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Bradley C, Sansom PG, Carter WJ. Breed distribution of spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects in UK dogs. Vet Rec 2023; 192:e2031. [PMID: 36030371 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to assess the risk of bilateral disease in dogs affected by spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCEDs) and identify any recent changes in the distribution of breeds affected. METHODS Medical records of dogs assessed at a single ophthalmic centre for the management of SCCEDs between 2007 and 2020 were reviewed, and clinical data were extracted. RESULTS Three hundred and seven dogs met the inclusion criteria. Boxers (129 dogs), Staffordshire Bull Terriers (37 dogs) and French Bulldogs (20 dogs) were most frequently affected. Overall, the median age at presentation was 8 years (range 1-15 years), but French Bulldogs had a younger median age of 6 years. Boxers, French Bulldogs and Staffordshire Bull Terriers showed higher odds of bilateral ulceration (odds ratio 1.79, 1.65 and 1.64, respectively) compared to the overall study population. The median time between presentations when both eyes were affected was 4 months (range 0-42 months). There was a statistically significant increase in French Bulldogs, a reduction in Boxers and a stable number of Staffordshire Bull Terriers treated for this condition. However, as the effective sample size from each individual breed was small, further studies would be beneficial to confirm these findings. CONCLUSION The results from this study suggest a shift in breed distribution. The risk of bilateral disease is higher in the three breeds reported here, and owners should be counselled appropriately at the initial examination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip G Sansom
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Chaidaroon W, Pantarote S, Upaphong P, Choovuthayakorn J. Comparison of Efficacy and Safety of Two Commercial Artificial Tears Between 0.18% and 0.3% Sodium Hyaluronate for Corneal Epithelial Healing in Pterygium Excision with Conjunctival Autograft Transplantation: A Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin Ophthalmol 2022; 16:3935-3944. [DOI: 10.2147/opth.s388276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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He J, Zhang Z, Yang Y, Ren F, Li J, Zhu S, Ma F, Wu R, Lv Y, He G, Guo B, Chu D. Injectable Self-Healing Adhesive pH-Responsive Hydrogels Accelerate Gastric Hemostasis and Wound Healing. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:80. [PMID: 34138263 PMCID: PMC8187506 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-00585-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) are well-established therapeutics for gastrointestinal neoplasias, but complications after EMR/ESD, including bleeding and perforation, result in additional treatment morbidity and even threaten the lives of patients. Thus, designing biomaterials to treat gastric bleeding and wound healing after endoscopic treatment is highly desired and remains a challenge. Herein, a series of injectable pH-responsive self-healing adhesive hydrogels based on acryloyl-6-aminocaproic acid (AA) and AA-g-N-hydroxysuccinimide (AA-NHS) were developed, and their great potential as endoscopic sprayable bioadhesive materials to efficiently stop hemorrhage and promote the wound healing process was further demonstrated in a swine gastric hemorrhage/wound model. The hydrogels showed a suitable gelation time, an autonomous and efficient self-healing capacity, hemostatic properties, and good biocompatibility. With the introduction of AA-NHS as a micro-cross-linker, the hydrogels exhibited enhanced adhesive strength. A swine gastric hemorrhage in vivo model demonstrated that the hydrogels showed good hemostatic performance by stopping acute arterial bleeding and preventing delayed bleeding. A gastric wound model indicated that the hydrogels showed excellent treatment effects with significantly enhanced wound healing with type I collagen deposition, α-SMA expression, and blood vessel formation. These injectable self-healing adhesive hydrogels exhibited great potential to treat gastric wounds after endoscopic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixi Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutong Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenggang Ren
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering Research Center of Shaanxi Province, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jipeng Li
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaojun Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Ma
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering Research Center of Shaanxi Province, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongqian Wu
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering Research Center of Shaanxi Province, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Lv
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery and Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering Research Center of Shaanxi Province, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang He
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Baolin Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dake Chu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
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Boutin MP, Coutellier M, Ollivier FJ. Cotton-tip debridement, scalpel blade debridement, and superficial grid keratotomy for treatment of spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCED): A retrospective evaluation of 308 cases. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 23:979-986. [PMID: 33085183 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the clinical course and outcome of canine SCCEDs treated with a combination of cotton-tip debridement (CTD), scalpel blade debridement (SBD), and superficial grid keratotomy (SGK). METHODS Medical records of dogs diagnosed with SCCED and treated by the same diplomate (FJO) from 2011 to 2019 were reviewed. Age, breed, sex, affected eye, time of onset before treatment, previous procedures performed, time to healing, need for a second treatment, and complications were reported. RESULTS A total of 308 eyes (291 dogs) met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study. All dogs received the same treatment (CTD + SBD + SGK) and the same topical medication (tobramycin 0.3% solution and sodium chloride 5% ointment). All eyes healed. Mean age at presentation was 9 years and 6 months (114.4 ± SD 28.0 months), and Boxer was the most common breed (93/308; 30.2%). Mean corneal healing time was 11.5 days (±SD 6.6). Complications occurred in 15/308 (4.9%) eyes. The three main complications observed were infected epithelial ulcer, infected stromal ulcer, and melting corneal ulcer, and 7/15 (46.7%) of the complications were diagnosed in Boston Terrier. Healing occurred after one treatment in 299/308 (97.1%) eyes, and the remaining cases needed a second treatment. CONCLUSIONS CTD + SBD + SGK is an inexpensive and efficient treatment for SCCED in dogs. Boston Terrier may be at higher risk of developing complications following this procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pier Boutin
- Clinique Vétérinaire d'ophtalmologie Ophtalmo Vétérinaire Inc, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Coutellier
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Franck J Ollivier
- Clinique Vétérinaire d'ophtalmologie Ophtalmo Vétérinaire Inc, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Wu D, Smith SM, M Stine J, M Michau T, Miller TR, Pederson SL, Freeman KS. Treatment of spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCEDs) with diamond burr debridement vs combination diamond burr debridement and superficial grid keratotomy. Vet Ophthalmol 2018. [PMID: 29536611 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of diamond burr debridement (DBD) vs a combination of diamond burr debridement with superficial grid keratotomy (DBD+SGK) for the treatment of spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCEDs) in dogs. PROCEDURE Medical records of dogs diagnosed with SCCEDs from three different institutions that received a DBD or DBD+SGK between 2003 and 2015 were reviewed. Age, breed, sex, history of a previous SCCED, procedures performed, time to healing, and complications were statistically analyzed. RESULTS One hundred and ninety-four dogs met the inclusion criteria. Eighty-two of 106 eyes (77.4%) received a DBD and healed following the first treatment (13.3 ± 4.9 days to recheck, range 2-27). Sixty-eight of 88 eyes (77.3%) received a DBD+SGK and healed following the first treatment (15.4 ± 5.0 days to recheck, range 5-45). No significant difference in healing outcome was found between the two treatments (P = 1). For SCCEDs that healed after a single treatment (n = 150), complications occurred in 13.3% (n = 20) of eyes with no difference in complications between the DBD and DBD+SGK groups (P = .86). Thirty-five of 44 eyes (80.0%) healed after the second treatment (16 ± 8.2 days from second treatment to third visit, range 5-47); nine of 44 eyes (20.0%) were not healed (12 ± 6.2 days from second treatment to third visit, range 5-25). The second treatment method did not influence healing rates (P = .64). CONCLUSIONS DBD and DBD+SGK are equally effective treatment methods for canine SCCEDs. No differences in complication rates after one treatment were observed between DBD and DBD+SGK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Wu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sara M Smith
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jessica M Stine
- BluePearl Veterinary Partners, Tampa, FL, USA.,Tampa Bay Veterinary Specialists, Largo, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Samantha L Pederson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kate S Freeman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Eaton JS, Hollingsworth SR, Holmberg BJ, Brown MH, Smith PJ, Maggs DJ. Effects of topically applied heterologous serum on reepithelialization rate of superficial chronic corneal epithelial defects in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 250:1014-1022. [PMID: 28414606 DOI: 10.2460/javma.250.9.1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of topical application of undiluted heterologous serum on time to corneal reepithelialization in dogs with superficial chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCEDs). DESIGN Multicenter, randomized, double-masked, controlled clinical trial. ANIMALS 41 client-owned dogs. PROCEDURES After collection of baseline clinical and historical data, dogs were randomly assigned to receive topically applied undiluted heterologous serum (n = 22) or isotonic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (19) along with tobramycin and atropine. Epithelial debridement (at all visits) and grid keratotomy (at visits 2, 3, and 4) of SCCEDs were performed. Ophthalmic examination including fluorescein application was performed once weekly for 4 weeks or until corneal reepithelialization. Clinicians and owners were masked to treatment group. RESULTS No differences in baseline data were detected between treatment groups. No difficulties with medication administration, noncompliance, or adverse reactions were noted. All SCCEDs in both groups healed by 4 weeks after treatment began. Median time to reepithelialization (2 weeks) was not significantly different between serum-treated and placebo-treated eyes. Irrespective of treatment group, median time to reepithelialization was not significantly different for Boxers versus non-Boxer breeds. Direct correlations were detected between time to reepithelialization and vascularization score at study entry, vascularization score at time of reepithelialization, and ulcer area at study entry in both groups. Time to reepithelialization was not correlated with age, sex, or duration of signs in either group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Topical application of undiluted heterologous serum was well tolerated by dogs with SCCEDs but, as an adjunct to standard treatment, did not reduce time to corneal reepithelialization.
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Dees DD, Fritz KJ, Wagner L, Paglia D, Knollinger AM, Madsen R. Effect of bandage contact lens wear and postoperative medical therapies on corneal healing rate after diamond burr debridement in dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2016; 20:382-389. [PMID: 27480042 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effect of bandage contact lens wear and type of post-operative medical treatment on corneal healing rates in dogs after diamond burr debridement. ANIMALS STUDIED 237 client-owned dogs. PROCEDURES Canine patients having undergone diamond burr debridement (DBD) for treatment of spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCEDs) were included. Patients were put into 1 of 12 different groups based on type of postoperative medical regimen and whether a bandage contact lens (BCL) was utilized. Each dog was examined on a routine basis until the cornea was fluorescein negative. Data points collected included age, sex, breed, diabetic status, eye affected, Schirmer tear test 1, rebound tonometry, type and frequency of topical antibiotic, use of topical sodium chloride, use and retention of BCL, and days until healed. RESULTS A total of 237 dogs, each contributing one eye to the study, underwent DBD for SCCEDs. All eyes treated had estimated median ± standard error (SE) days to heal of 9.37 ± 0.42 days. When sodium chloride and BCL were utilized, ofloxacin had a significantly shorter median healing time when compared to oxytetracycline (adjusted P = 0.0158) and tobramycin (adjusted P = 0.0261). BCL use significantly improved healing times (P = 0.0002). Overall BCL retention rate was 62.02% (80 of 129). PureVision lenses were retained more often compared to Acrivet lenses (P < 0.0001). Overall, BCL retention significantly improved healing rates (P = <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Postdebridement antibiotic type or use of sodium chloride ointment had minor effects on healing rates. Bandage contact lens use and retention significantly improves healing times.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dustin Dees
- Eye Care for Animals, 12419 Metric Blvd, Austin, TX, 78758, USA
| | - Kevin J Fritz
- Eye Care for Animals, 5040 Convoy Street, Suite B, San Diego, CA, 92111, USA
| | - Lynsey Wagner
- South Texas Veterinary Ophthalmology, 503 E. Sonterra Blvd, Suite 102, San Antonio, TX, 78258, USA
| | - Danielle Paglia
- Eye Care for Animals, 12419 Metric Blvd, Austin, TX, 78758, USA
| | - Amy M Knollinger
- Eye Care for Animals, 1021 E. 3300 S., Salt Lake City, UT, 84106, USA
| | - Richard Madsen
- University of Missouri Health System, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
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Davis M, Bracker K. Retrospective Study of 122 Dogs That Were Treated with the Antifibrinolytic Drug Aminocaproic Acid: 2010-2012. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2016; 52:144-8. [PMID: 27008326 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Antifibrinolytic drugs are used to promote hemostasis and decrease the need for red blood cell transfusion. Medical records of 122 dogs that were prescribed either oral or intravenous aminocaproic acid between 2010 and 2012 were evaluated retrospectively. Of the 122 dogs, three experienced possible drug-related adverse effects. No significant differences were identified between dogs that experienced adverse effects and those that did not and the possible adverse effects noted were all minor. All dogs that received packed red blood cell transfusions were evaluated for correlations between baseline packed cell volume or dose of red blood cells and aminocaproic acid dose and no correlation was identified. Dogs that received aminocaproic acid as a treatment for active bleeding were divided by cause of hemorrhage into the following groups: neoplastic, non-neoplastic, and unknown. No significant differences in aminocaproic acid dose or the percentage of patients requiring a blood transfusion were identified between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Davis
- From the Department of Emergency/Critical Care, Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Kiko Bracker
- From the Department of Emergency/Critical Care, Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, MA
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Wooff PJ, Norman JC. Effect of corneal contact lens wear on healing time and comfort post LGK for treatment of SCCEDs in boxers. Vet Ophthalmol 2014; 18:364-70. [PMID: 25176178 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether dogs with spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCEDs) would heal faster and with an improved comfort score following linear grid keratotomy (LGK) combined with corneal contact lens (Acrivet(™) ) wear when compared to dogs having the LGK procedure alone. STUDY DESIGN Prospective study. METHODS Twenty-seven boxer dogs (27 eyes) diagnosed with a SCCEDs were enrolled in the study. A LGK was performed on all dogs under dexmedetomidine and butorphanol sedation. Fourteen eyes were randomly assigned to receive a corneal contact lens. The dogs were evaluated typically at 7, 10, and 14 days or until the ulceration was healed. Client surveys were completed by the owners to subjectively assess comfort level and contact lens retention. Statistical analyses were performed utilizing generalized linear models and survival analysis with the Wilcoxon-Gehan test to evaluate group differences. RESULTS All ulcers healed after the LGK procedure. Dogs with bandage contact lenses had a statistically significant (P = 0.035) decrease in median healing time (7 days (95% CI [7,9]) compared to those without contact lenses (10 days (95% CI [7,12])). There was no difference in subjective comfort score between treatment groups. Early contact loss occurred in 28.6% (95% CI [8.4%, 58.1%]) of dogs. All of the Acrivet(™) ruler corneal measurements agreed to within 1 mm (95% CI [87.2%, 100%]) of the Jameson caliper measurements of horizontal corneal diameter. CONCLUSIONS The use of corneal bandage contact lenses significantly decreased median healing time although there was no effect on subjective comfort score. The Acrivet(™) ruler measurements were accurate in determining corneal diameter and therefore contact lens size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J Wooff
- Eye Care for Animals, 13034 W. Rancho Santa Fe Blvd., Ste. 102, Avondale, AZ, 85392, USA
| | - Joanna C Norman
- Eye Care for Animals, 13034 W. Rancho Santa Fe Blvd., Ste. 102, Avondale, AZ, 85392, USA
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Marín LM, Iazbik MC, Zaldivar-Lopez S, Lord LK, Stingle N, Vilar P, Lara-Garcia A, Alvarez F, Hosoya K, Nelson L, Pozzi A, Cooper E, McLoughlin MA, Ball R, Kisseberth WC, London CA, Dudley R, Dyce J, McMahon M, Lerche P, Bednarski R, Couto CG. Retrospective evaluation of the effectiveness of epsilon aminocaproic acid for the prevention of postamputation bleeding in retired racing Greyhounds with appendicular bone tumors: 46 cases (2003-2008). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2012; 22:332-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00735.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paulo Vilar
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
| | | | | | - Kenji Hosoya
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
| | - Laura Nelson
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
| | | | | | | | - Rebecca Ball
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
| | - William C. Kisseberth
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210
| | - Cheryl A. London
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
- the Department of Veterinary Biosciences
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210
| | | | | | | | | | | | - C. Guillermo Couto
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
- the Veterinary Medical Center
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210
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Hale G. Treatment of corneal ulcers in dogs. Vet Rec 2006; 158:108; author reply 108. [PMID: 16428675 DOI: 10.1136/vr.158.3.108-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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