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Travail V, Fernandez Sanchez C, Costo JM, Valentine N, Conroy M, Lee V, Bouziopoulos D, Bateman K, Gatehouse E, Cruzado‐Perez J, Pollard D, Lamb V, Juvet F, Kelly D. Assessment of the likelihood of hypothyroidism in dogs diagnosed with and treated for hypothyroidism at primary care practices: 102 cases (2016-2021). J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:931-941. [PMID: 38314891 PMCID: PMC10937491 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a possibility that an incorrect diagnosis of hypothyroidism could be made in euthyroid dogs, and the prevalence of hypothyroidism in the dog population remains unknown. OBJECTIVES To retrospectively assess the percentage of dogs diagnosed with, and treated for, hypothyroidism at first opinion practice which are likely to be hypothyroid and require levothyroxine supplementation. ANIMALS One hundred two client-owned dogs were included in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS The computerized databases of 7 first opinion practices were searched to identify dogs treated with levothyroxine supplementation. Three European College of Veterinary Internal Medicine-Companian Animals (ECVIM-CA) diplomates independently assigned 1 of 4 clinical assessments to each case as follows: confirmed or likely hypothyroid, hypothyroidism suspected but not confirmed, hypothyroidism considered unlikely, and no reason to suspect hypothyroidism. They commented as to whether or not they thought levothyroxine supplementation was appropriate. RESULTS The clinical assessments of "confirmed or likely hypothyroid"; "Hypothyroidism suspected but not confirmed"; "Hypothyroidism considered unlikely"; and "No reason to suspect hypothyroidism" was assigned respectively by Clinician 1 to 38.2%, 5.9%, 3.9%, and 52% of cases, by Clinician 2 to 48%, 22.6%, 22.6%, 6.9% of cases, and by Clinician 3 to 55.9%, 11.8%, 13.7% and 18.6%. Clinician 1, Clinician 2, and Clinician 3 considered levothyroxine supplementation not indicated in 58.8%, 52.9%, and 45.1% of cases, respectively. CONCLUSION These results support the concern that hypothyroidism might be overly and incorrectly diagnosed in first opinion practice, and that thyroid function testing should be performed only in those dogs with a high pretest probability of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Valerie Lamb
- Southern Counties Veterinary SpecialistsHampshireUK
| | | | - Darren Kelly
- Southern Counties Veterinary SpecialistsHampshireUK
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Bolton TA, Panciera DL, Voudren CD, Crawford‐Jennings MI. Thyroid function tests during nonthyroidal illness syndrome and recovery in acutely ill dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:111-122. [PMID: 38032018 PMCID: PMC10800236 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonthyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) can result in thyroid function test alterations that mimic hypothyroidism. The duration of NTIS-induced changes in dogs is not well-described. OBJECTIVES Document alterations in thyroid function tests during NTIS and recovery, and the time necessary for their resolution. ANIMALS From 103 dogs sampled, 25 euthyroid dogs with acute, resolvable illness having a low serum total thyroxine (TT4) concentration on admission were analyzed. METHODS Prospective observational study. Serum TT4 concentration was measured in 103 dogs within 4 hours of admission. If below the reference interval (RI), subsequent serum samples were obtained every 24 hours from admission until discharge (acute phase) and at 2 weeks and 4 weeks after discharge (recovery phase). Serum samples were submitted for batch measurement of serum TT4, free thyroxine (fT4), total 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (TT3), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations. RESULTS In the cohort of dogs analyzed, serum TT4, TT3, and fT4 concentrations were below the RI in 100%, 80%, and 16% at admission; 20%, 80%, and 0% at discharge; 4%, 8%, and 0% at 2 weeks; and 0%, 0%, and 0% at 4 weeks, respectively. Serum TSH concentration was within the RI in 100% at admission and discharge, and above the RI in 4% and 12% at 2 weeks and 4 weeks, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Naturally occurring NTIS in dogs induces alterations in thyroid function tests during acute illness and recovery. Measurement of serum TT4 concentration 2 to 4 weeks after discharge or serum fT4 concentration by ED during illness is recommended for accurate assessment of thyroid function in acutely ill dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Bolton
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia‐Maryland Regional College of Veterinary MedicineVirginia Tech UniversityBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
| | - David L. Panciera
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia‐Maryland Regional College of Veterinary MedicineVirginia Tech UniversityBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
| | - Caylie D. Voudren
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia‐Maryland Regional College of Veterinary MedicineVirginia Tech UniversityBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
| | - Matthew I. Crawford‐Jennings
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia‐Maryland Regional College of Veterinary MedicineVirginia Tech UniversityBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
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Scarpa P, Tagliasacchi F, Iavazzo F, Beccaglia M, Monino A, Dri P, Milite G. Relationship between thyroid function and sex hormones in female German shepherd dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:81-92. [PMID: 38093496 PMCID: PMC10800235 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several variables influence the serum concentration of thyroid hormones in dogs, including breed, age, drugs, and concurrent diseases. However, data regarding the interaction between thyroid function and the estrous stage of female dogs are limited. HYPOTHESIS Estrous stage may influence thyroid function in German Shepherd dogs. METHODS Longitudinal, observational, non-randomized cohort study. The dogs were monitored during the complete estrous cycle, and different stages were determined by vaginal cytology. Two blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of each stage to analyze the following: total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (fT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3), free triiodothyronine (fT3), canine thyrotropin (cTSH), progesterone, 17-β-estradiol, triglycerides, and cholesterol concentrations. Hematological and biochemical evaluations were performed at the beginning and end of the study period. ANIMALS Seventeen German Shepherds were included, of which 7 were bred during the study period. One dog was excluded for estrus interruption and another for suspected hypothyroidism. RESULTS Serum concentrations of T4, fT4, and fT3 were negatively correlated with age. Total thyroxine demonstrated significant changes in serum concentrations between estrous stages, with higher concentrations in estrus and diestrus. Total thyroxine concentrations were positively correlated with progesterone concentrations and negatively correlated with 17-β-estradiol concentrations. Free thyroxine did not show significant variations but was positively correlated with progesterone concentrations. Canine TSH concentrations were positively correlated with 17-β-estradiol concentrations. No significant differences in thyroid hormones and cTSH concentrations were observed between diestrus during pregnancy and pseudopregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Different stages of estrus can influence the measurement of TT4 in female dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Scarpa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences – DIVASUniversity of MilanLodi 26900Italy
| | - Filippo Tagliasacchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences – DIVASUniversity of MilanLodi 26900Italy
| | - Francesca Iavazzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences – DIVASUniversity of MilanLodi 26900Italy
| | | | | | - Paolo Dri
- Clinica Veterinaria “Animal Care”Martignacco 33035Italy
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Corsini A, Lunetta F, Alboni F, Drudi I, Faroni E, Fracassi F. Development and internal validation of diagnostic prediction models using machine-learning algorithms in dogs with hypothyroidism. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1292988. [PMID: 38169885 PMCID: PMC10758480 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1292988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hypothyroidism can be easily misdiagnosed in dogs, and prediction models can support clinical decision-making, avoiding unnecessary testing and treatment. The aim of this study is to develop and internally validate diagnostic prediction models for hypothyroidism in dogs by applying machine-learning algorithms. Methods A single-institutional cross-sectional study was designed searching the electronic database of a Veterinary Teaching Hospital for dogs tested for hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism was diagnosed based on suggestive clinical signs and thyroid function tests. Dogs were excluded if medical records were incomplete or a definitive diagnosis was lacking. Predictors identified after data processing were dermatological signs, alopecia, lethargy, hematocrit, serum concentrations of cholesterol, creatinine, total thyroxine (tT4), and thyrotropin (cTSH). Four models were created by combining clinical signs and clinicopathological variables expressed as quantitative (models 1 and 2) and qualitative variables (models 3 and 4). Models 2 and 4 included tT4 and cTSH, models 1 and 3 did not. Six different algorithms were applied to each model. Internal validation was performed using a 10-fold cross-validation. Apparent performance was evaluated by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Results Eighty-two hypothyroid and 233 euthyroid client-owned dogs were included. The best performing algorithms were naive Bayes in model 1 (AUROC = 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.83-0.86) and in model 2 (AUROC = 0.98; 95% CI = 0.97-0.99), logistic regression in model 3 (AUROC = 0.88; 95% CI = 0.86-0.89), and random forest in model 4 (AUROC = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.98-0.99). Positive predictive value was 0.76, 0.84, 0.93, and 0.97 in model 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Negative predictive value was 0.89, 0.89, 0.99, and 0.99 in model 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Discussion Machine learning-based prediction models were accurate in predicting and quantifying the likelihood of hypothyroidism in dogs based on internal validation performed in a single-institution, but external validation is required to support the clinical applicability of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Corsini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Lunetta
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Alboni
- Department of Statistical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ignazio Drudi
- Department of Statistical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eugenio Faroni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Federico Fracassi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
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Bolton TA, Panciera DL. Influence of medications on thyroid function in dogs: An update. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1626-1640. [PMID: 37498128 PMCID: PMC10473007 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Erroneous thyroid function test results can occur because of drugs that alter thyroid hormone physiology in one or more aspects, including synthesis, secretion, distribution, and metabolism. Research since publication of the last review in the Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine (JVIM) 20 years ago has evaluated the effects of amiodarone, zonisamide, inhalant anesthetics, clomipramine, trilostane, and toceranib on thyroid function tests in the dog. In addition, recent work on the effects of glucocorticoids, sulfonamides, phenobarbital, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs will be reviewed. Awareness of these effects is necessary to avoid misdiagnosis of hypothyroidism and unnecessary treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Bolton
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesVirginia‐Maryland College of Veterinary MedicineBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
| | - David L. Panciera
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesVirginia‐Maryland College of Veterinary MedicineBlacksburgVirginiaUSA
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Bugbee A, Rucinsky R, Cazabon S, Kvitko-White H, Lathan P, Nichelason A, Rudolph L. 2023 AAHA Selected Endocrinopathies of Dogs and Cats Guidelines. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2023; 59:113-135. [PMID: 37167252 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Canine and feline endocrinopathies reflect an endocrine gland disease or dysfunction with resulting hormonal abnormali ties that can variably affect the patient's wellbeing, quality of life, and life expectancy. These guidelines provide consensus recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of four canine and feline endocrinopathies commonly encountered in clini cal practice: canine hypothyroidism, canine hypercortisolism (Cushing's syndrome), canine hypoadrenocorticism (Addi son's disease), and feline hyperthyroidism. To aid the general practitioner in navigating these common diseases, a stepwise diagnosis and treatment algorithm and relevant background information is provided for managing each of these diseases. The guidelines also describe, in lesser detail, the diagnosis and treatment of three relatively less common endo crinopathies of cats: feline hyperaldosteronism, feline hypothyroidism, and feline hyperadrenocorticism. Additionally, the guidelines present tips on effective veterinary team utilization and client communication when discussing endocrine cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bugbee
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.B.); Mid Atlantic Cat Hospital, Mid Atlantic Feline Thyroid Center, Queenstown, Maryland (R.R.); Boston Veterinary Clinic, Boston, Massachusetts (S.C.); KW Veterinary Consulting, LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (H.K.-W.); Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi (P.L.); School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (A.N.); Rowan College of South Jersey, Sewell, New Jersey (L.R.)
| | - Renee Rucinsky
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.B.); Mid Atlantic Cat Hospital, Mid Atlantic Feline Thyroid Center, Queenstown, Maryland (R.R.); Boston Veterinary Clinic, Boston, Massachusetts (S.C.); KW Veterinary Consulting, LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (H.K.-W.); Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi (P.L.); School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (A.N.); Rowan College of South Jersey, Sewell, New Jersey (L.R.)
| | - Sarah Cazabon
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.B.); Mid Atlantic Cat Hospital, Mid Atlantic Feline Thyroid Center, Queenstown, Maryland (R.R.); Boston Veterinary Clinic, Boston, Massachusetts (S.C.); KW Veterinary Consulting, LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (H.K.-W.); Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi (P.L.); School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (A.N.); Rowan College of South Jersey, Sewell, New Jersey (L.R.)
| | - Heather Kvitko-White
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.B.); Mid Atlantic Cat Hospital, Mid Atlantic Feline Thyroid Center, Queenstown, Maryland (R.R.); Boston Veterinary Clinic, Boston, Massachusetts (S.C.); KW Veterinary Consulting, LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (H.K.-W.); Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi (P.L.); School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (A.N.); Rowan College of South Jersey, Sewell, New Jersey (L.R.)
| | - Patty Lathan
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.B.); Mid Atlantic Cat Hospital, Mid Atlantic Feline Thyroid Center, Queenstown, Maryland (R.R.); Boston Veterinary Clinic, Boston, Massachusetts (S.C.); KW Veterinary Consulting, LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (H.K.-W.); Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi (P.L.); School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (A.N.); Rowan College of South Jersey, Sewell, New Jersey (L.R.)
| | - Amy Nichelason
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.B.); Mid Atlantic Cat Hospital, Mid Atlantic Feline Thyroid Center, Queenstown, Maryland (R.R.); Boston Veterinary Clinic, Boston, Massachusetts (S.C.); KW Veterinary Consulting, LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (H.K.-W.); Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi (P.L.); School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (A.N.); Rowan College of South Jersey, Sewell, New Jersey (L.R.)
| | - Liza Rudolph
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia (A.B.); Mid Atlantic Cat Hospital, Mid Atlantic Feline Thyroid Center, Queenstown, Maryland (R.R.); Boston Veterinary Clinic, Boston, Massachusetts (S.C.); KW Veterinary Consulting, LLC, Kansas City, Missouri (H.K.-W.); Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi (P.L.); School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin (A.N.); Rowan College of South Jersey, Sewell, New Jersey (L.R.)
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Hinderer J, Lüdeke J, Riege L, Bartel A, Kohn B, Müller E, Arlt SP. Thyroid hormones in canine pregnancy and lactation. Theriogenology 2023; 203:43-52. [PMID: 36966584 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
It is believed that thyroid function has a significant effect on fertility and fetal development in mammals. So far, however, only few studies have been published about potential effects of the reproductive cycle stage on thyroid hormone concentrations in dogs. Therefore, over the course of 122 pregnant and non-pregnant cycles in healthy bitches, Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free Thyroxine (fT4), total Thyroxine (tT4) and Progesterone (P4) were measured six times to assess the influence of the cycle stage and pregnancy on hormone concentrations. The aim was to evaluate established reference intervals for the thyroid hormones in a female study population. Of the 122 bitches, 98 became pregnant. Blood samples were collected during estrus, three times in pregnancy, during lactation and after weaning, or at equivalent times during and after estrus in non-pregnant dogs. No differences between pregnant and non-pregnant animals in any of the thyroid hormones were found. Hormone concentrations, however, differed significantly between the six samplings (p < .01). TSH initially declined during pregnancy, then rose again. The mean concentration of all dogs exceeded the overall upper reference limit of 0.70 ng/mL during lactation. Concentrations of tT4 and ft4 increased during the first third of pregnancy and then subsequently declined. The overall reference limits for tT4 were 0.47-3.20 μg/dL, and for fT4 4.86-29.60 pmol/L, but the reference intervals varied between the sampling dates. The observed patterns may reflect that maternal tT4 and fT4 seem to have important effects during early pregnancy, including a pronounced negative feedback effect on TSH. The initial increase and subsequent decline of tT4 and fT4 concentrations during the course of pregnancy is in accordance with findings in humans and may support the development of fetal thyroid function. The observed peak of TSH concentrations during lactation suggests that the demand for thyroid hormones in this phase is largest. Even if the underlying causes and mechanisms of thyroid regulation are not fully understood, the results of this study show relevant changes of hormone concentrations in the course of the sexual cycle and pregnancy. In that regard, cycle stage needs to be considered when assessing thyroid function in bitches.
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Schlipf M, Fischer A, Patzl M, Hartmann K, Pankraz A, Dick M, Zablotski Y, Küchenhoff H, Wehner A. Laboratory indicators of hypothyroidism and TgAA-positivity in the Eurasian dog breed. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280906. [PMID: 36693083 PMCID: PMC9873187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary hypothyroidism represents a concern for dog breeders; thus, surveillance programs have been established for several dog breeds. METHODS Thyroid profiles (total thyroxine (TT4), thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)), and thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAA)) collected as part of a breed surveillance program in Eurasians (2009-2017) were retrospectively analyzed. The study included data from 1,501 Eurasians from a German breeding club. Classification was exclusively based on laboratory data. Hypothyroidism was defined as a combined decrease in TT4 and increase in TSH in serum and was classified as TgAA-positive and TgAA-negative hypothyroidism. Thyroglobulin autoantibodies (TgAA) independent of the concentrations of TT4 and TSH were determined. The overall prevalence of hypothyroidism, TgAA-positive hypothyroidism, TgAA-negative hypothyroidism and TgAA-positivity was assessed when the dogs entered the program. Follow-up laboratory data was available for 324 dogs without hypothyroidism on initial examination. RESULTS The initial screening was performed at a median age of 18 months (interquartile range (IQR): 15-29). The overall prevalence of hypothyroidism was 3.9% (n = 58; 95% CI: 2.9-4.8%) and the prevalence of a positive TgAA status was 7.9% (n = 118; 95% CI: 6.6-9.3%). The prevalence of TgAA-positive and TgAA-negative hypothyroidism was 1.7% (n = 26; 95% CI: 1.1-2.4%) and 2.1% (n = 32; 95% CI: 1.4-2.9%), respectively. 22.0% of dogs with positive TgAA status (26/118) were already hypothyroid on initial examination. Overall, 42.5% (17/40) of TgAA-positive dogs on initial examination developed hypothyroidism on follow-up. CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrate that the Eurasian dog breed exhibits a relevant risk for hypothyroidism and presence of TgAA. The predictive value of TgAA for hypothyroidism or developing hypothyroidism was high in this breed. Further investigations with longitudinal studies in individual dogs are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Schlipf
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Patzl
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Martina Dick
- Biocontrol, Bioscientia Healthcare GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Astrid Wehner
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Laboratory Diagnosis of Thyroid and Adrenal Disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:207-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kidd L, Hamilton H, Stine L, Qurollo B, Breitschwerdt EB. Vector-borne disease and its relationship to hematologic abnormalities and microalbuminuria in retired racing and show-bred greyhounds. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 36:1287-1294. [PMID: 35816034 PMCID: PMC9308419 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Reference intervals for platelets and white blood cell (WBCs) counts are lower in greyhounds than other breeds. Proteinuria is common. Vector‐borne diseases (VBD) cause thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and proteinuria. Racing greyhounds are commonly exposed to vectors that carry multiple organisms capable of chronically infecting clinically healthy dogs. Hypothesis/Objectives Vector‐borne disease prevalence is higher in retired racing greyhounds than in show‐bred greyhounds. Occult infection contributes to breed‐related laboratory abnormalities. Animals Thirty National Greyhound Association (NGA) retired racing and 28 American Kennel Club (AKC) show‐bred greyhounds. Methods Peripheral blood was tested for Anaplasma, Babesia, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, hemotropic Mycoplasma, and Rickettsia species using PCR. Antibodies to Anaplasma, Babesia, Bartonella, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia species and Borrelia burgdorferi were detected using immunofluorescence and ELISA assays. Complete blood counts, semiquantitative platelet estimates, and microalbuminuria concentration were determined. Results Seven of 30 NGA and 1/28 AKC greyhounds tested positive for ≥1 VBD (P = .05). More positive tests were documented in NGA (10/630) than in AKC dogs (1/588; P = .02). Exposure to Bartonella species (3/30), Babesia vogeli (2/30), Ehrlichia canis (1/30), and infection with Mycoplasma hemocanis (3/30) occurred in NGA dogs. Platelet counts or estimates were >170 000/μL. White blood cell counts <4000/μL (4/28 AKC; 5/30 NGA, P > .99; 1/8 VBD positive; 8/51 VBD negative, P = .99) and microalbuminuria (10/21 AKC; 5/26 NGA, P = .06; 1/8 VBD positive; 14/25 VBD negative, P = .41) were not associated with VBD. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The prevalence of thrombocytopenia and B. vogeli exposure was lower than previously documented. Larger studies investigating the health impact of multiple VBD organisms are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Kidd
- Western University of Health Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, Pomona, California, USA
| | | | - Lisa Stine
- Independent Contractor, Scio, Oregon, USA
| | - Barbara Qurollo
- Vector-Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Edward B Breitschwerdt
- Vector-Borne Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Spence S. Canine hypothyroidism: avoiding over diagnosing the condition. IN PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/inpr.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Hajek V, Zablotski Y, Kölle P. Computer-aided ration calculation (Diet Check Munich © ) versus blood profile in raw fed privately owned dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 106:345-354. [PMID: 34236742 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many dog owners create nutritionally imbalanced raw meat-based diets (RMBD) with information from the Internet and pseudo-scientific books, some even use pre-prepared frozen raw feed from online shops, local butchers or other providers. The risk of nutritional imbalances is therefore present. Blood profiles for dogs fed RMBD are promoted by laboratories as a simple tool for the owner to check the nutritional supply situation. Veterinarian nutrition specialists seem to be consulted less frequently and, in most cases, when blood analyses show deviations from reference ranges. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether a RMBD blood profile reflects possible malnutrition according to a computer-aided ration check and to assess its clinical relevance. Using standardized questionnaires, the average daily rations of 104 dogs, 83 of which were fed raw diets versus 21 commercially fed dogs, were analysed using Diet Check Munich©, based on the National Research Council values. Afterwards, the SYNLAB.vet GmbH 'Barfer-Profil' test including calcium, phosphate, calcium/phosphate ratio, vitamin A, vitamin D, copper, zinc and iodine with additional parameters taurine, urea, uric acid and creatinine was carried out. No significant correlation between nutrient supply and associated blood parameters could be detected. Diet calculation revealed significantly more nutritional imbalances in the RMBD group than in the control group. Low plasma taurine could be detected only in the RMBD group. After participating, 30% of the dog owners (RMBD group) decided to adjust their dogs' diets at the nutrition consultation of the Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine of the LMU Munich. Based on these results, for most parameters a RMBD blood profile is not an appropriate tool to monitor a dog's nutrition and computer-aided ration calculation remains the gold standard for detecting nutritional imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Hajek
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Kölle
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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13
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Shiel RE, Nolan CM, Nally JE, Refsal KR, Mooney CT. Qualitative and semiquantitative assessment of thyroid hormone binding proteins in greyhounds and other dog breeds. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 76:106623. [PMID: 33774426 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Total thyroxine (T4) concentrations are lower in healthy greyhounds compared to most other non-sighthound breeds. In humans, variations in the structure or concentration of the major thyroid hormone binding proteins are responsible for most reported differences between total T4 concentrations in healthy individuals from different ethnic groups or other subpopulations. The aim of this study was to determine if such variations are also responsible for the lower total T4 concentrations in greyhounds. The predicted protein sequences of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), transthyretin and albumin were determined in liver tissue from a euthyroid greyhound with decreased T4 concentration and a Jack Russell terrier using reverse-transcriptase PCR. Sequences were compared to each other and online reference sequences. Serum proteins from 21 greyhounds and 21 non-sighthound dogs were separated by denaturing electrophoresis and immunoblots probed with polyclonal antibodies to human TBG and transthyretin. Reactive bands were quantified by densitrometry, expressed relative to the mean of reference samples included in each gel. Serum albumin concentrations were measured using a commercially-available assay. Several SNPs were identified but none was thought likely to explain the lower total T4 concentrations in greyhounds. There was no significant difference between the quantity of any of the binding proteins in serum from greyhounds and non-sighthound dogs. However, total T4 and transthyretin concentrations were highly correlated in the greyhound group (r = 0.73, P = 0.0002). Variation in the sequence of thyroid hormone binding proteins is not responsible for low greyhound total T4 concentrations. Further evaluation of the role of transthyretin is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Shiel
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - C M Nolan
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J E Nally
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - K R Refsal
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - C T Mooney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Quartuccio M, Fazio E, Medica P, Cristarella S, Emmanuele G, Sinagra L, Liotta L. Correlation between sperm parameters and circulating thyroid hormones and testosterone concentrations in Labrador Retriever dog. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1911695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Quartuccio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Esterina Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Pietro Medica
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Santo Cristarella
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Letizia Sinagra
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Liotta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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15
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Corsini A, Faroni E, Lunetta F, Fracassi F. Recombinant human thyrotropin stimulation test in 114 dogs with suspected hypothyroidism: a cross-sectional study. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 62:257-264. [PMID: 33341942 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the performance and define cut-offs for the interpretation of a thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulation test with a recombinant human TSH dose of 75 μg/dog administered intravenously in dogs with suspected hypothyroidism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cross-sectional study. Medical records of dogs presented for suspected hypothyroidism were retrospectively reviewed. Animals were included if a TSH stimulation test with a recombinant human TSH dose of 75 μg/dog was performed and follow-up was available. Dogs with a post-TSH serum total thyroxine (T4) level of ≥2.2 μg/dL were considered euthyroid. Dogs with a post-TSH T4 level of <2.2 μg/dL were classified as hypothyroid or euthyroid based on follow-up, including response to levothyroxine supplementation. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to define the performance of the test. RESULTS One hundred and fourteen dogs were included. Forty were classified as hypothyroid and 74 as euthyroid. Post-TSH T4 cut-offs of 1.3 and 1.7 μg/dL showed sensitivities of 92.5 and 100% and specificities of 97.3 and 93.2%, respectively. Post-TSH T4 levels of >1.7 μg/dL had a negative predictive value of 100%. Post-TSH T4 levels of <1.3 μg/dL showed a positive predictive value of 94.9%. Area under the ROC curve for post-TSH T4 was 0.99. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE A TSH stimulation test performed with a recombinant human TSH dose of 75 μg/dog is highly reliable to discriminate between hypothyroid and euthyroid dogs, even in cases of concurrent non-thyroidal illness or administration of medications. A post-stimulation T4 concentration of >1.7 μg/dL is suggestive of normal thyroid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Corsini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - E Faroni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - F Lunetta
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - F Fracassi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, Italy
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16
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McBride D, Hosgood G, Raisis A, Smart L. Platelet closure time in anesthetized Greyhounds with hemorrhagic shock treated with hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 or 0.9% sodium chloride infusions. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2016; 26:509-15. [PMID: 27002312 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure platelet closure time (PCT) in dogs during controlled hemorrhagic shock and after fluid resuscitation with hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4 or 0.9% sodium chloride. DESIGN Experimental interventional study. SETTING University veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS Eleven healthy Greyhounds. INTERVENTIONS Dogs were anesthetized and had 48 mL/kg of blood removed to induce hemorrhagic shock. Dogs received 20 mL/kg of HES 130/0.4 (n = 6) or 80 mL/kg of 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl; n = 5) intravenously over 20 minutes. PCT was measured using the Platelet Function Analyzer-100 with collagen and adenosine-diphosphate cartridges at: T0 = 60 minutes after induction of anesthesia prior to hemorrhage, T1 = during hemorrhagic shock, and T2 = 40 minutes after completion of fluid bolus. Packed cell volume and platelet count were concurrently measured. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS Hemorrhagic shock did not significantly change PCT, with no difference between T0 and T1. Both the HES 130/0.4 and 0.9% NaCl group had a significantly increased mean PCT at T2 of 91.4 seconds (95% CI 69.3-113.4) and 95.5 seconds (95% CI 78.2-112.8), respectively, compared to T1. The magnitude of change was significantly greater for the 0.9% NaCl group than the HES 130/0.4 group. There was no difference in the magnitude of change in PCV and platelet count between the 2 groups. The PCV and platelet count were >25% and >100,000/μL, respectively, in all dogs, except for dogs in the HES 130/0.4 group at T2 where platelet counts were <100,000/μL. CONCLUSION Controlled hemorrhagic shock in Greyhounds under anesthesia did not cause a significant change in PCT. Both HES 130/0.4 and 0.9% NaCl administration after induction of shock increased PCT. These results do not support that HES 130/0.4 causes relevant platelet dysfunction beyond hemodilution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duana McBride
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Service, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Giselle Hosgood
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Service, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Anthea Raisis
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Service, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Lisa Smart
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch Drive, Western Australia, Australia
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17
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Bellows J, Colitz CMH, Daristotle L, Ingram DK, Lepine A, Marks SL, Sanderson SL, Tomlinson J, Zhang J. Common physical and functional changes associated with aging in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 246:67-75. [PMID: 25517328 DOI: 10.2460/javma.246.1.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bellows
- Pets Dental, 17100 Royal Palm Blvd, Weston, FL 33326
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18
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Hegstad-Davies RL, Torres SMF, Sharkey LC, Gresch SC, Muñoz-Zanzi CA, Davies PR. Breed-specific reference intervals for assessing thyroid function in seven dog breeds. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:716-27. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638715606953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroxine (T4), free T4 (FT4), and thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations were measured in serum from 693 healthy representatives from 7 dog breeds (Alaskan Malamute, Collie, English Setter, Golden Retriever, Keeshond, Samoyed, or Siberian Husky) to determine whether breed-specific reference intervals (RIs) are warranted. Veterinarians reviewed the health history, performed a physical examination, and approved laboratory data for the enrolled dogs. Many purebred dogs had T4 and FT4 concentrations that were at, or below, the lower limits previously determined for non–breed-specific RIs. Mean concentrations of T4, FT4, and TSH varied significantly among breeds. The range of mean concentration of T4 (19.7 nmol/L [1.53 µg/dL] in English Setters to 29.0 nmol/L [2.25 µg/dL] in Keeshonds) and FT4 (12.6 pmol/L [0.98 ng/dL] in English Setters to 20.2 pmol/L [1.57 ng/dL] in Samoyeds) was considerable. Median TSH values ranged from 6.10 mIU/L (0.07 ng/mL; Alaskan Malamute and Golden Retriever) to 17.6 mIU/L (0.26 ng/mL; Collie). Mean T4 and FT4 concentrations were higher in females. Increasing age was associated with decreasing T4 and FT4, and increasing TSH concentration. The substantial ranges across breeds of measures of central tendency (mean, median) for all hormones indicate that breed-specific RIs are warranted. RIs encompassing the central 95% of reference values for all breeds combined, and for individual breeds, were calculated using nonparametric (TSH) and robust (T4, FT4) methods. Use of breed-specific RIs in combination with careful attention to the potential for pre-analytical and analytical variability in test results will improve thyroid function assessment in these breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Hegstad-Davies
- Departments of Veterinary Population Medicine (Hegstad-Davies, Gresch, Davies), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Clinical Sciences (Torres, Sharkey), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (Muñoz-Zanzi)
| | - Sheila M. F. Torres
- Departments of Veterinary Population Medicine (Hegstad-Davies, Gresch, Davies), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Clinical Sciences (Torres, Sharkey), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (Muñoz-Zanzi)
| | - Leslie C. Sharkey
- Departments of Veterinary Population Medicine (Hegstad-Davies, Gresch, Davies), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Clinical Sciences (Torres, Sharkey), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (Muñoz-Zanzi)
| | - Sarah C. Gresch
- Departments of Veterinary Population Medicine (Hegstad-Davies, Gresch, Davies), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Clinical Sciences (Torres, Sharkey), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (Muñoz-Zanzi)
| | - Claudia A. Muñoz-Zanzi
- Departments of Veterinary Population Medicine (Hegstad-Davies, Gresch, Davies), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Clinical Sciences (Torres, Sharkey), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (Muñoz-Zanzi)
| | - Peter R. Davies
- Departments of Veterinary Population Medicine (Hegstad-Davies, Gresch, Davies), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Clinical Sciences (Torres, Sharkey), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (Muñoz-Zanzi)
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19
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Sheerer KN, Couto CG, Marin LM, Zaldívar-Lopez S, Iazbik MC, Dillberger JE, Frye M, Denicola DB. Haematological and biochemical values in North American Scottish deerhounds. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:354-60. [PMID: 23718887 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sighthounds, including deerhounds, have unique physiological traits that result in laboratory test results that may lie outside reference intervals for the general dog population. Although reference intervals for most analytes are thought to be similar among sighthounds, breed-specific reference intervals are available mainly for greyhounds. The aim of this study was to establish reference intervals for haematology and serum biochemical profiles in deerhounds. METHODS Venous blood samples were collected from healthy deerhounds. Haematological and biochemical analytes were examined and reference intervals were established using the 5th and 95th percentiles. RESULTS The reference intervals obtained from 96 dogs for platelets, reticulocytes, total thyroxine, chloride, gamma glutamyl transferase, bilirubin and glucose were lower than the general dog population. Reference intervals for mean cell volume, potassium, urea, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and cholesterol were higher than the general dog population. Reference intervals for eosinophils and globulin were wider than that of the general population. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE These results confirm that differences in haematological and biochemical values exist in the deerhound. Some appear to be shared by all sighthounds but others may be unique to this breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Sheerer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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20
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Thyroid Disorders in the Geriatric Veterinary Patient. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2012; 42:707-25, vi-vii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Marín LM, Iazbik MC, Zaldivar-Lopez S, Lord LK, Stingle N, Vilar P, Lara-Garcia A, Alvarez F, Hosoya K, Nelson L, Pozzi A, Cooper E, McLoughlin MA, Ball R, Kisseberth WC, London CA, Dudley R, Dyce J, McMahon M, Lerche P, Bednarski R, Couto CG. Retrospective evaluation of the effectiveness of epsilon aminocaproic acid for the prevention of postamputation bleeding in retired racing Greyhounds with appendicular bone tumors: 46 cases (2003-2008). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2012; 22:332-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00735.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paulo Vilar
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
| | | | | | - Kenji Hosoya
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
| | - Laura Nelson
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
| | | | | | | | - Rebecca Ball
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
| | - William C. Kisseberth
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210
| | - Cheryl A. London
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
- the Department of Veterinary Biosciences
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210
| | | | | | | | | | | | - C. Guillermo Couto
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
- the Veterinary Medical Center
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210
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22
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Giori L, Gironi S, Scarpa P, Anselmi A, Gualtieri M, Paltrinieri S. Grey eosinophils in sighthounds: frequency in 3 breeds and comparison of eosinophil counts determined manually and with 2 hematology analyzers. Vet Clin Pathol 2011; 40:475-483. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2011.00357.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Giori
- Departments of Veterinary Pathology; Hygiene and Public Health
| | - Sara Gironi
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences; University of Milan; Milan Italy
| | - Paola Scarpa
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences; University of Milan; Milan Italy
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23
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Zaldívar-López S, Marín LM, Iazbik MC, Westendorf-Stingle N, Hensley S, Couto CG. Clinical pathology of Greyhounds and other sighthounds. Vet Clin Pathol 2011; 40:414-425. [PMID: 22092909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2011.00360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the development of Greyhounds as racing sighthounds, these dogs have acquired unique physiologic adaptations that distinguish them from other breeds. Reference intervals for many analytes in retired racing Greyhounds (RRGs) differ from those of other breeds; most of the hematologic differences have also been described in other sighthounds. In this review, we provide a survey of the literature on clinical pathology of Greyhounds and other sighthounds and results of laboratory testing, including analysis of CBCs, biochemical profiles, coagulation tests, and blood gases, in RRGs at The Ohio State University. Major clinicopathologic differences in this breed include higher RBC mass, creatinine concentration, glomerular filtration rate, activities of hepatic enzymes, and concentration of cardiac troponin, as well as lower WBC, neutrophil, and platelet counts, thromboelastographic values, and concentrations of serum haptoglobin, total globulins, and T4.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zaldívar-López
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Molecular and Human Genetics at The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - L M Marín
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - M C Iazbik
- Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - N Westendorf-Stingle
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - S Hensley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - C G Couto
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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24
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Abstract
Hypothyroidism is recognised as an important endocrine disorder of dogs, and a frequent differential for numerous presenting complaints. Its diagnosis has never been straight forward as results suggestive of hypothyroidism can occur for a variety of reasons in dogs with normal thyroid function (euthyroid). As a consequence, the accurate investigation of hypothyroidism has been hindered by the potential inclusion of a number of cases not truly hypothyroid. In recent years, the development of newer diagnostic tests, e.g. free thyroxine, canine thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroglobulin autoantibodies, has significantly improved our ability to reliably differentiate hypothyroidism from other clinically similar disorders. This has led to a marked increase in our knowledge of the phenotypic, genotypic and aetiological aspects of this disorder in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Mooney
- Veterinary Clinical Studies Unit, School of Agriculture, Food Science & Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland.
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25
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Shiel RE, Sist M, Nachreiner RF, Ehrlich CP, Mooney CT. Assessment of criteria used by veterinary practitioners to diagnose hypothyroidism in sighthounds and investigation of serum thyroid hormone concentrations in healthy Salukis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 236:302-8. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.236.3.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Carter GR, Scott-Moncrieff JC, Luescher AU, Moore G. Serum total thyroxine and thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations in dogs with behavior problems. J Vet Behav 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Pinilla M, Shiel RE, Brennan SF, McAllister H, Mooney CT. Quantitative thyroid scintigraphy in greyhounds suspected of primary hypothyroidism. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2009; 50:224-9. [PMID: 19400473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of hypothyroidism in greyhounds remains controversial and its investigation is complicated by the low circulating thyroid hormone concentrations typically found in healthy dogs of this breed. Quantitative measurement of thyroidal technetium-99m pertechnetate ((99m)TcO4-) uptake is known to be useful in assessing thyroid function in other breeds. The aim of this study was to evaluate thyroid scintigraphy as a method of assessing thyroid function in greyhounds suspected of primary hypothyroidism. Twenty greyhounds (eight females, 12 males) were studied. Thirteen had bald thigh syndrome and seven poor performance and low total T4. Total T4 concentrations were decreased in 18 (90%), and free T4 in two (10%) dogs. All canine thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations were within the reference interval. Thyroidal (99m)TcO4- uptake values (mean +/- SD, 0.76 +/- 0.26%) were within the reference limits published for euthyroid dogs (0.39-1.86%) making hypothyroidism highly unlikely. There were no significant differences (P < 0.05) when comparing data between dogs with bald thigh syndrome (13 dogs) and the remaining dogs (seven dogs). Seventeen (85%) dogs had higher uptake in the left thyroid gland than in the right that might reflect an anatomic feature of the greyhound breed. Calculation of percent thyroidal uptake of (99m)TcO4- is more accurate than thyroid: salivary gland ratios because of high variability in salivary gland uptake. Percent thyroidal uptake of (99m)TcO4- should be used when assessing thyroid function scintigraphically in the greyhound breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Pinilla
- Veterinary Surgery, School of Agriculture, Food Science & Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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