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Papini GB, Bonomi AG, Sartor F. Proof-of-concept model for instantaneous heart rate-drift correction during low and high exercise exertion. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1358785. [PMID: 38711950 PMCID: PMC11070768 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1358785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: This study aimed to model below and above anaerobic threshold exercise-induced heart rate (HR) drift, so that the corrected HR could better represent V ˙ O 2 kinetics during and after the exercise itself. Methods: Fifteen healthy subjects (age: 28 ± 5 years; V ˙ O 2 M a x : 50 ± 8 mL/kg/min; 5 females) underwent a maximal and a 30-min submaximal (80% of the anaerobic threshold) running exercises. A five-stage computational (i.e., delay block, new training impulse-calculation block, Sigmoid correction block, increase block, and decrease block) model was built to account for instantaneous HR, fitness, and age and to onset, increase, and decrease according to the exercise intensity and duration. Results: The area under the curve (AUC) of the hysteresis function, which described the differences in the maximal and submaximal exercise-induced V ˙ O 2 and HR kinetics, was significantly reduced for both maximal (26%) and submaximal (77%) exercises and consequent recoveries. Discussion: In conclusion, this model allowed HR drift instantaneous correction, which could be exploited in the future for more accurate V ˙ O 2 estimations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele B. Papini
- Hospital Patient Monitoring, Royal Philips Electronics, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University Eindhoven, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Alberto G. Bonomi
- Hospital Patient Monitoring, Royal Philips Electronics, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Francesco Sartor
- Clinical Affairs Office, Philips Medical Systems, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Applied Human Physiology, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
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Variability of External Intensity Comparisons between Official and Friendly Soccer Matches in Professional Male Players. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9121708. [PMID: 34946434 PMCID: PMC8702108 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9121708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to compare the external intensity between official (OMs) and friendly matches (FMs), and between first and second halves in the Iranian Premier League. Twelve players participated in this study (age, 28.6 ± 2.7 years; height, 182.1 ± 8.6 cm; body mass, 75.3 ± 8.2 kg). External intensity was measured by total duration, total distance, average speed, high-speed running distance, sprint distance, maximal speed and body load. In general, there was higher intensity in OMs compared with FMs for all variables. The first half showed higher intensities than the second half, regardless of the type of the match. Specifically, OMs showed higher values for total sprint distance (p = 0.012, ES = 0.59) and maximal speed (p < 0.001, ES = 0.27) but lower value for body load (p = 0.038, ES = −0.42) compared to FMs. The first half of FMs only showed lower value for body load (p = 0.004, ES = −0.38) than FMs, while in the second half of OMs, only total distance showed a higher value than FMs (p = 0.013, ES = 0.96). OMs showed higher demands of high intensity, questioning the original assumption of FMs demands. Depending on the period of the season that FMs are applied, coaches may consider requesting higher demands from their teams.
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Training load quantification of high intensity exercises: Discrepancies between original and alternative methods. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237027. [PMID: 32745112 PMCID: PMC7398532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to quantify training loads (TL) of high intensity sessions through original methods (TRIMP; session-RPE; Work-Endurance-Recovery) and their updated alternatives (TRIMPcumulative; RPEalone; New-WER). Ten endurance athletes were requested to perform five sessions until exhaustion. Session 1 composed by a 800m maximal performance and four intermittent sessions performed at the 800m velocity, three sessions with 400m of interval length and work:recovery ratios of 2:1, 1:1 and 1:2 and one with 200m intervals and 1:1. Total TL were quantified from the sessions’ beginning to the cool-down period and an intermediate TL (TL800) was calculated when 800m running was accumulated within the sessions. At the end of the sessions high and similar RPE were reported (effect size, η2 = 0.12), while, at the intermediate 800m distance, the higher interval distances and work:recovery ratios the higher the RPE (η2 = 0.88). Our results show marked differences in sessions’ total TL between original (e.g., lowest TL for the 800m and highest for the 200m-1:1 sessions) and alternative methods (RPEalone and New-WER; similar TL for each session). Differences appear in TL800 notably between TRIMP and other methods which are negatively correlated. All TL report light to moderate correlations between original methods and their alternatives, original methods are strongly correlated together, as observed for alternative methods. Differences in TL quantification between original and alternative methods underline that they are not interchangeable. Because of high exercise volume influence, original methods markedly enhance TL of sessions with higher exercise volumes although these presented the easiest interval distances and work-recovery ratios. Alternative methods based on exhaustion level (New-WER) and exertion (RPEalone) provided a new and promising point of view of TL quantification where exhaustion determines the highest TL whatever the exercise. This remains to be tested with more extended populations submitted to wider ranges of exercises.
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Moussa I, Leroy A, Sauliere G, Schipman J, Toussaint JF, Sedeaud A. Robust Exponential Decreasing Index (REDI): adaptive and robust method for computing cumulated workload. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2019; 5:e000573. [PMID: 31798948 PMCID: PMC6863659 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to define a new index the Robust Exponential Decreasing Index (REDI), which is capable of an improved analysis of the cumulative workload. This allows for precise control of the decreasing influence of load over time. Additionally, REDI is robust to missing data that are frequently present in sport. Methods 200 cumulative workloads were simulated in two ways (Gaussian and uniform distributions) to test the robustness and flexibility of the REDI, as compared with classical methods (acute:chronic workload ratio and exponentially weighted moving average). Theoretical properties have been highlighted especially around the decreasing parameter. Results The REDI allows practitioners to consistently monitor load with missing data as it remains consistent even when a significant portion of the dataset is absent. Adjusting the decreasing parameter allows practitioners to choose the weight given to each daily workload. Discussion Computation of cumulative workload is not easy due to many factors (weekends, international training sessions, national selections and injuries). Several practical and theoretical drawbacks of the existing indices are discussed in the paper, especially in the context of missing data; the REDI aims to settle some of them. The decreasing parameter may be modified according to the studied sport. Further research should focus on methodology around setting this parameter. Conclusion The robust and adaptable nature of the REDI is a credible alternative for computing a cumulative workload with decreasing weight over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issa Moussa
- IRMES, Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France.,IRMES EA 7329, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Arthur Leroy
- IRMES, Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Sauliere
- IRMES, Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
| | - Julien Schipman
- IRMES, Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Toussaint
- IRMES, Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France.,Centre d'Investigations en Médecine du Sport, Hôtel Dieu, Assistance Publique, Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Sedeaud
- IRMES, Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
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Hebisz P, Hebisz R, Borkowski J, Zatoń M. Time of VO(2)max plateau and post-exercise oxygen consumption during incremental exercise testing in young mountain bike and road cyclists. Physiol Res 2018; 67:711-719. [PMID: 30044113 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare markers of glycolytic metabolism in response to the Wingate test and the incremental test in road and mountain bike cyclists, who not different performance level and aerobic capacity. All cyclists executed the Wingate test and incremental test on a cycle ergometer. Maximal power and average power were determined during the Wingate test. During the incremental test the load was increased by 50 W every 3 min, until volitional exhaustion and maximal aerobic power (APmax), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and time of VO(2)max plateau (Tplateau) were determined. Post-exercise measures of oxygen uptake (VO(2)post), carbon dioxide excretion, (VCO(2)post), and the ratio between VCO(2)/VO(2) (RERpost) were collected for 3 min immediately after incremental test completion. Arterialized capillary blood was drawn to measure lactate (La-) and hydrogen (H+) ion concentrations in 3 min after each test. The data demonstrated significant differences between mountain bike and road cyclists for Tplateau, VO(2)post, VCO(2)post, La- which was higher-, and RERpost which was lower-, in mountain bike cyclists compare with road cyclists. No differences were observed between mountain bike and road cyclists for APmax, VO(2)max, H(+) and parameters measured in the Wingate test. Increased time of VO2max plateau concomitant to larger post-exercise La- and VO(2) values suggests greater anaerobic contribution during incremental testing efforts by mountain bike cyclists compared with road cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hebisz
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University School of Physical Education, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Effects of intensity distribution changes on performance and on training loads quantification. Biol Sport 2018; 35:67-74. [PMID: 30237663 PMCID: PMC6135970 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2018.70753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study analyses the effects of the high-intensity distribution change within sessions on physical performance and on training loads (TL) provided by quantification methods based on heart rate (HR) and on whole body indicators of exercise-induced physiological stress. Fourteen trained physical education students (21.9±1.2 years, 68.3±7.9 kg, 180±7.3 cm) performed two sessions with the same intensities, volumes and pauses but differing in the efforts’ intensity distribution: one was composed of exercises dissociating the intensities (12 repetitions of 30 m sprints then 12 min interval runs) and the second mixed the intensities (30 m sprint followed by 60 s rest and 2 runs of 15 s - 15 s at 100% and 50% of maximal aerobic velocity – MAV). Session TL was calculated using methods based on heart rate zones, training impulse, ratings of perceived exertion (session RPE) and endurance limit. Session-induced fatigue was observed using performances in repeated sprints and counter-movement jumps. The heart rate zone method provided higher TL for the mixed session (p=0.007), while training impulse described similar TL for the two sessions (p=0.420). The endurance limit method showed borderline significantly higher TL in dissociated sessions (p=0.058) and session RPE provided similar but the largest differences between sessions’ TL (p=0.001). The dissociated session induced larger losses in counter-movement jumps (p=0.010) but lower speed decreases in sprints (p=0.007). Change in intensity distribution within sessions induced contradictory effects on performances and on TL quantification according to the method used. When high intensities are programmed, methods based on heart rate may present limitations for TL quantification, as such methods based on whole body indicators of exercise-induced physiological stress should be preferred.
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Sedeaud A, Sène J, Krantz N, Saulière G, Moussa I, Toussaint J. L’importance de la quantification de la charge d’entraînement : exemple d’un modèle. Sci Sports 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Hourcade J, Saulière G, Noirez P, Toussaint J, Desgorces F. Quatre mois de charge d’entraînement globale et par exercice chez le footballeur professionnel. Sci Sports 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hebisz R, Hebisz P, Zatoń M, Michalik K. Peak oxygen uptake in a sprint interval testing protocol vs. maximal oxygen uptake in an incremental testing protocol and their relationship with cross-country mountain biking performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:371-376. [PMID: 28177737 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the literature, the exercise capacity of cyclists is typically assessed using incremental and endurance exercise tests. The aim of the present study was to confirm whether peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) attained in a sprint interval testing protocol correlates with cycling performance, and whether it corresponds to maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) determined by an incremental testing protocol. A sample of 28 trained mountain bike cyclists executed 3 performance tests: (i) incremental testing protocol (ITP) in which the participant cycled to volitional exhaustion, (ii) sprint interval testing protocol (SITP) composed of four 30 s maximal intensity cycling bouts interspersed with 90 s recovery periods, (iii) competition in a simulated mountain biking race. Oxygen uptake, pulmonary ventilation, work, and power output were measured during the ITP and SITP with postexercise blood lactate and hydrogen ion concentrations collected. Race times were recorded. No significant inter-individual differences were observed in regards to any of the ITP-associated variables. However, 9 individuals presented significantly increased oxygen uptake, pulmonary ventilation, and work output in the SITP compared with the remaining cyclists. In addition, in this group of 9 cyclists, oxygen uptake in SITP was significantly higher than in ITP. After the simulated race, this group of 9 cyclists achieved significantly better competition times (99.5 ± 5.2 min) than the other cyclists (110.5 ± 6.7 min). We conclude that mountain bike cyclists who demonstrate higher peak oxygen uptake in a sprint interval testing protocol than maximal oxygen uptake attained in an incremental testing protocol demonstrate superior competitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Hebisz
- a University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, 35 J.I. Paderewski Avenue, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland.,b National Team Coach, Polish Cycling Federation, 1 Andrzeja Avenue, 05-800 Pruszków, Poland
| | - Paulina Hebisz
- a University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, 35 J.I. Paderewski Avenue, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marek Zatoń
- a University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, 35 J.I. Paderewski Avenue, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Michalik
- a University School of Physical Education in Wroclaw, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, 35 J.I. Paderewski Avenue, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
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García-Ramos A, Feriche B, Calderón C, Iglesias X, Barrero A, Chaverri D, Schuller T, Rodríguez FA. Training load quantification in elite swimmers using a modified version of the training impulse method. Eur J Sport Sci 2014; 15:85-93. [PMID: 24942164 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2014.922621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Prior reports have described the limitations of quantifying internal training loads using hear rate (HR)-based objective methods such as the training impulse (TRIMP) method, especially when high-intensity interval exercises are performed. A weakness of the TRIMP method is that it does not discriminate between exercise and rest periods, expressing both states into a single mean intensity value that could lead to an underestimate of training loads. This study was designed to compare Banister's original TRIMP method (1991) and a modified calculation procedure (TRIMPc) based on the cumulative sum of partial TRIMP, and to determine how each model relates to the session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE), a HR-independent training load indicator. Over four weeks, 17 elite swimmers completed 328 pool training sessions. Mean HR for the full duration of a session and partial values for each 50 m of swimming distance and rest period were recorded to calculate the classic TRIMP and the proposed variant (TRIMPc). The s-RPE questionnaire was self-administered 30 minutes after each training session. Both TRIMPc and TRIMP measures strongly correlated with s-RPE scores (r = 0.724 and 0.702, respectively; P < 0.001). However, TRIMPc was ∼ 9% higher on average than TRIMP (117 ± 53 vs. 107 ± 47; P < 0.001), with proportionally greater inter-method difference with increasing workload intensity. Therefore, TRIMPc appears to be a more accurate and appropriate procedure for quantifying training load, particularly when monitoring interval training sessions, since it allows weighting both exercise and recovery intervals separately for the corresponding HR-derived intensity.
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KUSY KRZYSZTOF, KRÓL-ZIELIŃSKA MAGDALENA, DOMASZEWSKA KATARZYNA, KRYŚCIAK JAKUB, PODGÓRSKI TOMASZ, ZIELIŃSKI JACEK. Gas Exchange Threshold in Male Speed–Power versus Endurance Athletes Ages 20–90 Years. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 44:2415-22. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318267c36f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kusy K, Zieliński J. Aerobic capacity in speed-power athletes aged 20-90 years vs endurance runners and untrained participants. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2012; 24:68-79. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Kusy
- Department of Athletics; Eugeniusz Piasecki University School of Physical Education; Poznań Poland
| | - J. Zieliński
- Department of Athletics; Eugeniusz Piasecki University School of Physical Education; Poznań Poland
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Quantification de la charge d’entraînement imposée au footballeur professionnel en phase de réhabilitation athlétique post-blessure. Sci Sports 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Waldron M, Twist C, Highton J, Worsfold P, Daniels M. Movement and physiological match demands of elite rugby league using portable global positioning systems. J Sports Sci 2011; 29:1223-30. [PMID: 21774752 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2011.587445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Twelve elite players from an English Super League club consented to participate in the present study using portable global positioning system (GPS) devices to assess position-specific demands. Distances covered at low-intensity running, moderate-intensity running, high-intensity running, very high-intensity running, and total distance were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in forwards compared with outside backs and adjustables. Metres per minute was higher in adjustables and forwards, owing to higher values for relative distance in medium-intensity running and a rise in high-intensity running from previous absolute values. Sprint distance, sprint frequency, and peak speed were higher in outside backs than both adjustables and forwards. A moderate, significant correlation (r = 0.62, P = 0.001) was apparent between session ratings of perceived exertion and summated heart rate. Results support the requirement for position-specific conditioning and provide preliminary evidence for the use of session ratings of perceived exertion as a measure of match load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Waldron
- Department of Sports and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK.
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Wong DP, Carling C, Chaouachi A, Dellal A, Castagna C, Chamari K, Behm DG. Estimation of Oxygen Uptake From Heart Rate and Ratings of Perceived Exertion in Young Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:1983-8. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181e4ffe6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Milanez V, Spiguel Lima M, Gobatto C, Perandini L, Nakamura F, Ribeiro L. Correlates of session-rate of perceived exertion (RPE) in a karate training session. Sci Sports 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Jobson SA, Passfield L, Atkinson G, Barton G, Scarf P. The analysis and utilization of cycling training data. Sports Med 2009; 39:833-44. [PMID: 19757861 DOI: 10.2165/11317840-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Most mathematical models of athletic training require the quantification of training intensity and quantity or 'dose'. We aim to summarize both the methods available for such quantification, particularly in relation to cycle sport, and the mathematical techniques that may be used to model the relationship between training and performance. Endurance athletes have used training volume (kilometres per week and/or hours per week) as an index of training dose with some success. However, such methods usually fail to accommodate the potentially important influence of training intensity. The scientific literature has provided some support for alternative methods such as the session rating of perceived exertion, which provides a subjective quantification of the intensity of exercise; and the heart rate-derived training impulse (TRIMP) method, which quantifies the training stimulus as a composite of external loading and physiological response, multiplying the training load (stress) by the training intensity (strain). Other methods described in the scientific literature include 'ordinal categorization' and a heart rate-based excess post-exercise oxygen consumption method. In cycle sport, mobile cycle ergometers (e.g. SRM and PowerTap) are now widely available. These devices allow the continuous measurement of the cyclists' work rate (power output) when riding their own bicycles during training and competition. However, the inherent variability in power output when cycling poses several challenges in attempting to evaluate the exact nature of a session. Such variability means that average power output is incommensurate with the cyclist's physiological strain. A useful alternative may be the use of an exponentially weighted averaging process to represent the data as a 'normalized power'. Several research groups have applied systems theory to analyse the responses to physical training. Impulse-response models aim to relate training loads to performance, taking into account the dynamic and temporal characteristics of training and, therefore, the effects of load sequences over time. Despite the successes of this approach it has some significant limitations, e.g. an excessive number of performance tests to determine model parameters. Non-linear artificial neural networks may provide a more accurate description of the complex non-linear biological adaptation process. However, such models may also be constrained by the large number of datasets required to 'train' the model. A number of alternative mathematical approaches such as the Performance-Potential-Metamodel (PerPot), mixed linear modelling, cluster analysis and chaos theory display conceptual richness. However, much further research is required before such approaches can be considered as viable alternatives to traditional impulse-response models. Some of these methods may not provide useful information about the relationship between training and performance. However, they may help describe the complex physiological training response phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A Jobson
- Centre for Sports Studies, University of Kent, Chatham, Kent, UK.
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Desgorces FD, Noirez P. Quantifying continuous exercise using the ratio of work completed to endurance limit associated with exercise-induced delayed-onset muscle soreness. Percept Mot Skills 2008; 106:104-12. [PMID: 18459360 DOI: 10.2466/pms.106.1.104-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study quantified training load of various exercises using a novel method developed by the authors and based on the ratio of work completed: endurance limit, associated with exercise-induced delayed-onset muscle soreness. Exercises were also quantified using the Training Impulse method. 8 runners performed a marathon and a 60-min. run at marathon velocity, and 9 rowers performed two maximal exercises (500 m and 2000 m) on a rowing ergometer. To examine the validity of the two methods, the relationships between the training loads provided by the Training Impulse and the Authors' methods, the direct comparison of the tasks performed, and the usability of the Authors' method components in regular training were assessed. Authors' method was significantly related to Training Impulse method (r = .83, p < .05) and was higher for running (r = .94, p < .05) but none was observed for rowing. In both methods, the marathon run resulted in high training load compared with the other tasks. When compared with the 60-min. run, the training load of the 2000-m row was slightly higher for the Authors' method, but lower for Training Impulse method. In the Authors' method, the delayed-onset muscle soreness component discriminates the marathon from the other tasks whereas the ration of work completed: endurance limit differentiates the 60-min. run from the 2000-m row. The duration component of the Training Impulse method could lead to overestimation of the training load of prolonged exercises compared with high intensity exercise. The relationship between the Training Impulse and the Authors' methods for prolonged exercises, the training load provided for each task, and the components of the Authors' method supported the validity of this new tool to describe exercise-induced fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Denis Desgorces
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences et Techniques des Activités Physiques et Sportives, Université Paris 5, France.
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