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Regulation of Stanniocalcin Secretion by Calcium and PTHrP in Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata). BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060863. [PMID: 35741384 PMCID: PMC9219694 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Calcium balance is of paramount importance for vertebrates. In fish, the endocrine modulators of calcium homeostasis include the stanniocalcin (STC), and some members of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) family, such as the PTH-related protein (PTHrP), acting as antagonists. STC is ubiquitously expressed in higher vertebrates. In turn, bony fish exhibit specific STC-producing glands named the corpuscles of Stannius (CS). Previous studies pointed to a calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) involvement in the secretion of STC, but little is known of the involvement of other putative regulators. The CS provides a unique model to deepen the study of STC secretion. We developed an ex vivo assay to culture CS of fish and a competitive ELISA method to measure STC concentrations. As expected, STC released from the CS responds to CaSR stimulation by calcium, calcimimetics, and calcilytic drugs. Moreover, we uncover the presence (by PCR) of two PTHrP receptors in the CS, e.g., PTH1R and PTH3R. Thus, ex vivo incubations revealed a dose-response inhibition of STC secretion in response to PTHrP at basal Ca2+ concentrations. This inhibition is achieved through specific and reversible second messenger pathways (transmembrane adenylyl cyclases and phospholipase C), as the use of specific inhibitors highlights. Together, these results provide evidence for endocrine modulation between two antagonist hormones, STC and PTHrP.
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Palsson R, Indridason OS, Edvardsson VO, Oddsson A. Genetics of common complex kidney stone disease: insights from genome-wide association studies. Urolithiasis 2018; 47:11-21. [PMID: 30523390 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-018-1094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Kidney stone disease is a common disorder in Western countries that is associated with significant suffering, morbidity, and cost for the healthcare system. Numerous studies have demonstrated familial aggregation of nephrolithiasis and a twin study estimated the heritability to be 56%. Over the past decade, genome-wide association studies have uncovered several sequence variants that confer increased risk of common complex kidney stone disease. The first reported variants were observed at the CLDN14 locus in the Icelandic population. This finding has since been replicated in other populations. The CLDN14 gene is expressed in tight junctions of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, where the protein is believed to play a role in regulation of calcium transport. More recent studies have uncovered variants at the ALPL, SLC34A1, CASR, and TRPV5 loci, the first two genes playing a role in renal handling of phosphate, while the latter two are involved in calcium homeostasis. Although genetic data have provided insights into the molecular basis of kidney stone disease, much remains to be learned about the contribution of genetic factors to stone formation. Nevertheless, the progress made in recent years indicates that exciting times lie ahead in genetic research on kidney stone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runolfur Palsson
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. .,Division of Nephrology, Internal Medicine Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Olafur S Indridason
- Division of Nephrology, Internal Medicine Services, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Vidar O Edvardsson
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.,Children's Medical Center, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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Calcium-sensing receptor: evidence and hypothesis for its role in nephrolithiasis. Urolithiasis 2018; 47:23-33. [PMID: 30446806 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-018-1096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a plasma-membrane G protein-coupled receptor activated by extracellular calcium and expressed in kidney tubular cells. It inhibits calcium reabsorption in the ascending limb and distal convoluted tubule when stimulated by the increase of serum calcium levels; therefore, these tubular segments are enabled by CaSR to play a substantial role in the regulation of serum calcium levels. In addition, CaSR increases water and proton excretion in the collecting duct and promotes phosphate reabsorption and citrate excretion in the proximal tubule. These CaSR activities form a network in which they are integrated to protect the kidney against the negative effects of high calcium concentrations and calcium precipitates in urine. Therefore, the CaSR gene has been considered as a candidate to explain calcium nephrolithiasis. Epidemiological studies observed that calcium nephrolithiasis was associated with polymorphisms of the CaSR gene regulatory region, rs6776158, located within the promoter-1, rs1501899 located in the intron 1, and rs7652589 in the 5'-untranslated region. These polymorphisms were found to reduce the transcriptional activity of promoter-1. Activating rs1042636 polymorphism located in exon 7 was associated with calcium nephrolithiasis and hypercalciuria. Genetic polymorphisms decreasing CaSR expression could predispose individuals to stones because they may impair CaSR protective effects against precipitation of calcium phosphate and oxalate. Activating polymorphisms rs1042636 could predispose to calcium stones by increasing calcium excretion. These findings suggest that CaSR may play a complex role in lithogenesis through different pathways having different relevance under different clinical conditions.
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Liu W, Ye C, Cheng Q, Zhang X, Yao L, Li Q, Huang J, Liu Y, Zou Z, Wang H, Yan J, Zhu Y, Wang C, Ai D. Macrophage Raptor Deficiency-Induced Lysosome Dysfunction Exacerbates Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 7:211-231. [PMID: 30539788 PMCID: PMC6282883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an increasingly prevalent nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration and hepatocellular damage. Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) has been investigated extensively in the context of cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the role of mTORC1 in NASH remains largely unknown. METHODS mTORC1 activity in macrophages in human mild and severe NASH liver was compared. Mice with macrophage-specific deletion of the regulatory-associated protein of mTOR (Raptor) subunit and littermate controls were fed a high-fructose, palmitate, and cholesterol diet for 24 weeks or a methionine- and choline-deficient diet for 4 weeks to develop NASH. RESULTS We report that in human beings bearing NASH, macrophage mTORC1 activity was lower in livers experiencing severe vs mild NASH liver. Moreover, macrophage mTORC1 disruption exacerbated the inflammatory response in 2 diet-induced NASH mouse models. Mechanistically, in response to apoptotic hepatocytes (AHs), macrophage polarization toward a M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype was inhibited in Raptor-deficient macrophages. During the digestion of AHs, macrophage mTORC1 was activated and coupled with dynamin-related protein 1 to facilitate the latter's phosphorylation, leading to mitochondrial fission-mediated calcium release. Ionomycin or A23187, calcium ionophores, prevented Raptor deficiency-mediated failure of lysosome acidification and subsequent lipolysis. Blocking dynamin-related protein 1-dependent mitochondria fission impaired lysosome function, resulting in reduced production of anti-inflammatory factors such as interleukins 10 and 13. CONCLUSIONS Persistent mTORC1 deficiency in macrophages contributes to the progression of NASH by causing lysosome dysfunction and subsequently attenuating anti-inflammatory M2-like response in macrophages during clearance of AHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenji Ye
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Cheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Liu Yao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yajin Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhengsheng Zou
- The Center for Non-infectious Liver Diseases, Beijing 302 Military Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunjiong Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Ding Ai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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Dos Santos PMC, Amaral D, Tararthuch AL, Fernandez R. Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) modulates vacuolar H +-ATPase activity in a cell model of proximal tubule. Clin Exp Nephrol 2018; 22:1258-1265. [PMID: 29961155 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-018-1613-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is localized in the apical membrane of proximal tubules in close proximity to the transporters responsible for proton secretion. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of CaSR stimulation on the biochemical activity of the vacuolar H+-ATPase in a cellular model of proximal tubule cells, OKP cells. METHODS Biochemical activity of H+-ATPase was performed using cell homogenates, and the inorganic phosphate released was determined by a colorimetric method. Changes in cytosolic ionized calcium [Ca2+]i were also determined using Fluo-4. RESULTS A significant increase of vacuolar H+-ATPase activity was observed when the CaSR was stimulated with agonists such as Gd3+ (300 µM) and neomycin (200 µM). This activity was also stimulated in a dose-dependent fashion by changes in extracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+o) between 10-4 and 2 mM. Gd3+ and neomycin produced a sustained rise of [Ca2+]i, an effect that disappears when extracellular calcium was removed in the presence of 0.1 µM thapsigargin. Inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC) activity with U73122 (5 × 10-8 M) reduced the increase in [Ca2+]i induced by neomycin. CONCLUSION CaSR stimulation induces an increase in the vacuolar H+-ATPase activity of OKP cells, an effect that involves an increase in [Ca2+]i and require phospholipase C activity. The consequent decrease in intratubular pH could lead to increase ionization of luminal calcium, potentially enhancing its reabsorption in distal tubule segments and reducing the formation of calcium phosphate stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Marys Costa Dos Santos
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, UFPR, Centro Politécnico s/n., Jd. das Américas, Postal Box: 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Deividi Amaral
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, UFPR, Centro Politécnico s/n., Jd. das Américas, Postal Box: 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia Tararthuch
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, UFPR, Centro Politécnico s/n., Jd. das Américas, Postal Box: 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Fernandez
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, UFPR, Centro Politécnico s/n., Jd. das Américas, Postal Box: 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil.
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Yasuoka Y, Sato Y, Healy JM, Nonoguchi H, Kawahara K. pH-sensitive expression of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in type-B intercalated cells of the cortical collecting ducts (CCD) in mouse kidney. Clin Exp Nephrol 2014; 19:771-82. [PMID: 25500736 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-014-1063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The localization and role of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) along the nephron including the collecting ducts is still open to debate. METHODS Using the quantitative, highly sensitive in situ hybridization technique and a double-staining immunohistochemistry technique, we investigated the axial distribution and expression of CaSR along the nephron in mice (C57B/6J) treated for 6 days with acid or alkali diets. RESULTS Under control condition, CaSR was specifically localized in the cortical and medullary thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (CTAL and MTAL), macula densa (MD), distal convoluted tubule (DCT), and CCD (TALs, MD > DCT, CCD). Along the CCD, CaSR was co-localized with an anion exchanger type 4 (AE4), a marker of the basolateral membrane of type-B intercalated cell (IC-B) in mice. On the contrary, CaSR was not detected either in principal cells (PC) or in type-A intercalated cell (IC-A). CaSR expression levels in IC-B significantly (P < 0.005) decreased when mice were fed NH4Cl (acid) diets and increased when animals were given NaHCO3 (alkali) diets. As expected, cell heights of IC-A and IC-B significantly (P < 0.005) increased in the above experimental conditions. Surprisingly, single infusion (ip) of neomycin, an agonist of CaSR, significantly (P < 0.005) increased urinary Ca excretion without further increasing the hourly urine volume and significantly (P < 0.05) decreased urine pH. CONCLUSION CaSR, cloned from rat kidney, was localized in the basolateral membrane of IC-B and was more expressed during alkali-loading. Its alkali-sensitive expression may promote urinary alkali secretion for body acid-base balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Yasuoka
- Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sato
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Jillian M Healy
- ALESS Program, Komaba Organizational for Educational Excellence, College of Art and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nonoguchi
- Division of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University Medical Center, 6-100 Arai, Kitamoto, 364-8501, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Kawahara
- Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan.
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Arcidiacono T, Mingione A, Macrina L, Pivari F, Soldati L, Vezzoli G. Idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis: a review of pathogenic mechanisms in the light of genetic studies. Am J Nephrol 2014; 40:499-506. [PMID: 25504362 DOI: 10.1159/000369833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcium nephrolithiasis is a multifactorial disease with a polygenic milieu. Association studies identified genetic polymorphisms potentially implicated in the pathogenesis of calcium nephrolithiasis. The present article reviews the mechanisms of calcium stone formation and the potential contribution of gene polymorphisms to lithogenic mechanisms. SUMMARY Endoscopy observations suggested that precipitation of calcium-oxalate on the Randall's plaque at the papilla surface may cause idiopathic calcium-oxalate stones. The Randall's plaque is a hydroxyapatite deposit in the interstitium of the kidney medulla, which resembles a soft tissue calcification. Conversely, calcium-phosphate stones may develop from crystalline deposits located at the tip of the Bellini duct. Polymorphisms of eleven genes have been associated with stones in genome-wide association studies and replicated candidate-gene association studies: VDR, SLC34A1, SLC34A4, CLDN14, and CaSR genes coding for proteins regulating tubular phosphate and calcium reabsorption; CaSR, MGP, OPN, PLAU, and UMOD genes coding for proteins preventing calcium salt precipitation; AQP1 gene coding for a water channel in the proximal tubule. The renal activity of the last gene, DGKH, is unknown. Polymorphisms in these genes may predispose to calcium-oxalate and -phosphate stones by increasing the risk of calcium-phosphate precipitation in the tubular fluid. Key Messages: Genetic findings suggest that tubular fluid supersaturation with respect to calcium and phosphate predisposes to calcium-oxalate stones by triggering cellular mechanisms that lead to the Randall's plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Arcidiacono
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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