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Yu H, Wu X, Liang J, Han Z, Xiao Y, Du H, Liu Y, Guo J, Peng F. Genome-wide identification of nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) genes and their association with green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) resistance in peach. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:513. [PMID: 37880593 PMCID: PMC10598982 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Resistance genes (R genes) are a class of genes that are immune to a wide range of diseases and pests. In planta, NLR genes are essential components of the innate immune system. Currently, genes belonging to NLR family have been found in a number of plant species, but little is known in peach. Here, 286 NLR genes were identified on peach genome by using their homologous genes in Arabidopsis thaliana as queries. These 286 NLR genes contained at least one NBS domain and LRR domain. Phylogenetic and N-terminal domain analysis showed that these NLRs could be separated into four subfamilies (I-IV) and their promoters contained many cis-elements in response to defense and phytohormones. In addition, transcriptome analysis showed that 22 NLR genes were up-regulated after infected by Green Peach Aphid (GPA), and showed different expression patterns. This study clarified the NLR gene family and their potential functions in aphid resistance process. The candidate NLR genes might be useful in illustrating the mechanism of aphid resistance in peach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Yu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Xuelian Wu
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Jiahui Liang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Ziying Han
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Yuansong Xiao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Du
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | - Yihua Liu
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi, Shandong, 276000, China
| | - Jian Guo
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
| | - Futian Peng
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, China.
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Boissot N. NLRs are highly relevant resistance genes for aphid pests. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 56:101008. [PMID: 36764482 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Since the 20th century, when plant resistance to aphids was available, it has been widely used by farmers and the inheritance of plant resistance has been understood for several crops. However, it is only when the plant-aphid relationship was compared with that of microbial pathogens, that aphid resistance has begun to be understood and integrated into the plant immune network. Three of the four genes identified for plant resistance to aphid encode nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat receptor (NLR) proteins responsible for aphid-effector triggered immunity, and NLRs are serious candidates for aphid resistance in four other plant species. Aphids are vectors for plant viruses, and aphid-effectors triggering immunity when they pierce plant cells are expected to trigger resistance to the viruses transmitted to the plant with effectors, as has been shown for aphid resistance in melon. This dual phenotype increases the interest of NLRs in the control of aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Boissot
- INRAE, Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, 84143 Montfavet, France.
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3
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Smith CM, Chuang WP. Plant resistance to aphid feeding: behavioral, physiological, genetic and molecular cues regulate aphid host selection and feeding. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2014; 70:528-40. [PMID: 24282145 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Aphids damage major world food and fiber crops through direct feeding and transmission of plant viruses. Fortunately, the development of many aphid-resistant crop plants has provided both ecological and economic benefits to food production. Plant characters governing aphid host selection often dictate eventual plant resistance or susceptibility to aphid herbivory, and these phenotypic characters have been successfully used to map aphid resistance genes. Aphid resistance is often inherited as a dominant trait, but is also polygenic and inherited as recessive or incompletely dominant traits. Most aphid-resistant cultivars exhibit constitutively expressed defenses, but some cultivars exhibit dramatic aphid-induced responses, resulting in the overexpression of large ensembles of putative aphid resistance genes. Two aphid resistance genes have been cloned. Mi-1.2, an NBS-LRR gene from wild tomato, confers resistance to potato aphid and three Meloidogyne root-knot nematode species, and Vat, an NBS-LRR gene from melon, controls resistance to the cotton/melon aphid and to some viruses. Virulence to aphid resistance genes of plants occurs in 17 aphid species--more than half of all arthropod biotypes demonstrating virulence. The continual appearance of aphid virulence underscores the need to identify new sources of resistance of diverse sequence and function in order to delay or prevent biotype development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Michael Smith
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Kamphuis LG, Zulak K, Gao LL, Anderson J, Singh KB. Plant-aphid interactions with a focus on legumes. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2013; 40:1271-1284. [PMID: 32481194 DOI: 10.1071/fp13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sap-sucking insects such as aphids cause substantial yield losses in agriculture by draining plant nutrients as well as vectoring viruses. The main method of control in agriculture is through the application of insecticides. However, aphids rapidly evolve mechanisms to detoxify these, so there is a need to develop durable plant resistance to these damaging insect pests. The focus of this review is on aphid interactions with legumes, but work on aphid interactions with other plants, particularly Arabidopsis and tomato is also discussed. This review covers advances on the plant side of the interaction, including the identification of major resistance genes and quantitative trait loci conferring aphid resistance in legumes, basal and resistance gene mediated defence signalling following aphid infestation and the role of specialised metabolites. On the aphid side of the interaction, this review covers what is known about aphid effector proteins and aphid detoxification enzymes. Recent advances in these areas have provided insight into mechanisms underlying resistance to aphids and the strategies used by aphids for successful infestations and have significant impacts for the delivery of durable resistance to aphids in legume crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars G Kamphuis
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia
| | - Katherine Zulak
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia
| | - Ling-Ling Gao
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia
| | | | - Karam B Singh
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia
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5
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Pagliarani G, Paris R, Iorio AR, Tartarini S, Del Duca S, Arens P, Peters S, van de Weg E. Genomic organisation of the Mal d 1 gene cluster on linkage group 16 in apple. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2012; 29:759-778. [PMID: 22408383 PMCID: PMC3285766 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-011-9588-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
European populations exhibit progressive sensitisation to food allergens, and apples are one of the foods for which sensitisation is observed most frequently. Apple cultivars vary greatly in their allergenic characteristics, and a better understanding of the genetic basis of low allergenicity may therefore allow allergic individuals to increase their fruit intake. Mal d 1 is considered to be a major apple allergen, and this protein is encoded by the most complex allergen gene family. Not all Mal d 1 members are likely to be involved in allergenicity. Therefore, additional knowledge about the existence and characteristics of the different Mal d 1 genes is required. In the present study, we investigated the genomic organisation of the Mal d 1 gene cluster in linkage group 16 of apple through the sequencing of two bacterial artificial chromosome clones. The results provided new information on the composition of this family with respect to the number and orientation of functional and pseudogenes and their physical distances. The results were compared with the apple and peach genome sequences that have recently been made available. A broad analysis of the whole apple genome revealed the presence of new genes in this family, and a complete list of the observed Mal d 1 genes is supplied. Thus, this study provides an important contribution towards a better understanding of the genetics of the Mal d 1 family and establishes the basis for further research on allelic diversity among cultivars in relation to variation in allergenicity. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11032-011-9588-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pagliarani
- Department of Fruit Tree and Woody Plant Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
- Plant Breeding, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Center, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Paris
- Department of Fruit Tree and Woody Plant Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Rosa Iorio
- Department of Biology es, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Tartarini
- Department of Fruit Tree and Woody Plant Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Del Duca
- Department of Biology es, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paul Arens
- Plant Breeding, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Center, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Peters
- Greenomics, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Center, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eric van de Weg
- Plant Breeding, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Center, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Arthropod-resistant crops provide significant ecological and economic benefits to global agriculture. Incompatible interactions involving resistant plants and avirulent pest arthropods are mediated by constitutively produced and arthropod-induced plant proteins and defense allelochemicals synthesized by resistance gene products. Cloning and molecular mapping have identified the Mi-1.2 and Vat arthropod resistance genes as CC-NBS-LRR (coiled coil-nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat) subfamily NBS-LRR resistance proteins, as well as several resistance gene analogs. Genetic linkage mapping has identified more than 100 plant resistance gene loci and linked molecular markers used in cultivar development. Rice and sorghum arthropod-resistant cultivars and, to a lesser extent, raspberry and wheat cultivars are components of integrated pest management (IPM) programs in Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America. Nevertheless, arthropod resistance in most food and fiber crops has not been integrated due primarily to the application of synthetic insecticides. Plant and arthropod genomics provide many opportunities to more efficiently develop arthropod-resistant plants, but integration of resistant cultivars into IPM programs will succeed only through interdisciplinary collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Michael Smith
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
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7
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Dogimont C, Bendahmane A, Chovelon V, Boissot N. Host plant resistance to aphids in cultivated crops: Genetic and molecular bases, and interactions with aphid populations. C R Biol 2010; 333:566-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Evans KM, Govan CL, Fernández-Fernández F. A new gene for resistance to Dysaphis pyri in pear and identification of flanking microsatellite markers. Genome 2008; 51:1026-31. [DOI: 10.1139/g08-093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dysaphis pyri is an important aphid pest of European pear ( Pyrus communis ) cultivars, none of which are currently reported to be resistant. In this study, we produced a progeny of the European pear Comice crossed with an accession of snow pear (Pyrus nivalis) that segregated for resistance to D. pyri in a Mendelian fashion, indicating the presence of a major gene, Dp-1. Following screening of the parents and seedlings with microsatellite markers, cosegregation analysis indicated that Dp-1 is flanked by NH006b and NH014a on linkage group 17, 2.3 and 3.6 cM away, respectively. Evidence is also presented for the duplication of linkage groups 9 and 17, which is a consequence of the allopolyploid origin of pear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M. Evans
- East Malling Research, New Road, East Malling, Kent ME19 6BJ, UK
- Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, 1100 North Western Avenue, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA
| | - Ceri L. Govan
- East Malling Research, New Road, East Malling, Kent ME19 6BJ, UK
- Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, 1100 North Western Avenue, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA
| | - Felicidad Fernández-Fernández
- East Malling Research, New Road, East Malling, Kent ME19 6BJ, UK
- Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, 1100 North Western Avenue, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA
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9
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Tagu D, Klingler JP, Moya A, Simon JC. Early progress in aphid genomics and consequences for plant-aphid interactions studies. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2008; 21:701-8. [PMID: 18624634 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-21-6-0701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aphids occupy a niche comprising two conceptual realms: a micron-scale feeding site beneath the plant surface, in which a syringe-like appendage mediates chemical exchange with a specific plant cell type; and the larger realm of a metazoan with sensory organs, a nervous system, and behavior, all responsive to the condition of the host plant and the broader environment. The biology that connects these realms is not well understood, but new details are emerging with the help of genomic tools. The power of these tools is set to increase substantially now that the first genome of an aphid is being sequenced and annotated. This has been possible because a community of aphid researchers focused their efforts to develop and share genomic resources through an international consortium. This complete genome sequence, along with other resources, should permit major advances in understanding the complex and peculiar biological traits responsible for aphids' evolutionary success and their damaging effects on agriculture. This review highlights early progress in the application of aphid genomics and identifies key issues of plant-aphid interactions likely to benefit as molecular tools are further developed. Use of this new knowledge could make significant contributions to crop protection against these and other phloem-feeding insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Tagu
- INRA Rennes, UMR BiO3P, INRA, Agrocampus Rennes, Université Rennes 1, Biologie des Organismes et des Populations Appliquées à la Protection des Plantes, BP 35327, F-35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France.
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10
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Gao LL, Klingler JP, Anderson JP, Edwards OR, Singh KB. Characterization of pea aphid resistance in Medicago truncatula. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 146:996-1009. [PMID: 18184733 PMCID: PMC2259086 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.111971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/29/2007] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To achieve a thorough understanding of plant-aphid interactions, it is necessary to investigate in detail both the plant and insect side of the interaction. The pea aphid (PA; Acyrthosiphon pisum) has been selected by an international consortium as the model species for genetics and genomics studies, and the model legume Medicago truncatula is a host of this aphid. In this study, we identified resistance to PA in a M. truncatula line, 'Jester', with well-characterized resistance to a closely related aphid, the bluegreen aphid (BGA; Acyrthosiphon kondoi). The biology of resistance to the two aphid species shared similarity, with resistance in both cases occurring at the level of the phloem, requiring an intact plant and involving a combination of antixenosis, antibiosis, and plant tolerance. In addition, PA resistance cosegregated in 'Jester' with a single dominant gene for BGA resistance. These results raised the possibility that both resistances may be mediated by the same mechanism. This was not supported by the results of gene induction studies, and resistance induced by BGA had no effect on PA feeding. Moreover, different genetic backgrounds containing a BGA resistance gene from the same resistance donor differ in resistance to PA. These results suggest that distinct mechanisms are involved in resistance to these two aphid species. Resistance to PA and BGA in the same genetic background in M. truncatula makes this plant an attractive model for the study of both plant and aphid components of resistant and susceptible plant-aphid interactions.
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11
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Khan MA, Durel CE, Duffy B, Drouet D, Kellerhals M, Gessler C, Patocchi A. Development of molecular markers linked to the ‘Fiesta’ linkage group 7 major QTL for fire blight resistance and their application for marker-assisted selection. Genome 2007; 50:568-77. [PMID: 17632578 DOI: 10.1139/g07-033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A fire blight resistance QTL explaining 34.3%–46.6% of the phenotypic variation was recently identified on linkage group 7 of apple cultivar ‘Fiesta’ (F7). However, markers flanking this QTL were AFLP and RAPD markers unsuitable for marker-assisted selection (MAS). Two RAPD markers bracketing the QTL have been transformed into SCAR (sequence-characterized amplified region) markers, and an SSR marker specific for the region was developed. Pedigree analysis of ‘Fiesta’ with these markers enabled tracking of the F7 QTL allele back to ‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’. Stability of the effect of this QTL allele in different backgrounds was analyzed by inoculating progeny plants of a cross between ‘Milwa’, a susceptible cultivar, and ‘1217’, a moderately resistant cultivar, and a set of cultivars that carry or lack the allele conferring increased fire blight resistance. Progenies and cultivars that carried both markers were significantly more resistant than those that did not carry both markers, indicating high stability of the F7 QTL allele in different backgrounds. This stability and the availability of reproducible markers bracketing the QTL make this locus promising for use in MAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A Khan
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), ETH Zurich, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Gessler C, Patocchi A. Recombinant DNA technology in apple. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 107:113-32. [PMID: 17522823 DOI: 10.1007/10_2007_053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the achievements of almost 20 years of recombinant DNA technology applied to apple, grouping the research results into the sections: developing the technology, insect resistance, fungal disease resistance, self-incompatibility, herbicide resistance, fire blight resistance, fruit ripening, allergens, rooting ability, and acceptance and risk assessment. The diseases fire blight, caused by Erwinia amylovora, and scab, caused by Venturia inaequalis, were and still are the prime targets. Shelf life improvement and rooting ability of rootstocks are also relevant research areas. The tools to create genetically modified apples of added value to producers, consumers, and the environment are now available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Gessler
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
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13
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Gao LL, Anderson JP, Klingler JP, Nair RM, Edwards OR, Singh KB. Involvement of the octadecanoid pathway in bluegreen aphid resistance in Medicago truncatula. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2007; 20:82-93. [PMID: 17249425 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-20-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are major insect pests of plants that feed directly from the phloem. We used the model legume Medicago truncatula Gaert. (barrel medic) to elucidate host resistance to aphids and identified a single dominant gene which confers resistance to Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji (bluegreen aphid). To understand how this gene conditions resistance to bluegreen aphid, transcription profiling of 23 defense-related genes representing various signaling pathways was undertaken using a pair of near-isogenic lines that are susceptible or resistant to bluegreen aphid. All salicylic acid- and ethylene-responsive genes tested were induced by bluegreen aphid in resistant and susceptible plants, although there were some differences in the magnitude and kinetics of the induction. In contrast, 10 of 13 genes associated with the octadecanoid pathway were induced exclusively in the resistant plants following bluegreen aphid infestation. These results are in contrast to plant-pathogen interactions where similar sets of defense genes typically are induced in compatible interactions, but to a lesser degree and later than in incompatible interactions. Treatment of susceptible plants with methyl jasmonate reduced bluegreen aphid infestation but not to the same levels as the resistant line. Together, these results strongly suggest that the octadecanoid pathway is important for this naturally derived aphid resistance trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Gao
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia
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14
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Jiang J, Gill BS. Current status and the future of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in plant genome research. Genome 2006; 49:1057-68. [PMID: 17110986 DOI: 10.1139/g06-076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), which allows direct mapping of DNA sequences on chromosomes, has become the most important technique in plant molecular cytogenetics research. Repetitive DNA sequence can generate unique FISH patterns on individual chromosomes for karyotyping and phylogenetic analysis. FISH on meiotic pachytene chromosomes coupled with digital imaging systems has become an efficient method to develop physical maps in plant species. FISH on extended DNA fibers provides a high-resolution mapping approach to analyze large DNA molecules and to characterize large genomic loci. FISH-based physical mapping provides a valuable complementary approach in genome sequencing and map-based cloning research. We expect that FISH will continue to play an important role in relating DNA sequence information to chromosome biology. FISH coupled with immunoassays will be increasingly used to study features of chromatin at the cytological level that control expression and regulation of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiming Jiang
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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15
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Gaafar RM, Hohmann U, Jung C. Bacterial artificial chromosome-derived molecular markers for early bolting in sugar beet. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2005; 110:1027-1037. [PMID: 15714328 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-005-1921-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2005] [Accepted: 01/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Early bolting in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is controlled by the dominant gene B. From an incomplete physical map around the B gene, 18 bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) were selected for marker development. Three BACs were shotgun-sequenced, and 61 open reading frames (ORFs) were identified. Together with 104 BAC ends from 54 BACs, a total number of 55,464 nucleotides were sequenced. Of these, 37 BAC ends and 12 ORFs were selected for marker development. Thirty-one percent of the sequences were found to be single copy and 24%, low copy. From these sequences, 15 markers from ten different BACs were developed. Ten polymorphisms were determined by simple agarose gel electrophoresis of either restricted or non-restricted PCR products. Another five markers were determined by tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-PCR. In order to select candidate BACs for cloning the gene, genetic linkage between seven markers and the bolting gene was calculated using 1,617 plants from an F2 population segregating for early bolting. The recombination values ranged between 0.0033 and 0.0201. In addition, a set of 41 wild and cultivated Beta accessions differing in their early bolting character was genotyped with seven markers. A common haplotype encompassing two marker loci and the b allele was found in all sugar beet varieties, indicating complete linkage disequilibrium between these loci. This suggests that the bolting gene is located in close vicinity to these markers, and the corresponding BACs can be used for cloning the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Gaafar
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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