutrino telescope at the South Pole has measured the atmospheric muon neutrino spectrum as a function of zenith angle and energy in the approximate 320 GeV to 20 TeV range, to search for the oscillation signatures of light sterile neutrinos. No evidence for anomalous ν_{μ} or ν[over ¯]_{μ} disappearance is observed in either of two independently developed analyses, each using one year of atmospheric neutrino data. New exclusion limits are placed on the parameter space of the 3+1 model, in which muon antineutrinos experience a strong Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein-resonant oscillation. The exclusion limits extend to sin^{2}2θ_{24}≤0.02 at Δm^{2}∼0.3 eV^{2} at the 90% confidence level. The allowed region from global analysis of appearance experiments, including LSND and MiniBooNE, is excluded at approximately the 99% confidence level for the global best-fit value of |U_{e4}|^{2}.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Aartsen
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - K Abraham
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - J Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J A Aguilar
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Ahlers
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Ahrens
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Altmann
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - K Andeen
- Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
| | - T Anderson
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - I Ansseau
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Anton
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Archinger
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Argüelles
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - T C Arlen
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J Auffenberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Axani
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - X Bai
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - S W Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - V Baum
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - R Bay
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J J Beatty
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - J Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - K-H Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - P Berghaus
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - D Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | | | - A Bernhard
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D Z Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - G Binder
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Bindig
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - E Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Blot
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - D J Boersma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Bohm
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Börner
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - F Bos
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - D Bose
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - S Böser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - O Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Braun
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - L Brayeur
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - A Burgman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Casey
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - M Casier
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Christov
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - K Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - L Classen
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - S Coenders
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G H Collin
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - J M Conrad
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - D F Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | | | - J Daughhetee
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - J C Davis
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - M Day
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J P A M de André
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - C De Clercq
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Del Pino Rosendo
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - H Dembinski
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S De Ridder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - P Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K D de Vries
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G de Wasseige
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M de With
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T DeYoung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - J C Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - V di Lorenzo
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - H Dujmovic
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - J P Dumm
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Dunkman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - B Eberhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Ehrhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - B Eichmann
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - S Euler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P A Evenson
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Fahey
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A R Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - J Feintzeig
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Felde
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - K Filimonov
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Finley
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Flis
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C-C Fösig
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Fuchs
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T K Gaisser
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - R Gaior
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - J Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - L Gerhardt
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - K Ghorbani
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - W Giang
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Alberta, Canada
| | - L Gladstone
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - A Goldschmidt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Golup
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J G Gonzalez
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D Góra
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - D Grant
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Alberta, Canada
| | - Z Griffith
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Haj Ismail
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - A Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - F Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - E Hansen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Hanson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D Hebecker
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - D Heereman
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - R Hellauer
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Hickford
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Hignight
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - G C Hill
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - K D Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - R Hoffmann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - K Holzapfel
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Homeier
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - K Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - F Huang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Huber
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - W Huelsnitz
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - K Hultqvist
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S In
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - A Ishihara
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | | | - G S Japaridze
- CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA
| | - M Jeong
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - K Jero
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B J P Jones
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - M Jurkovic
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Kappes
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - T Karg
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - A Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - U Katz
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Kauer
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - A Keivani
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J L Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Kheirandish
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Kim
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | | | - J Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - T Kittler
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S R Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Kohnen
- Université de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - R Koirala
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - H Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - L Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Kopper
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Alberta, Canada
| | - S Kopper
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D J Koskinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Kowalski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - K Krings
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Kroll
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - G Krückl
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Krüger
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Kunnen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - N Kurahashi
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - T Kuwabara
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Labare
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - J L Lanfranchi
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M J Larson
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D Lennarz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - M Lesiak-Bzdak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - M Leuermann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Lu
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - J Lünemann
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Madsen
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - G Maggi
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K B M Mahn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - S Mancina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Mandelartz
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - R Maruyama
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - K Mase
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - R Maunu
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - F McNally
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Meagher
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Medici
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Meier
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - A Meli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - T Menne
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - G Merino
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T Meures
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Miarecki
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | | | - T Montaruli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - M Moulai
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | - U Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G Neer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - H Niederhausen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - S C Nowicki
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Alberta, Canada
| | - D R Nygren
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - A Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Omairat
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A O'Murchadha
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - T Palczewski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - H Pandya
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D V Pankova
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J A Pepper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - C Pérez de Los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Pfendner
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - D Pieloth
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - E Pinat
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Posselt
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - P B Price
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G T Przybylski
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - M Quinnan
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - C Raab
- Science Faculty CP230, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Rameez
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - K Rawlins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
| | - M Relich
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - E Resconi
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - W Rhode
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Richman
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - B Riedel
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Alberta, Canada
| | - S Robertson
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - C Rott
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - T Ruhe
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - D Ryckbosch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - D Rysewyk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - L Sabbatini
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Salvado
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S E Sanchez Herrera
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Alberta, Canada
| | - A Sandrock
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - J Sandroos
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - S Sarkar
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, United Kingdom
| | | | - P Schlunder
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Schöneberg
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - D Seckel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - D Soldin
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M Song
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - G M Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | | | - M Stamatikos
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - T Stanev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | | | - A Steuer
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R G Stokstad
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Stößl
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - R Ström
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - G W Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Sutherland
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - H Taavola
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - J Tatar
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S Ter-Antonyan
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | | | - G Tešić
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - S Tilav
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - P A Toale
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - M N Tobin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Toscano
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Tosi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Tselengidou
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Turcati
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - E Unger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Usner
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - S Vallecorsa
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - J Vandenbroucke
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - N van Eijndhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Vanheule
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - M van Rossem
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - J Veenkamp
- Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Voge
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - M Vraeghe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - C Walck
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Wallace
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - N Wandkowsky
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Ch Weaver
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Alberta, Canada
| | - C Wendt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Westerhoff
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B J Whelan
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - K Wiebe
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - L Wille
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D R Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - L Wills
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - H Wissing
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Wolf
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T R Wood
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Alberta, Canada
| | - E Woolsey
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E1 Alberta, Canada
| | - K Woschnagg
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D L Xu
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - X W Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - Y Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | | | - G Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - S Yoshida
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Zoll
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoporotic fractures of the pelvis are an increasing problem in trauma surgery. Sufficient implant anchorage is reduced due to the poor bone stock; however, early mobilization is especially necessary for geriatric patients in order to prevent additional complications. MATERIAL AND METHODS Implant augmentation may be one technique to increase implant anchorage and stability in osteoporotic bone. This procedure is currently used in the treatment of osteoporotic fractures of the dorsal pelvic ring. Beside the augmentation of iliosacral screws in the treatment of sacral insufficiency fractures, cement augmentation with lumbar or sacral pedicle screws is used for increased stability. INDICATIONS AND RISKS Implant augmentation in pelvic surgery should be indicated crucially due to the specific risks of the procedure. Cement leakage and heat generation during cement curing (when PMMA--polymethylmetacrylate--cement is used) can compromise neurovascular structures. Potential complications like cement embolism are possible. CONCLUSION The use of special implants (cannulated and perforated screws) as well as intraoperative navigation and 3D imaging increase patient safety and help to make implant augmentation a low risk procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Grüneweller
- Klinik für Unfall-, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude W1, 48149, Münster, Deutschland
| | - D Wähnert
- Klinik für Unfall-, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude W1, 48149, Münster, Deutschland
| | - M J Raschke
- Klinik für Unfall-, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude W1, 48149, Münster, Deutschland.
| | - T Fuchs
- Klinik für Unfall-, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude W1, 48149, Münster, Deutschland
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Aartsen MG, Abraham K, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Altmann D, Anderson T, Archinger M, Arguelles C, Arlen TC, Auffenberg J, Bai X, Barwick SW, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Tjus JB, Becker KH, Beiser E, BenZvi S, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Bissok M, Blaufuss E, Blumenthal J, Boersma DJ, Bohm C, Börner M, Bos F, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Braun J, Brayeur L, Bretz HP, Brown AM, Buzinsky N, Casey J, Casier M, Cheung E, Chirkin D, Christov A, Christy B, Clark K, Classen L, Coenders S, Cowen DF, Silva AHC, Daughhetee J, Davis JC, Day M, de André JPAM, De Clercq C, Dembinski H, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de Wasseige G, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dumm JP, Dunkman M, Eagan R, Eberhardt B, Ehrhardt T, Eichmann B, Euler S, Evenson PA, Fadiran O, Fahey S, Fazely AR, Fedynitch A, Feintzeig J, Felde J, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer-Wasels T, Flis S, Fuchs T, Glagla M, Gaisser TK, Gaior R, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Ghorbani K, Gier D, Gladstone L, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Gonzalez JG, Goodman JA, Góra D, Grant D, Gretskov P, Groh JC, Groß A, Ha C, Haack C, Ismail AH, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hansmann B, Hanson K, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hellwig D, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Holzapfe K, Homeier A, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Huelsnitz W, Hulth PO, Hultqvist K, In S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Japaridze GS, Jero K, Jurkovic M, Kaminsky B, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Kauer M, Keivani A, Kelley JL, Kemp J, Kheirandish A, Kiryluk J, Kläs J, Klein SR, Kohnen G, Kolanoski H, Konietz R, Koob A, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Krings K, Kroll G, Kroll M, Kunnen J, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Lanfranchi JL, Larson MJ, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Leuner J, Lünemann J, Madsen J, Maggi G, Mahn KBM, Maruyama R, Mase K, Matis HS, Maunu R, McNally F, Meagher K, Medici M, Meli A, Menne T, Merino G, Meures T, Miarecki S, Middell E, Middlemas E, Miller J, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Morse R, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Niederhausen H, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke A, Olivas A, Omairat A, O'Murchadha A, Palczewski T, Paul L, Pepper JA, de Los Heros CP, Pfendner C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Posselt J, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Pütz J, Quinnan M, Rädel L, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Redl P, Reimann R, Relich M, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Richter S, Riedel B, Robertson S, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ruzybayev B, Ryckbosch D, Saba SM, Sabbatini L, Sander HG, Sandrock A, Sandroos J, Sarkar S, Schatto K, Scheriau F, Schimp M, Schmidt T, Schmitz M, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schönwald A, Schukraft A, Schulte L, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Shanidze R, Smith MWE, Soldin D, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stahlberg M, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stanisha NA, Stasik A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stößl A, Strahler EA, Ström R, Strotjohann NL, Sullivan GW, Sutherland M, Taavola H, Taboada I, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tešić G, Tilav S, Toale PA, Tobin MN, Tosi D, Tselengidou M, Unger E, Usner M, Vallecorsa S, van Eijndhoven N, Vandenbroucke J, van Santen J, Vanheule S, Veenkamp J, Vehring M, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallraff M, Wandkowsky N, Weaver C, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whelan BJ, Whitehorn N, Wichary C, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Wille L, Williams DR, Wissing H, Wolf M, Wood TR, Woschnagg K, Xu DL, Xu XW, Xu Y, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zarzhitsky P, Zoll M. Evidence for Astrophysical Muon Neutrinos from the Northern Sky with IceCube. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 115:081102. [PMID: 26340177 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.081102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Results from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory have recently provided compelling evidence for the existence of a high energy astrophysical neutrino flux utilizing a dominantly Southern Hemisphere data set consisting primarily of ν(e) and ν(τ) charged-current and neutral-current (cascade) neutrino interactions. In the analysis presented here, a data sample of approximately 35,000 muon neutrinos from the Northern sky is extracted from data taken during 659.5 days of live time recorded between May 2010 and May 2012. While this sample is composed primarily of neutrinos produced by cosmic ray interactions in Earth's atmosphere, the highest energy events are inconsistent with a hypothesis of solely terrestrial origin at 3.7σ significance. These neutrinos can, however, be explained by an astrophysical flux per neutrino flavor at a level of Φ(E(ν))=9.9(-3.4)(+3.9)×10(-19) GeV(-1) cm(-2) sr(-1) s(-1)(E(ν)/100 TeV(-2), consistent with IceCube's Southern-Hemisphere-dominated result. Additionally, a fit for an astrophysical flux with an arbitrary spectral index is performed. We find a spectral index of 2.2(-0.2)(+0.2), which is also in good agreement with the Southern Hemisphere result.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Aartsen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - K Abraham
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - J Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J A Aguilar
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Ahlers
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Ahrens
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Altmann
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Anderson
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Archinger
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Arguelles
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T C Arlen
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J Auffenberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - X Bai
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - S W Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - V Baum
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - R Bay
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J J Beatty
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - J Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - K-H Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - E Beiser
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - D Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | | | - A Bernhard
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D Z Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - G Binder
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Bindig
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M Bissok
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - E Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - J Blumenthal
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D J Boersma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Bohm
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Börner
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - F Bos
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - D Bose
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - S Böser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - O Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Braun
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - L Brayeur
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - A M Brown
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - N Buzinsky
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E1
| | - J Casey
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - M Casier
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Christov
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - B Christy
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - K Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A7
| | - L Classen
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Coenders
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D F Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | | | - J Daughhetee
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - J C Davis
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - M Day
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J P A M de André
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - C De Clercq
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Dembinski
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S De Ridder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - P Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K D de Vries
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - G de Wasseige
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M de With
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T DeYoung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - J C Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J P Dumm
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Dunkman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - R Eagan
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - B Eberhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Ehrhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - B Eichmann
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - S Euler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P A Evenson
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - O Fadiran
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Fahey
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A R Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - A Fedynitch
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J Feintzeig
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Felde
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - K Filimonov
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Finley
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Fischer-Wasels
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S Flis
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Fuchs
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Glagla
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - T K Gaisser
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - R Gaior
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - J Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - L Gerhardt
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - K Ghorbani
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D Gier
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Gladstone
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - A Goldschmidt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Golup
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J G Gonzalez
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - J A Goodman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Góra
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - D Grant
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E1
| | - P Gretskov
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J C Groh
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - A Groß
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - C Ha
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Haack
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Haj Ismail
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - A Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - F Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B Hansmann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Hanson
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D Hebecker
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - D Heereman
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - R Hellauer
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Hellwig
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Hickford
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - J Hignight
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - G C Hill
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - K D Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - R Hoffmann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - K Holzapfe
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Homeier
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - K Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - F Huang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Huber
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - W Huelsnitz
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - P O Hulth
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Hultqvist
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S In
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - A Ishihara
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | | | - G S Japaridze
- CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA
| | - K Jero
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Jurkovic
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - A Kappes
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Karg
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - A Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Kauer
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - A Keivani
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J L Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Kemp
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Kheirandish
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - J Kläs
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S R Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Kohnen
- Université de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - H Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - R Konietz
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Koob
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Kopper
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E1
| | - S Kopper
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D J Koskinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Kowalski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - K Krings
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G Kroll
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - M Kroll
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J Kunnen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - N Kurahashi
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - T Kuwabara
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Labare
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - J L Lanfranchi
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M J Larson
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Lesiak-Bzdak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - M Leuermann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Leuner
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Lünemann
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J Madsen
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - G Maggi
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K B M Mahn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - R Maruyama
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - K Mase
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - H S Matis
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R Maunu
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - F McNally
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Meagher
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Medici
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Meli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - T Menne
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - G Merino
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T Meures
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Miarecki
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - E Middlemas
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Miller
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - T Montaruli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - R Morse
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - U Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - H Niederhausen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - S C Nowicki
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E1
| | - D R Nygren
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Obertacke
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Omairat
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A O'Murchadha
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - T Palczewski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - L Paul
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J A Pepper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - C Pérez de Los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Pfendner
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - D Pieloth
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - E Pinat
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Posselt
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - P B Price
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G T Przybylski
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J Pütz
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Quinnan
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - L Rädel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Rameez
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - K Rawlins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
| | - P Redl
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - R Reimann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Relich
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - E Resconi
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - W Rhode
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Richman
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - S Richter
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B Riedel
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E1
| | - S Robertson
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - M Rongen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - C Rott
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - T Ruhe
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - B Ruzybayev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D Ryckbosch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - S M Saba
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - L Sabbatini
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - H-G Sander
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - A Sandrock
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - J Sandroos
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Sarkar
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, United Kingdom
| | - K Schatto
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - F Scheriau
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Schimp
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - T Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Schmitz
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S Schoenen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Schöneberg
- Fakultät für Physik and Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - A Schukraft
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Schulte
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - D Seckel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | | | - M W E Smith
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - D Soldin
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G M Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | | | - M Stahlberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Stamatikos
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - T Stanev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - N A Stanisha
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | | | - T Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R G Stokstad
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Stößl
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - E A Strahler
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Ström
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - G W Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Sutherland
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - H Taavola
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - S Ter-Antonyan
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | | | - G Tešić
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - S Tilav
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - P A Toale
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - M N Tobin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D Tosi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Tselengidou
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - E Unger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Usner
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - S Vallecorsa
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - N van Eijndhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Vandenbroucke
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J van Santen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Vanheule
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - J Veenkamp
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Vehring
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Voge
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - M Vraeghe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - C Walck
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Wallraff
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - N Wandkowsky
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - C Weaver
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - C Wendt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Westerhoff
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B J Whelan
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - N Whitehorn
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - C Wichary
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Wiebe
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C H Wiebusch
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Wille
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D R Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - H Wissing
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Wolf
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T R Wood
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E1
| | - K Woschnagg
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D L Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - X W Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - Y Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | | | - G Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - S Yoshida
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - P Zarzhitsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - M Zoll
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Aartsen MG, Abraham K, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Altmann D, Anderson T, Archinger M, Arguelles C, Arlen TC, Auffenberg J, Bai X, Barwick SW, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Tjus JB, Becker KH, Beiser E, BenZvi S, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Bissok M, Blaufuss E, Blumenthal J, Boersma DJ, Bohm C, Börner M, Bos F, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Braun J, Brayeur L, Bretz HP, Brown AM, Buzinsky N, Casey J, Casier M, Cheung E, Chirkin D, Christov A, Christy B, Clark K, Classen L, Coenders S, Cowen DF, Silva AHC, Daughhetee J, Davis JC, Day M, André JPAMD, Clercq CD, Dembinski H, Ridder SD, Desiati P, Vries KDD, Wasseige GD, With MD, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dumm JP, Dunkman M, Eagan R, Eberhardt B, Ehrhardt T, Eichmann B, Euler S, Evenson PA, Fadiran O, Fahey S, Fazely AR, Fedynitch A, Feintzeig J, Felde J, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer-Wasels T, Flis S, Fuchs T, Gaisser TK, Gaior R, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Ghorbani K, Gier D, Gladstone L, Glagla M, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Gonzalez JG, Goodman JA, Góra D, Grant D, Gretskov P, Groh JC, Gross A, Ha C, Haack C, Ismail AH, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hansmann B, Hanson K, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hellwig D, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Holzapfel K, Homeier A, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Huelsnitz W, Hulth PO, Hultqvist K, In S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Japaridze GS, Jero K, Jurkovic M, Kaminsky B, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Kauer M, Keivani A, Kelley JL, Kemp J, Kheirandish A, Kiryluk J, Kläs J, Klein SR, Kohnen G, Kolanoski H, Konietz R, Koob A, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Krings K, Kroll G, Kroll M, Kunnen J, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Lanfranchi JL, Larson MJ, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Leuner J, Lünemann J, Madsen J, Maggi G, Mahn KBM, Maruyama R, Mase K, Matis HS, Maunu R, McNally F, Meagher K, Medici M, Meli A, Menne T, Merino G, Meures T, Miarecki S, Middell E, Middlemas E, Miller J, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Morse R, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Niederhausen H, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke A, Olivas A, Omairat A, O’Murchadha A, Palczewski T, Paul L, Pepper JA, Heros CPDL, Pfendner C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Posselt J, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Pütz J, Quinnan M, Rädel L, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Redl P, Reimann R, Relich M, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Richter S, Riedel B, Robertson S, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ruzybayev B, Ryckbosch D, Saba SM, Sabbatini L, Sander HG, Sandrock A, Sandroos J, Sarkar S, Schatto K, Scheriau F, Schimp M, Schmidt T, Schmitz M, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schönwald A, Schukraft A, Schulte L, Seckel D, Seunarine S, Shanidze R, Smith MWE, Soldin D, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stahlberg M, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stanisha NA, Stasik A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stössl A, Strahler EA, Ström R, Strotjohann NL, Sullivan GW, Sutherland M, Taavola H, Taboada I, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tešić G, Tilav S, Toale PA, Tobin MN, Tosi D, Tselengidou M, Unger E, Usner M, Vallecorsa S, Vandenbroucke J, Eijndhoven NV, Vanheule S, Santen JV, Veenkamp J, Vehring M, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallace A, Wallraff M, Wandkowsky N, Weaver C, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whelan BJ, Whitehorn N, Wichary C, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Wille L, Williams DR, Wissing H, Wolf M, Wood TR, Woschnagg K, Xu DL, Xu XW, Xu Y, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zarzhitsky P, Zoll M. A COMBINED MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD ANALYSIS OF THE HIGH-ENERGY ASTROPHYSICAL NEUTRINO FLUX MEASURED WITH ICECUBE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/809/1/98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Aartsen M, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar J, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Altmann D, Anderson T, Archinger M, Arguelles C, Arlen T, Auffenberg J, Bai X, Barwick S, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty J, Becker Tjus J, Becker KH, Beiser E, BenZvi S, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Besson D, Binder G, Bindig D, Bissok M, Blaufuss E, Blumenthal J, Boersma D, Bohm C, Börner M, Bos F, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Braun J, Brayeur L, Bretz HP, Brown A, Buzinsky N, Casey J, Casier M, Cheung E, Chirkin D, Christov A, Christy B, Clark K, Classen L, Coenders S, Cowen D, Cruz Silva A, Daughhetee J, Davis J, Day M, de André J, De Clercq C, Dembinski H, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries K, de Wasseige G, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez J, Dumm J, Dunkman M, Eagan R, Eberhardt B, Ehrhardt T, Eichmann B, Euler S, Evenson P, Fadiran O, Fahey S, Fazely A, Fedynitch A, Feintzeig J, Felde J, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer-Wasels T, Flis S, Fuchs T, Glagla M, Gaisser T, Gaior R, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Ghorbani K, Gier D, Gladstone L, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Gonzalez J, Goodman J, Góra D, Grant D, Gretskov P, Groh J, Groß A, Ha C, Haack C, Haj Ismail A, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hansmann B, Hanson K, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hellwig D, Hickford S, Hignight J, Hill G, Hoffman K, Hoffmann R, Homeier A, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huber M, Huelsnitz W, Hulth P, Hultqvist K, In S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Japaridze G, Jero K, Jurkovic M, Kaminsky B, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Kauer M, Keivani A, Kelley J, Kemp J, Kheirandish A, Kiryluk J, Kläs J, Klein S, Kohnen G, Kolanoski H, Konietz R, Koob A, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen D, Kowalski M, Krings K, Kroll G, Kroll M, Kunnen J, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Lanfranchi J, Larson M, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Leuner J, Lünemann J, Madsen J, Maggi G, Mahn K, Maruyama R, Mase K, Matis H, Maunu R, McNally F, Meagher K, Medici M, Meli A, Menne T, Merino G, Meures T, Miarecki S, Middell E, Middlemas E, Miller J, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Morse R, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Niederhausen H, Nowicki S, Nygren D, Obertacke A, Olivas A, Omairat A, O’Murchadha A, Palczewski T, Paul L, Pepper J, Pérez de los Heros C, Pfendner C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Posselt J, Price P, Przybylski G, Pütz J, Quinnan M, Rädel L, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Redl P, Reimann R, Relich M, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Richter S, Riedel B, Robertson S, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ruzybayev B, Ryckbosch D, Saba S, Sabbatini L, Sander HG, Sandrock A, Sandroos J, Sarkar S, Schatto K, Scheriau F, Schimp M, Schmidt T, Schmitz M, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schönwald A, Schukraft A, Schulte L, Schulz O, Seckel D, Sestayo Y, Seunarine S, Shanidze R, Smith M, Soldin D, Spiczak G, Spiering C, Stahlberg M, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stanisha N, Stasik A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad R, Stößl A, Strahler E, Ström R, Strotjohann N, Sullivan G, Sutherland M, Taavola H, Taboada I, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tešić G, Tilav S, Toale P, Tobin M, Tosi D, Tselengidou M, Unger E, Usner M, Vallecorsa S, van Eijndhoven N, Vandenbroucke J, van Santen J, Vanheule S, Vehring M, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallraff M, Wandkowsky N, Weaver C, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whelan B, Whitehorn N, Wichary C, Wiebe K, Wiebusch C, Wille L, Williams D, Wissing H, Wolf M, Wood T, Woschnagg K, Xu D, Xu X, Xu Y, Yanez J, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zarzhitsky P, Zoll M. Measurement of the AtmosphericνeSpectrum with IceCube. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.91.122004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Aartsen MG, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Altmann D, Anderson T, Arguelles C, Arlen TC, Auffenberg J, Bai X, Barwick SW, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Becker Tjus J, Becker KH, BenZvi S, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Bissok M, Blaufuss E, Blumenthal J, Boersma DJ, Bohm C, Bos F, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Brayeur L, Bretz HP, Brown AM, Buzinsky N, Casey J, Casier M, Cheung E, Chirkin D, Christov A, Christy B, Clark K, Classen L, Clevermann F, Coenders S, Cowen DF, Cruz Silva AH, Daughhetee J, Davis JC, Day M, de André JPAM, De Clercq C, Dembinski H, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dumm JP, Dunkman M, Eagan R, Eberhardt B, Ehrhardt T, Eichmann B, Eisch J, Euler S, Evenson PA, Fadiran O, Fazely AR, Fedynitch A, Feintzeig J, Felde J, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer-Wasels T, Flis S, Frantzen K, Fuchs T, Gaisser TK, Gaior R, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Gier D, Gladstone L, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Gonzalez JG, Goodman JA, Góra D, Grant D, Gretskov P, Groh JC, Groß A, Ha C, Haack C, Haj Ismail A, Hallen P, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hanson K, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Heinen D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hellwig D, Hickford S, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Homeier A, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huelsnitz W, Hulth PO, Hultqvist K, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Jacobsen J, Japaridze GS, Jero K, Jurkovic M, Kaminsky B, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Kauer M, Keivani A, Kelley JL, Kheirandish A, Kiryluk J, Kläs J, Klein SR, Köhne JH, Kohnen G, Kolanoski H, Koob A, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Kriesten A, Krings K, Kroll G, Kroll M, Kunnen J, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Lanfranchi JL, Larsen DT, Larson MJ, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Lünemann J, Madsen J, Maggi G, Maruyama R, Mase K, Matis HS, Maunu R, McNally F, Meagher K, Medici M, Meli A, Meures T, Miarecki S, Middell E, Middlemas E, Milke N, Miller J, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Morse R, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Niederhausen H, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke A, Olivas A, Omairat A, O'Murchadha A, Palczewski T, Paul L, Penek Ö, Pepper JA, Pérez de los Heros C, Pfendner C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Posselt J, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Pütz J, Quinnan M, Rädel L, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Redl P, Rees I, Reimann R, Relich M, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Riedel B, Robertson S, Rodrigues JP, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ruzybayev B, Ryckbosch D, Saba SM, Sander HG, Sandroos J, Santander M, Sarkar S, Schatto K, Scheriau F, Schmidt T, Schmitz M, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schönwald A, Schukraft A, Schulte L, Schulz O, Seckel D, Sestayo Y, Seunarine S, Shanidze R, Smith MWE, Soldin D, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stanisha NA, Stasik A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stößl A, Strahler EA, Ström R, Strotjohann NL, Sullivan GW, Taavola H, Taboada I, Tamburro A, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tešić G, Tilav S, Toale PA, Tobin MN, Tosi D, Tselengidou M, Unger E, Usner M, Vallecorsa S, van Eijndhoven N, Vandenbroucke J, van Santen J, Vanheule S, Vehring M, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallraff M, Weaver C, Wellons M, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whelan BJ, Whitehorn N, Wichary C, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Williams DR, Wissing H, Wolf M, Wood TR, Woschnagg K, Xu DL, Xu XW, Xu Y, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zarzhitsky P, Ziemann J, Zoll M. Flavor Ratio of Astrophysical Neutrinos above 35 TeV in IceCube. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 114:171102. [PMID: 25978221 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.171102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A diffuse flux of astrophysical neutrinos above 100 TeV has been observed at the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. Here we extend this analysis to probe the astrophysical flux down to 35 TeV and analyze its flavor composition by classifying events as showers or tracks. Taking advantage of lower atmospheric backgrounds for showerlike events, we obtain a shower-biased sample containing 129 showers and 8 tracks collected in three years from 2010 to 2013. We demonstrate consistency with the (fe:fμ:fτ)⊕≈(1:1:1)⊕ flavor ratio at Earth commonly expected from the averaged oscillations of neutrinos produced by pion decay in distant astrophysical sources. Limits are placed on nonstandard flavor compositions that cannot be produced by averaged neutrino oscillations but could arise in exotic physics scenarios. A maximally tracklike composition of (0:1:0)⊕ is excluded at 3.3σ, and a purely showerlike composition of (1:0:0)⊕ is excluded at 2.3σ.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Aartsen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | | | - J Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J A Aguilar
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Ahlers
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Ahrens
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Altmann
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Anderson
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - C Arguelles
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T C Arlen
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J Auffenberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - X Bai
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - S W Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - V Baum
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - R Bay
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J J Beatty
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - J Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - K-H Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - D Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | | | - A Bernhard
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D Z Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - G Binder
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Bindig
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M Bissok
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - E Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - J Blumenthal
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D J Boersma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Bohm
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Bos
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - D Bose
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - S Böser
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - O Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L Brayeur
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - A M Brown
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - N Buzinsky
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - J Casey
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - M Casier
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Christov
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - B Christy
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - K Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A7
| | - L Classen
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - F Clevermann
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S Coenders
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D F Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | | | - J Daughhetee
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - J C Davis
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - M Day
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J P A M de André
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - C De Clercq
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Dembinski
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S De Ridder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - P Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K D de Vries
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M de With
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T DeYoung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - J C Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J P Dumm
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Dunkman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - R Eagan
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - B Eberhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - T Ehrhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - B Eichmann
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J Eisch
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Euler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P A Evenson
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - O Fadiran
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A R Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - A Fedynitch
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J Feintzeig
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Felde
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - K Filimonov
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Finley
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Fischer-Wasels
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S Flis
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Frantzen
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Fuchs
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T K Gaisser
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - R Gaior
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - J Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - L Gerhardt
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Gier
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Gladstone
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - A Goldschmidt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Golup
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J G Gonzalez
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - J A Goodman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Góra
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - D Grant
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - P Gretskov
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J C Groh
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - A Groß
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - C Ha
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Haack
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Haj Ismail
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - P Hallen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - F Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Hanson
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Hebecker
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - D Heereman
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Heinen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - R Hellauer
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Hellwig
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Hickford
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G C Hill
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - K D Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - R Hoffmann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A Homeier
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - K Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - F Huang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - W Huelsnitz
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - P O Hulth
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Hultqvist
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Ishihara
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | | | - J Jacobsen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - G S Japaridze
- CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA
| | - K Jero
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Jurkovic
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - A Kappes
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Karg
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - A Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Kauer
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - A Keivani
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J L Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Kheirandish
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - J Kläs
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S R Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J-H Köhne
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - G Kohnen
- Université de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - H Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Koob
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Kopper
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - S Kopper
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D J Koskinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Kowalski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - A Kriesten
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Krings
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G Kroll
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - M Kroll
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J Kunnen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - N Kurahashi
- Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - T Kuwabara
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - M Labare
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - J L Lanfranchi
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - D T Larsen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M J Larson
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Lesiak-Bzdak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - M Leuermann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Lünemann
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J Madsen
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - G Maggi
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Maruyama
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - K Mase
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - H S Matis
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R Maunu
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - F McNally
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Meagher
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Medici
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Meli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - T Meures
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Miarecki
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - E Middlemas
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - N Milke
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - J Miller
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - T Montaruli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - R Morse
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - U Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - H Niederhausen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - S C Nowicki
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - D R Nygren
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Obertacke
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Omairat
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A O'Murchadha
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - T Palczewski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - L Paul
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ö Penek
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J A Pepper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - C Pérez de los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Pfendner
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - D Pieloth
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - E Pinat
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Posselt
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - P B Price
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G T Przybylski
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J Pütz
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Quinnan
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - L Rädel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Rameez
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - K Rawlins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
| | - P Redl
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - I Rees
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - R Reimann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Relich
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - E Resconi
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - W Rhode
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Richman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - B Riedel
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - S Robertson
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - J P Rodrigues
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Rongen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - C Rott
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - T Ruhe
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - B Ruzybayev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D Ryckbosch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - S M Saba
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - H-G Sander
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J Sandroos
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Santander
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Sarkar
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, United Kingdom
| | - K Schatto
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - F Scheriau
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Schmitz
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S Schoenen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Schöneberg
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - A Schukraft
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Schulte
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - O Schulz
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D Seckel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Y Sestayo
- Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | | | - M W E Smith
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - D Soldin
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G M Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | | | - M Stamatikos
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - T Stanev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - N A Stanisha
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | | | - T Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R G Stokstad
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Stößl
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - E A Strahler
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Ström
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - G W Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - H Taavola
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - A Tamburro
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Ter-Antonyan
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | | | - G Tešić
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - S Tilav
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - P A Toale
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - M N Tobin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D Tosi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Tselengidou
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - E Unger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Usner
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - S Vallecorsa
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - N van Eijndhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Vandenbroucke
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J van Santen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Vanheule
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - M Vehring
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Voge
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - M Vraeghe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - C Walck
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Wallraff
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ch Weaver
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Wellons
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - C Wendt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Westerhoff
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B J Whelan
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - N Whitehorn
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - C Wichary
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Wiebe
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C H Wiebusch
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D R Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - H Wissing
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Wolf
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T R Wood
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1
| | - K Woschnagg
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D L Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - X W Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - Y Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | | | - G Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - S Yoshida
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - P Zarzhitsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - J Ziemann
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Zoll
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Leisen D, Rusanov R, Rohlfing F, Fuchs T, Eberl C, Riesch-Oppermann H, Kraft O. Mechanical characterization between room temperature and 1000 °C of SiC free-standing thin films by a novel high-temperature micro-tensile setup. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:055104. [PMID: 26026555 DOI: 10.1063/1.4919765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel high-temperature micro-tensile setup allows the characterization of the elastic and plastic as well as creep behavior of free-standing thin films at temperatures of up to 1000 °C. Correspondingly, a new layout for free-standing thin film tensile test structures has been developed, enabling accurate self-alignment upon loading. Furthermore, a differential optical strain measurement technique as well as optimizations of the optical path has been implemented, providing a strain resolution of well below 1 × 10(-4) at 1000 °C. Two different polycrystalline SiC free-standing thin films have been investigated in tension to acquire stress-strain data and corresponding Young's modulus at up to 1000 °C. The high sensitivity of the strain measurement technique makes it also possible to identify creep strains in the high-temperature regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Leisen
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - R Rusanov
- Corporate Sector Research and Advance Engineering, Robert Bosch GmbH, 70049 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - F Rohlfing
- Corporate Sector Research and Advance Engineering, Robert Bosch GmbH, 70049 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - T Fuchs
- Corporate Sector Research and Advance Engineering, Robert Bosch GmbH, 70049 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - C Eberl
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Werkstoffmechanik IWM, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - H Riesch-Oppermann
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - O Kraft
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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25
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Aartsen MG, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Altmann D, Anderson T, Arguelles C, Arlen TC, Auffenberg J, Bai X, Barwick SW, Baum V, Beatty JJ, Tjus JB, Becker KH, BenZvi S, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Bissok M, Blaufuss E, Blumenthal J, Boersma DJ, Bohm C, Bos F, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Brayeur L, Bretz HP, Brown AM, Casey J, Casier M, Cheung E, Chirkin D, Christov A, Christy B, Clark K, Classen L, Clevermann F, Coenders S, Cowen DF, Cruz Silva AH, Danninger M, Daughhetee J, Davis JC, Day M, de André JPAM, De Clercq C, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dunkman M, Eagan R, Eberhardt B, Eichmann B, Eisch J, Euler S, Evenson PA, Fadiran O, Fazely AR, Fedynitch A, Feintzeig J, Felde J, Feusels T, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer-Wasels T, Flis S, Franckowiak A, Frantzen K, Fuchs T, Gaisser TK, Gaior R, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Gier D, Gladstone L, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Gonzalez JG, Goodman JA, Góra D, Grant D, Gretskov P, Groh JC, Groß A, Ha C, Haack C, Haj Ismail A, Hallen P, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hanson K, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Heinen D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hellwig D, Hickford S, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Homeier A, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huelsnitz W, Hulth PO, Hultqvist K, Hussain S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Jacobsen J, Jagielski K, Japaridze GS, Jero K, Jlelati O, Jurkovic M, Kaminsky B, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Kauer M, Keivani A, Kelley JL, Kheirandish A, Kiryluk J, Kläs J, Klein SR, Köhne JH, Kohnen G, Kolanoski H, Koob A, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Kriesten A, Krings K, Kroll G, Kroll M, Kunnen J, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Larsen DT, Larson MJ, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Leute J, Lünemann J, Madsen J, Maggi G, Maruyama R, Mase K, Matis HS, Maunu R, McNally F, Meagher K, Medici M, Meli A, Meures T, Miarecki S, Middell E, Middlemas E, Milke N, Miller J, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Morse R, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Niederhausen H, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke A, Odrowski S, Olivas A, Omairat A, O’Murchadha A, Palczewski T, Paul L, Penek Ö, Pepper JA, Pérez de los Heros C, Pfendner C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Posselt J, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Pütz J, Quinnan M, Rädel L, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Redl P, Rees I, Reimann R, Relich M, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Riedel B, Robertson S, Rodrigues JP, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ruzybayev B, Ryckbosch D, Saba SM, Sander HG, Sandroos J, Santander M, Sarkar S, Schatto K, Scheriau F, Schmidt T, Schmitz M, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schönwald A, Schukraft A, Schulte L, Schulz O, Seckel D, Sestayo Y, Seunarine S, Shanidze R, Smith MWE, Soldin D, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stanisha NA, Stasik A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stößl A, Strahler EA, Ström R, Strotjohann NL, Sullivan GW, Taavola H, Taboada I, Tamburro A, Tepe A, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tešić G, Tilav S, Toale PA, Tobin MN, Tosi D, Tselengidou M, Unger E, Usner M, Vallecorsa S, van Eijndhoven N, Vandenbroucke J, van Santen J, Vehring M, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallraff M, Weaver C, Wellons M, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whelan BJ, Whitehorn N, Wichary C, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Williams DR, Wissing H, Wolf M, Wood TR, Woschnagg K, Xu DL, Xu XW, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zarzhitsky P, Ziemann J, Zierke S, Zoll M, Morik K. Development of a general analysis and unfolding scheme and its application to measure the energy spectrum of atmospheric neutrinos with IceCube: IceCube Collaboration. Eur Phys J C Part Fields 2015; 75:116. [PMID: 25995705 PMCID: PMC4429507 DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3330-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present the development and application of a generic analysis scheme for the measurement of neutrino spectra with the IceCube detector. This scheme is based on regularized unfolding, preceded by an event selection which uses a Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance algorithm to select the relevant variables and a random forest for the classification of events. The analysis has been developed using IceCube data from the 59-string configuration of the detector. 27,771 neutrino candidates were detected in 346 days of livetime. A rejection of 99.9999 % of the atmospheric muon background is achieved. The energy spectrum of the atmospheric neutrino flux is obtained using the TRUEE unfolding program. The unfolded spectrum of atmospheric muon neutrinos covers an energy range from 100 GeV to 1 PeV. Compared to the previous measurement using the detector in the 40-string configuration, the analysis presented here, extends the upper end of the atmospheric neutrino spectrum by more than a factor of two, reaching an energy region that has not been previously accessed by spectral measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. G. Aartsen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
| | | | - J. Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J. A. Aguilar
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M. Ahlers
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - M. Ahrens
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D. Altmann
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T. Anderson
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - C. Arguelles
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - T. C. Arlen
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - J. Auffenberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - X. Bai
- Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA
| | - S. W. Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - V. Baum
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J. J. Beatty
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - J. Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - K.-H. Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S. BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | | | - D. Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | | | - A. Bernhard
- Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D. Z. Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - G. Binder
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - D. Bindig
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M. Bissok
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - E. Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - J. Blumenthal
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D. J. Boersma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C. Bohm
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F. Bos
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - D. Bose
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746 Korea
| | - S. Böser
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - O. Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L. Brayeur
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - A. M. Brown
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J. Casey
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - M. Casier
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E. Cheung
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - D. Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - A. Christov
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - B. Christy
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - K. Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7 Canada
| | - L. Classen
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - F. Clevermann
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S. Coenders
- Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D. F. Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | | | - M. Danninger
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J. Daughhetee
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - J. C. Davis
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - M. Day
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - J. P. A. M. de André
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - C. De Clercq
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S. De Ridder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - P. Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - K. D. de Vries
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M. de With
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T. DeYoung
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - J. C. Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - M. Dunkman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - R. Eagan
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - B. Eberhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - B. Eichmann
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J. Eisch
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - S. Euler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P. A. Evenson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - O. Fadiran
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - A. R. Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USA
| | - A. Fedynitch
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J. Feintzeig
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - J. Felde
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - T. Feusels
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - K. Filimonov
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - C. Finley
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T. Fischer-Wasels
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S. Flis
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A. Franckowiak
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - K. Frantzen
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T. Fuchs
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T. K. Gaisser
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - R. Gaior
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | - J. Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - L. Gerhardt
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - D. Gier
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L. Gladstone
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | | | - A. Goldschmidt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - G. Golup
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J. G. Gonzalez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - J. A. Goodman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - D. Góra
- DESY, 15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - D. Grant
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - P. Gretskov
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J. C. Groh
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - A. Groß
- Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - C. Ha
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - C. Haack
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A. Haj Ismail
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - P. Hallen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A. Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - F. Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - K. Hanson
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D. Hebecker
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - D. Heereman
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D. Heinen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K. Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - R. Hellauer
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - D. Hellwig
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S. Hickford
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - G. C. Hill
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
| | - K. D. Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - R. Hoffmann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A. Homeier
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - K. Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - F. Huang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - W. Huelsnitz
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - P. O. Hulth
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K. Hultqvist
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S. Hussain
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - A. Ishihara
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | | | - J. Jacobsen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - K. Jagielski
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - K. Jero
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - O. Jlelati
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - M. Jurkovic
- Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - A. Kappes
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T. Karg
- DESY, 15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - A. Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - M. Kauer
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - A. Keivani
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - J. L. Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - A. Kheirandish
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - J. Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800 USA
| | - J. Kläs
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S. R. Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - J. H. Köhne
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - G. Kohnen
- Université de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - H. Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Koob
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L. Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C. Kopper
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - S. Kopper
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D. J. Koskinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M. Kowalski
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - A. Kriesten
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K. Krings
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - G. Kroll
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - M. Kroll
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J. Kunnen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - N. Kurahashi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - T. Kuwabara
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | - M. Labare
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - D. T. Larsen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - M. J. Larson
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M. Lesiak-Bzdak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800 USA
| | - M. Leuermann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J. Leute
- Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J. Lünemann
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J. Madsen
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI 54022 USA
| | - G. Maggi
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R. Maruyama
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - K. Mase
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | - H. S. Matis
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - R. Maunu
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - F. McNally
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - K. Meagher
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - M. Medici
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A. Meli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - T. Meures
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S. Miarecki
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | | | - E. Middlemas
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - N. Milke
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - J. Miller
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - T. Montaruli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - R. Morse
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | | | - U. Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - H. Niederhausen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3800 USA
| | - S. C. Nowicki
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - D. R. Nygren
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - A. Obertacke
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S. Odrowski
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - A. Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - A. Omairat
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A. O’Murchadha
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - T. Palczewski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - L. Paul
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ö. Penek
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J. A. Pepper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - C. Pérez de los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C. Pfendner
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - D. Pieloth
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - E. Pinat
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J. Posselt
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - P. B. Price
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | | | - J. Pütz
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M. Quinnan
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - L. Rädel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M. Rameez
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - K. Rawlins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr., Anchorage, AK 99508 USA
| | - P. Redl
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - I. Rees
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - R. Reimann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M. Relich
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
| | - E. Resconi
- Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - W. Rhode
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M. Richman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - B. Riedel
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - S. Robertson
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
| | - J. P. Rodrigues
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - M. Rongen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - C. Rott
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746 Korea
| | - T. Ruhe
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - B. Ruzybayev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - D. Ryckbosch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - S. M. Saba
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - H.-G. Sander
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J. Sandroos
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M. Santander
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - S. Sarkar
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3NP UK
| | - K. Schatto
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - F. Scheriau
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T. Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - M. Schmitz
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S. Schoenen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S. Schöneberg
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - A. Schukraft
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L. Schulte
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - O. Schulz
- Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D. Seckel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Y. Sestayo
- Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S. Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI 54022 USA
| | | | - M. W. E. Smith
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - D. Soldin
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G. M. Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI 54022 USA
| | | | - M. Stamatikos
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - T. Stanev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - N. A. Stanisha
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - A. Stasik
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - T. Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | | | - E. A. Strahler
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R. Ström
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - N. L. Strotjohann
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - G. W. Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - H. Taavola
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I. Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - A. Tamburro
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - A. Tepe
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S. Ter-Antonyan
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USA
| | | | - G. Tešić
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - S. Tilav
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - P. A. Toale
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - M. N. Tobin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - D. Tosi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - M. Tselengidou
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - E. Unger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M. Usner
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - S. Vallecorsa
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - J. Vandenbroucke
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - J. van Santen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - M. Vehring
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M. Voge
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - M. Vraeghe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - C. Wendt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - S. Westerhoff
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - B. J. Whelan
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 Australia
| | - N. Whitehorn
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - C. Wichary
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K. Wiebe
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D. R. Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
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- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - M. Wolf
- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T. R. Wood
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - K. Woschnagg
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - D. L. Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - X. W. Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USA
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- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - S. Yoshida
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan
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- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
| | - J. Ziemann
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S. Zierke
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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- Department of Physics, Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K. Morik
- Department of Computer Science, TU Dortmund University, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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van Duppen Z, Summa M, Fuchs T. [Psychopathology and film: a valuable interaction?]. Tijdschr Psychiatr 2015; 57:596-603. [PMID: 26402896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Film or film fragments are often used in psychopathology education. However, so far there have been very few articles that have discussed the benefits and limitations of using films to explain or illustrate psychopathology. Although numerous films involves psychopathology in varying degrees, it is not clear how we can use films for psychopathology education. AIM To examine the advantages, limitations and possible methods of using film as a means of increasing our knowledge and understanding of psychiatric illnesses. METHOD We discuss five examples that illustrate the interaction of film and psychopathology. On the one hand we explain how the psychopathological concepts are used in each film and on the other hand we explain which aspects of each film are valuable aids for teaching psychopathology. RESULTS The use of film makes it possible to introduce the following topics in psychopathological teaching programme: holistic psychiatric reasoning, phenomenology and the subjective experience, the recognition of psychopathological prototypes and the importance of context. CONCLUSION There is undoubtedly an analogy between the method we have chosen for teaching psychopathology with the help of films and the holistic approach of the psychiatrist and his or her team. We believe psychopathology education can benefit from films and we would recommend our colleagues to use it in this way.
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Núñez D, Oelkers-Ax R, de Haan S, Ludwig M, Sattel H, Resch F, Weisbrod M, Fuchs T. Do deficits in the magnocellular priming underlie visual derealization phenomena? Preliminary neurophysiological and self-report results in first-episode schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res 2014; 159:441-9. [PMID: 25239127 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early visual impairments probably partially caused by impaired interactions between magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) pathways (M priming deficit), and disturbances of basic self-awareness or self-disorders (SDs) are core features of schizophrenia. The relationships between these features have not yet been studied. We hypothesized that the M priming was impaired in first-episode patients and that this deficit was associated with visual aspects of SDs. AIM To investigate early visual processing in a sample of first-episode schizophrenia patients and to explore the relationships between M and P functioning and visual aspects of SDs addressed by the Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE) interview. METHOD Nine stimulating conditions were used to investigate M and P pathways and their interaction in a pattern reversal visually evoked potential (VEP) paradigm. N80 at mixed M- and P-conditions was used to investigate magnocellular priming. Generators were analyzed using source localization (Brain Electrical Source Analysis software: BESA). VEPs of nineteen first-episode schizophrenia patients were compared to those of twenty matched healthy controls by a bootstrap resample procedure. Visual aspects of SDs were analyzed through a factor analysis to separate symptom clusters of derealization phenomena. Thereafter, the associations between the main factors and the N80 component were explored using linear mixed models. RESULTS Factor analyses separated two EASE factors ("distance to the world", and "intrusive world"). The N80 component was represented by a single dipole located in the occipital visual cortex. The bootstrap analysis yielded significant amplitude reductions and prolonged latencies in first-episode patients relative to controls in response to mixed M-P conditions, and normal amplitudes and latencies in response to isolated P- and M-biased stimulation. Exploratory analyses showed significant negative correlations between the N80 amplitude values at mixed M-P conditions and the EASE factor "distance to the world", i.e. relatively higher amplitudes in the patient group were associated with higher subjective perceived derealization ("distance to the world"). CONCLUSIONS The early VEP component N80 evoked by mixed M-P conditions is assumed to be a correlate of M priming, and showed reduced amplitudes and longer latencies in first-episode patients. It probably reflects a hypoactivation of the M-pathway. The negative association between visual SDs (derealization phenomena characterized by visual experiences of being more distant to the world), and the M priming deficit was counterintuitive. It might indicate a dysregulated activity of the M-pathway in patients with SDs. Further research is needed to better understand this preliminary finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Núñez
- Faculty of Psychology, University de Talca, Chile; Psychiatry Department, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Voßstr. 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - R Oelkers-Ax
- Psychiatry Department, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Voßstr. 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Blumenstraße 8, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - S de Haan
- Psychiatry Department, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Voßstr. 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Ludwig
- Psychiatry Department, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Voßstr. 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H Sattel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Langerstraße 3, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - F Resch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Blumenstraße 8, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - M Weisbrod
- Psychiatry Department, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Voßstr. 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany; Klinikum Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Guttmannstrasse 1, 76307 Karlsbad, Germany.
| | - T Fuchs
- Psychiatry Department, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Voßstr. 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Aartsen MG, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Ahrens M, Altmann D, Anderson T, Arguelles C, Arlen TC, Auffenberg J, Bai X, Barwick SW, Baum V, Beatty JJ, Becker Tjus J, Becker KH, BenZvi S, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Bissok M, Blaufuss E, Blumenthal J, Boersma DJ, Bohm C, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Brayeur L, Bretz HP, Brown AM, Casey J, Casier M, Chirkin D, Christov A, Christy B, Clark K, Classen L, Clevermann F, Coenders S, Cowen DF, Cruz Silva AH, Danninger M, Daughhetee J, Davis JC, Day M, de André JPAM, De Clercq C, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dunkman M, Eagan R, Eberhardt B, Eichmann B, Eisch J, Euler S, Evenson PA, Fadiran O, Fazely AR, Fedynitch A, Feintzeig J, Felde J, Feusels T, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer-Wasels T, Flis S, Franckowiak A, Frantzen K, Fuchs T, Gaisser TK, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Gier D, Gladstone L, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Gonzalez JG, Goodman JA, Góra D, Grandmont DT, Grant D, Gretskov P, Groh JC, Groß A, Ha C, Haack C, Haj Ismail A, Hallen P, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hanson K, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Heinen D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hellwig D, Hickford S, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Homeier A, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huelsnitz W, Hulth PO, Hultqvist K, Hussain S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Jacobsen J, Jagielski K, Japaridze GS, Jero K, Jlelati O, Jurkovic M, Kaminsky B, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Kauer M, Kelley JL, Kheirandish A, Kiryluk J, Kläs J, Klein SR, Köhne JH, Kohnen G, Kolanoski H, Koob A, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Kriesten A, Krings K, Kroll G, Kunnen J, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Larsen DT, Larson MJ, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Leute J, Lünemann J, Macías O, Madsen J, Maggi G, Maruyama R, Mase K, Matis HS, McNally F, Meagher K, Meli A, Meures T, Miarecki S, Middell E, Middlemas E, Milke N, Miller J, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Morse R, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Niederhausen H, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke A, Odrowski S, Olivas A, Omairat A, O'Murchadha A, Palczewski T, Paul L, Penek O, Pepper JA, Pérez de Los Heros C, Pfendner C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Posselt J, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Pütz J, Quinnan M, Rädel L, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Redl P, Rees I, Reimann R, Resconi E, Rhode W, Richman M, Riedel B, Robertson S, Rodrigues JP, Rongen M, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ruzybayev B, Ryckbosch D, Saba SM, Sander HG, Santander M, Sarkar S, Schatto K, Scheriau F, Schmidt T, Schmitz M, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schönwald A, Schukraft A, Schulte L, Schulz O, Seckel D, Sestayo Y, Seunarine S, Shanidze R, Sheremata C, Smith MWE, Soldin D, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stanisha NA, Stasik A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stößl A, Strahler EA, Ström R, Strotjohann NL, Sullivan GW, Taavola H, Taboada I, Tamburro A, Tepe A, Ter-Antonyan S, Terliuk A, Tešić G, Tilav S, Toale PA, Tobin MN, Tosi D, Tselengidou M, Unger E, Usner M, Vallecorsa S, van Eijndhoven N, Vandenbroucke J, van Santen J, Vehring M, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Wallraff M, Weaver C, Wellons M, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whelan BJ, Whitehorn N, Wichary C, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Williams DR, Wissing H, Wolf M, Wood TR, Woschnagg K, Xu DL, Xu XW, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zarzhitsky P, Ziemann J, Zierke S, Zoll M. Observation of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos in three years of IceCube data. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 113:101101. [PMID: 25238345 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.101101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A search for high-energy neutrinos interacting within the IceCube detector between 2010 and 2012 provided the first evidence for a high-energy neutrino flux of extraterrestrial origin. Results from an analysis using the same methods with a third year (2012-2013) of data from the complete IceCube detector are consistent with the previously reported astrophysical flux in the 100 TeV-PeV range at the level of 10(-8) GeV cm-2 s-1 sr-1 per flavor and reject a purely atmospheric explanation for the combined three-year data at 5.7σ. The data are consistent with expectations for equal fluxes of all three neutrino flavors and with isotropic arrival directions, suggesting either numerous or spatially extended sources. The three-year data set, with a live time of 988 days, contains a total of 37 neutrino candidate events with deposited energies ranging from 30 to 2000 TeV. The 2000-TeV event is the highest-energy neutrino interaction ever observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Aartsen
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
| | | | - J Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J A Aguilar
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - M Ahlers
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Ahrens
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Altmann
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Anderson
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - C Arguelles
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T C Arlen
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J Auffenberg
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - X Bai
- Department of Physics, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - S W Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - V Baum
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J J Beatty
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA and Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - J Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - K-H Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - D Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | | | | | - D Z Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - G Binder
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Bindig
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M Bissok
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - E Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - J Blumenthal
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D J Boersma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Bohm
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Bose
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - S Böser
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - O Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L Brayeur
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - A M Brown
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J Casey
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - M Casier
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Christov
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - B Christy
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - K Clark
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - L Classen
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - F Clevermann
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - D F Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA and Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | | | - M Danninger
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Daughhetee
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - J C Davis
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - M Day
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J P A M de André
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - C De Clercq
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S De Ridder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - P Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K D de Vries
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M de With
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T DeYoung
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J C Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Dunkman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - R Eagan
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - B Eberhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - B Eichmann
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J Eisch
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Euler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P A Evenson
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - O Fadiran
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A R Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - A Fedynitch
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J Feintzeig
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Felde
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - T Feusels
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - K Filimonov
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Finley
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Fischer-Wasels
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S Flis
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Franckowiak
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - K Frantzen
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Fuchs
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T K Gaisser
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - J Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - L Gerhardt
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D Gier
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Gladstone
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - A Goldschmidt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Golup
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J G Gonzalez
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - J A Goodman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Góra
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - D T Grandmont
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - D Grant
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - P Gretskov
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J C Groh
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - A Groß
- T.U. Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - C Ha
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Haack
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Haj Ismail
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - P Hallen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - F Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Hanson
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Hebecker
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - D Heereman
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Heinen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - R Hellauer
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Hellwig
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Hickford
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - G C Hill
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - K D Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - R Hoffmann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A Homeier
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - K Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - F Huang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - W Huelsnitz
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - P O Hulth
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Hultqvist
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Hussain
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - A Ishihara
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | | | - J Jacobsen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Jagielski
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - G S Japaridze
- CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA
| | - K Jero
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - O Jlelati
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | | | - A Kappes
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - T Karg
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - A Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Kauer
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J L Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A Kheirandish
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - J Kläs
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S R Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J-H Köhne
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - G Kohnen
- Université de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - H Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Koob
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Kopper
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Kopper
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D J Koskinen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Kowalski
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - A Kriesten
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Krings
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - G Kroll
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J Kunnen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - N Kurahashi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T Kuwabara
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - M Labare
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - D T Larsen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M J Larson
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Lesiak-Bzdak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - M Leuermann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Leute
- T.U. Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J Lünemann
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - O Macías
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J Madsen
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - G Maggi
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Maruyama
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Mase
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - H S Matis
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - F McNally
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Meagher
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Meli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - T Meures
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Miarecki
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - E Middlemas
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - N Milke
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - J Miller
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - T Montaruli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - R Morse
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - U Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - H Niederhausen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - S C Nowicki
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - D R Nygren
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Obertacke
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S Odrowski
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - A Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - A Omairat
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A O'Murchadha
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - T Palczewski
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - L Paul
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - O Penek
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J A Pepper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - C Pérez de Los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Pfendner
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - D Pieloth
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - E Pinat
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Posselt
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - P B Price
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G T Przybylski
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J Pütz
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Quinnan
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - L Rädel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Rameez
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - K Rawlins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
| | - P Redl
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - I Rees
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - R Reimann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - E Resconi
- T.U. Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - W Rhode
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Richman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - B Riedel
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Robertson
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - J P Rodrigues
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Rongen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - C Rott
- Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - T Ruhe
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - B Ruzybayev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D Ryckbosch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - S M Saba
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - H-G Sander
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - M Santander
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Sarkar
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark and Department of Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, United Kingdom
| | - K Schatto
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - F Scheriau
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Schmitz
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S Schoenen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Schöneberg
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - A Schukraft
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Schulte
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - O Schulz
- T.U. Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D Seckel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Y Sestayo
- T.U. Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | | | - C Sheremata
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - M W E Smith
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - D Soldin
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G M Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | | | - M Stamatikos
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - T Stanev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - N A Stanisha
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - A Stasik
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - T Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R G Stokstad
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Stößl
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - E A Strahler
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Ström
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - N L Strotjohann
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - G W Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - H Taavola
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - A Tamburro
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - A Tepe
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S Ter-Antonyan
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | | | - G Tešić
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - S Tilav
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - P A Toale
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - M N Tobin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D Tosi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Tselengidou
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - E Unger
- Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - M Usner
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - S Vallecorsa
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - N van Eijndhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Vandenbroucke
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J van Santen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Vehring
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Voge
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - M Vraeghe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - C Walck
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Wallraff
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ch Weaver
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Wellons
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - C Wendt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Westerhoff
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B J Whelan
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - N Whitehorn
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - C Wichary
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Wiebe
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C H Wiebusch
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D R Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - H Wissing
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Wolf
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T R Wood
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - K Woschnagg
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D L Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - X W Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | | | - G Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - S Yoshida
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - P Zarzhitsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - J Ziemann
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S Zierke
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Zoll
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Pomorski M, Rosner-Tenerowicz A, Fuchs T, Woyton R, Zimmer M. Complete separation of the uterine cesarean section scar – a new cause of secondary infertility? Fertil Steril 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.07.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Aartsen M, Abbasi R, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar J, Ahlers M, Altmann D, Arguelles C, Arlen T, Auffenberg J, Bai X, Baker M, Barwick S, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty J, Becker Tjus J, Becker KH, BenZvi S, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Besson D, Binder G, Bindig D, Bissok M, Blaufuss E, Blumenthal J, Boersma D, Bohm C, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Brayeur L, Bretz HP, Brown A, Bruijn R, Casey J, Casier M, Chirkin D, Christov A, Christy B, Clark K, Classen L, Clevermann F, Coenders S, Cohen S, Cowen D, Cruz Silva A, Danninger M, Daughhetee J, Davis J, Day M, de André J, De Clercq C, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries K, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez J, Dunkman M, Eagan R, Eberhardt B, Eichmann B, Eisch J, Euler S, Evenson P, Fadiran O, Fazely A, Fedynitch A, Feintzeig J, Feusels T, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer-Wasels T, Flis S, Franckowiak A, Frantzen K, Fuchs T, Gaisser T, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Gladstone L, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Gonzalez J, Goodman J, Góra D, Grandmont D, Grant D, Gretskov P, Groh J, Groß A, Ha C, Haj Ismail A, Hallen P, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hanson K, Hebecker D, Heereman D, Heinen D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hickford S, Hill G, Hoffman K, Hoffmann R, Homeier A, Hoshina K, Huang F, Huelsnitz W, Hulth P, Hultqvist K, Hussain S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Jacobsen J, Jagielski K, Japaridze G, Jero K, Jlelati O, Kaminsky B, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Kauer M, Kelley J, Kiryluk J, Kläs J, Klein S, Köhne JH, Kohnen G, Kolanoski H, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen D, Kowalski M, Krasberg M, Kriesten A, Krings K, Kroll G, Kunnen J, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Landsman H, Larson M, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Leute J, Lünemann J, Macías O, Madsen J, Maggi G, Maruyama R, Mase K, Matis H, McNally F, Meagher K, Merck M, Meures T, Miarecki S, Middell E, Milke N, Miller J, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Morse R, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Niederhausen H, Nowicki S, Nygren D, Obertacke A, Odrowski S, Olivas A, Omairat A, O’Murchadha A, Palczewski T, Paul L, Pepper J, Pérez de los Heros C, Pfendner C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Posselt J, Price P, Przybylski G, Quinnan M, Rädel L, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Redl P, Reimann R, Resconi E, Rhode W, Ribordy M, Richman M, Riedel B, Robertson S, Rodrigues J, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ruzybayev B, Ryckbosch D, Saba S, Sander HG, Santander M, Sarkar S, Schatto K, Scheriau F, Schmidt T, Schmitz M, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schönwald A, Schukraft A, Schulte L, Schulz O, Seckel D, Sestayo Y, Seunarine S, Shanidze R, Sheremata C, Smith M, Soldin D, Spiczak G, Spiering C, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stanisha N, Stasik A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad R, Stößl A, Strahler E, Ström R, Strotjohann N, Sullivan G, Taavola H, Taboada I, Tamburro A, Tepe A, Ter-Antonyan S, Tešić G, Tilav S, Toale P, Tobin M, Toscano S, Tselengidou M, Unger E, Usner M, Vallecorsa S, van Eijndhoven N, Van Overloop A, van Santen J, Vehring M, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Waldenmaier T, Wallraff M, Weaver C, Wellons M, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whelan B, Whitehorn N, Wiebe K, Wiebusch C, Williams D, Wissing H, Wolf M, Wood T, Woschnagg K, Xu D, Xu X, Yanez J, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zarzhitsky P, Ziemann J, Zierke S, Zoll M. Search for a diffuse flux of astrophysical muon neutrinos with the IceCube 59-string configuration. Int J Clin Exp Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.89.062007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Fuchs T, Pomorski M, Lepka P, Tomiałowicz MT, Woytoń RW, Zimmer A, Zimmer M. Ultrasonographic pattern of spontaneous resolving fetal ovarian cyst: a case report. CLIN EXP OBSTET GYN 2014. [DOI: 10.12891/ceog15952014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Fuchs T, Pomorski M, Lepka P, Tomiałowicz M, Woytoń R, Zimmer A, Zimmer M. Ultrasonographic pattern of spontaneous resolving fetal ovarian cyst: a case report. CLIN EXP OBSTET GYN 2014; 41:78-79. [PMID: 24707690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fetal ovarian cyst is diagnosed at the rate of one per 2,500 live births and its behaviour in utero may range from spontaneous resolution with no further consequences to torsion, necrosis, and to the necessity of surgical treatment in the postnatal stage. Ovarian cyst torsion in a fetus results in the loss of its reproductive function in adult life. The authors present a case of spontaneous resolving fetal ovarian cyst. The lesion was diagnosed during an ultrasound scan in 30th week of pregnancy. An ultrasound scan performed two weeks later revealed symptoms of cyst torsion; the lesion was 5.7 cm in diameter, heterogeneous, and had a normoechogenic inside. A subsequent ultrasound exam showed a lesion with a diameter of 2.16 cm. An ultrasound exam of the newborn's abdominal cavity performed on the second day showed that the cyst was six mm in diameter. However, the cyst did not show on an ultrasound scan made on the fourth day.
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Aartsen MG, Abbasi R, Abdou Y, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Altmann D, Auffenberg J, Bai X, Baker M, Barwick SW, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Bechet S, Becker Tjus J, Becker KH, Benabderrahmane ML, BenZvi S, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Bertrand D, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Bissok M, Blaufuss E, Blumenthal J, Boersma DJ, Bohaichuk S, Bohm C, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Brayeur L, Bretz HP, Brown AM, Bruijn R, Brunner J, Carson M, Casey J, Casier M, Chirkin D, Christov A, Christy B, Clark K, Clevermann F, Coenders S, Cohen S, Cowen DF, Cruz Silva AH, Danninger M, Daughhetee J, Davis JC, Day M, De Clercq C, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries KD, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dunkman M, Eagan R, Eberhardt B, Eichmann B, Eisch J, Ellsworth RW, Euler S, Evenson PA, Fadiran O, Fazely AR, Fedynitch A, Feintzeig J, Feusels T, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer-Wasels T, Flis S, Franckowiak A, Frantzen K, Fuchs T, Gaisser TK, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Gladstone L, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Gonzalez JG, Goodman JA, Góra D, Grandmont DT, Grant D, Groß A, Ha C, Haj Ismail A, Hallen P, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hanson K, Heereman D, Heinen D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hickford S, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Homeier A, Hoshina K, Huelsnitz W, Hulth PO, Hultqvist K, Hussain S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Jacobsen J, Jagielski K, Japaridze GS, Jero K, Jlelati O, Kaminsky B, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Kelley JL, Kiryluk J, Kläs J, Klein SR, Köhne JH, Kohnen G, Kolanoski H, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Krasberg M, Krings K, Kroll G, Kunnen J, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Landsman H, Larson MJ, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Leute J, Lünemann J, Madsen J, Maggi G, Maruyama R, Mase K, Matis HS, McNally F, Meagher K, Merck M, Meures T, Miarecki S, Middell E, Milke N, Miller J, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Morse R, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Niederhausen H, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke A, Odrowski S, Olivas A, O'Murchadha A, Paul L, Pepper JA, Pérez de los Heros C, Pfendner C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Posselt J, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Rädel L, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Redl P, Reimann R, Resconi E, Rhode W, Ribordy M, Richman M, Riedel B, Rodrigues JP, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ruzybayev B, Ryckbosch D, Saba SM, Salameh T, Sander HG, Santander M, Sarkar S, Schatto K, Scheriau F, Schmidt T, Schmitz M, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schönwald A, Schukraft A, Schulte L, Schulz O, Seckel D, Sestayo Y, Seunarine S, Shanidze R, Sheremata C, Smith MWE, Soldin D, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stasik A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stößl A, Strahler EA, Ström R, Sullivan GW, Taavola H, Taboada I, Tamburro A, Tepe A, Ter-Antonyan S, Tešić G, Tilav S, Toale PA, Toscano S, Unger E, Usner M, van Eijndhoven N, Van Overloop A, van Santen J, Vehring M, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Waldenmaier T, Wallraff M, Weaver C, Wellons M, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whitehorn N, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Williams DR, Wissing H, Wolf M, Wood TR, Woschnagg K, Xu DL, Xu XW, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zarzhitsky P, Ziemann J, Zierke S, Zoll M. Evidence for high-energy extraterrestrial neutrinos at the IceCube detector. Science 2013; 342:1242856. [PMID: 24264993 DOI: 10.1126/science.1242856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We report on results of an all-sky search for high-energy neutrino events interacting within the IceCube neutrino detector conducted between May 2010 and May 2012. The search follows up on the previous detection of two PeV neutrino events, with improved sensitivity and extended energy coverage down to about 30 TeV. Twenty-six additional events were observed, substantially more than expected from atmospheric backgrounds. Combined, both searches reject a purely atmospheric origin for the 28 events at the 4σ level. These 28 events, which include the highest energy neutrinos ever observed, have flavors, directions, and energies inconsistent with those expected from the atmospheric muon and neutrino backgrounds. These properties are, however, consistent with generic predictions for an additional component of extraterrestrial origin.
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Aartsen MG, Abbasi R, Abdou Y, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Altmann D, Auffenberg J, Bai X, Baker M, Barwick SW, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Bechet S, Becker Tjus J, Becker KH, Bell M, Benabderrahmane ML, Benzvi S, Berdermann J, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Bertrand D, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Bissok M, Blaufuss E, Blumenthal J, Boersma DJ, Bohaichuk S, Bohm C, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Brayeur L, Bretz HP, Brown AM, Bruijn R, Brunner J, Carson M, Casey J, Casier M, Chirkin D, Christov A, Christy B, Clark K, Clevermann F, Coenders S, Cohen S, Cowen DF, Cruz Silva AH, Danninger M, Daughhetee J, Davis JC, De Clercq C, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dunkman M, Eagan R, Eberhardt B, Eisch J, Ellsworth RW, Euler S, Evenson PA, Fadiran O, Fazely AR, Fedynitch A, Feintzeig J, Feusels T, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer-Wasels T, Flis S, Franckowiak A, Franke R, Frantzen K, Fuchs T, Gaisser TK, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Gladstone L, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Gonzalez JG, Goodman JA, Góra D, Grandmont DT, Grant D, Groß A, Ha C, Haj Ismail A, Hallen P, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hanson K, Heereman D, Heinen D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hickford S, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Homeier A, Hoshina K, Huelsnitz W, Hulth PO, Hultqvist K, Hussain S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Jacobsen J, Jagielski K, Japaridze GS, Jero K, Jlelati O, Kaminsky B, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Kelley JL, Kiryluk J, Kislat F, Kläs J, Klein SR, Köhne JH, Kohnen G, Kolanoski H, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Krasberg M, Krings K, Kroll G, Kunnen J, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Landsman H, Larson MJ, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Leute J, Lünemann J, Madsen J, Maruyama R, Mase K, Matis HS, McNally F, Meagher K, Merck M, Mészáros P, Meures T, Miarecki S, Middell E, Milke N, Miller J, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Morse R, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Niederhausen H, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke A, Odrowski S, Olivas A, Olivo M, O'Murchadha A, Palazzo A, Paul L, Pepper JA, Pérez de los Heros C, Pfendner C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Pirk N, Posselt J, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Rädel L, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Redl P, Reimann R, Resconi E, Rhode W, Ribordy M, Richman M, Riedel B, Rodrigues JP, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ruzybayev B, Ryckbosch D, Saba SM, Salameh T, Sander HG, Santander M, Sarkar S, Schatto K, Scheel M, Scheriau F, Schmidt T, Schmitz M, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schönwald A, Schukraft A, Schulte L, Schulz O, Seckel D, Sestayo Y, Seunarine S, Sheremata C, Smith MWE, Soldin D, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stasik A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stößl A, Strahler EA, Ström R, Sullivan GW, Taavola H, Taboada I, Tamburro A, Tepe A, Ter-Antonyan S, Tešić G, Tilav S, Toale PA, Toscano S, Usner M, van der Drift D, van Eijndhoven N, Van Overloop A, van Santen J, Vehring M, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Waldenmaier T, Wallraff M, Wasserman R, Weaver C, Wellons M, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whitehorn N, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Williams DR, Wissing H, Wolf M, Wood TR, Woschnagg K, Xu C, Xu DL, Xu XW, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zarzhitsky P, Ziemann J, Zierke S, Zoll M. Measurement of atmospheric neutrino oscillations with IceCube. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:081801. [PMID: 24010427 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.081801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present the first statistically significant detection of neutrino oscillations in the high-energy regime (>20 GeV) from an analysis of IceCube Neutrino Observatory data collected in 2010 and 2011. This measurement is made possible by the low-energy threshold of the DeepCore detector (~20 GeV) and benefits from the use of the IceCube detector as a veto against cosmic-ray-induced muon background. The oscillation signal was detected within a low-energy muon neutrino sample (20-100 GeV) extracted from data collected by DeepCore. A high-energy muon neutrino sample (100 GeV-10 TeV) was extracted from IceCube data to constrain systematic uncertainties. The disappearance of low-energy upward-going muon neutrinos was observed, and the nonoscillation hypothesis is rejected with more than 5σ significance. In a two-neutrino flavor formalism, our data are best described by the atmospheric neutrino oscillation parameters |Δm(32)(2)|=(2.3(-0.5)(+0.6))×10(-3) eV(2) and sin(2)(2θ(23))>0.93, and maximum mixing is favored.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Aartsen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide South Australia, 5005 Australia
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Aartsen MG, Abbasi R, Abdou Y, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Altmann D, Auffenberg J, Bai X, Baker M, Barwick SW, Baum V, Bay R, Beatty JJ, Bechet S, Becker Tjus J, Becker KH, Bell M, Benabderrahmane ML, BenZvi S, Berdermann J, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Bertrand D, Besson DZ, Binder G, Bindig D, Bissok M, Blaufuss E, Blumenthal J, Boersma DJ, Bohaichuk S, Bohm C, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Brayeur L, Bretz HP, Brown AM, Bruijn R, Brunner J, Carson M, Casey J, Casier M, Chirkin D, Christov A, Christy B, Clark K, Clevermann F, Coenders S, Cohen S, Cowen DF, Cruz Silva AH, Danninger M, Daughhetee J, Davis JC, De Clercq C, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dunkman M, Eagan R, Eberhardt B, Eisch J, Ellsworth RW, Euler S, Evenson PA, Fadiran O, Fazely AR, Fedynitch A, Feintzeig J, Feusels T, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer-Wasels T, Flis S, Franckowiak A, Franke R, Frantzen K, Fuchs T, Gaisser TK, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Gladstone L, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Gonzalez JG, Goodman JA, Góra D, Grant D, Groß A, Gurtner M, Ha C, Haj Ismail A, Hallen P, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hanson K, Heereman D, Heinen D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hickford S, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Homeier A, Hoshina K, Huelsnitz W, Hulth PO, Hultqvist K, Hussain S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Jacobsen J, Jagielski K, Japaridze GS, Jero K, Jlelati O, Kaminsky B, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Kelley JL, Kiryluk J, Kislat F, Kläs J, Klein SR, Köhne JH, Kohnen G, Kolanoski H, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Krasberg M, Krings K, Kroll G, Kunnen J, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Landsman H, Larson MJ, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leuermann M, Leute J, Lünemann J, Madsen J, Maruyama R, Mase K, Matis HS, McNally F, Meagher K, Merck M, Mészáros P, Meures T, Miarecki S, Middell E, Milke N, Miller J, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Morse R, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Niederhausen H, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke A, Odrowski S, Olivas A, Olivo M, O'Murchadha A, Paul L, Pepper JA, Pérez de los Heros C, Pfendner C, Pieloth D, Pinat E, Pirk N, Posselt J, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Rädel L, Rameez M, Rawlins K, Redl P, Reimann R, Resconi E, Rhode W, Ribordy M, Richman M, Riedel B, Rodrigues JP, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ruzybayev B, Ryckbosch D, Saba SM, Salameh T, Sander HG, Santander M, Sarkar S, Schatto K, Scheel M, Scheriau F, Schmidt T, Schmitz M, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schönwald A, Schukraft A, Schulte L, Schulz O, Seckel D, Sestayo Y, Seunarine S, Sheremata C, Smith MWE, Soiron M, Soldin D, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stasik A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stößl A, Strahler EA, Ström R, Sullivan GW, Taavola H, Taboada I, Tamburro A, Ter-Antonyan S, Tešić G, Tilav S, Toale PA, Toscano S, Usner M, van der Drift D, van Eijndhoven N, Van Overloop A, van Santen J, Vehring M, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Waldenmaier T, Wallraff M, Wasserman R, Weaver C, Wellons M, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whitehorn N, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Williams DR, Wissing H, Wolf M, Wood TR, Woschnagg K, Xu C, Xu DL, Xu XW, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zarzhitsky P, Ziemann J, Zierke S, Zilles A, Zoll M. First observation of PeV-energy neutrinos with IceCube. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:021103. [PMID: 23889381 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.021103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on the observation of two neutrino-induced events which have an estimated deposited energy in the IceCube detector of 1.04±0.16 and 1.14±0.17 PeV, respectively, the highest neutrino energies observed so far. These events are consistent with fully contained particle showers induced by neutral-current ν(e,μ,τ) (ν(e,μ,τ)) or charged-current ν(e) (ν(e)) interactions within the IceCube detector. The events were discovered in a search for ultrahigh energy neutrinos using data corresponding to 615.9 days effective live time. The expected number of atmospheric background is 0.082±0.004(stat)(-0.057)(+0.041)(syst). The probability of observing two or more candidate events under the atmospheric background-only hypothesis is 2.9×10(-3) (2.8σ) taking into account the uncertainty on the expected number of background events. These two events could be a first indication of an astrophysical neutrino flux; the moderate significance, however, does not permit a definitive conclusion at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Aartsen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide South Australia 5005, Australia
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Zimmer M, Fuchs T, Pomorski M, Geneja R, Krolak-Olejnik B, Lachowska M, Paluszynska D. Extremely delayed delivery of second and third fetus in spontaneous triplet pregnancy. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2013; 33:524. [PMID: 23815214 DOI: 10.3109/01443615.2013.783005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Zimmer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Aartsen MG, Abbasi R, Abdou Y, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Altmann D, Auffenberg J, Bai X, Baker M, Barwick SW, Baum V, Bay R, Beattie K, Beatty JJ, Bechet S, Becker Tjus J, Becker KH, Bell M, Benabderrahmane ML, BenZvi S, Berdermann J, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Bertrand D, Besson DZ, Bindig D, Bissok M, Blaufuss E, Blumenthal J, Boersma DJ, Bohaichuk S, Bohm C, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Brayeur L, Brown AM, Bruijn R, Brunner J, Buitink S, Carson M, Casey J, Casier M, Chirkin D, Christy B, Clark K, Clevermann F, Cohen S, Cowen DF, Cruz Silva AH, Danninger M, Daughhetee J, Davis JC, De Clercq C, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries-Uiterweerd G, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dreyer J, Dunkman M, Eagan R, Eberhardt B, Eisch J, Ellsworth RW, Engdegård O, Euler S, Evenson PA, Fadiran O, Fazely AR, Fedynitch A, Feintzeig J, Feusels T, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer-Wasels T, Flis S, Franckowiak A, Franke R, Frantzen K, Fuchs T, Gaisser TK, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Gladstone L, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Goodman JA, Góra D, Grant D, Groß A, Gurtner M, Ha C, Haj Ismail A, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hanson K, Heereman D, Heimann P, Heinen D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hickford S, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Homeier A, Hoshina K, Huelsnitz W, Hulth PO, Hultqvist K, Hussain S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Jacobsen J, Japaridze GS, Jero K, Jlelati O, Kaminsky B, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Kelley JL, Kiryluk J, Kislat F, Kläs J, Klein SR, Köhne JH, Kohnen G, Kolanoski H, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Krasberg M, Kroll G, Kunnen J, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Landsman H, Larson MJ, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leute J, Lünemann J, Madsen J, Maruyama R, Mase K, Matis HS, McNally F, Meagher K, Merck M, Mészáros P, Meures T, Miarecki S, Middell E, Milke N, Miller J, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Morse R, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Niederhausen H, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke A, Odrowski S, Olivas A, Olivo M, O'Murchadha A, Panknin S, Paul L, Pepper JA, Pérez de los Heros C, Pfendner C, Pieloth D, Pirk N, Posselt J, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Rädel L, Rawlins K, Redl P, Resconi E, Rhode W, Ribordy M, Richman M, Riedel B, Rodrigues JP, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ruzybayev B, Ryckbosch D, Saba SM, Salameh T, Sander HG, Santander M, Sarkar S, Schatto K, Scheel M, Scheriau F, Schmidt T, Schmitz M, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schönherr L, Schönwald A, Schukraft A, Schulte L, Schulz O, Seckel D, Seo SH, Sestayo Y, Seunarine S, Sheremata C, Smith MWE, Soiron M, Soldin D, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stasik A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stößl A, Strahler EA, Ström R, Sullivan GW, Taavola H, Taboada I, Tamburro A, Ter-Antonyan S, Tilav S, Toale PA, Toscano S, Usner M, van der Drift D, van Eijndhoven N, Van Overloop A, van Santen J, Vehring M, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Waldenmaier T, Wallraff M, Wasserman R, Weaver C, Wellons M, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whitehorn N, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Williams DR, Wissing H, Wolf M, Wood TR, Woschnagg K, Xu C, Xu DL, Xu XW, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zarzhitsky P, Ziemann J, Zierke S, Zilles A, Zoll M. Measurement of the atmospheric νe flux in IceCube. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 110:151105. [PMID: 25167245 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.151105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the first measurement of the atmospheric electron neutrino flux in the energy range between approximately 80 GeV and 6 TeV, using data recorded during the first year of operation of IceCube's DeepCore low-energy extension. Techniques to identify neutrinos interacting within the DeepCore volume and veto muons originating outside the detector are demonstrated. A sample of 1029 events is observed in 281 days of data, of which 496±66(stat)±88(syst) are estimated to be cascade events, including both electron neutrino and neutral current events. The rest of the sample includes residual backgrounds due to atmospheric muons and charged current interactions of atmospheric muon neutrinos. The flux of the atmospheric electron neutrinos is consistent with models of atmospheric neutrinos in this energy range. This constitutes the first observation of electron neutrinos and neutral current interactions in a very large volume neutrino telescope optimized for the TeV energy range.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Aartsen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - R Abbasi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Y Abdou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | - J Adams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J A Aguilar
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - M Ahlers
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - D Altmann
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - J Auffenberg
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - X Bai
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - M Baker
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S W Barwick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - V Baum
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - R Bay
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - K Beattie
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J J Beatty
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA and Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - S Bechet
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Becker Tjus
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - K-H Becker
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M Bell
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | | | - S BenZvi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | | | - D Berley
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | | | | | - D Bertrand
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Z Besson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - D Bindig
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - M Bissok
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - E Blaufuss
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - J Blumenthal
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D J Boersma
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Bohaichuk
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - C Bohm
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Bose
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Böser
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - O Botner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - L Brayeur
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A M Brown
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - R Bruijn
- Laboratory for High Energy Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - S Buitink
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Carson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - J Casey
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - M Casier
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Chirkin
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - B Christy
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - K Clark
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - F Clevermann
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S Cohen
- Laboratory for High Energy Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D F Cowen
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA and Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | | | - M Danninger
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Daughhetee
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - J C Davis
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - C De Clercq
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S De Ridder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - P Desiati
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - M de With
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T DeYoung
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - J C Díaz-Vélez
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Dreyer
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - M Dunkman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - R Eagan
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - B Eberhardt
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J Eisch
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - R W Ellsworth
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - O Engdegård
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Euler
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - P A Evenson
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - O Fadiran
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A R Fazely
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - A Fedynitch
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - J Feintzeig
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T Feusels
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - K Filimonov
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Finley
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Fischer-Wasels
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S Flis
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Franckowiak
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - K Frantzen
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Fuchs
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T K Gaisser
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - J Gallagher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - L Gerhardt
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - L Gladstone
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - A Goldschmidt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G Golup
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J A Goodman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - D Góra
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - D Grant
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - A Groß
- T.U. Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Gurtner
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - C Ha
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Haj Ismail
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - A Hallgren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - F Halzen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Hanson
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - D Heereman
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Heimann
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D Heinen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Helbing
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - R Hellauer
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - S Hickford
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - G C Hill
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - K D Hoffman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - R Hoffmann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - A Homeier
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - K Hoshina
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - W Huelsnitz
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - P O Hulth
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Hultqvist
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Hussain
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - A Ishihara
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | | | - J Jacobsen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - G S Japaridze
- CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA
| | - K Jero
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - O Jlelati
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | - A Kappes
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - T Karg
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - A Karle
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J L Kelley
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J Kiryluk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | | | - J Kläs
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - S R Klein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J-H Köhne
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - G Kohnen
- Université de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - H Kolanoski
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - L Köpke
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Kopper
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Kopper
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - D J Koskinen
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Kowalski
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - M Krasberg
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - G Kroll
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J Kunnen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - N Kurahashi
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - T Kuwabara
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - M Labare
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Landsman
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M J Larson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - M Lesiak-Bzdak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - J Leute
- T.U. Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J Lünemann
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - J Madsen
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - R Maruyama
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Mase
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - H S Matis
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - F McNally
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Meagher
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Merck
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - P Mészáros
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA and Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - T Meures
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Miarecki
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | | | - N Milke
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - J Miller
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - T Montaruli
- Département de physique nucléaire et corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - R Morse
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | - U Naumann
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - H Niederhausen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA
| | - S C Nowicki
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - D R Nygren
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Obertacke
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - A Olivas
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Olivo
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - A O'Murchadha
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Panknin
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - L Paul
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - J A Pepper
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - C Pérez de los Heros
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Pfendner
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - D Pieloth
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - N Pirk
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - J Posselt
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - P B Price
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G T Przybylski
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - L Rädel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Rawlins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA
| | - P Redl
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - E Resconi
- T.U. Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - W Rhode
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - M Ribordy
- Laboratory for High Energy Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Richman
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - B Riedel
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - J P Rodrigues
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - C Rott
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - T Ruhe
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - B Ruzybayev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D Ryckbosch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - S M Saba
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - T Salameh
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - H-G Sander
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - M Santander
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Sarkar
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, United Kingdom
| | - K Schatto
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - M Scheel
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - F Scheriau
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - T Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Schmitz
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S Schoenen
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - S Schöneberg
- Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - L Schönherr
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - A Schukraft
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - L Schulte
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - O Schulz
- T.U. Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - D Seckel
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S H Seo
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Y Sestayo
- T.U. Munich, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S Seunarine
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | - C Sheremata
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - M W E Smith
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - M Soiron
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D Soldin
- Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - G M Spiczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA
| | | | - M Stamatikos
- Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - T Stanev
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - A Stasik
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - T Stezelberger
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R G Stokstad
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Stößl
- DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - E A Strahler
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Ström
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - G W Sullivan
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - H Taavola
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I Taboada
- School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - A Tamburro
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - S Ter-Antonyan
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | - S Tilav
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - P A Toale
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - S Toscano
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Usner
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - D van der Drift
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - N van Eijndhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Van Overloop
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - J van Santen
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Vehring
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Voge
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 12, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - M Vraeghe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - C Walck
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Waldenmaier
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Wallraff
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - R Wasserman
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Ch Weaver
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - M Wellons
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - C Wendt
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - S Westerhoff
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - N Whitehorn
- Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - K Wiebe
- Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - C H Wiebusch
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - D R Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - H Wissing
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - M Wolf
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T R Wood
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - K Woschnagg
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Xu
- Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - D L Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - X W Xu
- Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA
| | | | - G Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - S Yoshida
- Department of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - P Zarzhitsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA
| | - J Ziemann
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - S Zierke
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - A Zilles
- III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - M Zoll
- Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Aartsen MG, Abbasi R, Abdou Y, Ackermann M, Adams J, Aguilar JA, Ahlers M, Altmann D, Auffenberg J, Bai X, Baker M, Barwick SW, Baum V, Bay R, Beattie K, Beatty JJ, Bechet S, Becker Tjus J, Becker KH, Bell M, Benabderrahmane ML, BenZvi S, Berdermann J, Berghaus P, Berley D, Bernardini E, Bernhard A, Bertrand D, Besson DZ, Bindig D, Bissok M, Blaufuss E, Blumenthal J, Boersma DJ, Bohaichuk S, Bohm C, Bose D, Böser S, Botner O, Brayeur L, Brown AM, Bruijn R, Brunner J, Buitink S, Carson M, Casey J, Casier M, Chirkin D, Christy B, Clark K, Clevermann F, Cohen S, Cowen DF, Cruz Silva AH, Danninger M, Daughhetee J, Davis JC, De Clercq C, De Ridder S, Desiati P, de Vries-Uiterweerd G, de With M, DeYoung T, Díaz-Vélez JC, Dreyer J, Dunkman M, Eagan R, Eberhardt B, Eisch J, Ellsworth RW, Engdegård O, Euler S, Evenson PA, Fadiran O, Fazely AR, Fedynitch A, Feintzeig J, Feusels T, Filimonov K, Finley C, Fischer-Wasels T, Flis S, Franckowiak A, Franke R, Frantzen K, Fuchs T, Gaisser TK, Gallagher J, Gerhardt L, Gladstone L, Glüsenkamp T, Goldschmidt A, Golup G, Goodman JA, Góra D, Grant D, Groß A, Gurtner M, Ha C, Haj Ismail A, Hallgren A, Halzen F, Hanson K, Heereman D, Heimann P, Heinen D, Helbing K, Hellauer R, Hickford S, Hill GC, Hoffman KD, Hoffmann R, Homeier A, Hoshina K, Huelsnitz W, Hulth PO, Hultqvist K, Hussain S, Ishihara A, Jacobi E, Jacobsen J, Japaridze GS, Jero K, Jlelati O, Kaminsky B, Kappes A, Karg T, Karle A, Kelley JL, Kiryluk J, Kislat F, Kläs J, Klein SR, Köhne JH, Kohnen G, Kolanoski H, Köpke L, Kopper C, Kopper S, Koskinen DJ, Kowalski M, Krasberg M, Kroll G, Kunnen J, Kurahashi N, Kuwabara T, Labare M, Landsman H, Larson MJ, Lesiak-Bzdak M, Leute J, Lünemann J, Madsen J, Maruyama R, Mase K, Matis HS, McNally F, Meagher K, Merck M, Mészáros P, Meures T, Miarecki S, Middell E, Milke N, Miller J, Mohrmann L, Montaruli T, Morse R, Nahnhauer R, Naumann U, Niederhausen H, Nowicki SC, Nygren DR, Obertacke A, Odrowski S, Olivas A, Olivo M, O'Murchadha A, Paul L, Pepper JA, Pérez de los Heros C, Pfendner C, Pieloth D, Pirk N, Posselt J, Price PB, Przybylski GT, Rädel L, Rawlins K, Redl P, Resconi E, Rhode W, Ribordy M, Richman M, Riedel B, Rodrigues JP, Rott C, Ruhe T, Ruzybayev B, Ryckbosch D, Saba SM, Salameh T, Sander HG, Santander M, Sarkar S, Schatto K, Scheel M, Scheriau F, Schmidt T, Schmitz M, Schoenen S, Schöneberg S, Schönherr L, Schönwald A, Schukraft A, Schulte L, Schulz O, Seckel D, Seo SH, Sestayo Y, Seunarine S, Sheremata C, Smith MWE, Soiron M, Soldin D, Spiczak GM, Spiering C, Stamatikos M, Stanev T, Stasik A, Stezelberger T, Stokstad RG, Stößl A, Strahler EA, Ström R, Sullivan GW, Taavola H, Taboada I, Tamburro A, Ter-Antonyan S, Tilav S, Toale PA, Toscano S, Usner M, van der Drift D, van Eijndhoven N, Van Overloop A, van Santen J, Vehring M, Voge M, Vraeghe M, Walck C, Waldenmaier T, Wallraff M, Wasserman R, Weaver C, Wellons M, Wendt C, Westerhoff S, Whitehorn N, Wiebe K, Wiebusch CH, Williams DR, Wissing H, Wolf M, Wood TR, Woschnagg K, Xu C, Xu DL, Xu XW, Yanez JP, Yodh G, Yoshida S, Zarzhitsky P, Ziemann J, Zierke S, Zilles A, Zoll M. Search for dark matter annihilations in the sun with the 79-string IceCube detector. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 110:131302. [PMID: 23581307 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.131302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have performed a search for muon neutrinos from dark matter annihilation in the center of the Sun with the 79-string configuration of the IceCube neutrino telescope. For the first time, the DeepCore subarray is included in the analysis, lowering the energy threshold and extending the search to the austral summer. The 317 days of data collected between June 2010 and May 2011 are consistent with the expected background from atmospheric muons and neutrinos. Upper limits are set on the dark matter annihilation rate, with conversions to limits on spin-dependent and spin-independent scattering cross sections of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) on protons, for WIMP masses in the range 20-5000 GeV/c2. These are the most stringent spin-dependent WIMP-proton cross section limits to date above 35 GeV/c2 for most WIMP models.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Aartsen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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Fuchs T. Author's reply. Isr Med Assoc J 2013; 15:197. [PMID: 23662391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Kuhn H, Hammerschmidt S, Fuchs T, Käs J, Wirtz H. Aktivierung von PKC hemmt Dehnungs-induzierte Apoptose in TypII Zellen. Pneumologie 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1302724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
Demographic changes and rising numbers of implanted prostheses accompanied by increasing demands on mobility and activities of the elderly will lead to an increasing number of periprosthetic fractures in the future. Poor bone quality, geriatric comorbidities and multiple prostheses result in an increased risk for this type of fracture in the old patient. Management of these patients is challenging and demanding and needs an interdisciplinary approach. The present work describes the different aspects of periprosthetic fractures in the geriatric patient with regard to epidemiology, risk factors, prevention and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stange
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Unfall-, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Deutschland.
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Fuchs T. AS22-02 - Phenomenological psychopathology of the melancholic type of existence. Eur Psychiatry 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(12)74014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Leitman M, Dreznik Y, Tyomkin V, Fuchs T, Krakover R, Vered Z. Vegetation size in patients with infective endocarditis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2011; 13:330-8. [DOI: 10.1093/ejechocard/jer253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Kreis CAA, Roßlenbroich S, Raschke MJ, Fuchs T. Evaluation der Wirksamkeit von Tigecyclin in der Therapie der Osteomyelitis. Zentralbl Chir 2011. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1289004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Ruëff F, Bergmann KC, Brockow K, Fuchs T, Grübl A, Jung K, Klimek L, Müsken H, Pfaar O, Przybilla B, Sitter H, Wehrmann W. [Skin tests for diagnostics of allergic immediate-type reactions. Guideline of the German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology]. Pneumologie 2011; 65:484-95. [PMID: 21830178 DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1256476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Skin tests in patients with IgE-mediated immediate type allergy are performed with the intention to establish a contact between allergens and skin mast cells. The latter carry specific IgE antibodies on their surface. If mast cells get activated, mediators (mainly histamine) are released which induce a visible skin reaction (wheal and erythema).[nl]Skin tests are indicated, if an immediate type allergic disease is suspected. Systemic anaphylactic reactions at skin testing are very rare. However, it is necessary to take them into account and to provide emergency treatment. Relative contraindications comprise skin diseases in the test area, poor general condition and insufficiently treated severe asthma. If tests are used, which have a higher risk for a systemic anaphylactic reaction, pregnancy or beta-blocker therapy, are further contraindications.[nl]Skin test application does not depend on patient age. However, in pre-school age tests are reluctantly performed. It is essential to consider the half-life of drugs which may interfere with the test result, and which have to be discontinued early enough before testing. After anaphylactic reactions there may be a refractory period. Therefore, tests should not be done within the first week after such reactions. Skin prick tests are the procedures of first choice, intradermal tests are more sensitive than prick tests. Skin tests are performed at the flexor side of the forearm. As intradermal tests are more inconvenient, testing can be also done at a less susceptible site of the body (upper back).[nl]It is recommended to use standardized test extracts. However, if standardised extracts are not available or do not yield suitable test results, one may switch to other preparations. If the patient shows a positive reaction to a non-standardized substance, control tests should be performed in healthy subjects in order to exclude an unspecific reaction.[nl]The reaction is read after 15 to 20 min. Skin tests are regarded positive if the mean wheal diameter is ≥ 3 mm at the prick test, and ≥ 5 mm at the intradermal test.[nl]Skin test results may be negative although patients are allergic. If a skin test is positive, one will have to distinguish reactions, which are clinically relevant, from those, which are not. History and/or challenge tests help to clarify the relevance of a sensitization. Usually, a clinically irrelevant sensitization does not lead to practical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ruëff
- AllergieZentrum, Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany.
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Raker V, Maxeiner J, Montermann E, Grabbe S, Taube C, Reske-Kunz A, Sudowe S, Hahn C, Mösges R, Böhm M, Becker B, Kostev K, Kothe A, Köberlein J, Koerner-Rettberg C, Heesen I, Rothoeft T, Hamelmann E, Ballmann M, Eitenmüller A, Piano L, Glowania A, Klimek L, Weber R, Hermelingmeier K, Heubach C, Koschel D, Weber CN, Höffken G, Buhl T, Meynberg H, Kaune K, Hünecke P, Schön M, Fuchs T, Pfützner W, Kneisel A, Kerzel S, Zemlin M, Kettner J, Lehnigk U, Häfner D, Narkus A. Atemwege. Allergo J 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03362413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Raschke M, Vordemvenne T, Fuchs T. Limb salvage or amputation? The use of a gentamicin coated nail in a severe, grade IIIc tibia fracture. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2010; 36:605-8. [PMID: 26816319 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-010-0017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Severe grade IIIc tibial fractures have limited treatment options. The decision between limb salvage or amputation depends on many factors, including the age and health status of the patient, as well as the soft tissue status and associated injuries. Until recently, intramedullary nailing was not a favoured treatment option in such tibial fractures, since it is associated with an increased risk of deep wound infections and osteomyelitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Here we present a case where a novel polylactic acid/gentamicin coated unreamed tibial nail (UTN-PROtect(®)) has been used to successfully salvage the limb of a 17-year-old man, where prolonged external fixation or amputation would have been the standard treatment. RESULTS This case demonstrates that treating severe grade IIIc tibial fractures with the acid/gentamicin coated unreamed tibial nail (UTN-PROtect(®)) is a viable alternative to prolonged external fixation or amputation. CONCLUSION The gentamicin-loaded coating of the UTN-PROtect(®) nail, which releases the antimicrobial agent directly at the bone-implant inter-face, overcomes the limitation of insufficient antibiotic delivery. Awareness of this case and the existing literature supporting the use of an antibiotic coated nail may assist surgeons in their decisions on how to treat severe grade IIIc fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Raschke
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Waldeyerstraße 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - T Vordemvenne
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Waldeyerstraße 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - T Fuchs
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Waldeyerstraße 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Rijcken E, Fuchs T, Sachs L, Kersting CM, Bruewer M, Krieglstein CF. Insulin-like growth factor 1-coated sutures improve anastomotic healing in an experimental model of colitis. Br J Surg 2010; 97:258-65. [PMID: 20084676 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.6781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND : Exogenously applied insulin-like growth factor (rhIGF-1) may improve normal intestinal healing. This study examined the effect of rhIGF-1-coated sutures on anastomotic healing in experimental colitis. METHODS : Acute colitis was induced in rats by dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). Inflammation was assessed by clinical Disease Activity Index (DAI), myeloperoxidase (MPO) measurement and histological examination. A distal colonic anastomosis was performed using sutures coated with rhIGF-1 dissolved in poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA) under general anaesthetic. Anastomotic healing was evaluated histologically, and by hydroxyproline measurement and bursting parameters after 1, 3 and 7 days, and compared with healthy, DSS and DSS + PDLLA controls. RESULTS : DAI, MPO and histological inflammation scores were significantly increased in all animals treated with DSS. Bursting occurred less often within the anastomotic line on day 3 in the IGF group than in DSS controls (three versus eight of ten). On day 7, the IGF group had significantly increased histological healing scores (mean(s.e.m.) 12.5(0.7) versus 9.2(0.8) (P < 0.050)) and hydroxyproline content (4.6(0.3) versus 3.6(0.1) mg/g tissue; P < 0.050) compared with DSS controls. CONCLUSION : IGF-1-coated sutures improve important aspects of anastomotic healing in rats with experimental colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rijcken
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
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