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Senaratne AP, Cortes-Silva N, Drinnenberg IA. Evolution of holocentric chromosomes: Drivers, diversity, and deterrents. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 127:90-99. [PMID: 35031207 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Centromeres are specialized chromosomal regions that recruit kinetochore proteins and mediate spindle microtubule attachment to ensure faithful chromosome segregation during mitosis and meiosis. Centromeres can be restricted to one region of the chromosome. Named "monocentromere", this type represents the most commonly found centromere organization across eukaryotes. Alternatively, centromeres can also be assembled at sites chromosome-wide. This second type is called "holocentromere". Despite their early description over 100 years ago, research on holocentromeres has lagged behind that of monocentromeres. Nevertheless, the application of next generation sequencing approaches and advanced microscopic technologies enabled recent advances understanding the molecular organization and regulation of holocentromeres in different organisms. Here we review the current state of research on holocentromeres focusing on evolutionary considerations. First, we provide a brief historical perspective on the discovery of holocentric chromosomes. We then discuss models/drivers that have been proposed over the years to explain the evolutionary transition from mono- to holocentric chromosomes. We continue to review the description of holocentric chromosomes in diverse eukaryotic groups and then focus our discussion on a specific and recently characterized type of holocentromere organization in insects that functions independently of the otherwise essential centromeric marker protein CenH3, thus providing novel insights into holocentromere evolution in insects. Finally, we propose reasons to explain why the holocentric trait is not more frequent across eukaryotes despite putative selective advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nuria Cortes-Silva
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Ines A Drinnenberg
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR3664, F-75005 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR3664, F-75005 Paris, France.
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Chromosome studies on five species of aphids infesting Eleusine coracana host plant in Shimla hills, India. THE NUCLEUS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-018-0244-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Chromosomal studies on six species of crop aphids from Himachal Pradesh, India. THE NUCLEUS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-016-0164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Gavrilov-Zimin IA, Stekolshchikov AV, Gautam D. General trends of chromosomal evolution in Aphidococca (Insecta, Homoptera, Aphidinea + Coccinea). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2015; 9:335-422. [PMID: 26312130 PMCID: PMC4547034 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v9i3.4930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Parallel trends of chromosomal evolution in Aphidococca are discussed, based on the catalogue of chromosomal numbers and genetic systems of scale insects by Gavrilov (2007) and the new catalogue for aphids provided in the present paper. To date chromosome numbers have been reported for 482 species of scale insects and for 1039 species of aphids, thus respectively comprising about 6% and 24% of the total number of species. Such characters as low modal numbers of chromosomes, heterochromatinization of part of chromosomes, production of only two sperm instead of four from each primary spermatocyte, physiological sex determination, "larval" meiosis, wide distribution of parthenogenesis and chromosomal races are considered as a result of homologous parallel changes of the initial genotype of Aphidococca ancestors. From a cytogenetic point of view, these characters separate Aphidococca from all other groups of Paraneoptera insects and in this sense can be considered as additional taxonomic characters. In contrast to available paleontological data the authors doubt that Coccinea with their very diverse (and partly primitive) genetic systems may have originated later then Aphidinea with their very specialised and unified genetic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya A. Gavrilov-Zimin
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Stekolshchikov
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - D.C. Gautam
- Department of Bio-Sciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India
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Drinnenberg IA, deYoung D, Henikoff S, Malik HS. Recurrent loss of CenH3 is associated with independent transitions to holocentricity in insects. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 25247700 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03676.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Faithful chromosome segregation in all eukaryotes relies on centromeres, the chromosomal sites that recruit kinetochore proteins and mediate spindle attachment during cell division. The centromeric histone H3 variant, CenH3, is the defining chromatin component of centromeres in most eukaryotes, including animals, fungi, plants, and protists. In this study, using detailed genomic and transcriptome analyses, we show that CenH3 was lost independently in at least four lineages of insects. Each of these lineages represents an independent transition from monocentricity (centromeric determinants localized to a single chromosomal region) to holocentricity (centromeric determinants extended over the entire chromosomal length) as ancient as 300 million years ago. Holocentric insects therefore contain a CenH3-independent centromere, different from almost all the other eukaryotes. We propose that ancient transitions to holocentricity in insects obviated the need to maintain CenH3, which is otherwise essential in most eukaryotes, including other holocentrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines A Drinnenberg
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Dakota deYoung
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Steven Henikoff
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Harmit Singh Malik
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
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Drinnenberg IA, deYoung D, Henikoff S, Malik HS. Recurrent loss of CenH3 is associated with independent transitions to holocentricity in insects. eLife 2014; 3:e03676. [PMID: 25247700 PMCID: PMC4359364 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Faithful chromosome segregation in all eukaryotes relies on centromeres, the chromosomal sites that recruit kinetochore proteins and mediate spindle attachment during cell division. The centromeric histone H3 variant, CenH3, is the defining chromatin component of centromeres in most eukaryotes, including animals, fungi, plants, and protists. In this study, using detailed genomic and transcriptome analyses, we show that CenH3 was lost independently in at least four lineages of insects. Each of these lineages represents an independent transition from monocentricity (centromeric determinants localized to a single chromosomal region) to holocentricity (centromeric determinants extended over the entire chromosomal length) as ancient as 300 million years ago. Holocentric insects therefore contain a CenH3-independent centromere, different from almost all the other eukaryotes. We propose that ancient transitions to holocentricity in insects obviated the need to maintain CenH3, which is otherwise essential in most eukaryotes, including other holocentrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines A Drinnenberg
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Dakota deYoung
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Steven Henikoff
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Harmit Singh Malik
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
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LAURITZEN MORTEN. Q- and G-band identification of two chromosomal rearrangements in peach-potato aphids, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), resistant to insecticides. Hereditas 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1982.tb00717.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Braendle C, Caillaud MC, Stern DL. Genetic mapping of aphicarus -- a sex-linked locus controlling a wing polymorphism in the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum). Heredity (Edinb) 2005; 94:435-42. [PMID: 15674387 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We have initiated research to determine the genetic basis of a male wing polymorphism in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Previous studies showed that this polymorphism is controlled by a single biallelic locus, which we name aphicarus (api), on the X chromosome. Our objectives were to confirm that api segregates as a polymorphism of a single gene on the X chromosome, and to obtain molecular markers flanking api that can be used as a starting point for high-resolution genetic and physical mapping of the target region, which will ultimately allow the cloning of api. We have established an F2 population segregating for api and have generated X-linked AFLP markers. The segregation pattern of api in the F2 population shows that the male wing polymorphism segregates as a polymorphism of a single gene, or set of closely linked genes on the X chromosome. Using a subset of 78 F2 males, we have constructed a linkage map of the chromosomal region encompassing api using seven AFLP markers. The map spans 74.1 cM and we have mapped api to an interval of 10 cM. In addition, we confirmed X linkage of our AFLP markers and api by using one X-linked marker developed in an earlier study. Our study presents the first mapping of a gene with known function in aphids, and the results indicate that target gene mapping in aphids is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Braendle
- Laboratory for Development and Evolution, University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.
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Abstract
Genetic correlations can affect the course of phenotypic evolution. Although genetic correlations among traits are a common feature of quantitative genetic analyses, they have played a very minor role in recent linkage-map based analyses of the genetic architecture of quantitative traits. Here, we use our work on host-associated races in pea aphids to illustrate how quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping can be used to test specific hypotheses about how genetic correlations may facilitate ecological specialization and speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Via
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Via S, Hawthorne DJ. The Genetic Architecture of Ecological Specialization: Correlated Gene Effects on Host Use and Habitat Choice in Pea Aphids. Am Nat 2002; 159 Suppl 3:S76-88. [DOI: 10.1086/338374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Hawthorne DJ, Via S. Genetic linkage of ecological specialization and reproductive isolation in pea aphids. Nature 2001; 412:904-7. [PMID: 11528477 DOI: 10.1038/35091062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of ecological specialization generates biological diversity and may lead to speciation. Genetic architecture can either speed or retard this process. If resource use and mate choice have a common genetic basis through pleiotropy or close linkage, the resulting genetic correlations can promote the joint evolution of specialization and reproductive isolation, facilitating speciation. Here we present a model of the role of genetic correlations in specialization and speciation, and test it by analysing the genetic architecture of key traits in two highly specialized host races of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum pisum; Hemiptera : Aphididae). We found several complexes of pleiotropic or closely linked quantitative trait loci (QTL) that affect key traits in ways that would promote speciation: QTL with antagonistic effects on performance on the two hosts are linked to QTL that produce asortative mating (through habitat choice). This type of genetic architecture may be common in taxa that have speciated under divergent natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Hawthorne
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park 20742, USA
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Gut J. Chromosome numbers of parthenogenetic females of fifty-five species of Aphididae (Homoptera) new to cytology. Genetica 1976. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00055471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Blackman RL. Chromosomal abnormalities in an anholocyclic biotype of Myzus persicae (Sulzer). EXPERIENTIA 1971; 27:704-6. [PMID: 5556464 DOI: 10.1007/bf02136974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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