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Buzdagli Y, Ozan M, Baygutalp N, Oget F, Karayigit R, Yuce N, Kan E, Baygutalp F, Ucar H, Buzdağlı Y. The effect of high-intensity intermittent and moderate-intensity continuous exercises on neurobiological markers and cognitive performance. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:39. [PMID: 38326816 PMCID: PMC10848527 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00831-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of exercise on cognitive functions and general brain health have been increasingly studied. Such studies conducted among athletes are very important to understanding the effects of different exercise methods on biochemical parameters and cognitive performance. The present study aimed to compare the neuroprotective effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) based on biochemical parameters and cognitive performance in athletes. METHODS A total of twenty-eight elite male boxing athletes aged > 18 years, with at least eight years of training experience, who successfully achieved national and international levels were included in this study. The elite athletes participating in the study were aged 24.43 ± 4.72 years, 14.45 ± 5.89 years of training experience, had a body weight of 74.64 ± 7.82 kg, and had a height of 177 ± 7.15 cm. Athletes who consumed any stimulants during the testing or supplementation phase, nutritional supplements, or steroids that may have affected hormone levels or sports performance in the last three months were excluded from this study. Venous blood samples were obtained, and cognitive performance tests (Stroop tests) were applied (i) immediately after high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE), (ii) one hour after HIIE, (iii) immediately after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE), and (iv) one hour after MICE. Serum BDNF, S100B, and NSE levels were measured after each session. RESULTS Serum BDNF levels were significantly (F = 2.142, P < 0.001, ηp 2 = 0.589) greater in the HIIE group (5.65 ± 1.79 ng/mL) than in the control group (1.24 ± 0.54 ng/mL) and MICE group (3.38 ± 1.29 ng/mL) for the samples obtained immediately after exercise. Serum S100B levels were significantly (F = 3.427, P < 0.001, ηp 2 = 0.427) greater in the HIIE group (71.92 ± 23.05 ng/L) than in the control group (47.39 ± 15.78 ng/L), however there was no significant difference between the HIIE and MICE groups (59.62 ± 28.90 ng/L) in the samples obtained immediately after exercise. Serum NSE levels were significantly (F = 1.475, P < 0.001, ηp 2 = 0.312) greater in the HIIE group (14.57 ± 2.52 ng/mL) than in the control group (9.51 ± 3.44 ng/ML mL), however there was no significant difference between the HIIE and MICE groups (59.62 ± 28.90 ng/L) in the samples obtained immediately after exercise. Compared with control groups, both HIIE and MICE improved cognitive performance demonstrated by the Stroop test results. Again, HIIE was superior to MICE in terms of Stroop task reaction time and error rate (incongruent task) scores. CONCLUSION HIIE and MICE have favorable effects on improving cognitive performance and neuroprotection in an athlete population. HIIE is considered to be superior to MICE in improving neuroprotection and cognitive performance. Our study has remarkable results demonstrating the benefits of HIIT on neuroprotection and cognitive performance. HIIE is recommended instead of MICE, especially in sports where cognitive performance is more important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Buzdagli
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey.
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Floor1 Room No:140, Yakutiye, Postal Code: 25500, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Murat Ozan
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Kazım Karabekir Faculty of Education, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Nurcan Baygutalp
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Furkan Oget
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Raci Karayigit
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Yuce
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Emirhan Kan
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Kazım Karabekir Faculty of Education, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatih Baygutalp
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Halil Ucar
- Winter Sports and Sports Sciences Institute, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Buzdağlı
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, Floor1 Room No:140, Yakutiye, Postal Code: 25500, Erzurum, Turkey
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Lewis A, Toufexis C, Goldsmith C, Robinson R, Howie G, Rattray B, Flood A. The Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Exercise on Salivary S100B Protein Indicated Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability: A Pilot Study. Neuromodulation 2023:S1094-7159(23)00984-4. [PMID: 38159099 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and exercise on blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in humans as assessed through the quantification of the salivary protein biomarker S100B. It was hypothesized that active tDCS would induce a significant increase in salivary S100B concentration when compared with sham stimulation and no stimulation. It also was hypothesized that the increase in salivary S100B concentration would be greater after active tDCS and exercise than after tDCS or exercise alone. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 13 healthy adults (five male, eight female), ranging in age from 21 to 32 years, underwent three experimental conditions (active tDCS, sham tDCS, inactive control). To assess exercise- and tDCS-induced changes in BBB permeability, S100B in saliva was measured. Saliva samples were taken before tDCS, after tDCS, and immediately after a ramped cycling time-to-exhaustion (TTE) task. Active tDCS involved the application of anodal stimulation over the primary motor cortex for 20 minutes at 2 mA. RESULTS S100B concentrations in the control condition did not differ significantly from the active condition (estimate = 0.10, SE = 0.36, t = 0.27, p = 0.79) or the sham condition (estimate = 0.33, SE = 0.36, t = 0.89, p = 0.38). Similarly, S100B concentrations at baseline did not differ significantly from post-intervention (estimate = -0.35, SE = 0.34, t = -1.03, p = 0.31) or post-TTE (estimate = 0.66, SE = 0.34, t = 1.93, p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS This research provides novel insight into the effect of tDCS and exercise on S100B-indicated BBB permeability in humans. Although the effects of tDCS were not significant, increases in salivary S100B after a fatiguing cycling task may indicate exercise-induced changes in BBB permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Lewis
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia; University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
| | - Constantino Toufexis
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Chloe Goldsmith
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Rebecca Robinson
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Grace Howie
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ben Rattray
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Andrew Flood
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia; University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Haller N, Reichel T, Zimmer P, Behringer M, Wahl P, Stöggl T, Krüger K, Simon P. Blood-Based Biomarkers for Managing Workload in Athletes: Perspectives for Research on Emerging Biomarkers. Sports Med 2023; 53:2039-2053. [PMID: 37341908 PMCID: PMC10587296 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01866-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
At present, various blood-based biomarkers have found their applications in the field of sports medicine. This current opinion addresses biomarkers that warrant consideration in future research for monitoring the athlete training load. In this regard, we identified a variety of emerging load-sensitive biomarkers, e.g., cytokines (such as IL-6), chaperones (such as heat shock proteins) or enzymes (such as myeloperoxidase) that could improve future athlete load monitoring as they have shown meaningful increases in acute and chronic exercise settings. In some cases, they have even been linked to training status or performance characteristics. However, many of these markers have not been extensively studied and the cost and effort of measuring these parameters are still high, making them inconvenient for practitioners so far. We therefore outline strategies to improve knowledge of acute and chronic biomarker responses, including ideas for standardized study settings. In addition, we emphasize the need for methodological advances such as the development of minimally invasive point-of-care devices as well as statistical aspects related to the evaluation of these monitoring tools to make biomarkers suitable for regular load monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Haller
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Reichel
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Behringer
- Department of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Patrick Wahl
- Department of Exercise Physiology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Perikles Simon
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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Irwin G, Rogatzki MJ, Wiltshire HD, Williams GKR, Gu Y, Ash GI, Tao D, Baker JS. Sports-Related Concussion Assessment: A New Physiological, Biomechanical, and Cognitive Methodology Incorporating a Randomized Controlled Trial Study Protocol. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1089. [PMID: 37626975 PMCID: PMC10452437 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taking part in moderate-to-vigorous exercise in contact sports on a regular basis may be linked to an increase in cerebrovascular injury and head trauma. Validated objective measures are lacking in the initial post-event diagnosis of head injury. The exercise style, duration, and intensity may also confound diagnostic indicators. As a result, we propose that the new Interdisciplinary Group in Movement & Performance from Acute & Chronic Head Trauma (IMPACT) analyze a variety of functional (biomechanical and motor control) tests as well as related biochemistry to see how they are affected by contact in sports and head injury. The study's goal will be to look into the performance and physiological changes in rugby players after a game for head trauma and injury. METHODS This one-of-a-kind study will use a randomized controlled trial (RCT) utilizing a sport participation group and a non-participation control group. Forty male rugby 7 s players will be recruited for the study and allocated randomly to the experimental groups. The intervention group will participate in three straight rugby matches during a local 7 s rugby event. At the pre-match baseline, demographic and anthropometric data will be collected. This will be followed by the pre-match baseline collection of biochemical, biomechanical, and cognitive-motor task data. After three consecutive matches, the same measures will be taken. During each match, a notational analysis will be undertaken to obtain contact information. All measurements will be taken again 24, 48, and 72 h after the third match. DISCUSSION When the number of games increases owing to weariness and/or stressful circumstances, we expect a decline in body movement, coordination, and cognitive-motor tasks. Changes in blood biochemistry are expected to correspond to changes in biomechanics and cognitive-motor processes. This research proposal will generate considerable, ecologically valid data on the occurrence of head trauma events under game conditions, as well as the influence of these events on the biological systems of the performers. This will lead to a greater understanding of how sports participants react to exercise-induced injuries. This study's scope will have far-reaching ramifications for doctors, coaches, managers, scientists, and sports regulatory bodies concerned with the health and well-being of athletic populations at all levels of competition, including all genders and ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Irwin
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315010, China; (G.I.); (Y.G.); (J.S.B.)
- Research Academy of Medicine Combining Sports, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, China
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF52YB, UK;
- Sport and Health Interdisciplinary Group in Movement & Performance from Acute & Chronic Head Trauma (IMPACT) Group, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF52YB, UK; (M.J.R.); (G.K.R.W.); (G.I.A.)
| | - Matthew J. Rogatzki
- Sport and Health Interdisciplinary Group in Movement & Performance from Acute & Chronic Head Trauma (IMPACT) Group, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF52YB, UK; (M.J.R.); (G.K.R.W.); (G.I.A.)
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - Huw D. Wiltshire
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF52YB, UK;
- Sport and Health Interdisciplinary Group in Movement & Performance from Acute & Chronic Head Trauma (IMPACT) Group, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF52YB, UK; (M.J.R.); (G.K.R.W.); (G.I.A.)
| | - Genevieve K. R. Williams
- Sport and Health Interdisciplinary Group in Movement & Performance from Acute & Chronic Head Trauma (IMPACT) Group, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF52YB, UK; (M.J.R.); (G.K.R.W.); (G.I.A.)
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX44QJ, UK
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315010, China; (G.I.); (Y.G.); (J.S.B.)
- Research Academy of Medicine Combining Sports, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, China
- Sport and Health Interdisciplinary Group in Movement & Performance from Acute & Chronic Head Trauma (IMPACT) Group, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF52YB, UK; (M.J.R.); (G.K.R.W.); (G.I.A.)
| | - Garrett I. Ash
- Sport and Health Interdisciplinary Group in Movement & Performance from Acute & Chronic Head Trauma (IMPACT) Group, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF52YB, UK; (M.J.R.); (G.K.R.W.); (G.I.A.)
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Center for Pain, Research, Informatics, Medical Comorbidities and Education Center (PRIME), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Dan Tao
- Sport and Health Interdisciplinary Group in Movement & Performance from Acute & Chronic Head Trauma (IMPACT) Group, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF52YB, UK; (M.J.R.); (G.K.R.W.); (G.I.A.)
- Department of Government and International Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Julien S. Baker
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315010, China; (G.I.); (Y.G.); (J.S.B.)
- Research Academy of Medicine Combining Sports, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, China
- Sport and Health Interdisciplinary Group in Movement & Performance from Acute & Chronic Head Trauma (IMPACT) Group, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF52YB, UK; (M.J.R.); (G.K.R.W.); (G.I.A.)
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
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Oris C, Kahouadji S, Durif J, Bouvier D, Sapin V. S100B, Actor and Biomarker of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076602. [PMID: 37047574 PMCID: PMC10095287 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) accounts for approximately 80% of all TBI cases and is a growing source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. To improve the management of children and adults with mTBI, a series of candidate biomarkers have been investigated in recent years. In this context, the measurement of blood biomarkers in the acute phase after a traumatic event helps reduce unnecessary CT scans and hospitalizations. In athletes, improved management of sports-related concussions is also sought to ensure athletes’ safety. S100B protein has emerged as the most widely studied and used biomarker for clinical decision making in patients with mTBI. In addition to its use as a diagnostic biomarker, S100B plays an active role in the molecular pathogenic processes accompanying acute brain injury. This review describes S100B protein as a diagnostic tool as well as a potential therapeutic target in patients with mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Oris
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetic Department, University Hospital, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Faculty of Medicine of Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Samy Kahouadji
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetic Department, University Hospital, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Faculty of Medicine of Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julie Durif
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetic Department, University Hospital, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Damien Bouvier
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetic Department, University Hospital, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Faculty of Medicine of Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vincent Sapin
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetic Department, University Hospital, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Faculty of Medicine of Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Paulina MS, Małgorzata C, Zbigniew W, Jaroslaw M, Anna S. High-intensity interval training modulates inflammatory response in Parkinson's disease. Aging Clin Exp Res 2022; 34:2165-2176. [PMID: 35699838 PMCID: PMC9192928 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-022-02153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Recent discoveries show that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) can bring many positive effects such as decreases in fat tissue, lower blood sugar levels, improved learning and memory, and lower risk of cardiac disease. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of the dopaminergic neurons, accompanied by chronic inflammation and neuroinflammation. Previous research shows that interval training can bring a beneficial effect on the inflammation and neuroplasticity in PD. Objectives The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of HIIT on the inflammation levels and antioxidant capacity in the serum of PD patients. Methods Twenty-eight people diagnosed with PD were enrolled in this study. Fifteen PD patients performed 12 weeks of HIIT on a cycloergometer. Thirteen non-exercised PD patients constitute the control group. Concentrations of inflammation markers and antioxidants’ capacity in the serum were measured at 3 sampling points (a week before, a week after, and 3 months after the HIIT). Results Twelve weeks of HIIT decreases the level of TNF-α (p = 0.034) and increases the level of IL-10 (p = 0.024). Those changes were accompanied by a decreased level of neutrophils (p = 0.03), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (p = 0.048) and neutrophil/monocyte ratio (p = 0.0049) with increases in superoxide dismutase levels (p = 0.04). Conclusions Twelve weeks of HIIT can decrease systemic inflammation in PD patients and improve the antioxidant capacity in their serum, which can slow down the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malczynska-Sims Paulina
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego St, 02-957, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Chalimoniuk Małgorzata
- Department of Physical Education and Health in Biała Podlaska, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, 2 Akademicka St, 21-500, Biała Podlaska, Poland
| | - Wronski Zbigniew
- Department of Rehabilitation, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Warsaw, 61 Żwirki i Wigury St., 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marusiak Jaroslaw
- Department of Kinesiology, University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sulek Anna
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 9 Sobieskiego St, 02-957, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract
Ischemic heart disease and stroke are the number 1 and number 2 causes of death worldwide, respectively. A lifelong commitment to exercise reduces the risk of these adverse events and is also associated with several cardiometabolic improvements, including reductions in blood pressure, cholesterol, and inflammatory markers, as well as improved glucose control. Routine exercise also reduces the risk of developing comorbidities that increase the risk of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease. While the benefits of a lifelong commitment to exercise are well documented, there is a complex interaction between exercise and stroke risk, such that the risk of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke may increase acutely during or immediately following exercise. In this article, we discuss the physiological responses to different types of exercise, as well as the determinants of resting and exertional cerebrovascular perfusion, and explore the complex interaction between atrial fibrillation, exercise, and stroke risk. Finally, we highlight the increased risk of stroke during different types of exercise, as well as factors that may alleviate this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Edward
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora. (J.A.E., W.K.C.)
| | - William K Cornwell
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora. (J.A.E., W.K.C.).,Clinical Translational Research Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora. (W.K.C.)
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Salivary S100 calcium-binding protein beta (S100B) and neurofilament light (NfL) after acute exposure to repeated head impacts in collegiate water polo players. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3439. [PMID: 35236877 PMCID: PMC8891257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-based biomarkers of brain injury may be useful for monitoring brain health in athletes at risk for concussions. Two putative biomarkers of sport-related concussion, neurofilament light (NfL), an axonal structural protein, and S100 calcium-binding protein beta (S100B), an astrocyte-derived protein, were measured in saliva, a biofluid which can be sampled in an athletic setting without the risks and burdens associated with blood sampled by venipuncture. Samples were collected from men’s and women’s collegiate water polo players (n = 65) before and after a competitive tournament. Head impacts were measured using sensors previously evaluated for use in water polo, and video recordings were independently reviewed for the purpose of validating impacts recorded by the sensors. Athletes sustained a total of 107 head impacts, all of which were asymptomatic (i.e., no athlete was diagnosed with a concussion or more serious). Post-tournament salivary NfL was directly associated with head impact frequency (RR = 1.151, p = 0.025) and cumulative head impact magnitude (RR = 1.008, p = 0.014), while controlling for baseline salivary NfL. Change in S100B was not associated with head impact exposure (RR < 1.001, p > 0.483). These patterns suggest that repeated head impacts may cause axonal injury, even in asymptomatic athletes.
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Rogatzki MJ, Morgan JE, Baker JS, Knox A, Serrador JM. Protein S100B and Brain Lipid-Binding Protein Concentrations in the Serum of Recently Concussed Rugby Players. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:2247-2254. [PMID: 33779297 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the ability of serum protein S100B (S100B) and brain lipid-binding protein (BLBP) to identify athletes who sustained a sports-related concussion (SRC). Subjects included a non-athlete group, whereas the rugby players were separated into two match-control and two SRC groups. The match-control <1-h group included players undergoing venipuncture within 60-min post-match, and the match-control >1-h/<8-h group included players undergoing venipuncture between 1 and 8 h post-match; the SRC <1-h group included players undergoing venipuncture within 60-min post-SRC, and the SRC >1-h/<8-h group included players undergoing venipuncture between 1 and 8 h post-SRC. Serum S100B concentrations were not significantly different (p = 0.112) among protocols. Serum BLBP was greater in the match-control <1-h group (p < 0.001) and the SRC >1-h/<8-h group (p = 0.003) compared to the non-athlete group. The ability of serum BLBP to distinguish between SRC groups and the non-athlete group was shown to be good to excellent (AUROC, >0.8; p < 0.05), and between match-control groups and the non-athlete group were shown to be excellent (AUROC, >0.9; p < 0.05). Our results show that serum S100B is not useful in distinguishing concussed or post-match athletes from non-athletes. However, serum BLBP was shown to distinguish non-athletes from post-match or concussed athletes. Serum BLBP could not distinguish between athletes experiencing an SRC within 1 h of blood draw and those participating in a contact sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Rogatzki
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jessica E Morgan
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, USA
| | - Julien S Baker
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Allan Knox
- Exercise Science Department, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
| | - Jorge M Serrador
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, Department of Veteran Affairs, East Orange, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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Neuromuscular Fatigue After Long-Duration Adventure Racing in Adolescent Athletes. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2021; 33:103-111. [PMID: 33958502 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2020-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the acute effects of a long-duration adventure race on knee extensor (KE) fatigue and the knee functional ratio in adolescent athletes. METHODS Twenty trained male adolescents (aged 14-17 y) performed an adventure race of 68.5 km. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) KE and knee flexor torques were measured before and immediately after the race. Central and peripheral components of neuromuscular fatigue were quantified from the maximal voluntary activation level and the doublet peak torque (Tw100), respectively. The peak eccentric knee flexor torque to concentric KE torque ratio was also measured to determine functional ratio. RESULTS The race completion time was 05:38 (00:20) hours. Significant reductions in MVICKE (-14.7%, P < .001) and MVICKF (-17.0%, P < .01) were observed after the race. Voluntary activation level decreased by 8.3% (P < .001) while Tw100 remained unchanged. Peak eccentric knee flexor torque decreased 16.0% (P < .001) while peak concentric KE torque did not change. This resulted in a significant reduction in functional ratio (-12.0%, P < .01). CONCLUSION The adventure race induced a moderate fatigue, which was mainly explained by central factors without significant peripheral fatigue. However, particular attention should be paid to the knee muscular imbalance incurred by the race, which could increase the risk of ligament injury in adolescent athletes.
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de Azevedo Franke R, Rodrigues R, Geremia JM, Teixeira BC, Boeno F, Rabello R, Baroni BM, Lima CS. Moderate intensity cycling is better than running on recovery of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 50:65-73. [PMID: 33932873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of moderate intensity running and cycling on markers of exercise-induced muscle damage in men. STUDY DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Thirty volunteers were randomized in three groups [running (RG; n = 10), cycling (CG; n = 10) and control (CON; n = 10)] and were evaluated at baseline, post 24, 48 and 72 h of knee extensors' muscle damage protocol. CON performed passive recovery, while RG and CG performed active recovery immediately after the protocol, as well as 24 h and 48 h afterwards. MAIN OUTCOMES (i) maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC); (ii) delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS); (iii) plasma creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. RESULTS No group-by-time interaction was found in any outcome evaluated (p > 0.05). All groups presented decreases in MVIC and increases in DOMS (p < 0.001), without differences in CK and LDH. Compared with CON, exercise groups presented likely beneficial effects for LDH, while only CG had a likely beneficial effect for DOMS. Lastly, CG presented likely/very likely beneficial effects for MVIC and DOMS compared to RG. CONCLUSION Although the null hypothesis analysis did not find differences, the magnitude-based inference analysis suggested that moderate intensity cycling have likely beneficial effects on knee extensor muscle recovery after eccentric exercise protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Francesco Boeno
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rabello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, MI, Italy
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12
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Imbalzano E, Quartuccio S, Casciaro M, Gangemi S. S100B in heart diseases. Cardiovasc Pathol 2020; 49:107235. [PMID: 32950202 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2020.107235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Egidio Imbalzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Messina "G. Martino", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Quartuccio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Messina "G. Martino", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marco Casciaro
- School and Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Messina "G. Martino", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- School and Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Messina "G. Martino", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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13
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Schroeder J, Erthel F, Hollander K. Effects of Foot-Strike Patterns on Biomarkers S100 Calcium-Binding Protein B/Neuron-Specific Enolase in Running-A Pilot Study. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:900-902. [PMID: 31860830 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Foot-strike patterns (FSP) in running are related to certain impact kinetics during ground contact. A rear-foot strike (RFS) has been associated with higher impact forces, whereas a forefoot strike (FFS) is assumed to minimize these impact forces. This study investigated the effects of running with RFS or FFS on impact-sensitive neuronal biomarkers S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). METHODS In this randomized crossover study, 18 healthy recreational runners (14 male, mean [SD] age 28.2 [4.7] y, body mass index 22.8 [1.9]) ran 2 separate 5-mile runs with RFS or FFS, respectively. Blood samples were taken before (pre), 30 min after (post 0), and 24 h after (post 24) the run. S100B, NSE, and LDH concentrations were determined and analyzed (3 × 2 data model). RESULTS S100B, NSE, and LDH concentrations increased from pre to post 0 and decreased within 24 h back to the baseline level, demonstrating a significant time effect (all P < .01, all ηpart2>.3). No main effect for FSP or any significant interaction effect indicating FSP-specific differences between FFS or RFS was found (all P > .05, all ηpart2<.07), except for LDH (P < .001, ηpart2=.77). CONCLUSIONS NSE, S100B, and LDH concentration increased in the short term after running and returned to normal in 24 h. FSP with varying impact forces does not influence the increase of these biomarkers. LDH findings favor peripheral origins, but mixed effects are possible. Thus, further research is needed to estimate the risk of mild traumatic encephalopathy.
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14
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Birat A, Bourdier P, Dodu A, Grossoeuvre C, Blazevich AJ, Amiot V, Dupont AC, Nottin S, Ratel S. Effect of Long-Duration Adventure Races on Cardiac Damage Biomarker Release and Muscular Function in Young Athletes. Front Physiol 2020; 11:10. [PMID: 32116738 PMCID: PMC7012902 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of 1- and 2-day adventure races on cardiac muscle damage and skeletal muscle soreness and function in young athletes. Twelve male trained adolescents (14-15 years) completed both 1-day (48.2 km) and 2-day (66.0 km) races that included trail running, mountain biking, kayaking, and in-line skating separated by 10 weeks. Myocardial damage biomarker concentrations (cTnI and CK-MB), maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque, perceived knee extensor (KE) muscle soreness (PMS), and drop and squat jump heights were measured before and after each race. Heart rate was also monitored throughout. Mean heart rate (% cardiac reserve) was higher during the 1-day (66.6 ± 6.4%) than 2-day (62.6 ± 7.8%, p = 0.038) race. The amplitude of cardiac damage biomarker release was also higher following the 1-day than the 2-day race (peak cTnI: 0.14 vs. 0.03 ng/mL, p = 0.045; peak CK-MB: 20.30 vs. 11.98 ng/mL, p = 0.020). However, cardiac biomarker concentrations returned to baseline at 24-48 h post-exercise, except for CK-MB after the 2-day race (p = 0.017). Eight and three participants exceeded the cTnI cut-off for myocardial injury in 1- and 2-day races, respectively, but none exceeded the cut-off for acute myocardial infarction. While there was a significant decrease in drop jump height (-5.9%, p = 0.003), MVIC torque and squat jump height remained unchanged after both races. PMS was increased at 24 h after both races (p < 0.001) but returned to baseline levels by 72 h post-race. In conclusion, the shorter, more intense race produced more cardiac damage, although this probably represents a standard exercise intensity-dependent response rather than pathological response. Skeletal muscle functional and soreness responses were moderate and similar between races.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Birat
- UFR STAPS - Laboratoire AME2P, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Fédération Française Triathlon, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Pierre Bourdier
- UFR STAPS - Laboratoire AME2P, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Virgile Amiot
- Service de Médecine du Sport et d'Exploration Fonctionnelle Respiratoire, Centre Hospitalier Régional, Orléans-La-Source, France
| | - Anne-Charlotte Dupont
- Fédération Française Triathlon, Saint-Denis, France.,Imagerie Adaptative Diagnostique et Interventionnelle, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, Bâtiment Recherche, U1254 INSERM, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Stéphane Nottin
- Laboratoire de Pharm-Ecologie Cardiovasculaire, Avignon Université, Avignon, France
| | - Sébastien Ratel
- UFR STAPS - Laboratoire AME2P, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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15
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Riuzzi F, Sorci G, Arcuri C, Giambanco I, Bellezza I, Minelli A, Donato R. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of sarcopenia: the S100B perspective. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2018; 9:1255-1268. [PMID: 30499235 PMCID: PMC6351675 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary sarcopenia is a condition of reduced skeletal muscle mass and strength, reduced agility, and increased fatigability and risk of bone fractures characteristic of aged, otherwise healthy people. The pathogenesis of primary sarcopenia is not completely understood. Herein, we review the essentials of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of skeletal mass maintenance; the alterations of myofiber metabolism and deranged properties of muscle satellite cells (the adult stem cells of skeletal muscles) that underpin the pathophysiology of primary sarcopenia; the role of the Ca2+ -sensor protein, S100B, as an intracellular factor and an extracellular signal regulating cell functions; and the functional role of S100B in muscle tissue. Lastly, building on recent results pointing to S100B as to a molecular determinant of myoblast-brown adipocyte transition, we propose S100B as a transducer of the deleterious effects of accumulation of reactive oxygen species in myoblasts and, potentially, myofibers concurring to the pathophysiology of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Riuzzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06132, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology
| | - Guglielmo Sorci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06132, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology
| | - Cataldo Arcuri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06132, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology
| | - Ileana Giambanco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06132, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology
| | - Ilaria Bellezza
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06132, Italy
| | - Alba Minelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06132, Italy
| | - Rosario Donato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06132, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology.,Centro Universitario di Ricerca sulla Genomica Funzionale, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06132, Italy
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16
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Rogatzki MJ, Keuler SA, Harris AE, Ringgenberg SW, Breckenridge RE, White JL, Baker JS. Response of protein S100B to playing American football, lifting weights, and treadmill running. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 28:2505-2514. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Rogatzki
- Department of Health and Exercise Science; Appalachian State University; Boone North Carolina
| | - Sydney A. Keuler
- Department of Health and Human Performance; University of Wisconsin-Platteville; Platteville Wisconsin
| | - Abigail E. Harris
- Department of Health and Human Performance; University of Wisconsin-Platteville; Platteville Wisconsin
- Palmer College of Chiropractic; Port Orange Florida
| | - Scott W. Ringgenberg
- Department of Health and Human Performance; University of Wisconsin-Platteville; Platteville Wisconsin
| | | | | | - Julien S. Baker
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Sciences, School of Science and Sport; University of the West of Scotland; Hamilton UK
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17
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Di Battista AP, Moes KA, Shiu MY, Hutchison MG, Churchill N, Thomas SG, Rhind SG. High-Intensity Interval Training Is Associated With Alterations in Blood Biomarkers Related to Brain Injury. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1367. [PMID: 30323770 PMCID: PMC6172320 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Blood biomarkers are a useful tool to study concussion. However, their interpretation is complicated by a number of potential biological confounds, including exercise. This is particularly relevant in military and athletic settings where injury commonly occurs during physical exertion. The impact of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on putative brain injury biomarkers remains under-examined. The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of HIIT on a panel of blood biomarkers associated with brain injury. Methods: Eleven healthy, recreationally active males (median age = 29.0, interquartile range = 26.0–31.5) performed HIIT on a bicycle ergometer (8-12 × 60-s intervals at 100% of peak power output, interspersed by 75-s recovery at 50 W) three times/week for 2 weeks. Peripheral blood samples were collected before and immediately after HIIT during the first and last training sessions. Plasma concentrations of s100 calcium-binding protein beta (S100B), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurogranin (NRGN), peroxiredoxin (PRDX)-6, creatine kinase-BB isoenzyme (CKBB), visinin-like protein (VILIP)-1, von Willebrand factor (vWF), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and total tau (T-tau) were quantitated by high-sensitivity MULTI-SPOT® immunoassay, on the MesoScale Diagnostics electrochemiluminescence detection platform. Differences in biomarker concentrations in response to HIIT were evaluated by partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) within a repeated-measures bootstrapped framework. Results: Ten of 12 biomarkers were increased pre-to-post HIIT; VILIP-1 remained unchanged, and GFAP was not statistically evaluated due to insufficient detectability. After 2 weeks of HIIT, T-tau was no longer significantly elevated pre-to-post HIIT, and significant attenuation was noted in the acute responses of NRGN, PRDX-6, MMP-9, and vWF. In addition, compared to session 1, session 6 pre-exercise concentrations of NSE and VILIP-1 were significantly lower and higher, respectively. Conclusion: Blood biomarkers commonly associated with brain injury are significantly elevated in response to a single bout of HIIT. After a 2-week, six-session training protocol, this response was attenuated for some, but not all markers. While biomarkers continue to provide promise to concussion research, future studies are necessary to disentangle the common biological sequelae to both exercise and brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex P Di Battista
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katherine A Moes
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maria Y Shiu
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael G Hutchison
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Neuroscience Program, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nathan Churchill
- Neuroscience Program, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Scott G Thomas
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shawn G Rhind
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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18
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Gill J, Merchant-Borna K, Jeromin A, Livingston W, Bazarian J. Acute plasma tau relates to prolonged return to play after concussion. Neurology 2017; 88:595-602. [PMID: 28062722 PMCID: PMC5304458 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To determine whether tau changes after sport-related concussion (SRC) relate to return to play (RTP). Methods: Collegiate athletes underwent preseason plasma sampling and cognitive testing and were followed. After a SRC (n = 46), athletes and controls (n = 37) had sampling at 6 hours, and at 24 hours, 72 hours, and 7 days after SRC. A sample of 21 nonathlete controls were compared at baseline. SRC athletes were grouped by long (>10 days, n = 23) and short (≤10 days, n = 18) RTP. Total tau was measured using an ultrasensitive immunoassay. Results: Both SRC and athlete controls had significantly higher mean tau at baseline compared to nonathlete healthy controls (F101,3 = 19.644, p < 0.01). Compared to SRC athletes with short RTP, those with long RTP had higher tau concentrations overall, after controlling for sex (F39,1 = 3.59, p = 0.022), compared to long RTP athletes, at 6 (p < 0.01), 24 (p < 0.01), and 72 hours (p = 0.02). Receiver operator characteristic analyses showed that higher plasma tau 6 hours post-SRC was a significant predictor of RTP >10 days (area under the curve 0.81; 95% confidence interval 0.62–0.97, p = 0.01). Conclusions: Elevated plasma tau concentration within 6 hours following a SRC was related to having a prolonged RTP, suggesting that tau levels may help inform RTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gill
- From the National Institute of Nursing Research (J.G., W.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Emergency Medicine (K.M.-B., J.B.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY; and Quanterix Corporation (A.J.), Lexington, MA.
| | - Kian Merchant-Borna
- From the National Institute of Nursing Research (J.G., W.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Emergency Medicine (K.M.-B., J.B.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY; and Quanterix Corporation (A.J.), Lexington, MA
| | - Andreas Jeromin
- From the National Institute of Nursing Research (J.G., W.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Emergency Medicine (K.M.-B., J.B.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY; and Quanterix Corporation (A.J.), Lexington, MA
| | - Whitney Livingston
- From the National Institute of Nursing Research (J.G., W.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Emergency Medicine (K.M.-B., J.B.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY; and Quanterix Corporation (A.J.), Lexington, MA
| | - Jeffrey Bazarian
- From the National Institute of Nursing Research (J.G., W.L.), NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Emergency Medicine (K.M.-B., J.B.), University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY; and Quanterix Corporation (A.J.), Lexington, MA
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19
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Biomarkers of Traumatic Brain Injury: Temporal Changes in Body Fluids. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-REV-0294-16. [PMID: 28032118 PMCID: PMC5175263 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0294-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are caused by a hit to the head or a sudden acceleration/deceleration movement of the head. Mild TBIs (mTBIs) and concussions are difficult to diagnose. Imaging techniques often fail to find alterations in the brain, and computed tomography exposes the patient to radiation. Brain-specific biomolecules that are released upon cellular damage serve as another means of diagnosing TBI and assessing the severity of injury. These biomarkers can be detected from samples of body fluids using laboratory tests. Dozens of TBI biomarkers have been studied, and research related to them is increasing. We reviewed the recent literature and selected 12 biomarkers relevant to rapid and accurate diagnostics of TBI for further evaluation. The objective was especially to get a view of the temporal profiles of the biomarkers’ rise and decline after a TBI event. Most biomarkers are rapidly elevated after injury, and they serve as diagnostics tools for some days. Some biomarkers are elevated for months after injury, although the literature on long-term biomarkers is scarce. Clinical utilization of TBI biomarkers is still at a very early phase despite years of active research.
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20
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Rogatzki MJ, Soja SE, McCabe CA, Breckenridge RE, White JL, Baker JS. Biomarkers of brain injury following an American football game: A pilot study. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 29:450-7. [PMID: 27387898 DOI: 10.1177/0394632016657091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The goals of this study were to determine if the biomarkers of head injury, NSE and S100B, increased in serum following an American football game. Serum creatine kinase (CK) and cortisol levels were also measured to determine muscle damage and stress caused by the football game. NSE, S100B, CK, and cortisol were measured in the serum of 17 football players before and after a collegiate junior varsity football game. No head injuries were reported by the players, athletic training staff, or coaches yet both NSE (Pre-game: 7.0 μg•L-1 ± 2.2 versus Post-game: 13.1 μg•L-1 ± 7.0, P <0.001) and S100B (Pre-game: 0.013 μg•L-1 ± 0.012 versus Post-game: 0.069 μg•L-1 ± 0.036, P <0.001) increased significantly. Neither CK (Pre-game: 90.5 U•L-1 ± 41.9 versus Post-game: 120.2 U•L-1 ± 62.7, P = 0.116) nor cortisol (Pre-game: 369.2 nmoles•L-1 ± 159.8 versus Post-game: 353.0 nmoles•L-1 ± 170.5, P = 0.349) increased significantly following the football game. There was little correlation found between S100B and body mass (R2 = 0.029) or CK (R2 = 0.352) levels. Although serum NSE and S100B increase as a result of playing in an American football game, the values are similar to or lower than levels found following competition in other contact and non-contact sports. Furthermore, the lack of correlation between S100B and body mass or CK indicates that S100B increases independent of body mass or muscle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Rogatzki
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Platteville, WI, USA
| | - Scott E Soja
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Platteville, WI, USA
| | - Colleen A McCabe
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Platteville, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Julien S Baker
- School of Science and Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Lanarkshire, UK
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21
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Jakobsen LA, Karshenas A, Bach FW, Gazerani P. Alterations in pain responsiveness and serum biomarkers in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: an age- and gender-matched controlled pilot study. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.16.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Serum levels of several biomarkers along with sensory responsiveness were investigated in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy patients in comparison with healthy controls. Methods: Ten epileptic patients (36.1 ± 3.4 years) and ten gender- and age-matched healthy controls were recruited. Mechanical sensitivity, cold pressor tolerance and serum levels of BDNF, CGRP, PGE2, S100B and TNF-α were investigated. Results: Mechanical sensitivity to pinprick was lower in patients (p < 0.05) while cold pain tolerance threshold was higher. Serum level of BDNF was higher in patients compared with controls (p < 0.01). The same pattern was evident for CGRP (p < 0.05). Serum level of PGE2 was lower in patients (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy patients had an altered serum biomarker pattern and sensory perception in comparison with controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Anja Jakobsen
- Department of Health Science & Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ali Karshenas
- Department of Neurology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Parisa Gazerani
- SMI® & Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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