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Więch P, Wołoszyn F, Trojnar P, Skórka M, Bazaliński D. Does Body Position Influence Bioelectrical Impedance? An Observational Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9908. [PMID: 36011541 PMCID: PMC9408608 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19169908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As the availability of various bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) tools is increasing, the patient's position during the test may be of significant importance for the comparability of the results. An observational pilot study was undertaken between March and May 2021 at the Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences at the University of Rzeszow, Rzeszów, Poland. All participants (n = 49: M: 21.05 y ± 1.12 vs. F: 21.34 y ± 2.06) were subjected to measurements of selected nutritional status indicators and body components in three positions: lying, sitting and standing. The body composition indicators were obtained using a bioelectrical impedance device, AKERN BIA 101 Anniversary Sport Edition Analyzer (Akern SRL, Pontassieve, Florence, Italy). The results were analyzed using dedicated software (BodygramPlus 1.2.2.12 from AKERN 2016, Florence, Italy). Our observations indicate that there is a significant difference between lying and standing as well as sitting and standing with respect to anthropometric and nutritional indicators (resistance, reactance, phase angle, standardized phase angle, body cell mass index and fat-free mass index) and body composition components, with particular reference to intracellular and extracellular water. The described differences are significant for both sexes. This study showed that this significantly influenced the scores of components directly related to resistance, reactance and hydrated cell mass, while not affecting the percentages or absolute values of fat and fat-free mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Więch
- Department of Nursing and Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
- Department of Nursing, Institute of Social Sciences and Health Protection, East European State Higher School in Przemysl, 37-700 Przemysl, Poland
| | - Filip Wołoszyn
- Department of Human Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Patrycja Trojnar
- Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Skórka
- Orthopedics Department, St. Hedvig Clinical Provincial Hospital, 35-301 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Dariusz Bazaliński
- Department of Nursing and Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
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Ekingen T, Sob C, Hartmann C, Rühli FJ, Matthes KL, Staub K, Bender N. Associations between hydration status, body composition, sociodemographic and lifestyle factors in the general population: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:900. [PMID: 35513819 PMCID: PMC9071243 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13280-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whole-body hydration status is associated with several health outcomes, such as dehydration, edema and hypertension, but little is known about the nonclinical determinants. Therefore, we studied the associations of sex, age, body composition, nutrition, and physical activity on several body hydration measures. Methods We assessed sociodemographic variables, dietary habits, and physical activity by questionnaire and body composition by bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA). We compared determinants between the sexes and calculated associations between determinants and BIVA hydration measures by multivariable linear regressions. Results A total of 242 adults from the general population (age 18–94, 47% women) were included. Women were younger, smaller, lighter, and had a smaller BMI (kg/m2) than men (p < 0.05). Women had less muscle mass, less visceral fat mass and less extracellular and intracellular water than men (p < 0.001). Women showed less intracellular water per extracellular water than men, while men showed higher phase angle values than women (both p < 0.001). Men had a stronger association of hydration measures with physical activity than women. Both sexes showed a decrease in hydration measures with age. Conclusions Sex, age, body composition, and physical activity influence body hydration. There seem to be differences in body water regulation between the sexes. Especially interesting are factors susceptible to preventive measures such as physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgut Ekingen
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Spital Bülach, Spitalstrasse 24, 8180, Bülach, Switzerland
| | - Cynthia Sob
- Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 22, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christina Hartmann
- Institute for Environmental Decisions, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 22, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frank J Rühli
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katarina L Matthes
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kaspar Staub
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Bender
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Campa F, Matias C, Teixeira F, Reis J, Valamatos M, Coratella G, Monteiro C. Comparison of generalized and athletic bioimpedance-based predictive equations for estimating fat-free mass in resistance-trained exercisers. Nutrition 2022; 102:111694. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Matias CN, Campa F, Cerullo G, D’Antona G, Giro R, Faleiro J, Reis JF, Monteiro CP, Valamatos MJ, Teixeira FJ. Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis Discriminates Aerobic Power in Futsal Players: The Role of Body Composition. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040505. [PMID: 35453705 PMCID: PMC9025661 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aims: The present study aimed to assess the ability of bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) in discriminating fitness levels in futsal players, exploring the association of body composition and bioelectrical parameters with aerobic power. Methods: Forty-eight professional futsal players (age 23.8 ± 5.3 years) were involved in a cross-sectional study during their pre-season phase. Fat mass (FM) and muscle mass were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. VO2max was obtained by indirect calorimetry through a graded exercise test performed on a treadmill. Bioelectrical resistance (R), reactance (Xc), and phase angle (PhA) were directly measured using a foot-to-hand bioimpedance technology at a 50 kHz frequency. Bioelectric R and Xc were standardized for the participants’ height and used to plot the bioimpedance vector in the R-Xc graph according to the BIVA approach. Results: The participants divided into groups of VO2max limited by tertiles showed significant differences in mean vector position in the R-Xc graph (p < 0.001), where a higher VO2max resulted in a longer vector and upper positioning. FM, muscle mass, and PhA differed (p < 0.01) among the athletes grouped by tertiles of VO2max, where athletes with a greater aerobic power showed a lower percentage of FM and a higher percentage of muscle mass and PhA. FM and PhA were associated with VO2max (FM: r = −0.658, p < 0.001; PhA: r = 0.493, p < 0.001). These relationships remained significant after adjusting for age and body mass (FM: ß = −0.335, p = 0.046; PhA: ß = 0.351, p = 0.003). Conclusions: Bioelectrical impedance vectors positioned on the lower pole of the R-Xc graph identified futsal players with a lower VO2max, while longer vectors corresponded to a greater aerobic power. Additionally, PhA, that describes the vector direction, was positively associated with VO2max, while a higher FM negatively affected VO2max in the futsal players. BIVA and PhA evaluation may represent a valid support for screening the aerobic fitness level in professional futsal players, when more sophisticated assessment methods are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina N. Matias
- Bettery Life Lab, Innovation Direction, Bettery S.A., 2740-262 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.N.M.); (R.G.); (J.F.); (F.J.T.)
- CIDEFES—Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francesco Campa
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giuseppe Cerullo
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples Parthenope, 80133 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe D’Antona
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale nelle Attività Motorie e Sportive (CRIAMS)—Sport Medicine Centre, University of Pavia, 27058 Voghera, Italy;
| | - Rita Giro
- Bettery Life Lab, Innovation Direction, Bettery S.A., 2740-262 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.N.M.); (R.G.); (J.F.); (F.J.T.)
| | - João Faleiro
- Bettery Life Lab, Innovation Direction, Bettery S.A., 2740-262 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.N.M.); (R.G.); (J.F.); (F.J.T.)
- AC Oulu Football Club, 90100 Oulu, Finland
| | - Joana F. Reis
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1495-761 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (J.F.R.); (C.P.M.); (M.J.V.)
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1495-761 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Cristina P. Monteiro
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1495-761 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (J.F.R.); (C.P.M.); (M.J.V.)
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1495-761 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Valamatos
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1495-761 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (J.F.R.); (C.P.M.); (M.J.V.)
- Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, 1495-761 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Filipe J. Teixeira
- Bettery Life Lab, Innovation Direction, Bettery S.A., 2740-262 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.N.M.); (R.G.); (J.F.); (F.J.T.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1495-761 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (J.F.R.); (C.P.M.); (M.J.V.)
- Atlântica, Instituto Universitário, Fábrica da Pólvora de Barcarena, 2730-036 Barcarena, Portugal
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Campa F, Coratella G. Athlete or Non-athlete? This Is the Question in Body Composition. Front Physiol 2022; 12:814572. [PMID: 34975550 PMCID: PMC8718693 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.814572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Campa
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Coratella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Sumi K, Sakuda M, Munakata K, Nakamura K, Ashida K. α-Hydroxyisocaproic Acid Decreases Protein Synthesis but Attenuates TNFα/IFNγ Co-Exposure-Induced Protein Degradation and Myotube Atrophy via Suppression of iNOS and IL-6 in Murine C2C12 Myotube. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072391. [PMID: 34371902 PMCID: PMC8308709 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is ongoing debate as to whether or not α-hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA) positively regulates skeletal muscle protein synthesis resulting in the gain or maintenance of skeletal muscle. We investigated the effects of HICA on mouse C2C12 myotubes under normal conditions and during cachexia induced by co-exposure to TNFα and IFNγ. The phosphorylation of AMPK or ERK1/2 was significantly altered 30 min after HICA treatment under normal conditions. The basal protein synthesis rates measured by a deuterium-labeling method were significantly lowered by the HICA treatment under normal and cachexic conditions. Conversely, myotube atrophy induced by TNFα/IFNγ co-exposure was significantly improved by the HICA pretreatment, and this improvement was accompanied by the inhibition of iNOS expression and IL-6 production. Moreover, HICA also suppressed the TNFα/IFNγ co-exposure-induced secretion of 3-methylhistidine. These results demonstrated that HICA decreases basal protein synthesis under normal or cachexic conditions; however, HICA might attenuate skeletal muscle atrophy via maintaining a low level of protein degradation under cachexic conditions.
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Campa F, Matias CN, Nunes CL, Monteiro CP, Francisco R, Jesus F, Marini E, Sardinha LB, Martins P, Minderico C, Silva AM. Specific Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis Identifies Body Fat Reduction after a Lifestyle Intervention in Former Elite Athletes. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060524. [PMID: 34204604 PMCID: PMC8231143 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The ability of specific bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) to classify subjects according to the percentage of fat mass has been recognized in different cross-sectional studies, but no longitudinal designs have yet been applied. The results of this investigations showed that specific BIVA can be used as a practical solution for assessing body composition management in former overweight/obese athletes. In particular, reductions in bioelectrical vector length adjusted according to the specific BIVA procedure were found to be associated with reductions in percentage of fat mass. Abstract Background: specific bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) has been proposed as an alternative bioimpedance method for evaluating body composition. This investigation aimed to verify the ability of specific BIVA in identifying changes in fat mass after a 16-week lifestyle program in former athletes. Methods: The 94 participants included in the Champ4life project (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03031951) were randomized into intervention (n = 49) and control (n = 45) groups, from which 82 athletes completed the intervention (age 43.9 ± 9.2 y; body mass index 31.1 ± 4.6 kg/m2). Fat mass was estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Bioelectric resistance, reactance, phase angle, and vector length were assessed by bioelectric impedance spectroscopy, and the BIVA procedure was applied. Results: A significant (p < 0.05) group x time interaction for fat mass, specific resistance, reactance, and vector length was found. Fat mass and vector length significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in the intervention group, while no change was measured in the control group. Considering the participants as a whole group, changes in vector length were associated with changes in fat mass percentage (r2 = 0.246; β = 0.33; p < 0.001) even after adjusting for age, sex, and group (R2 = 0.373; β = 0.23; p = 0.002). Conclusions: The specific BIVA approach is suitable to track fat mass changes during an intervention program aimed to reduce body fat in former athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Campa
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Università degli Studi di Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Catarina Nunes Matias
- Bioperformance & Nutrition Research Unit, Bettery S.A., 2740-262 Lisbon, Portugal;
- CIDEFES—Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina L. Nunes
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (L.B.S.); (P.M.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Cristina P. Monteiro
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal;
| | - Rubén Francisco
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (L.B.S.); (P.M.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Filipe Jesus
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (L.B.S.); (P.M.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Elisabetta Marini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Neuroscience and Anthropology Section, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Luís B. Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (L.B.S.); (P.M.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Paulo Martins
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (L.B.S.); (P.M.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Cláudia Minderico
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (L.B.S.); (P.M.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Analiza M. Silva
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal; (C.L.N.); (R.F.); (F.J.); (L.B.S.); (P.M.); (C.M.); (A.M.S.)
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Assessment of Body Composition in Athletes: A Narrative Review of Available Methods with Special Reference to Quantitative and Qualitative Bioimpedance Analysis. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051620. [PMID: 34065984 PMCID: PMC8150618 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Body composition is acknowledged as a determinant of athletic health and performance. Its assessment is crucial in evaluating the efficiency of a diet or aspects related to the nutritional status of the athlete. Despite the methods traditionally used to assess body composition, bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) and bioelectric impedance vector analysis (BIVA) have recently gained attention in sports, as well as in a research context. Only until recently have specific regression equations and reference tolerance ellipses for athletes become available, while specific recommendations for measurement procedures still remain scarce. Therefore, the present narrative review summarizes the current literature regarding body composition analysis, with a special focus on BIA and BIVA. The use of specific technologies and sampling frequencies is described, and recommendations for the assessment of body composition in athletes are provided. Additionally, the estimation of body composition parameters (i.e., quantitative analysis) and the interpretation of the raw bioelectrical data (i.e., qualitative analysis) are examined, highlighting the innovations now available in athletes. Lastly, it should be noted that, up until 2020, the use of BIA and BIVA in athletes failed to provide accurate results due to unspecific equations and references; however, new perspectives are now unfolding for researchers and practitioners. In light of this, BIA and especially BIVA can be utilized to monitor the nutritional status and the seasonal changes in body composition in athletes, as well as provide accurate within- and between-athlete comparisons.
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Martins PC, Teixeira AS, Guglielmo LGANTONACCI, Francisco JS, Silva DAS, Nakamura FY, de Lima LRA. Phase Angle Is Related to 10 m and 30 m Sprint Time and Repeated-Sprint Ability in Young Male Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4405. [PMID: 33919220 PMCID: PMC8122489 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between phase angle (PhA) and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) and components of physical performance in male youth soccer players. DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS Sixty-two players from two professional soccer academies were recruited. Electrical bioimpedance was used to obtain the PhA and BIVA. Body fat (BF) and lean soft tissue mass (LSTM) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. All players completed physical tests including the standing long jump (SLJ), Carminatti's test (peak speed at the end of the test, PST-CAR), 10 m and 30 m straight-line sprints, and repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test (RSAbest and RSAmean times). RESULTS Adjusting for chronological age, BF, and LSTM, multiple regression analysis outputs showed that PhA remained inversely related to RSAmean (β = -0.362; p < 0.001), RSAbest (β = -0.239; p = 0.020), 10 m (β = -0.379; p = 0.012), and 30 m (β = -0.438; p < 0.001) sprint times, while the association with PST-CAR and SLJ performance were statistically non-significant. In addition, BIVA showed that differences in confidence ellipses were found between athletes in the reference population and the study sample (p < 0.05). The tolerance ellipses indicated that the athletes in the present study had more total body water (TCW) and lower proportions of intracellular water (ICW) to extracellular water (ECW). The reference population had more TCW and ICW/ECW. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that young soccer players with higher PhA values, indicating better cell integrity and functionality, have better performance in typical anaerobic running activities, such as sprinting speed and RSA performance, adjusted to age and body composition characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Custódio Martins
- Research Center in Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (J.S.F.); (D.A.S.S.)
| | - Anderson Santiago Teixeira
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (A.S.T.); (L.G.A.G.)
- Research Group for Development of Football and Futsal, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Luiz Guilherme ANTONACCI Guglielmo
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (A.S.T.); (L.G.A.G.)
| | - Juliana Sabino Francisco
- Research Center in Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (J.S.F.); (D.A.S.S.)
| | - Diego Augusto Santos Silva
- Research Center in Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (J.S.F.); (D.A.S.S.)
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil;
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