Neurological signs associated with aflatoxicosis in Piedmontese calves

AFB1 induced free radicals cause encephalopathy in goat kids via intrinsic pathway of apoptosis: pathological and immunohistochemical confirmation of non-hepatic neuroaflatoxicosis

Aflatoxins, particularly AFB1, are the most common feed contaminants worldwide, causing significant economic losses to the livestock sector. The current paper describes an outbreak of aflatoxicosis in a herd of 160 male young goat kids (3-4 months), of which 68 young kids succumbed over a period of 25 days after showing neurological signs of abnormal gait, progressive paralysis and head pressing. The haematobiochemical investigation showed reduced haemoglobin, leucocyte count, PCV level, increased levels of AST, ALT, glucose, BUN, creatinine and reduced level of total protein. Grossly, kids had pale mucous membranes, pale and swollen liver; right apical lobe consolidation, and petechiation of the synovial membrane of the hock joints. The microscopic changes were characterized by multifocal hemorrhages, status spongiosus/ vacuolation, vasculitis, focal to diffuse gliosis, satellitosis, and ischemic apoptotic neurons in different parts of the brain and spinal cord. These changes corresponded well with strong immunoreactivity for AFB1 in neurons, glia cells (oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and ependymal cells) in various anatomical sites of the brain. The higher values of LPO and reduced levels of antioxidant enzymes (Catalase, SOD, GSH) with strong immunoreactivity of 8-OHdG in the brain indicating high level of oxidative stress. Further, the higher immunosignaling of caspase-3 and caspase-9 in the brain points towards the association with intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. The toxicological analysis of feed samples detected high amounts of AFB1 (0.38ppm). These findings suggest that AFB1 in younger goat kids has more of neurotoxic effect mediated through caspase dependent intrinsic pathway.

Adverse Effects, Transformation and Channeling of Aflatoxins Into Food Raw Materials in Livestock

Aflatoxins are wide-spread harmful carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus species, which cause serious feed and food contaminations and affect farm animals deleteriously with acute or chronic manifestations of mycotoxicoses. On farm, both pre-harvest and post-harvest strategies are applied to minimize the risk of aflatoxin contaminations in feeds. The great economic losses attributable to mycotoxin contaminations have initiated a plethora of research projects to develop new, effective technologies to prevent the highly toxic effects of these secondary metabolites on domestic animals and also to block the carry-over of these mycotoxins to humans through the food chain. Among other areas, this review summarizes the latest findings on the effects of silage production technologies and silage microbiota on aflatoxins, and it also discusses the current applications of probiotic organisms and microbial products in feeding technologies. After ingesting contaminated foodstuffs, aflatoxins are metabolized and biotransformed differently in various animals depending on their inherent and acquired physiological properties. These mycotoxins may cause primary aflatoxicoses with versatile, species-specific adverse effects, which are also dependent on the susceptibility of individual animals within a species, and will be a function of the dose and duration of aflatoxin exposures. The transfer of these undesired compounds from contaminated feed into food of animal origin and the aflatoxin residues present in foods become an additional risk to human health, leading to secondary aflatoxicoses. Considering the biological transformation of aflatoxins in livestock, this review summarizes (i) the metabolism of aflatoxins in different animal species, (ii) the deleterious effects of the mycotoxins and their derivatives on the animals, and (iii) the major risks to animal health in terms of the symptoms and consequences of acute or chronic aflatoxicoses, animal welfare and productivity. Furthermore, we traced the transformation and channeling of Aspergillus-derived mycotoxins into food raw materials, particularly in the case of aflatoxin contaminated milk, which represents the major route of human exposure among animal-derived foods. The early and reliable detection of aflatoxins in feed, forage and primary commodities is an increasingly important issue and, therefore, the newly developed, easy-to-use qualitative and quantitative aflatoxin analytical methods are also summarized in the review.

Hepatic Lipodystrophy in Galloway Calves

Hepatic lipodystrophy in Galloway calves is a fatal liver disease affecting a small proportion of the Galloway breed described in different parts of Europe and North America during the past decades. The clinical findings include a diversity of neurological signs. Clinical pathology findings frequently indicate hepatobiliary disease. Postmortem examination reveals an enlarged, pale yellow, and firm liver. Histologic lesions include hepatic fibrosis, hepatic lipidosis, and bile duct hyperplasia. To date, the etiopathogenesis remains obscure. Infectious causes, intoxications, and a hereditary origin have been considered. We describe hepatic lipodystrophy in Galloway calves from an extensively farmed cow-calf operation in southern Germany. Main clinical findings in 6 calves were consistent with hepatic encephalopathy. Clinical pathology findings in 5 of 6 tested animals revealed increased concentration of total bilirubin (maximum value [MV], 54 μmol/l; reference range [RR], <8.5 μmol/l), direct bilirubin (MV, 20 μmol/l; RR, <3.4 μmol/l), increased activity of gamma glutamyl transferase (MV, 162 U/l; RR, <36 U/l) and glutamate dehydrogenase (MV, 420 U/l; RR, <16 U/l). In addition, activity of glutathione peroxidase was decreased in all tested ( n = 5) animals (MV, 61 U/g hemoglobin [Hb]; RR, >250 U/g Hb). Postmortem examination in 6 calves revealed a firm, diffusely enlarged yellow liver with a finely nodular surface. Histologic lesions included hepatic fibrosis, hepatic lipidosis, and bile duct hyperplasia. Our findings add to the existing data on hepatic lipodystrophy in the Galloway breed and outline a protocol to aid in the diagnosis of this disorder.

Intoxicação experimental por aflatoxina em bezerros

Foram realizados dois experimentos para determinar os efeitos tóxicos de diferentes doses de aflatoxinas em bezerros, considerando-se aspectos clínicos, produtivos e patológicos. No primeiro experimento, nove bezerros, Holandês, com 2-4 meses de idade, receberam ração contendo 500±100 ppb de aflatoxina, na quantidade equivalente a 1,5% do peso vivo/dia, durante dois meses. Três bezerros de idade e peso semelhantes foram usados como controle e, exceto por terem recebido ração livre de aflatoxinas, foram mantidos nas mesmas condições. No segundo experimento, três bezerros, Holandês, com 4-5 meses de idade, receberam, por via oral, pequenas porções diárias de um concentrado de aflatoxinas, diluídas em 500ml de água, correspondendo a doses de 1.250, 2.500 e 5.000 ppb de aflatoxina B1 (AFB1). Um bezerro, Holandês, 4 meses, macho, foi usado como controle. No primeiro experimento, o ganho de peso dos bezerros recebendo AFB1 foi equivalente ao do grupo controle durante todo período experimental. Nesse experimento não foram observadas alterações na atividade sérica da enzima aspartato transaminase (AST), nos níveis da albumina sérica (AS), da proteína total (PT) e no hematócrito, quando comparados os resultados semanais do grupo tratamento e controle. No entanto, observou-se diferença significativa nas atividades séricas das enzimas fosfatase alcalina (FA) e gama glutamil transferase (GGT) entre o grupo tratamento e o grupo controle, na coleta do 63º dia do experimento. Durante o período experimental, e três semanas após o término desse período, não foram observados sinais clínicos e alterações histopatológicas associadas ao consumo de aflatoxinas, em qualquer dos bezerros do grupo tratamento do primeiro experimento. No segundo experimento, sinais clínicos observados nos três bezerros intoxicados incluíram perda de apetite, diminuição do ganho de peso e emagrecimento. Icterícia, diarreia intermitente, tenesmo e apatia severa, foram observadas apenas no bezerro que recebia 5.000 ppb de AFB1. Esses sinais clínicos foram a razão para eutanásia desse bezerro. Níveis alterados da atividade sérica de FA e GGT foram observados em todos os bezerros do grupo tratamento durante grande parte do período experimental. Queda acentuada do nível da AS sérica foi observada na coleta do 49º dia do experimento no bezerro que recebia a maior dose de aflatoxina. Não foram observadas variações no hematócrito e na atividade sérica da AST, nem nos níveis séricos de proteína total, bilirrubina total e bilirrubina direta em qualquer dos bezerros desse experimento. Alterações histopatológicas nos bezerros intoxicados incluíram proliferação de ductos biliares, degeneração citoplasmática vacuolar consistente com acumulação hepatocelular de lipídios, fibrose periportal, ou em ponte, megalocitose, fibrose subendotelial das veias hepáticas terminais e edema. Achados de necropsia do bezerro recebendo a maior dose de AFB1 incluíram fígado levemente aumentado de tamanho, difusamente amarelo-claro e firme, discreta ascite, edema de mesentério e submucosa do abomaso. Os dados obtidos nesses experimentos permitem afirmar que doses de 500±100 ppb de AFB1 não causam alterações patológicas e produtivas em bezerros em condições experimentais, mas podem estar associadas à mínimas alterações bioquímicas, enquanto doses de 1.250, 2.500 e 5.000 ppb de aflatoxina B1 causam doença hepática crônica em bezerros em condições experimentais.