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Regulation of Ketogenesis in Liver. Compr Physiol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp070221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Aiello RJ, Kenna TM, Herbein JH. Hepatic gluconeogenic and ketogenic interrelationships in the lactating cow. J Dairy Sci 1984; 67:1707-15. [PMID: 6480960 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(84)81496-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Interrelationships between propionate, palmitate, and butyrate metabolism were investigated in vitro with [1-carbon-14] carboxyl substrates. Production of labeled glucose, ketone bodies, and carbon dioxide was used to estimate rates of bovine hepatic gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis. Incubations were with liver slices from eight lactating Holstein cows fed either a control or high concentrate-low fiber diet. Liver samples were acquired by trochar biopsy at 30, 60, 90, and 180 days postpartum. Ketone production from both palmitate and butyrate was highest in liver slices obtained at 30 days. Glucose production from labeled propionate was also highest in early lactation. The higher rates of gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis in early lactation were associated with higher hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.21) activity. Feeding the high concentrate enhanced gluconeogenesis from propionate and decreased ketogenesis from palmitate. Propionate addition (10 mM) to incubation media also decreased the total amount of palmitate oxidized [( carbon-14] dioxide plus [carbon-14] ketones). Diet had no effect on hepatic butyrate metabolism. Results indicated that ketogenesis is regulated via rate of long chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria. Stage of lactation has a greater influence on long and short chain fatty acid metabolism than does diet composition.
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Quandt L, Huth W. Modulation of rat-liver mitochondrial acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase activity by a reversible chemical modification with coenzyme A. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1984; 784:168-76. [PMID: 6140956 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(84)90124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, EC 2.3.1.9) is involved in ketone body biosynthesis. In its unmodified state, referred to as transferase B in former publications (Huth, W. (1981) Eur. J. Biochem. 120, 557-562), the enzyme is characterized by the highest specific activity of 21.65 mumol/min per mg protein (direction of acetoacetyl-CoA synthesis); several forms of the enzyme with lower specific activities result from chemical modification by an apparent covalent binding of CoASH. The chemical modification results in an inactivation of the enzyme: a 2 h incubation with 0.2 mM CoASH at pH 8.1 at 30 degrees C inactivates up to 95%. Both processes, the CoASH-binding and the resulting inactivation, can be simultaneously reversed by treatment with glutathione. The specificity of inactivation is limited to CoASH and the intact sulfhydryl group is a prerequisite for this process. The enzyme exhibits a limited number (n = 3.2) of high-affinity (Ka = 26.7 microM) specific binding sites for CoASH. The inactivation-reactivation cycle of acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase by CoASH and glutathione may involve a protein disulfide-thiol exchange and represents a mode of control in modulating the amount of active enzyme.
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Bremer J, Osmundsen H. Chapter 5 Fatty acid oxidation and its regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Zammit VA. Mechanisms of regulation of the partition of fatty acids between oxidation and esterification in the liver. Prog Lipid Res 1984; 23:39-67. [PMID: 6152703 DOI: 10.1016/0163-7827(84)90005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Menahan LA, Hron WT, Hinkelman DG, Miziorko HM. Interrelationships between 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase, acetoacetyl-CoA and ketogenesis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1981; 119:287-94. [PMID: 6118268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1981.tb05606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic and physical approaches have been employed to investigate the binding of acetoacetyl-CoA to hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase. The enzyme has an apparent Km for acetoacetyl-CoA (0.35 microM) which is more than an order of magnitude lower than the Ki (6--10 microM) measured for substrate inhibition by this metabolite. Hepatic acetoacetyl-CoA concentration, as measured by a sensitive and highly specific radioactive assay appears to be in the 1--10 microM range; the concentration decreases during diabetic ketoacidosis. Total hepatic activity of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase and levels of mitochondrial enzyme protein, determined by radioimmunoassay, are not appreciably different in livers from control or ketoacidotic animals. In contrast to the decrease in hepatic acetoacetyl-CoA concentration observed during ketoacidosis, myocardial acetoacetyl-CoA levels are increased by at least tenfold when compared to controls. Elevated acetoacetyl-CoA levels may serve to inhibit fatty acid utilization by the heart. Thus, a consideration of the multiple interactions of acetoacetyl-CoA with the enzymes involved in ketone body production and utilization may be useful in evaluating the metabolic significance of this intermediate.
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Beynen AC, Vaartjes WJ, Geelen MJ. Inhibition of hepatic lipogenesis by alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1981; 663:585-97. [PMID: 6112017 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(81)90069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Menke R, Huth W. Immunological assay of the mitochondrial acetyl-Co-A acetyltransferase in crude liver homogenate. FEBS Lett 1980; 119:29-32. [PMID: 6107248 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(80)80991-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
The effects of carnitine on the metabolism of palmitoylcarnitine were studied by using isolated rat liver mitochondria. Particular attention was given to carnitine acyltransferase-mediated interactions between carnitine and the mitochondrial CoA pool. Carnitine concentrations less than 1.25mm resulted in an increased production of acetylcarnitine during palmitoylcarnitine oxidation. Despite this shunting of C(2) units to acetylcarnitine formation, no change was observed in the rate of oxygen consumption or major product formation (citrate or acetoacetate). Further, no changes were observed in the mitochondrial content of acetyl-CoA, total acid-soluble CoA or acid-insoluble acyl-CoA. These observations support the concept, based on studies in vivo, that the carnitine/acylcarnitine pool is metabolically sluggish and the acyl-group flux low as compared with the CoA/acyl-CoA pool. Acid-insoluble acyl-CoA content was decreased and CoA content increased at carnitine concentrations greater than 1.25mm. When [(14)C]carnitine was used in the incubations, it was demonstrated that this resulted from acid-insoluble acylcarnitine formation from intramitochondrial acid-insoluble acyl-CoA mediated by carnitine palmitoyltransferase B. Again, the higher carnitine concentrations resulted in no changes in the rates of oxygen consumption or major product formation. The above effects of carnitine were observed whether citrate or acetoacetate was the major product of oxidation. In contrast, an increase in acetyl-CoA concentration was observed at high carnitine concentrations only when acetoacetate was the product. Since the rate of acetoacetate production was not changed, these higher acetyl-CoA concentrations suggest that a new steady state had been established to maintain acetoacetate-production rates. Since there was no change in acetyl-CoA concentration when citrate was the major product, a change in the activity of the pathway utilizing acetyl-CoA for ketone-body synthesis and the potential regulation of this pathway must be considered.
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Jonas R, Huth W. Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase from bovine liver mitochondria. Molecular properties of multiple forms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1978; 527:379-90. [PMID: 31914 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(78)90352-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bovine liver mitochondrial acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (acetyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.9) has been obtained in three forms designated transferase I, A and B on the basis of their elution positions from chromatography on phosphocellulose. All forms have been shown to have a molecular weight of about 152 000, each being composed of four similar subunits. Amino acid analysis of transferase A and B, the two major forms, revealed a close relationship between both forms with almost identical amino acid composition and arginine as N-terminal residue. The three transferases differ with respect to their redox state and their multiplicity of forms with isoelectric points of 6.9, 7.5 and 8.8, into which the transferases I and A were spontaneously transformed upon isoelectric focusing or rechromatography on phosphocellulose. Transferase B represents a stable enzyme form with an isoelectric point of 8.8. Although the redox state of transferase B can be adjusted to that of transferase A still a difference in charge and in the multiplicity of forms exists, thus indicating different protein states.
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[14C]palmitate uptake in isolated rat liver mitochondria: effects of fasting, diabetes mellitus, and inhibitors of carnitine acyltransferase. J Lipid Res 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)41268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Lopes-Cardozo M, Klazinga W, van den Bergh SG. Accumulation of carnitine esters of beta-oxidation intermediates during palmitate oxidation by rat-liver mitochondria. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 83:629-34. [PMID: 631139 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Rat-liver mitochondria were incubated with [14C]palmitate in the presence of L-malate, fluorocitrate, and L-carnitine. The specific activities of acetyl groups incorporated into citrate, ketone bodies and acetyl-L-carnitine were measured. During state-4 oxidation of [1--14C]palmitate the specific activity of the acetyl-CoA pool was 1.3-times higher than that of the average acetyl group of palmitate, indicating an incomplete breakdown of the palmitate molecule. Accumulation of carnitine esters was observed in this condition. The acyl moieties of carnitine esters formed during the state-4 oxidation of [U-14C]palmitate or [16(-14)C]palmitate were analysed by radioactive gas-chromatography. Substantial amounts of beta-oxidation intermediates were found. The accumulation of carnitine esters of C6-C14 intermediates can quantitatively explain the high specific activity of the acetyl-CoA pool during the state-4 oxidation of [1(-14)C] palmitate. The localization and control of beta-oxidation are discussed.
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Shindo Y, Osumi T, Hashimoto T. Effects of administration of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate on rat liver mitochondria. Biochem Pharmacol 1978; 27:2683-8. [PMID: 728223 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(78)90042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Regulation by calcium ions of pyruvate carboxylation, pyruvate transport, and adenine nucleotide transport in isolated rat liver mitochondria. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)63358-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Yermolaeva LP. The role of enzymes of pyruvate and citrate metabolism in control of gluconeogenesis in oocytes and embryos of the loach,Misgurnus fossilis L. Dev Genes Evol 1977; 181:321-331. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00848059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/1976] [Accepted: 10/15/1976] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mulder I, Van Den Bergh SG. Conversion of acetoacetyl-coenzyme a into acetoacetate in subcellular liver preparations: Differentiation between the pathways of acetoacetate formation and their localization in the rat liver cell. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(77)90153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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McGee R, Brenneman DE, Spector AA. Regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis in Ehrlich cells by ascites tumor plasma lipoproteins. Lipids 1977; 12:66-74. [PMID: 189155 DOI: 10.1007/bf02532975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid biosynthesis in Ehrlich cells in vitro was reduced when very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) isolated from the ascites tumor plasma were added to the incubation medium. The degree of inhibition was dependent on the VLDL concentration. At the VLDL concentrations usually present in the ascites plasma, there was a 30% decrease in biosynthesis as measured by (3)H(2)O incorporation into fatty acids. Analysis of the labeled fatty acids by gas liquid chromatography indicated that this decrease was due to a reduction in fatty acid de novo biosynthesis and that chain elongation actually was increased when VLDL were present. Although ascites plasma low- and high density lipoproteins also produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis, their effects were much smaller than those of the VLDL. Studies employing VLDL and radioactive free fatty acids indicated that the cells took up utlilzed fatty acids derived from these lipoproteins. When VLDL were present, labeled free fatty acid incorporation into cell phospholipids, cholesteryl esters, and CO(2) decreased, whereas its incorporation into the cell free fatty acid pool increased. By contrast, the cells incorporated only very small amounts of fatty acid from either low- or high density lipoproteins. This suggests that the VLDL exert their inhibitory effect on fatty acid synthesis by supplying exogenous fatty acids to the cells.
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Siess EA, Brocks DG, Wieland OH. Subcellular distribution of key metabolites in isolated liver cells from fasted rats. FEBS Lett 1976; 69:265-71. [PMID: 992036 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(76)80701-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Lopes-Cardozo M, Mulder I, van Vugt F, Hermans PG, van den Bergh SG, Klazinga W, de Vries-Akkerman E. Aspects of ketogenesis: control and mechanism of ketone-body formation in isolated rat-liver mitochondria. Mol Cell Biochem 1975; 9:155-73. [PMID: 1196305 DOI: 10.1007/bf01751311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of ketone bodies by intact isolated rat-liver mitochondria has been studied at varying rates of acetyl-CoA production and of acetyl-CoA utilization in the Krebs cycle. Factors which enhanced the rate of acetyl-CoA production caused an increase in the fraction of acetyl-CoA which was incorporated into ketone bodies. On the other hand, it was found that factors which stimulated the formation of citrate lowered the relative rate of ketogenesis. It is concluded that acetyl-CoA is preferentially used for citrate synthesis, if the level of oxaloacetate in the mitochondrial matrix space is adequate. The intramitochondrial level of oxaloacetate, which is determined by the malate concentration and the ratio of NADH over NAD+, is the main factor controlling the rate of citrate synthesis. The ATP/ADP ratio per se does not affect the activity of citrate synthase in this in vitro system. Ketogenesis can be described as an overflow of acetyl-groups: Ketone-body formation is stimulated only when the rate of acetyl-CoA production increases beyond the capacity for citrate synthesis. The interaction between fatty acid oxidation and pyruvate metabolism and the effects of long-chain acyl-CoA on mitochondrial metabolism are discussed. Ketone bodies which were generated during the oxidation of [1-14C] fatty acids were preferentially labelled in their carboxyl group. This carboxyl group had the same specific activity as the acetyl-CoA pool, whereas the specific activity of the acetone moiety of acetoacetate was much lower, especially at low rates of ketone-body formation. The activities of acetoacetyl-CoA deacylase and the hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) pathway were compared in soluble and mitochondrial fractions of rat- and cow-liver in different ketotic states. In rat-liver mitochondria, both pathways of acetoacetate synthesis were stimulated upon starvation or in alloxan diabetes. In cow liver, only the HMG-CoA pathway was increased during ketosis in the mitochondrial as well as in the soluble fraction.
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Amatruda JM, Margolis S, Lockwood DH. Regulation of ketone body production from (14C)palmitate in rat liver mitochondria: effects of cyclic nucleotides and unlabeled fatty acids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1975; 67:1337-45. [PMID: 173341 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(75)90174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Huth W, Jonas R, Wunderlich I, Seubert W. On the mechanism of ketogenesis and its control. Purification, kinetic mechanism and regulation of different forms of mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolases from ox liver. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 59:475-89. [PMID: 1256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb02476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
1. Two mitochondrial forms of acetoacetyl-CoA thiolases designated as enzyme A and enzyme B were crystallized from ox liver. They could be shown to be homogenous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. In direction of acetoacetyl-CoA cleavage enzyme A shows a double competitive substrate inhibition when acetoacetyl-CoA is varied at different fixed CoA concentrations. With enzyme B a parallel kinetic pattern is obtained when acetoacetyl-CoA is varied at different fixed CoA concentrations. In direction of acetoacetyl-CoA synthesis both enzymes show linear reciprocal plots of initial velocities against acetyl-CoA concentrations in absence of CoA. These initial velocity kinetics in the forward and in the reverse direction are in accordance with a ping-pong mechanism of reaction for both enzymes involving an acetyl-S-enzyme as intermediate. 3. Under saturating concentrations of substrate, the ratios of acetoacetyl-CoA synthesis/aceto-acetyl-CoA cleavage is 0.31 for enzyme A and 0.08 for enzyme B. The maximum velocity in direction of acetoacetyl-CoA synthesis of enzymes A and B are 0.43 mumol X min-1 X unit thiolase-1 and 0.10 mumol X min-1 X unit thiolase-1, respectively. 4. Both enzymes show nearly the same affinity for acetyl-CoA. The Km values are 91 muM (enzyme A) and 80 muM (enzyme B). 5. Coenzyme A and acetoacetyl-CoA both act as inhibitors in direction of acetoacetyl-CoA synthesis: coenzyme A is a nonlinear competitive inhibitor of both enzymes. Acetoacetyl-CoA exerts a negative cooperativity on enzyme A (nH = 0.63) and is a competitive inhibitor for enzyme B (Ki = 1.6 muM). 6. The catalytic and regulatory properties of the acetoacetyl-CoA thiolases A and B are discussed in terms of their proposed role in regulating ketogenesis. Intracellular fluctuations of acetoacetyl-CoA/3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA ratios, resulting in a suspension of inhibition of both enzymes at high NADH/NAD ratios, are postulated as a control mechanism of ketogenesis in addition to mechanisms already known.
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Cederbaum AI, Lieber CS, Beattie DS, Rubin E. Effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on fatty acid oxidation by hepatic mitochondria. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41286-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Cederbaum AI, Lieber CS, Rubin E. Effect of acetaldehyde on fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis by hepatic mitochondria. Arch Biochem Biophys 1975; 169:29-41. [PMID: 1164023 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(75)90313-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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McGee R, Spector AA. Fatty acid biosynthesis in Erlich cells. The mechanism of short term control by exogenous free fatty acids. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)41198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Cederbaum AI, Rubin E. Differential effects of acetate on palmitate and octanoate oxidation: segregation of acetyl CoA pools. Arch Biochem Biophys 1975; 166:618-28. [PMID: 1119812 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(75)90428-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Lopes-Cardozo M, van den Bergh SG. Ketogenesis in isolated rat liver mitochondria. III. Relationship with the rate of beta-oxidation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 357:53-62. [PMID: 4414032 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(74)90111-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Lopes-Cardozo M, van den Bergh SG. Ketogenesis in isolated rat liver mitochondria. II. Factors affecting the rate of beta-oxidation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 357:43-52. [PMID: 4414031 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(74)90110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Schaefer PC, Veneziale CM. Regulation of pyruvate metabolism in rat-liver mitochondria by K + and P i . EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 35:18-22. [PMID: 4713241 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb02804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Goodridge AG. Regulation of Fatty Acid Synthesis in the Liver of Prenatal and Early Postnatal Chicks. J Biol Chem 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)44170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Regulation of the Activity of Acetyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase by Palmitoyl Coenzyme A and Citrate. J Biol Chem 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)44677-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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