1
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Everest DJ, Green C, Dastjerdi A, Davies H, Cripps R, McKinney C, Podgornik G, Stinson M, O'Hare S, Sapsford B, Mill A, Van der Waal Z, Robinson N, Trotter S, Shuttleworth CM. Opportunistic viral surveillance confirms the ongoing disease threat grey squirrels pose to sympatric red squirrel populations in the UK. Vet Rec 2023; 192:e2834. [PMID: 37024300 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red Squirrels United was a UK landscape-scale grey squirrel management programme undertaken between 2016 and 2020. METHODS A total of 11034 grey squirrels were removed by culling, with 1506 necropsied and 1405 suitable for adenovirus (AdV) or squirrelpox virus (SQPV) quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis. Spleen, lip or hair were extracted, and DNA was isolated, with samples tested in duplicate by qPCR. RESULTS Of 1378 tissue samples, 43% were positive for AdV and 10% for SQPV. Of 1031 hair samples, 11% were positive for AdV and 10% for SQPV. Overall, 762 of 1405 (54%) animals were positive for one or both viruses. LIMITATIONS Ad hoc sampling was undertaken from limited geographical areas but provided the only dataset from that period, instead of extrapolating from historical data. CONCLUSIONS The grey squirrel is an asymptomatic reservoir host for AdV and SQPV. Interspecific infection transmission potential is demonstrated. Grey squirrel management by culling is essential for mainland red squirrel viability until other suitable management tools are available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chalin Green
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | | | - Hannah Davies
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Addlestone, UK
| | - Rachel Cripps
- Lancashire Wildlife Trust, Seaforth Nature Reserve, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | | | - Simon O'Hare
- Northumberland Wildlife Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Aileen Mill
- Centre for Wildlife Management, School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Zelda Van der Waal
- Centre for Wildlife Management, School of Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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2
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Shuttleworth CM, Everest D, Holmes P, Bell S, Cripps R. An Opportunistic Assessment of the Impact of Squirrelpox Disease Outbreaks upon a Red Squirrel Population Sympatric with Grey Squirrels in Wales. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12010099. [PMID: 35011205 PMCID: PMC8749610 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In Europe, squirrelpox virus is carried by non-native grey squirrels and spread into native red squirrel populations. The virus causes a large proportion of infected red squirrels to die and contributes to local declines and the replacement by grey squirrels. There are relatively few published studies quantifying the impact of disease amongst red squirrels. We present findings from a short-term study in north Wales, United Kingdom. Abstract Native red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) persisted in the coastal mainland woodlands of northern Gwynedd whilst sympatric with an invasive grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) population suppressed by culling. Squirrelpox disease in the red squirrel population was recorded in 2017 and 2020/21. An autumn 2020 outbreak was associated with only 17.4% of animals caught and marked in the preceding June known to be present in March 2021. Despite an opportunistic data collection lacking the rigour of empirical experimental design, we observed low local survival rates similar to previously published accounts reported during major squirrelpox outbreaks. The use of a conservation dog to detect red squirrel carcasses resulted in positive detection and confirmation of a temporal and spatial expansion of one disease outbreak. The study is the first in Wales to use conservation dogs and the findings reinforce the vital strategic importance of geographical isolation reducing sympatry of red with grey squirrels in European regions where the introduced congener is a source of the squirrelpox infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Holmes
- APHA Shrewsbury, Veterinary Investigation Centre, Shrewsbury SY1 4HD, UK; (P.H.); (S.B.)
| | - Suzi Bell
- APHA Shrewsbury, Veterinary Investigation Centre, Shrewsbury SY1 4HD, UK; (P.H.); (S.B.)
| | - Rachel Cripps
- Lancashire Wildlife Trust, Bamber Bridge PR5 6BY, UK;
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3
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Disease monitoring and surveillance: case studies in the applied conservation of fragmented red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) populations in England and Wales. Mamm Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-021-00157-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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4
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Dastjerdi A, Benfield C, Everest D, Stidworthy MF, Zell R. Novel enteric viruses in fatal enteritis of grey squirrels. J Gen Virol 2021; 101:746-750. [PMID: 32459620 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Astro- and kobuviruses infect both humans and animals. Here, we report on the disease history, detection and genomic characterization of novel astro- and kobuviruses from fatal diarrhoea of two juvenile grey squirrels. The virus particles had enterovirus-like morphology and a diameter of 28-32 nm. Next-generation sequencing confirmed astro- and kobuviruses and sequence analysis revealed typical astrovirus and picornavirus genome organizations. The astrovirus ORF2 sequence clustered with a clade of unassigned astroviruses, with marmot and rodent mamastroviruses as closest relatives. For the kobuvirus, divergences greater than 49.4 % for P1 and 43.5 % in the non-structural proteins indicated a novel species. However, phylogenetic analysis of the 3D polymerase showed that it clustered with that of the newly classified ludopivirus A1, suggesting a previous recombination event in the evolution of the kobuvirus. Our data provide further insights into the diversity of astro- and kobuviruses and broaden the spectrum of viruses infecting grey squirrels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Dastjerdi
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) - Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Camilla Benfield
- Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - David Everest
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) - Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Mark F Stidworthy
- International Zoo Veterinary Group, Station House, Parkwood Street, Keighley, West Yorkshire, BD21 4NQ, UK
| | - Roland Zell
- Section for Experimental Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, Germany
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5
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Dastjerdi A, Everest DJ, Davies H, Denk D, Zell R. A novel dicistrovirus in a captive red squirrel ( Sciurus vulgaris). J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 33565956 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dicistroviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses in the family Dicistroviridae. The viruses have mainly been detected in arthropods and are the cause of several devastating diseases in many of these species such as honeybees. Increasingly, dicistroviruses have also been detected in both mammalian and avian species in faeces, blood and liver, but with unconfirmed pathology. Here, we report a novel dicistrovirus detected in the intestinal content of a captive red squirrel with enteritis along with the disease history, pathology and genomic characterisation of the virus. Virus particle morphology resembled those of picornaviruses with a diameter of 28-32 nm but failed to be detected using a mammalian/avian pan viral microarray. Next-generation sequencing confirmed a dicistrovirus having a typical dicistrovirus genome organization, but with the polyprotein 1 being shorter by about 100 amino acids, compared to that of other dicistroviruses. Phylogenetic analysis of ORF1 and ORF2 sequences clustered the virus with two yet unassigned dicistroviruses detected in Gorilla gorilla and a freshwater arthropod and likely to be designated to a new genus. Our data further highlights the ever-growing diversity of dicistroviruses, but the clinical significance of the virus in mammalian species and particularly red squirrels has yet to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Dastjerdi
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - David J Everest
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Hannah Davies
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.,Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Daniela Denk
- International Zoo Veterinary Group (IZVG), Station House, Parkwood Street, Keighley, West Yorkshire, BD21 4NQ, UK
| | - Roland Zell
- Section for Experimental Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, Germany
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6
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Chantrey J, Dale T, Jones D, Begon M, Fenton A. The drivers of squirrelpox virus dynamics in its grey squirrel reservoir host. Epidemics 2019; 28:100352. [PMID: 31327730 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2019.100352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens of conservation concern circulate endemically within natural wildlife reservoir hosts and it is imperative to understand the individual and ecological drivers of natural transmission dynamics, if any threat to a related endangered species is to be assessed. Our study highlights the key drivers of infection and shedding dynamics of squirrelpox virus (SQPV) in its reservoir grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) population. To clarify SQPV dynamics in this population, longitudinal data from a 16-month mark-recapture study were analysed, combining serology with real-time quantitative PCR to identify periods of acute viraemia and chronic viral shedding. At the population level, we found SQPV infection prevalence, viral load and shedding varied seasonally, peaking in autumn and early spring. Individually, SQPV was shown to be a chronic infection in >80% of grey squirrels, with viral loads persisting over time and bouts of potential recrudescence or reinfection occurring. A key recurring factor significantly associated with SQPV infection risk was the presence of co-infecting squirrel adenovirus (ADV). In dual infected squirrels, longitudinal analysis showed that prior ADV viraemia increased the subsequent SQPV load in the blood. However, there was a strong, negative association between prior ADV viraemia and subsequent SQPV shedding from the forearm, probably caused by ADV prolonging the SQPV acute viraemic phase, so delaying onset of the chronic shedding phase, and thereby altering viral shedding patterns over the time scales examined here. Hence, co-circulating ADV infection may be involved in mediating both the quantitative levels of SQPV infection and the timing and degree of subsequent infectiousness of grey squirrels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Chantrey
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - Timothy Dale
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - David Jones
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Michael Begon
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Andy Fenton
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
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7
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Wernike K, Wylezich C, Höper D, Schneider J, Lurz PWW, Meredith A, Milne E, Beer M, Ulrich RG. Widespread occurrence of squirrel adenovirus 1 in red and grey squirrels in Scotland detected by a novel real-time PCR assay. Virus Res 2018; 257:113-118. [PMID: 30237072 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Eurasian Red Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) is distributed throughout large parts of Europe and Asia. However, its distribution in certain regions of Europe is endangered by the invasive, non-native Grey Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Adenoviruses were already described in squirrels in Great Britain almost two decades ago. In 2013, a squirrel adenovirus (SqAdV-1) was additionally found in a red squirrel from Germany, which suffered from acute diffuse catarrhal enteritis, and the complete genome sequence was determined. Here, samples from dead red (n = 25) and grey (n = 12) squirrels collected in Scotland, UK, were analysed for the presence of this squirrel-associated virus. By using a newly developed real-time PCR targeting the adenoviral polymerase gene, viral DNA was detected in at least one of four tissue samples tested per animal in 64.0% of the red squirrels and 41.7% of the grey squirrels. Exceptionally high viral genome loads were detected in the intestine and liver, but SqAdV-1 DNA was also present in lung and kidney samples of affected animals. Almost complete genome sequence determination of a red squirrel-derived SqAdV-1 strain from Scotland indicated a very high degree of identity to the first German strain. Sequence analysis of the hexon gene, which encodes one of the major antigens of the virion, revealed an identity of 100% between viruses found in red and grey squirrels from Scotland. In conclusion, SqAdV-1 appears to be widespread in the Scottish red and grey squirrel population, which highlights the necessity for continuous wildlife surveillance. The novel real-time PCR assay offers a highly sensitive and robust method for SqAdV-1 surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Claudia Wylezich
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Julia Schneider
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; NMI TT Pharmaservices, c/o CoLaborator, Müllerstraße 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Peter W W Lurz
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Anna Meredith
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK; Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade Parkville 3010, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Elspeth Milne
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Rainer G Ulrich
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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8
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Blackett TA, Simpson VR, Haugland S, Everest DJ, Muir CF, Smith KC, Mill AC. Mortalities, amyloidosis and other diseases in free-living red squirrels ( Sciurus vulgaris) on Jersey, Channel Islands. Vet Rec 2018; 183:503. [PMID: 30181130 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Between 2007 and 2014, 337 free-living red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) on Jersey, Channel Islands, were examined post mortem as part of a mortality and disease surveillance scheme. Road traffic accidents (RTAs) were attributable for 50.7 per cent (171/337) of the casualties, 34.4 per cent (116/337) succumbed to diseases including fatal exudative dermatitis (FED), 7.1 per cent (24/337) to predation, 6.5 per cent (22/337) to other trauma and 1.2 per cent (4/337) to suspected poisoning. Cat predation accounted for 5 per cent (17/337) of mortalities. Pathologies were diverse and individual animals were often identified with more than one disease process. Squirrelpox virus (SQPV) particles were not detected in selected cases examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Amyloid was identified in 19.3 per cent (65/337) of squirrels, often in conjunction with inflammatory lesions like hepatic capillariasis. A consistent cause of amyloid accumulation was not identified, although there was a significant association of amyloidosis with hepatic capillariasis and FED. In addition to RTAs, amyloidosis and FED have been identified as important causes of squirrel morbidity and mortality on Jersey, while the underlying aetiology and predisposing factors for these two disease complexes are presently unclear. Disease, fragmented woodlands, an increasingly suburban habitat, along with various anthropogenic factors, may jeopardise the long-term viability of this island red squirrel population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Clare F Muir
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Kenneth C Smith
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Aileen C Mill
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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9
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Franklinos LHV, Fernandez JRR, Hydeskov HB, Hopkins KP, Everest DJ, Cunningham AA, Lawson B. Herpesvirus skin disease in free-living common frogs Rana temporaria in Great Britain. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2018; 129:239-244. [PMID: 30154283 DOI: 10.3354/dao03246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Infectious disease is a significant driver of global amphibian declines, yet despite this, relatively little is known about the range of pathogens that affect free-living amphibians. Recent detection of the tentatively named Ranid herpesvirus 3 (RHV3), associated with skin disease in free-living common frogs Rana temporaria in Switzerland, helps to address this paucity in knowledge, but the geographic distribution and epidemiology of the pathogen remains unclear. Syndromic surveillance for ranid herpesvirus skin disease was undertaken throughout Great Britain (GB), January 2014 to December 2016. Reports of common frogs with macroscopic skin lesions with a characteristic grey appearance were solicited from members of the public. Post-mortem examination was conducted on one affected frog found dead in 2015 at a site in England. In addition, archived samples from an incident involving common frogs in England in 1997 with similar macroscopic lesions were further investigated. Transmission electron microscopy identified herpes-like virions in skin lesions from both the 1997 and 2015 incidents. RHV3, or RHV3-like virus, was detected in skin lesions from the 2015 case by PCR and sequencing. Our findings indicate that herpesvirus skin disease is endemic in common frogs in GB, with widespread distribution at apparently low prevalence. Further research into the role of host immunity, virus latency and the significance of infection to host survival is required to better understand the epidemiology and impact of cutaneous herpesvirus infections in amphibian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H V Franklinos
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
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10
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The implications of significant adenovirus infection in UK captive red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) collections: How histological screening can aid applied conservation management. Mamm Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Okadera K, Abe M, Ito N, Mitake H, Okada K, Nakagawa K, Une Y, Tsunemitsu H, Sugiyama M. Isolation and characterization of a novel type of rotavirus species A in sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps). J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1158-1167. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kota Okadera
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences,Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193,Japan
| | - Masako Abe
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences,Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193,Japan
| | - Naoto Ito
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences,Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193,Japan
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences,Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193,Japan
| | - Hiromichi Mitake
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences,Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193,Japan
| | - Kazuma Okada
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences,Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193,Japan
| | - Kento Nakagawa
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences,Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193,Japan
| | - Yumi Une
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine,Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Kanagawa, 252-5201,Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tsunemitsu
- Dairy Hygiene Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health,4 Hitsujigaoka, Hokkaido, 062-0045,Japan
| | - Makoto Sugiyama
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences,Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193,Japan
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences,Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193,Japan
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12
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Everest DJ, Dastjerdi A, Cowan D, Gomm M, Shuttleworth CM, McInnes CJ, Deane D, Coulter L, Mill A, Rushton SP, Jackson NL, Litherland P. Adenovirus detected in juvenile squirrels. Vet Rec 2015; 177:373-4. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.h5355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Everest
- APHA-Weybridge; Woodham Lane, New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB
| | - Akbar Dastjerdi
- APHA-Weybridge; Woodham Lane, New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB
| | - David Cowan
- National Wildlife Centre; APHA-York, Sand Hutton York North Yorkshire YO41 1LZ
| | - Matthew Gomm
- National Wildlife Centre; APHA-York, Sand Hutton York North Yorkshire YO41 1LZ
| | | | - Colin J. McInnes
- Moredun Research Institute; Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0PZ
| | - David Deane
- Moredun Research Institute; Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0PZ
| | - Lesley Coulter
- Moredun Research Institute; Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan Penicuik Midlothian EH26 0PZ
| | - Aileen Mill
- School of Biology; Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU
| | | | - Nicholas L. Jackson
- National Zoological Society of Wales; Welsh Mountain Zoo, National Zoo of Wales Colwyn Bay Conwy LL28 5UY
| | - Peter Litherland
- National Zoological Society of Wales; Welsh Mountain Zoo, National Zoo of Wales Colwyn Bay Conwy LL28 5UY
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13
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Lawson B, Dastjerdi A, Shah S, Everest D, Núñez A, Pocknell A, Hicks D, Horton DL, Cunningham AA, Irvine RM. Mortality associated with avian reovirus infection in a free-living magpie (Pica pica) in Great Britain. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:20. [PMID: 25880683 PMCID: PMC4336486 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian reoviruses (ARVs) cause a range of disease presentations in domestic, captive and free-living bird species. ARVs have been reported as a cause of significant disease and mortality in free-living corvid species in North America and continental Europe. Until this report, there have been no confirmed cases of ARV-associated disease in British wild birds. CASE PRESENTATION Sporadic individual magpie (Pica pica) mortality was detected at a single site in Buckinghamshire, England, April-September 2013. An adult female magpie was found moribund and subsequently died. Post-mortem examination identified hepatomegaly and splenomegaly as the most severe macroscopic abnormalities. Histopathological examination revealed extensive hepatic and splenic necrosis. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) identified virions of a size (circa 78 nm diameter) and morphology consistent with ARV in both the liver and the small intestinal (SI) contents. Nucleic acid extracted from pooled liver and spleen was positive on both a pan-reovirus nested PCR targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene and a PCR using primers specific to the ARV sigma C protein gene. Virus isolated from the liver and the SI contents was characterised by a syncytial-type cytopathic effect, a reovirus-like appearance on TEM and sequence identical to that from PCR of tissues. In situ hybridisation confirmed co-localisation of ARV with lesions in the liver and spleen, implicating ARV as the causative agent. Splenic lymphoid atrophy and necrotic stomatitis associated with Aspergillus fumigatus infection were consistent with generalised immunosuppression and resultant opportunistic infection. CONCLUSIONS The pathology and comprehensive virus investigations in this case indicate ARV as the primary pathogen in this magpie, with concurrent secondary infection subsequent to immunosuppression, as has been observed with reoviral infections in other bird species. ARV should be considered as a differential diagnosis for magpie, and potentially other corvid, disease and mortality incidents. This is the first demonstration of ARV-associated mortality in a wild bird in Britain. The prevalence and significance of ARV infection in British wild birds, and its implications for poultry and captive bird health, are currently unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becki Lawson
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK.
| | - Akbar Dastjerdi
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Sonal Shah
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK. .,School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - David Everest
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Alejandro Núñez
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Ann Pocknell
- Finn Pathologists, One Eyed Lane, Weybread, Diss, Norfolk, IP21 5TT, UK.
| | - Daniel Hicks
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Daniel L Horton
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK. .,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Andrew A Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK.
| | - Richard M Irvine
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
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14
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Everest DJ, Shuttleworth CM, Stidworthy MF, Grierson SS, Duff JP, Kenward RE. Adenovirus: an emerging factor in red squirrel S
ciurus vulgaris
conservation. Mamm Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig M. Shuttleworth
- Red Squirrels Trust Wales; Plas Newydd Country House; Llanfairpwll Anglesey LL61 6DQ UK
| | - Mark F. Stidworthy
- International Zoo Veterinary Group; Station House; Parkwood Street, Keighley West Yorkshire BD21 4NQ UK
| | | | - J. Paul Duff
- AHVLA-Penrith; Diseases of Wildlife Scheme (AHVLA DoWS) Calthwaite; Penrith Cumbria CA11 9RR UK
| | - Robert E. Kenward
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology; Benson Lane; Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford OX10 8BB UK
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15
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Brooks F, Wood AR, Thomson J, Deane D, Everest DJ, McInnes CJ. Preliminary characterisation of Pentlands paramyxovirus-1, -2 and -3, three new paramyxoviruses of rodents. Vet Microbiol 2014; 170:391-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Collins LM, Warnock ND, Tosh DG, McInnes C, Everest D, Montgomery WI, Scantlebury M, Marks N, Dick JTA, Reid N. Squirrelpox virus: assessing prevalence, transmission and environmental degradation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89521. [PMID: 24586845 PMCID: PMC3931809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) declined in Great Britain and Ireland during the last century, due to habitat loss and the introduction of grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), which competitively exclude the red squirrel and act as a reservoir for squirrelpox virus (SQPV). The disease is generally fatal to red squirrels and their ecological replacement by grey squirrels is up to 25 times faster where the virus is present. We aimed to determine: (1) the seropositivity and prevalence of SQPV DNA in the invasive and native species at a regional scale; (2) possible SQPV transmission routes; and, (3) virus degradation rates under differing environmental conditions. Grey (n = 208) and red (n = 40) squirrel blood and tissues were sampled. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) techniques established seropositivity and viral DNA presence, respectively. Overall 8% of squirrels sampled (both species combined) had evidence of SQPV DNA in their tissues and 22% were in possession of antibodies. SQPV prevalence in sampled red squirrels was 2.5%. Viral loads were typically low in grey squirrels by comparison to red squirrels. There was a trend for a greater number of positive samples in spring and summer than in winter. Possible transmission routes were identified through the presence of viral DNA in faeces (red squirrels only), urine and ectoparasites (both species). Virus degradation analyses suggested that, after 30 days of exposure to six combinations of environments, there were more intact virus particles in scabs kept in warm (25°C) and dry conditions than in cooler (5 and 15°C) or wet conditions. We conclude that SQPV is present at low prevalence in invasive grey squirrel populations with a lower prevalence in native red squirrels. Virus transmission could occur through urine especially during warm dry summer conditions but, more notably, via ectoparasites, which are shared by both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Collins
- Quercus, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
- Institute for Global Food Security (IGFS), Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincolnshire, England
| | - Neil D. Warnock
- Quercus, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - David G. Tosh
- Quercus, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Colin McInnes
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland
| | - David Everest
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Addlestone, Surrey, England
| | - W. Ian Montgomery
- Quercus, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Mike Scantlebury
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Nikki Marks
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Jaimie T. A. Dick
- Quercus, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
- Institute for Global Food Security (IGFS), Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Neil Reid
- Quercus, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
- * E-mail:
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17
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Simpson VR, Hargreaves J, Butler HM, Davison NJ, Everest DJ. Causes of mortality and pathological lesions observed post-mortem in red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) in Great Britain. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:229. [PMID: 24238087 PMCID: PMC4225685 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The red squirrel population in Great Britain has declined dramatically in recent decades, principally due to squirrelpox. Concern exists that red squirrels may become extinct nationally and, as there has been limited research in to diseases other than squirrelpox, this study aimed to identify additional causes of mortality. RESULTS Post-mortem examinations on 163 red squirrels found dead on Isle of Wight (IoW) England, in Scotland and at other locations in Great Britain showed that 41.7% (n = 68) were killed by road traffic and 9.2% (n = 15) by predators, principally domestic cats and dogs. The overall male/female ratio was 1.08/1. Fleas were recorded on 34.9% of IoW squirrels and on 43.8% of Scottish squirrels but sucking lice and ixodid ticks were only seen on Scottish squirrels. Bacterial infections were significant, particularly in association with respiratory disease (n = 16); two squirrels died of Bordetella bronchiseptica bronchopneumonia. Cases of fatal exudative dermatitis (n = 5) associated with a lukM-positive clone of Staphylococcus aureus occurred only on the IoW. Toxoplasmosis (n = 12) was also confined to IoW where it was responsible for almost one tenth (9.5%) of all deaths. Hepatozoonosis was common, especially in IoW squirrels, but was not considered a primary cause of mortality. Hepatic capillariasis affected four IoW squirrels and one from Scotland. Fungal infections included oral candidiasis, adiaspiromycosis and pulmonary phaeohyphomycosis. Neoplastic conditions diagnosed were: pulmonary carcinoma, gastric spindle cell tumour, renal papillary adenoma and trichoepithelioma. Epidermal hyperplasia of unknown aetiology was seen in squirrels showing crusty lesions of the ear pinnae on IoW (n = 3) and Brownsea Island (n = 1), associated in two cases with cutaneous wart-like growths. Miscellaneous diagnoses included chylothorax, electrocution, intussusception, suspected cholecalciferol rodenticide poisoning and foetal death and mummification. No cases of squirrelpox were diagnosed. CONCLUSIONS Red squirrels in Britain suffer premature or unnatural mortality due to a number of conditions in addition to squirrelpox, many of which result, directly or indirectly, from human activities: road traffic trauma, pet predation, toxoplasmosis, trap injuries, rodenticide poisoning and electrocution accounted for 61% of all recorded mortality in this study. Red squirrels are also affected by several diseases of unknown aetiology which merit further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor R Simpson
- Wildlife Veterinary Investigation Centre, Chacewater, Truro, Cornwall TR4 8 PB, UK.
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18
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Masters NJ, Stidworthy MF, Everest DJ, Dastjerdi A, Bäulmer S. Detection of EGHV‐5 in a self‐limiting papilloma‐like lesion in the trunk of an Asian elephant (
Elephas maximus
). VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr.d4226rep] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. J. Masters
- International Zoo Veterinary GroupKeighley Business CentreSouth StreetKeighleyWest YorkshireBD21 1AGUK
| | - M. F. Stidworthy
- International Zoo Veterinary GroupKeighley Business CentreSouth StreetKeighleyWest YorkshireBD21 1AGUK
| | - D. J. Everest
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency–WeybridgeWoodham Lane, New HawAddlestoneSurreyKT15 3NBUK
| | - A. Dastjerdi
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency–WeybridgeWoodham Lane, New HawAddlestoneSurreyKT15 3NBUK
| | - S. Bäulmer
- Twycross ZooEast Midland Zoological SocietyAtherstoneWarwickshireCV9 3PXUK
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19
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Foster AP, Barlow AM, Nasir L, Wilson CD, Everest DJ, Erdelyi K, Finnegan CJ, Schock A. Fibromatous lesions of antler velvet and haired skin in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus
). Vet Rec 2013; 172:452. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. P. Foster
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA)-Shrewsbury; Kendal Road, Harlescott Shrewsbury Shropshire SY1 4HD UK
| | - A. M. Barlow
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Langford; Langford House Langford North Somerset BS40 5DX UK
| | - L. Nasir
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research; Institute of Infection; Immunity and Inflammation; Affiliated to the School of Veterinary Medicine College of Medical; Veterinary and Life Sciences; Garscube Estate, Bearsden Road Glasgow G61 1QH UK
| | - C. D. Wilson
- Donview Veterinary Centre; Burghmuir Place, Blackhall Industrial Estate, Inverurie Aberdeenshire AB51 4FW UK
| | - D. J. Everest
- Mammalian Virus Investigation Unit; Department of Virology; AHVLA Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - K. Erdelyi
- National Food Chain Safety Office; Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate; 1149 Budapest Tabornok Hungary
| | - C. J. Finnegan
- Mammalian Virus Investigation Unit; Department of Virology; AHVLA Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - A. Schock
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Lasswade; Pentlands Science Park Bush Loan Penicuik EH26 OPZ UK
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20
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Everest DJ, Shuttleworth CM, Grierson SS, Duff JP, Jackson N, Litherland P, Kenward RE, Stidworthy MF. Systematic assessment of the impact of adenovirus infection on a captive reintroduction project for red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris
). Vet Rec 2012; 171:176. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. J. Everest
- AHVLA - Weybridge; Woodham Lane, New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - C. M. Shuttleworth
- Red Squirrel Survival Trust; Plas Newydd Country House; Llanfairpwll Anglesey LL61 6DQ UK
| | - S. S. Grierson
- AHVLA - Weybridge; Woodham Lane, New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - J. P. Duff
- AHVLA - Penrith; Merrythought, Calthwaite Penrith Cumbria CA11 9RR UK
| | - N. Jackson
- National Zoological Society of Wales; Welsh Mountain Zoo - National Zoo of Wales; Colwyn Bay Conwy LL28 5UY UK
| | - P. Litherland
- National Zoological Society of Wales; Welsh Mountain Zoo - National Zoo of Wales; Colwyn Bay Conwy LL28 5UY UK
| | - R. E. Kenward
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology; Benson Lane Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford OX10 8BB UK
| | - M. F. Stidworthy
- International Zoo Veterinary Group; Station House, Parkwood Street Keighley West Yorkshire BD21 4NQ UK
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21
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McInnes CJ, Coulter L, Dagleish MP, Deane D, Gilray J, Percival A, Willoughby K, Scantlebury M, Marks N, Graham D, Everest DJ, McGoldrick M, Rochford J, McKay F, Sainsbury AW. The emergence of squirrelpox in Ireland. Anim Conserv 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2012.00570.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - L. Coulter
- Moredun Research Institute; Edinburgh; UK
| | | | - D. Deane
- Moredun Research Institute; Edinburgh; UK
| | - J. Gilray
- Moredun Research Institute; Edinburgh; UK
| | | | | | - M. Scantlebury
- Queen's University Belfast; Belfast; Northern Ireland; UK
| | - N. Marks
- Queen's University Belfast; Belfast; Northern Ireland; UK
| | - D. Graham
- Animal Health Ireland; Carrick on Shannon; Eire
| | - D. J. Everest
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency; Surrey; UK
| | | | | | - F. McKay
- Zoological Society of London; London; UK
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22
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Fox R, Thiemann A, Everest D, Steinbach F, Dastjerdi A, Finnegan C. Molluscum contagiosum in two donkeys. Vet Rec 2012; 170:649. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Fox
- Abbey Veterinary Services; 89 Queen Street Newton Abbot Devon TQ122BG UK
| | - A. Thiemann
- The Donkey Sanctuary Sidmouth; Devon EX10 0NU UK
| | - D. Everest
- Science Division; Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge; Woodham Lane, New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - F. Steinbach
- Science Division; Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge; Woodham Lane, New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - A. Dastjerdi
- Science Division; Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge; Woodham Lane, New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - C. Finnegan
- Science Division; Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge; Woodham Lane, New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
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23
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Barlow AM, Schock A, Bradshaw J, Mullineaux E, Dastjerdi A, Everest DJ, McGowan S, Steinbach F, Cowen S. Parvovirus enteritis in Eurasian badgers (Meles meles
). Vet Rec 2012; 170:416. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - A. Dastjerdi
- Virology Department; AHVLA - Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - D. J. Everest
- Specialist Scientific Services Department; AHVLA - Weybridge; Addlestone KT15 3NB UK
| | - S. McGowan
- Virology Department; AHVLA - Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
| | - F. Steinbach
- Virology Department; AHVLA - Weybridge; New Haw Addlestone Surrey KT15 3NB UK
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24
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Everest DJ, Griffin J, Warnock ND, Collins L, Dick J, Reid N, Scantlebury M, Marks N, Montgomery I. Adenovirus particles from a wild red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris
) from Northern Ireland. Vet Rec 2012; 170:188. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.e1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John Griffin
- Northern Ireland Forest Service; Dundonald House, Upper Newtownards Road, Ballymiscaw Belfast BT4 3SB
| | - Neil D. Warnock
- School of Biological Sciences; Queen's University Belfast; Belfast BT9 7BL
| | - Lisa Collins
- School of Biological Sciences; Queen's University Belfast; Belfast BT9 7BL
| | - Jaimie Dick
- School of Biological Sciences; Queen's University Belfast; Belfast BT9 7BL
| | - Neil Reid
- School of Biological Sciences; Queen's University Belfast; Belfast BT9 7BL
| | - Mike Scantlebury
- School of Biological Sciences; Queen's University Belfast; Belfast BT9 7BL
| | - Nikki Marks
- School of Biological Sciences; Queen's University Belfast; Belfast BT9 7BL
| | - Ian Montgomery
- School of Biological Sciences; Queen's University Belfast; Belfast BT9 7BL
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25
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Everest DJ, Duff JP, Higgins RJ. Rotavirus in a wild English red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) identified by electron microscopy. Vet Rec 2011; 169:160. [PMID: 21821691 DOI: 10.1136/vr.d4963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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26
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Peters M, Vidovszky MZ, Harrach B, Fischer S, Wohlsein P, Kilwinski J. Squirrel adenovirus type 1 in red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris
) in Germany. Vet Rec 2011; 169:182. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.d2610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Peters
- Staatliches Veterinäruntersuchungsamt; Zur Taubeneiche 10-12 59821 Arnsberg Germany
| | - M. Z. Vidovszky
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Hungária krt 21 1143 Budapest Hungary
| | - B. Harrach
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Hungária krt 21 1143 Budapest Hungary
| | - S. Fischer
- Department for Pathology; University of Veterinary Medicine; Bünteweg 17 30559 Hannover Germany
| | - P. Wohlsein
- Department for Pathology; University of Veterinary Medicine; Bünteweg 17 30559 Hannover Germany
| | - J. Kilwinski
- Staatliches Veterinäruntersuchungsamt; Zur Taubeneiche 10-12 59821 Arnsberg Germany
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27
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Masters NJ, Stidworthy MF, Everest DJ, Dastjerdi A, Bäulmer S. Detection of EGHV-5 in a self-limiting papilloma-like lesion in the trunk of an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Vet Rec 2011; 169:209. [PMID: 21771761 DOI: 10.1136/vr.d4226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N J Masters
- International Zoo Veterinary Group, Keighley Business Centre, South Street, Keighley, West Yorkshire BD21 1AG, UK
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