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González-de-Peredo AV, Vázquez-Espinosa M, Espada-Bellido E, Ferreiro-González M, Carrera C, Barbero GF, Palma M. Development of Optimized Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Methods for the Recovery of Total Phenolic Compounds and Anthocyanins from Onion Bulbs. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111755. [PMID: 34829626 PMCID: PMC8614850 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Allium cepa L. is one of the most abundant vegetable crops worldwide. In addition to its versatile culinary uses, onion also exhibits quite interesting medicinal uses. Bulbs have a high content of bioactive compounds that are beneficial for human health. This study intends to develop and optimize two appropriate ultrasound-assisted methods for the extraction of the phenolic compounds and anthocyanins present in red onion. A response surface methodology was employed and, specifically, a Box–Behnken design, for the optimization of the methods. The optimal conditions for the extraction of the phenolic compounds were the follows: 53% MeOH as solvent, pH 2.6, 60 °C temperature, 30.1% amplitude, 0.43 s cycle, and 0.2:11 g sample/mL solvent ratio. On the other hand, the optimal conditions for the anthocyanins were as follows: 57% MeOH as solvent, pH 2, 60 °C temperature, 90% amplitude, 0.64 s cycle, and 0.2:15 g sample/mL solvent ratio. Both methods presented high repeatability and intermediate precision, as well as short extraction times with good recovery yields. These results illustrate that the use of ultrasound-assisted extraction, when properly optimized, is suitable for the extraction and quantification of the compounds of interest to determine and improve the quality of the raw material and its subproducts for consumers.
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Comparison of Organosulfur and Amino Acid Composition between Triploid Onion Allium cornutum Clementi ex Visiani, 1842, and Common Onion Allium cepa L., and Evidences for Antiproliferative Activity of Their Extracts. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9010098. [PMID: 31941040 PMCID: PMC7020437 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Species that belong to the genus Allium have been widely used for human food and traditional medicine. Their beneficial health effects, as well as the specific aroma, are associated with their bioactive chemical compounds, such as sulfur compounds and flavonoids. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (reverse-phase HPLC) were used to identify organosulfur and amino acid content of triploid hybrid onion, Allium cornutum Clement ex Visiani, 1842, and common onion, Allium cepa L. Allium extracts were tested for their antiproliferative activity in three human cancer cell lines (HeLa, HCT116, and U2OS). DNA fragmentation and DAPI staining analysis were performed on HeLa cells to evaluate the effect of extracts on DNA damage and cell morphology. The mRNA expression of p53, Bax, and Caspase-3 genes involved in apoptosis were analyzed by real-time PCR. Using GC-MS, 27 compounds were found in two Allium species headspaces. Differences were noted among the main compound abundance in the headspace (although the major thiols and disulfides were qualitatively identic in both Allium species) and dipropyl disulfide, diisopropyl trisulfide, and (Z)-prop-1-enyl propyl trisulfide were predominant sulfides. Identification of amino acids and their quantities were determined by reverse-phase HPLC. Most abundant amino acids in both onions were arginine (Arg) and glutamic acid (Glu). The results of cytotoxicity testing confirmed antiproliferative effects of both species. The DNA fragmentation assay, DAPI staining and real time PCR analysis confirmed that A. cornutum and A. cepa extracts induced apoptosis in HeLa cells. This study presents the evidence for possible therapeutic use of A. cornutum and A. cepa extracts against human cervical carcinoma cell line.
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Major N, Goreta Ban S, Urlić B, Ban D, Dumičić G, Perković J. Morphological and Biochemical Diversity of Shallot Landraces Preserved Along the Croatian Coast. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1749. [PMID: 30559753 PMCID: PMC6287038 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Shallots are a valuable minor Allium crop, and are propagated vegetatively and maintained in home gardens across generations along the Croatian coast and island areas. Shallot landraces growing along the Croatian coast fall into three genotypes: Allium cepa Aggregatum group (2n = 2x = 16), A. × proliferum (Moench) Schard. (2n = 2x = 16), and A. × cornutum Clementi ex Vis. (2n = 3x = 24), among which A. × cornutum is the most widespread. The aim of this study was to differentiate shallot accessions collected from local farmers using morphological markers. Also, the chemical composition including phenolic content, phenolic profile, total antioxidant capacity, and mineral composition, of shallot accessions was compared with that of the local landraces of common onion, and with market available shallot and common onion cultivars. Based on morphological observations and using multivariate classification, shallot landraces were classified into three distinct groups. Properties, based on which A. × cornutum can be differentiated from A. cepa Aggregatum and A. × proliferum, are stamen morphology, stamen length, leaf and scape vegetative properties, number of bulbs in cluster, cluster mass, and bulb diameter. Flower diameter and flower pedicel length differentiate A. × cornutum and A. × proliferum from A. cepa Aggregatum. Significant variability was observed in the biochemical profiles across tested accessions. Compared with the commercial common onion cultivars, local shallot accessions have higher bulb N, P, and K content. The major phenolic compounds identified in shallots were quercetin-4'-glucoside and quercetin-3,4'-diglucoside. Additionally, several other minor phenolic compounds were also identified. Morphological and biochemical profiles were evaluated using Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis. Specific morphological traits and biochemical markers for possible species identification are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Major
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Poreč, Croatia
| | - Smiljana Goreta Ban
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Poreč, Croatia
- The Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Branimir Urlić
- Department of Applied Sciences, Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Split, Croatia
| | - Dean Ban
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Poreč, Croatia
- The Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gvozden Dumičić
- Department of Plant Sciences, Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Split, Croatia
| | - Josipa Perković
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Poreč, Croatia
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Fredotović Ž, Šprung M, Soldo B, Ljubenkov I, Budić-Leto I, Bilušić T, Čikeš-Čulić V, Puizina J. Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Allium cepa L. and Allium × cornutum (Clementi ex Visiani 1842) Methanolic Extracts. Molecules 2017; 22:E448. [PMID: 28287477 PMCID: PMC6155300 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report a comparative study of the phytochemical profile and the biological activity of two onion extracts, namely Allium cepa L. and Allium × cornutum (Clementi ex Visiani 1842), members of the family Amaryllidaceae. The identification of flavonoids and anthocyanins, and their individual quantities, was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The potency of both extracts to scavenge free radicals was determined by the DPPH (2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical-scavenging activity and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) methods. The DNA protective role was further tested by the single-cell gel electrophoresis (COMET) assay and by Fenton's reagent causing double-strand breaks on the closed circular high copy pUC19 plasmid isolated from Escherichia coli. In the presence of both extracts, a significant decrease in DNA damage was observed, which indicates a protective role of Allium cepa and Allium × cornutum on DNA strand breaks. Additionally, cytotoxicity was tested on glioblastoma and breast cancer cell lines. The results showed that both extracts had antiproliferative effects, but the most prominent decrease in cellular growth was observed in glioblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željana Fredotović
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Matilda Šprung
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Barbara Soldo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Ivica Ljubenkov
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Irena Budić-Leto
- Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Tea Bilušić
- Department for Food technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, R. Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Vedrana Čikeš-Čulić
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Jasna Puizina
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, R. Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia.
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Gohil RN, Kaul V. Overview of Progress and Potentials of Improving Commonly Used Allium species in India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27096-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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Fredotović Ž, Šamanić I, Weiss-Schneeweiss H, Kamenjarin J, Jang TS, Puizina J. Triparental origin of triploid onion, Allium × cornutum (Clementi ex Visiani, 1842), as evidenced by molecular, phylogenetic and cytogenetic analyses. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:24. [PMID: 24418109 PMCID: PMC3899691 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reconstruction of the parental origins of cultivated plants from wild relatives, especially after long periods of domestication, is not a trivial task. However, recent advances in molecular phylogenetics, among other approaches, have proved to be very informative in analyses of the origin and evolution of polyploid genomes. An established minor garden crop, triploid onion Allium × cornutum (Clementi ex Visiani, 1842) (2n = 3x = 24), is widespread in southeastern Asia and Europe. Our previous cytogenetic analyses confirmed its highly heterozygous karyotype and indicated its possible complex triparental genome origin. Allium cepa L. and Allium roylei Stearn were suggested as two putative parental species of A. × cornutum, whereas the third parental species remained hitherto unknown. RESULTS Here we report the phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacers ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 of 35S rDNA and the non-transcribed spacer (NTS) region of 5S rDNA of A. × cornutum and its relatives of the section Cepa. Both ITS and NTS sequence data revealed intra-individual variation in triploid onion, and these data clustered into the three main clades, each with high sequence homology to one of three other species of section Cepa: A. cepa, A. roylei, and unexpectedly, the wild Asian species Allium pskemense B. Fedtsh. Allium pskemense is therefore inferred to be the third, so far unknown, putative parental species of triploid onion Allium × cornutum. The 35S and 5S rRNA genes were found to be localised on somatic chromosomes of A. × cornutum and its putative parental species by double fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH). The localisation of 35S and 5S rDNA in A. × cornutum chromosomes corresponded to their respective positions in the three putative parental species, A. cepa, A. pskemense, and A. roylei. GISH (genomic in situ hybridisation) using DNA of the three putative parental diploids corroborated the results of the phylogenetic study. CONCLUSIONS The combined molecular, phylogenetic and cytogenetic data obtained in this study provided evidence for a unique triparental origin of triploid onion A. × cornutum with three putative parental species, A. cepa, A. pskemense, and A. roylei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željana Fredotović
- Department of Biology, University of Split, Faculty of Science, Teslina 12, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ivica Šamanić
- Department of Biology, University of Split, Faculty of Science, Teslina 12, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Hanna Weiss-Schneeweiss
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Juraj Kamenjarin
- Department of Biology, University of Split, Faculty of Science, Teslina 12, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Tae-Soo Jang
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jasna Puizina
- Department of Biology, University of Split, Faculty of Science, Teslina 12, 21000 Split, Croatia
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Yamashita KI, Takatori Y, Tashiro Y. Chromosomal location of a pollen fertility-restoring gene, Rf, for CMS in Japanese bunching onion (Allium fistulosum L.) possessing the cytoplasm of A. galanthum Kar. et Kir. revealed by genomic in situ hybridization. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2005; 111:15-22. [PMID: 15883793 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-005-1941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, we developed cytoplasmic male sterile lines of Allium fistulosum possessing the cytoplasm of A. galanthum, a wild species, by continuous backcrossing. Furthermore, we reported the presence of a pollen fertility-restoring gene (Rf) for cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in A. fistulosum from segregation of pollen fertility of backcross progenies. In the present study, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), using genomic DNA of A. galanthum as the probe DNA and that of A. fistulosum as the blocking DNA, was applied to F(1) hybrids between both species and backcross progenies to determine the chromosomal location of the Rf locus. By means of GISH, eight chromosomes from A. galanthum were clearly discriminated from those of A. fistulosum in the F(1) hybrids, and chromosome substitution process through continuous backcrossing was visualized. Interestingly, the chromosome region from A. galanthum, specific to male fertile plants, was detected in one chromosome of BC(4) to BC(7) generations. Based on the karyotype analysis of the male fertile plants, the chromosome was identified as the 5F chromosome. Our results confirm that the Rf locus is located on the 5F chromosome of the male fertile plants. This is the first report that identified the chromosomal location of the pollen fertility-restoring gene in A. fistulosum.
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Puizina J, Weiss-Schneeweiss H, Pedrosa-Harand A, Kamenjarin J, Trinajstic I, Riha K, Schweizer D. Karyotype analysis in Hyacinthella dalmatica (Hyacinthaceae) reveals vertebrate-type telomere repeats at the chromosome ends. Genome 2004; 46:1070-6. [PMID: 14663525 DOI: 10.1139/g03-078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome analysis of three different populations of Hyacinthella dalmatica (Lallem.) Trinajstić, an endemic species of the coastal region of southeastern Europe, showed a unique chromosome number, 2n = 2x = 20, and bimodal karyotype with one large and nine smaller pairs of chromosomes. Staining with fluorochromes CMA3 (chromomycin A3) and DAPI (4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) revealed heterochromatic regions associated with NORs, centromeres, and several interstitial heterochromatic bands on the longest chromosome pair. Double-target FISH with two ribosomal DNA probes revealed one locus of 5S rRNA genes in the pericentromeric region of chromosome pair 3 and one locus of 18S-5.8S-26S rRNA genes on the short arm of chromosome pair 4 in all plants and populations analyzed. Southern hybridization analysis and FISH experiments demonstrated that the distal ends of H. dalmatica chromosomes contain the vertebrate telomere (5'-TTAGGG-3') repeat type rather than the Arabidopsis (5'-TTTAGGG-3') heptamer, and so suggest that this Asparagales species along with Aloe and Othocallis contains the vertebrate-type telomere repeat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Puizina
- Gregor Mendel Institute ofMolecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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