1
|
Multiple zoonotic parasites identified in dog feces collected in Ponte de Lima, Portugal-a potential threat to human health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:9050-67. [PMID: 25257358 PMCID: PMC4199006 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110909050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dogs play many roles and their presence within people’s houses has increased. In rural settings dog faeces are not removed from the streets, representing an environmental pollution factor. Our aim was to evaluate the occurrence of environmental contamination with zoonotic intestinal parasites of three groups of dogs in Ponte de Lima, Portugal, with a particular emphasis on Echinococcus granulosus. We collected 592 dog faecal samples from the environment, farm and hunting dogs. Qualitative flotation coprological analysis was performed and the frequency in the positive samples ranged between 57.44% and 81.19% in different groups. We isolated up to four different parasites in one sample and detected seven intestinal parasitic species, genera or families overall. Ancylostomatidae was the most prevalent parasite, followed by Trichuris spp., Toxocara spp., Isospora spp., Dipylidium caninum, Taeniidae and Toxascaris leonina. Taeniidae eggs were analyzed with the PCR technique and revealed not to be from Echinococcus. The parasite prevalence and the diversity of zoonotic parasites found were high, which calls for a greater awareness of the problem among the population, especially hunters. Promoting research at the local level is important to plan control strategies. Health education should be developed with regard to farmers and hunters, and a closer collaboration between researchers, practitioners and public health authorities is needed.
Collapse
|
2
|
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Wright
- Veterinary Surgeon at Withy Grove Veterinary Surgery, independent Parasitologist and member of ESCCAP UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stuart P, Golden O, Zintl A, de Waal T, Mulcahy G, McCarthy E, Lawton C. A coprological survey of parasites of wild carnivores in Ireland. Parasitol Res 2013; 112:3587-93. [PMID: 23900557 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-013-3544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The increasing movement of people to wilderness areas, shrinking of wildlife habitats and the resulting urbanisation of wildlife has led to growing concerns about the transfer of parasitic diseases, particularly from contaminated faeces. Faecal samples from wild carnivores in Ireland were examined for the presence of protozoan and nematode parasites. Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) samples (n = 91) were positive for Uncinaria stenocephala (38%), Eucoleus aerophilus (26%), Toxocara canis (20%), Trichuris vulpis (4%) and Isospora-like oocysts (9%). Badger (Meles meles) samples (n = 50) were positive for Uncinaria criniformis (40%), E. aerophilus (6%) and Isospora-like oocysts (16%). No parasites were observed in pine marten (n = 48; Martes martes) faeces. Approximately 5% of American mink (Mustela vison) samples were positive for Cryptosporidium by polymerase chain reaction (identified as Cryptosporidium andersoni (n = 3) and 'mink' genotype (n = 1)). The results suggest that wild carnivores in Ireland have a range of parasites, although it is unclear from the present study to what extent these infections are associated with morbidity. While it can be expected that, via their faeces, wild carnivores contribute to the spread of these parasites, they are unlikely the primary source of environmental contamination. Therefore, they should not always be the principal target of control measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Stuart
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jakubek EB, Mattsson R, Mörner T, Mattsson JG, Gavier-Widén D. Potential application of serological tests on fluids from carcasses: detection of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcoptes scabiei in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Acta Vet Scand 2012; 54:13. [PMID: 22380986 PMCID: PMC3315406 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-54-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serological surveys for disease investigation of wild animal populations require obtaining blood samples for analysis, which has logistic, ethic and economic difficulties. Applying serological test to fluids collected from dead animals is an alternative. The aim of this study was to assess if antibodies could be detected in two types of fluids collected from 56 carcasses of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes): pleural fluid and lung extract. FINDINGS In 22 (39%) foxes antibodies against Sarcoptes scabiei were detected in both fluid types by ELISA and Western blot. In 46 (82%) foxes, antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii were detected in pleural fluid and in 41 (73%) in lung extract applying a Toxo-screen test (DAT). Antibodies were still detectable in the same fluids kept at room temperature for 28 days, although in fewer foxes (16 and 14 foxes tested for T. gondii in lung extract and pleural fluid respectively; and 1 and 4 tested for S. scabiei in lung extract and pleural fluid respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate the potential utility of using fluids from carcasses for antibody screening of wild animals at the population level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Britt Jakubek
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roland Mattsson
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute, SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Torsten Mörner
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute, SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens G Mattsson
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dolores Gavier-Widén
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute, SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The prevalence and distribution of Alaria alata, a potential zoonotic parasite, in foxes in Ireland. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:283-90. [PMID: 22350672 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-2835-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The digenean trematode Alaria alata, an intestinal parasite of wild canids is widely distributed in Europe. The recent finding of the mesocercarial life cycle stage in the paratenic wild boar host suggests that it may potentially infect humans Mohl et al. (Parasitol Res 105:1-15, 2009). Over 500 foxes were examined during a wildlife survey for zoonotic diseases in 2009 and 2010. The prevalence of A. alata ranged from 21% to 26% in 2009 and 2010, and the intensity of infection varied, with the majority of foxes having between one and ten trematodes, but a small number of animals had parasitic burdens greater than 500. The location of foxes was geo-referenced and mapped using a geographic information system. The results of the spatial analysis suggest that A. alata may have a limited distribution being confined mainly to areas of pasture especially in the central plain and north Munster. Hot spot analysis indicated a clustering and that the level of parasitism was greatest in foxes from those areas where the prevalence of infection was highest.
Collapse
|
6
|
Al-Sabi MNS, Kapel CMO. Multiplex PCR identification of Taenia spp. in rodents and carnivores. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:1293-8. [PMID: 21541754 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2373-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The genus Taenia includes several species of veterinary and public health importance, but diagnosis of the etiological agent in definitive and intermediate hosts often relies on labor intensive and few specific morphometric criteria, especially in immature worms and underdeveloped metacestodes. In the present study, a multiplex PCR, based on five primers targeting the 18S rDNA and ITS2 sequences, produced a species-specific banding patterns for a range of Taenia spp. Species typing by the multiplex PCR was compared to morphological identification and sequencing of cox1 and/or 12S rDNA genes. As compared to sequencing, the multiplex PCR identified 31 of 32 Taenia metacestodes from rodents, whereas only 14 cysts were specifically identified by morphology. Likewise, the multiplex PCR identified 108 of 130 adult worms, while only 57 were identified to species by morphology. The tested multiplex PCR system may potentially be used for studies of Taenia spp. transmitted between rodents and carnivores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad N S Al-Sabi
- Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Principal intestinal parasites of dogs in Tirana, Albania. Parasitol Res 2010; 108:341-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
8
|
Proliferative thyroid lesions and hyperthyroidism in captive fishers (Martes pennanti). J Zoo Wildl Med 2010; 41:296-308. [PMID: 20597222 DOI: 10.1638/2009-0186r2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases of the thyroid gland are common in many zoo species, but there are few descriptions of thyroid dysfunction in Mustelidae. A 7-yr-old, captive-bred female fisher (Martes pennanti) with progressive alopecia was diagnosed with clinical hyperthyroidism based on persistent elevation of both total and free serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine, ultrasound examination, and histologic evidence of adenomatous hyperplasia. Four additional geriatric adult fishers (two male and two female) were identified with thyroid adenomatous hyperplasia in a review of 23 postmortem records. Banked sera were available for thyroid hormone testing from three of the four necropsy cases. Total and free thyroxine were elevated in four of four animals tested, and triiodothyronine was elevated in two of three animals tested. Necropsy findings in four cases identified cardiac hypertrophy, congestive heart failure, and vascular lesions consistent with hypertension; complete tissues were not available from the remaining case. Clinical and subclinical hyperthyroidism may be a common but overlooked condition of captive fishers.
Collapse
|
9
|
Möhl K, Grosse K, Hamedy A, Wüste T, Kabelitz P, Lücker E. Biology of Alaria spp. and human exposition risk to Alaria mesocercariae-a review. Parasitol Res 2009; 105:1-15. [PMID: 19430816 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent incidental background findings of Alaria alata mesocercariae ["Distomum muscularis suis," Duncker, 1896] in meat of wild boars during official Trichinella inspection initiated a re-assessment of the potential human health risk as posed by this parasite. The present review of the literature on Alaria biology shows that the human exposition risk should no longer be accepted to be negligible, as it demonstrates a general lack of knowledge in relevant areas of Alaria biology confounding any risk analysis. Sound risk assessment needs future studies which should concentrate on the most pressing questions of (1) the optimization and/or development of methods for reliable Alaria mesocercariae detection, (2) the distribution of the mesocercariae within their paratenic hosts, i.e., identification of potential predilection sites, particularly in wild boars, and (3) their prevalence in sylvatic populations of animals with respect to their introduction into the human food chain. Further, the degree and possibly also the species specificity of Alaria mesocercariae tenacity within the paratenic hosts and respective meat as pertaining to food technological treatments need to be elucidated. While these questions remain unanswered, it is an incontrovertible fact that Alaria mesocercariae have a potentially high human pathogenicity by both occupational and alimentary exposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Möhl
- Institute of Food Hygiene, University of Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nagano Y, Finn MB, Lowery CJ, Murphy T, Moriarty J, Power E, Toolan D, O'Loughlin A, Watabe M, McCorry KA, Crothers E, Dooley JSG, Rao JR, Rooney PJ, Millar BC, Matsuda M, Elborn JS, Moore JE. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium parvum and bacterial pathogens in faecal material in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) population. Vet Res Commun 2007; 31:559-64. [PMID: 17225081 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-007-3519-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Nagano
- Northern Ireland Public Health Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dubey JP, Dubey J. Review of Neospora caninum and neosporosis in animals. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2003; 41:1-16. [PMID: 12666725 PMCID: PMC2717477 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2003.41.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is a coccidian parasite of animals. It is a major pathogen for cattle and dogs and it occasionally causes clinical infections in horses, goats, sheep, and deer. Domestic dogs are the only known definitive hosts for N. caninum. It is one of the most efficiently transmitted parasite of cattle and up to 90% of cattle in some herds are infected. Transplacental transmission is considered the major route of transmission of N. caninum in cattle. Neospora caninum is a major cause of abortion in cattle in many countries. To elicit protective immunity against abortion in cows that already harbor a latent infection is a major problem. This paper reviews information on biology, diagnosis, epidemiology and control of neosporosis in animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Dubey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 1001, Beltsville, Maryland, 20705-2350, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|