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Zhao B, O'Connor D, Huang Y, Hou R, Cai L, Jin Y, Wang P, Zhang H. An integrated framework for source apportionment and spatial distribution of mercury in agricultural soil near a primary ore mining site. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 353:141556. [PMID: 38412890 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a global environmental concern that affects both humans and ecosystem. The comprehensive understanding of sources and dynamics is crucial for facilitating targeted and effective control strategies. Herein, a robust approach integrating Multivariate Statistics, Geostatistics, and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was employed to quantitatively elucidate the distribution and sources of Hg in agricultural lands. Results indicated elevated Hg concentrations in the land with 74.46% of soils, including 84.85% of topsoil, 69.70% of subsoil, and 67.31% of deepsoil, exceeding risk screening value. Geoaccumulation Index of Hg in soil surpassed level Ⅱ with more than 50% of Hg in the residual fraction regardless of the layer or location. The levels of Hg in surface water for irrigation exhibited a negative correlation with the distance from the mine and a positive correlation with that in sediment (R2>0.78, p < 0.01), suggesting the downstream migration and remobilization from sediment. Source apportion revealed that human activities as primary contributors despite high variability across locations and soil layers. Contributions to downstream soil Hg from Natural Background (NB), Primary Ore Mining (OM), Agricultural Practices (AP), and Wastewater Irrigation (WI) were 15.5%, 83.1%, 1.3%, and 0.1%, respectively. A reliable approach for source apportionment of Hg in soil was suggested, demonstrating potential applicability in the risk management of Hg-contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510650, Guangzhou, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - David O'Connor
- School of Real Estate and Land Management, Royal Agricultural University, Stroud Rd, Cirencester, GL7 6JS, United Kingdom
| | - Yao Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510650, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renjie Hou
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Linying Cai
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 100012, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanliang Jin
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Wang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China; Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 100012, Beijing, China.
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Edwards BA, Pfeffer MA, Ilyinskaya E, Kleine-Marshall BI, Mandon CL, Cotterill A, Aiuppa A, Outridge PM, Wang F. Exceptionally low mercury concentrations and fluxes from the 2021 and 2022 eruptions of Fagradalsfjall volcano, Iceland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170457. [PMID: 38307278 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is naturally released by volcanoes and geothermal systems, but the global flux from these natural sources is highly uncertain due to a lack of direct measurements and uncertainties with upscaling Hg/SO2 mass ratios to estimate Hg fluxes. The 2021 and 2022 eruptions of Fagradalsfjall volcano, southwest Iceland, provided an opportunity to measure Hg concentrations and fluxes from a hotspot/rift system using modern analytical techniques. We measured gaseous Hg and SO2 concentrations in the volcanic plume by near-source drone-based sampling and simultaneous downwind ground-based sampling. Mean Hg/SO2 was an order of magnitude higher at the downwind locations relative to near-source data. This was attributed to the elevated local background Hg at ground level (4.0 ng m-3) likely due to emissions from outgassing lava fields. The background-corrected plume Hg/SO2 mass ratio (5.6 × 10-8) therefore appeared conservative from the near-source to several hundred meters distant, which has important implications for the upscaling of volcanic Hg fluxes based on SO2 measurements. Using this ratio and the total SO2 flux from both eruptions, we estimate the total mass of gaseous Hg released from the 2021 and 2022 Fagradalsfjall eruptions was 46 ± 33 kg, equivalent to a flux of 0.23 ± 0.17 kg d-1. This is the lowest Hg flux estimate in the literature for active open-conduit volcanoes, which range from 0.6 to 12 kg d-1 for other hotspot/rift volcanoes, and 0.5-110 kg d-1 for arc volcanoes. Our results suggest that Icelandic volcanic systems are fed from an especially Hg-poor mantle. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the aerial near-source plume Hg measurement is feasible with a drone-based active sampling configuration that captures all gaseous and particulate Hg species, and recommend this as the preferred method for quantifying volcanic Hg emissions going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock A Edwards
- Centre for Earth Observation Science and Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada; Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E8, Canada
| | | | - Evgenia Ilyinskaya
- COMET, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Céline L Mandon
- Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Adam Cotterill
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BS, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Aiuppa
- Università di Palermo, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DiSTeM), 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Peter M Outridge
- Centre for Earth Observation Science and Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada; Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E8, Canada
| | - Feiyue Wang
- Centre for Earth Observation Science and Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Kazim M, Hussain Syed J, Binnur Kurt-Karakus P, Ozkaleli Akcetin M, Akram S, Birgul A, Kara M, Dumanoglu Y, Odabasi M, Saqib Z, Nasir J, Mahar A, Shah T, Gulzar Burq M, Jones KC, Wania F. Gaseous elemental mercury emissions from informal E-Waste recycling facilities in Pakistan. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 170:261-269. [PMID: 37729843 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Detrimental effects of mercury (Hg) on ecosystems and human health have been well-documented. Whereas emissions of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) from e-waste recycling have been reported in developed countries, much less is known about the situation in the Global South. Using a total of 132 passive air samplers, seasonally resolved concentrations of GEM in air were measured continuously at 32 informal e-waste recycling facilities and background location in Pakistan for a period of one year between September 2020 and December 2021. Annual average GEM concentrations at the studied locations ranged from 1.8 to 92 ng m-3. Among the studied cities, higher concentrations were measured in Karachi (mean ± s.d: 17 ± 22, range: 4.2-92 ng m-3), Lahore (16 ± 4.2, 8.2-22 ng m-3) and Peshawar (15 ± 17, 4.9-80 ng m-3), while lower levels were measured in Hyderabad (6.9 ± 6.2, 3.1-25 ng m-3), consistent with a higher rate of informal recycling activities in metropolitan areas. Seasonally, higher GEM levels occurred during autumn (15 ± 16: 3.3-92 ng m-3) and summer (13 ± 8.7: 1.8-80 ng m-3) than in winter (12 ± 8.4: 2.5-49 ng m-3) and spring (9.2 ± 7.3: 1.8-80 ng m-3), possibly reflecting enhanced volatilization at higher temperatures and/or varying magnitude of recycling operations in different seasons. Policies and strict regulations related to e-waste management should be developed and implemented urgently in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mureed Kazim
- Department of Environmental Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Tarlai Kalan Park Road, 45550 Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Perihan Binnur Kurt-Karakus
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Merve Ozkaleli Akcetin
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Sumaira Akram
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Bahria University Islmabad Campus, Pakistan; Department of Environmental Sciences, Forman Christian College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Askin Birgul
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Melik Kara
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Yetkin Dumanoglu
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Odabasi
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Zafeer Saqib
- Department of Environmental Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jawad Nasir
- Earth Sciences Directorate, Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARC), P.O. Box 8402, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Amanullah Mahar
- Centre for Environmental Science, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Taimoor Shah
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Gulzar Burq
- Department of Microbiology, University of Central Punjab, Johar Town Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Glinyanova I, Asanova N. Research of urban atmospheric aerosols of the Lower Volga under conditions of anthropogenic load and active zones of Earth. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:71380-71399. [PMID: 35596864 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In settlements, special attention is given to the study of anthropogenic aerosol pollution, and insufficient attention is given to natural sources of pollution, especially from active zones of the Earth. The aim of this work was to study atmospheric pollution (the Srednyaya Akhtuba village (Volgograd region, Russia)) using indicators (pH; EC, μS/cm) of aerosol suspensions (washing off aerosols from the leaves of Prunus armeniaca L.) during 2018-2020 and the forecast of pollution sources. Research hypothesis: low mineralization and close to neutral acidity of aerosol suspensions indicate the purity of the atmospheric air, and there is no load of anthropogenic and natural sources. Acid mineralized aerosols were found in the residential area of Srednyaya Akhtuba, which indicates air pollution during 2018-2020. The correlation relationship between pH and EC in μS/cm was investigated using standard least squares regression. The results obtained indicate statistically significant differences between the experimental territory and the (relatively) clean location from 2018 to 2020 in terms of the studied indicators, as well as the revealed correlation between them in Srednyaya Akhtuba village, which indicates the revealed patterns and the influence of the system factor. Anthropogenic and natural sources were the system factors. The authors predict an active underground ancient volcanic zone in the area of Srednyaya Akhtuba with a possible natural load on the residential areas of the village, the assumption of which is based on analysis of heat anomaly maps using the Landsat-8 program and other programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Glinyanova
- Department of Life Safety in Construction and Urban Economy of Volgograd State Technical University, 28 Lenin Av, 400005, Volgograd, Russia.
| | - Natali Asanova
- Department of Applied Mathematics of Volgograd State Technical University, 28 Lenin Av, 400005, Volgograd, Russia
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5
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Cossa D, Knoery J, Bănaru D, Harmelin-Vivien M, Sonke JE, Hedgecock IM, Bravo AG, Rosati G, Canu D, Horvat M, Sprovieri F, Pirrone N, Heimbürger-Boavida LE. Mediterranean Mercury Assessment 2022: An Updated Budget, Health Consequences, and Research Perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3840-3862. [PMID: 35244390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) and especially its methylated species (MeHg) are toxic chemicals that contaminate humans via the consumption of seafood. The most recent UNEP Global Mercury Assessment stressed that Mediterranean populations have higher Hg levels than people elsewhere in Europe. The present Critical Review updates current knowledge on the sources, biogeochemical cycling, and mass balance of Hg in the Mediterranean and identifies perspectives for future research especially in the context of global change. Concentrations of Hg in the Western Mediterranean average 0.86 ± 0.27 pmol L-1 in the upper water layer and 1.02 ± 0.12 pmol L-1 in intermediate and deep waters. In the Eastern Mediterranean, Hg measurements are in the same range but are too few to determine any consistent oceanographical pattern. The Mediterranean waters have a high methylation capacity, with MeHg representing up to 86% of the total Hg, and constitute a source of MeHg for the adjacent North Atlantic Ocean. The highest MeHg concentrations are associated with low oxygen water masses, suggesting a microbiological control on Hg methylation, consistent with the identification of hgcA-like genes in Mediterranean waters. MeHg concentrations are twice as high in the waters of the Western Basin compared to the ultra-oligotrophic Eastern Basin waters. This difference appears to be transferred through the food webs and the Hg content in predators to be ultimately controlled by MeHg concentrations of the waters of their foraging zones. Many Mediterranean top-predatory fish still exceed European Union regulatory Hg thresholds. This emphasizes the necessity of monitoring the exposure of Mediterranean populations, to formulate adequate mitigation strategies and recommendations, without advising against seafood consumption. This review also points out other insufficiencies of knowledge of Hg cycling in the Mediterranean Sea, including temporal variations in air-sea exchange, hydrothermal and cold seep inputs, point sources, submarine groundwater discharge, and exchanges between margins and the open sea. Future assessment of global change impacts under the Minamata Convention Hg policy requires long-term observations and dedicated high-resolution Earth System Models for the Mediterranean region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cossa
- Université Grenoble Alpes, ISTerre, CS 40700, 38058 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Joël Knoery
- Ifremer, Centre Atlantique de Nantes, BP 44311, 44980 Nantes, France
| | - Daniela Bănaru
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS/INSU, Université de Toulon, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO) UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Mireille Harmelin-Vivien
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS/INSU, Université de Toulon, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO) UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Jeroen E Sonke
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS/Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP)/Université de Toulouse, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Ian M Hedgecock
- Istituto sull'inquinamento atmosferico, CNR-IIA, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | | | - Ginevra Rosati
- Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisca Sperimentale (OGS), 34010 Trieste, Italy
| | - Donata Canu
- Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisca Sperimentale (OGS), 34010 Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | - Nicola Pirrone
- Istituto sull'inquinamento atmosferico, CNR-IIA, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Lars-Eric Heimbürger-Boavida
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS/INSU, Université de Toulon, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO) UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France
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6
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Panagos P, Jiskra M, Borrelli P, Liakos L, Ballabio C. Mercury in European topsoils: Anthropogenic sources, stocks and fluxes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111556. [PMID: 34171371 PMCID: PMC8503384 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is one of the most dangerous pollutants worldwide. In the European Union (EU), we recently estimated the Hg distribution in topsoil using 21,591 samples and a series of geo-physical inputs. In this manuscript, we investigate the impact of mining activities, chrol-alkali industries and other diffuse pollution sources as primary anthropogenic sources of Hg hotspots in the EU. Based on Hg measured soil samples, we modelled the Hg pool in EU topsoils, which totals about 44.8 Gg, with an average density of 103 g ha-1. As a following step, we coupled the estimated Hg stocks in topsoil with the pan-European assessment of soil loss due to water erosion and sediment distribution. In the European Union and UK, we estimated that about 43 Mg Hg yr-1 are displaced by water erosion and c. a. 6 Mg Hg yr-1 are transferred with sediments to river basins and eventually released to coastal Oceans. The Mediterranean Sea receives almost half (2.94 Mg yr-1) of the Hg fluxes to coastal oceans and it records the highest quantity of Hg sediments. This is the result of elevated soil Hg concentration and high erosion rates in the catchments draining into the Mediterranean Sea. This work contributes to new knowledge in support of the policy development in the EU on the Zero Pollution Action Plan and the Sustainable Development Goal (SDGs) 3.9 and 14.1, which both have as an objective to reduce soil pollution by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panos Panagos
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
| | - Martin Jiskra
- Environmental Geosciences, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pasquale Borrelli
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Leonidas Liakos
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
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7
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Edwards BA, Kushner DS, Outridge PM, Wang F. Fifty years of volcanic mercury emission research: Knowledge gaps and future directions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143800. [PMID: 33280881 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Volcanism is a potentially important natural source of mercury (Hg) to the environment. However, its impact on the global Hg cycle remains poorly understood despite advances over the last five decades. This represents a major uncertainty in our understanding of the relative contributions of natural and anthropogenic Hg sources to the global atmosphere. This uncertainty, in turn, impacts evaluation of the effectiveness of policies to mitigate the impact of anthropogenic Hg on the environment. Here we critically review recent progress in volcanic Hg emission research, including advances in sampling methods and understanding of the post-emission behavior of Hg in the atmosphere. Our statistical analysis of the limited available data shows that the plumes of non-arc volcanoes exhibit significantly higher Hg concentrations than arc volcanoes, yet the latter emit 3-fold higher Hg fluxes on average. Arc volcanism also dominates volcanic gas emissions globally, indicating that arc volcanoes should be a priority for future Hg emission research. We explore several methodological challenges that continue to hinder progress in quantifying global volcanic Hg emissions, and discuss the importance of longer time-frame data collection to capture temporal variations in emissions. Recommendations are proposed for working toward a more accurate assessment of the global volcanic Hg flux. A detailed summary of all published volcanic Hg emissions data worldwide is also presented as a reference tool for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock A Edwards
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E8, Canada.
| | - D Skye Kushner
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Geophysical Institute, 2156 N Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Peter M Outridge
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E8, Canada
| | - Feiyue Wang
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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8
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Lim D, Kim H, Kim J, Jeong D, Kim D. Mercury proxy for hydrothermal and submarine volcanic activities in the sediment cores of Central Indian Ridge. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 159:111513. [PMID: 32777546 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal vent is the one of the main natural Hg sources to the deep ocean. Thus, we investigated which Hg speciation in the sediment core can be the past records for geothermal activities in mid-ocean ridges of the Central Indian Ocean. The result showed that the hydrothermal Hg in the core sediments was mainly associated with Fe-Mn oxides with the elevated concentrations of other hydrothermal-derived trace metals [Co + Zn + Cu]. In addition, the [Sm]/[Nd] and [Rb]/[Sr] ratios and ɛNdCHUR and 87Sr/86Sr isotopic values supported that the extremely high Hg concentrations were possibly originated from the hydrothermal vent. However, the Hg emitted from submarine volcano was mainly associated with sulfides-organic matters because the volcanos did not release Fe and Mn. Thus, our results showed that the sedimentary Hg is an independent toll for reconstruction of paleodynamics of hydrothermal and/or volcanic activities in deep sea basin of the Central Indian Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhongil Lim
- South Sea Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 53201 Geoje, Republic of Korea; Ocean Science, KIOST School, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Haryun Kim
- Fundamental Research Division, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Janghang 33662, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jihun Kim
- South Sea Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 53201 Geoje, Republic of Korea; Ocean Science, KIOST School, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyun Jeong
- South Sea Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 53201 Geoje, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongsung Kim
- Marine Environmental & Climate Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 49111 Busan, Republic of Korea
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9
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Kurz AY, Blum JD, Washburn SJ, Baskaran M. Changes in the mercury isotopic composition of sediments from a remote alpine lake in Wyoming, USA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 669:973-982. [PMID: 30970464 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) deposition from the atmosphere has increased dramatically since 1850 and Hg isotope records in lake sediments can be used to identify changes in the sources and cycling of Hg. We collected a sediment core from a remote lake (Lost Lake, Wyoming, USA) and measured vertical variation of Hg concentration and isotopic composition as well as 210Pb and 137Cs activities to establish a chronology. We also analyzed vegetation and soil samples from the watershed which has a small ratio of watershed area to lake surface area (2.06). The Hg flux remains constant from ~1350 to 1850 before increasing steadily to modern values that are approximately four times pre-1850 values. The modern Hg isotopic composition preserved in the sediments is distinct from the Hg isotopic composition of pre-1850 samples with both δ202Hg and Δ199Hg becoming progressively more positive through time, with shifts of +0.37‰ and +0.23‰ respectively. To explain temporal changes in δ202Hg, Δ199Hg, and Hg concentration in the core segments, we estimated a present-day atmospheric endmember based on precipitation and snow samples collected near Lost Lake. The observed change in Hg isotopic values through time cannot be explained solely by addition of anthropogenic Hg with the isotopic composition that has been estimated by others for global anthropogenic emissions. Instead, the isotope variation suggests that the relative importance of redox transformations, whether in the atmosphere, within the lake, or both, have changed since 1850.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Y Kurz
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Joel D Blum
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Spencer J Washburn
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Mark Baskaran
- Department of Geology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
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10
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Guédron S, Tolu J, Brisset E, Sabatier P, Perrot V, Bouchet S, Develle AL, Bindler R, Cossa D, Fritz SC, Baker PA. Late Holocene volcanic and anthropogenic mercury deposition in the western Central Andes (Lake Chungará, Chile). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 662:903-914. [PMID: 30708305 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Volcanism is one of the major natural processes emitting mercury (Hg) to the atmosphere, representing a significant component of the global Hg budget. The importance of volcanic eruptions for local-scale Hg deposition was investigated using analyses of Hg, inorganic elemental tracers, and organic biomarkers in a sediment sequence from Lake Chungará (4520 m a.s.l.). Environmental change and Hg deposition in the immediate vicinity of the Parinacota volcano were reconstructed over the last 2700 years, encompassing the pre-anthropogenic and anthropogenic periods. Twenty eruptions delivering large amounts of Hg (1 to 457 μg Hg m-2 yr-1 deposited at the timescale of the event) were locally recorded. Peaks of Hg concentration recorded after most of the eruptions were attributed to a decrease in sedimentation rate together with the rapid re-oxidation of gaseous elemental Hg and deposition with fine particles and incorporation into lake primary producers. Over the study period, the contribution of volcanic emissions has been estimated as 32% of the total Hg input to the lake. Sharp depletions in primary production occurred at each eruption, likely resulting from massive volcaniclastic inputs and changes in the lake-water physico-chemistry. Excluding the volcanic deposition periods, Hg accumulation rates rose from natural background values (1.9 ± 0.5 μg m-2 yr-1) by a factor of 2.3 during the pre-colonial mining period (1400-900 yr cal. BP), and by a factor of 6 and 7.6, respectively, during the Hispanic colonial epoch (400-150 yr cal. BP) and the industrial era (~140 yr cal. BP to present). Altogether, the dataset indicates that lake primary production has been the main, but not limiting, carrier for Hg to the sediment. Volcanic activity and climate change are only secondary drivers of local Hg deposition relative to the magnitude of regional and global anthropogenic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Guédron
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTerre, 38000 Grenoble, France; Laboratorio de Hidroquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Mayor de San Andres, Campus Universitario de Cota Cota, casilla 3161, La Paz, Bolivia.
| | - J Tolu
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Sweden; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland and ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - E Brisset
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTerre, 38000 Grenoble, France; IPHES, Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, Tarragona, Spain; Àrea de Prehistòria, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - P Sabatier
- Environnement, Dynamique et Territoires de Montagne (EDYTEM), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, 73373 Le Bourget du Lac, France
| | - V Perrot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTerre, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - S Bouchet
- LCABIE - Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement, IPREM UMR 5254, CNRS et Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Hélioparc, F-64053 Pau, France; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland and ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A L Develle
- Environnement, Dynamique et Territoires de Montagne (EDYTEM), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, 73373 Le Bourget du Lac, France
| | - R Bindler
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - D Cossa
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTerre, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - S C Fritz
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - P A Baker
- Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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11
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Coufalík P, Krmíček L, Zvěřina O, Meszarosová N, Hladil J, Komárek J. Model of Mercury Flux Associated with Volcanic Activity. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 101:549-553. [PMID: 30167763 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2430-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Volcanic activity is one of the primary sources of mercury in the earth's ecosystem. In this work, volcanic rocks from four geotectonically distinct localities (the Czech Republic - intraplate, rift-related alkaline basaltic rocks; Iceland - hotspot/rift-related tholeiitic basaltic rocks; Japan - island arc calc-alkaline andesites; and Alaska - continental arc calc-alkaline dacites) were studied. Ultra-trace Hg contents in all samples ranged from 0.3 up to 6 µg/kg. The highest Hg content was determined for volcanic ash from Mount Redoubt (Alaska, USA). In the case of basaltic volcanic rocks, the obtained results are about two orders of magnitude smaller than values formerly assumed for primary mercury contents in basaltic lavas. They are close to predicted Hg contents in the mantle source, i.e. below 0.5 µg/kg. Hg degassing is probably a key process for the resulting Hg contents in material ejected during volcanic eruption, which is previously enriched by Hg in the shallow-crust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Coufalík
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, 60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Krmíček
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Veveří 95, 60200, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Geology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, 16500, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
- Department of Geological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondřej Zvěřina
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Natália Meszarosová
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Hladil
- Institute of Geology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, 16500, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Komárek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
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12
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Outridge PM, Mason RP, Wang F, Guerrero S, Heimbürger-Boavida LE. Updated Global and Oceanic Mercury Budgets for the United Nations Global Mercury Assessment 2018. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11466-11477. [PMID: 30226054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In support of international efforts to reduce mercury (Hg) exposure in humans and wildlife, this paper reviews the literature concerning global Hg emissions, cycling and fate, and presents revised global and oceanic Hg budgets for the 2018 United Nations Global Mercury Assessment. We assessed two competing scenarios about the impacts of 16th - late 19th century New World silver (Ag) mining, which may be the largest human source of atmospheric Hg in history. Consideration of Ag ore geochemistry, historical documents on Hg use, and comparison of the scenarios against atmospheric Hg patterns in environmental archives, strongly support a "low mining emission" scenario. Building upon this scenario and other published work, the revised global budget estimates human activities including recycled legacy emissions have increased current atmospheric Hg concentrations by about 450% above natural levels (prevailing before 1450 AD). Current anthropogenic emissions to air are 2.5 ± 0.5 kt/y. The increase in atmospheric Hg concentrations has driven a ∼ 300% average increase in deposition, and a 230% increase in surface marine waters. Deeper marine waters show increases of only 12-25%. The overall increase in Hg in surface organic soils (∼15%) is small due to the large mass of natural Hg already present from rock weathering, but this figure varies regionally. Specific research recommendations are made to reduce uncertainties, particularly through improved understanding of fundamental processes of the Hg cycle, and continued improvements in emissions inventories from large natural and anthropogenic sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Outridge
- Geological Survey of Canada , Natural Resources Canada , 601 Booth St. , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0E8 , Canada
- Center for Earth Observation Science and Department of Environment and Geography , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba R3T 2N2 , Canada
| | - R P Mason
- Department of Marine Sciences , University of Connecticut , 1080 Shennecossett Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - F Wang
- Center for Earth Observation Science and Department of Environment and Geography , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Manitoba R3T 2N2 , Canada
| | - S Guerrero
- Universidad Metropolitana, Autopista Caracas Guarenas , Caracas 1073 , Venezuela
| | - L E Heimbürger-Boavida
- Aix Marseille Université , CNRS/INSU, Université de Toulon, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO) UM 110, 13288 , Marseille , France
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13
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Treu G, Krone O, Unnsteinsdóttir ER, Greenwood AD, Czirják GÁ. Correlations between hair and tissue mercury concentrations in Icelandic arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:1589-1598. [PMID: 29107366 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring organic pollutants in wildlife is a common approach to evaluate environmental health, chemical exposure and to make hazard assessments. However, pollutant concentrations measured from different tissue types among studies impede direct comparisons of levels and toxicity benchmarks among species and regions. For example, mercury (Hg) is a metal of both natural and anthropogenic origin which poses health risks for marine and arctic biota in particular. Although hair is recognized as the least invasive sample type for Hg exposure measurement in wildlife, measurements in previous studies have used different tissues among individuals and species. This lack of tissue type consistency hinders cross study comparisons. Therefore to systematically evaluate the use of hair in ecotoxicological studies, total mercury (THg) concentrations measured from hair were compared to values obtained from liver and kidney in 35 Icelandic arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus). THg concentrations varied considerably among tissues with hair and kidney levels generally lower than in liver. Nevertheless, significant correlations among tissue types were observed. THg values in hair were predictive for liver (R2=0.61) and kidney THg levels (R2=0.51) and liver values were a good predictor of THg in kidney (R2=0.77). We provide further evidence that non-invasively collected hair samples reflect the THg levels of internal tissues. We present equations derived from multiple linear regression models that can be used to relate THg levels among tissue types in order to extrapolate THg values from hair to soft tissues. Using these equations, we compare the results of previous studies monitoring THg levels in different tissues of arctic foxes from various regions of the Arctic. Our findings support that hair is a suitable sample matrix for ecotoxicological studies of arctic predators and may be applied in both wildlife welfare and conservation contexts for arctic vulpine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Treu
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Oliver Krone
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Alex D Greenwood
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gábor Á Czirják
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany.
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14
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Sun R, Hintelmann H, Liu Y, Li X, Dimock B. Two Centuries of Coral Skeletons from the Northern South China Sea Record Mercury Emissions from Modern Chinese Wars. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:5481-5488. [PMID: 27174679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The contemporary mercury (Hg) cycle in the world's oceans has been greatly affected by human activities. However, we are still lacking reliable, long-term, and continuous records of Hg in seawater. Here, we report for the first time on using annually banded Porites coral skeletons from the northern South China Sea (SCS) as an archive for recording changes of seawater dissolved Hg spanning the past two centuries. We developed a combustion-trapping method to preconcentrate ultratrace Hg concentrations from coral aragonitic skeletons for highly accurate total Hg measurements. Results show that Hg in the coral skeletons ranges from 0.3 to 5.1 pmol/g and is discriminated against Ca during coral skeletal calcification. Preindustrial (1798-1832) Hg levels in coral skeletons were found to be approximately 0.5 pmol/g. The highest Hg concentrations (3-5 pmol/g) were observed during the WWII period (1933-1942). Other distinct Hg maxima (∼3 pmol/g) are observed for the periods 1833-1847, 1858-1862, 1918-1927, 1978-1982, and 1988-1992, with the first four coinciding with contemporary Chinese wars. Our study suggests that the production and use of ammunitions in those wars likely account for the primary Hg emission sources in the northern SCS before 1950, and coral is potentially a robust indicator of historical, regional Hg contamination events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University , 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Holger Hintelmann
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University , 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Yi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Brian Dimock
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University , 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
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15
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Enrico M, Roux GL, Marusczak N, Heimbürger LE, Claustres A, Fu X, Sun R, Sonke JE. Atmospheric Mercury Transfer to Peat Bogs Dominated by Gaseous Elemental Mercury Dry Deposition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:2405-12. [PMID: 26849121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) is the dominant form of mercury in the atmosphere. Its conversion into oxidized gaseous and particulate forms is thought to drive atmospheric mercury wet deposition to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, where it can be subsequently transformed into toxic methylmercury. The contribution of mercury dry deposition is however largely unconstrained. Here we examine mercury mass balance and mercury stable isotope composition in a peat bog ecosystem. We find that isotope signatures of living sphagnum moss (Δ(199)Hg = -0.11 ± 0.09‰, Δ(200)Hg = 0.03 ± 0.02‰, 1σ) and recently accumulated peat (Δ(199)Hg = -0.22 ± 0.06‰, Δ(200)Hg = 0.00 ± 0.04‰, 1σ) are characteristic of GEM (Δ(199)Hg = -0.17 ± 0.07‰, Δ(200)Hg = -0.05 ± 0.02‰, 1σ), and differs from wet deposition (Δ(199)Hg = 0.73 ± 0.15‰, Δ(200)Hg = 0.21 ± 0.04‰, 1σ). Sphagnum covered during three years by transparent and opaque surfaces, which eliminate wet deposition, continue to accumulate Hg. Sphagnum Hg isotope signatures indicate accumulation to take place by GEM dry deposition, and indicate little photochemical re-emission. We estimate that atmospheric mercury deposition to the peat bog surface is dominated by GEM dry deposition (79%) rather than wet deposition (21%). Consequently, peat deposits are potential records of past atmospheric GEM concentrations and isotopic composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Enrico
- ECOLAB, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, France; ENSAT, Avenue de l'Agrobiopole, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
- Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratoire Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS/IRD/Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III , 14 avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Gaël Le Roux
- ECOLAB, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, France; ENSAT, Avenue de l'Agrobiopole, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Nicolas Marusczak
- Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratoire Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS/IRD/Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III , 14 avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Lars-Eric Heimbürger
- Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratoire Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS/IRD/Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III , 14 avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Adrien Claustres
- ECOLAB, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, France; ENSAT, Avenue de l'Agrobiopole, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Xuewu Fu
- Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratoire Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS/IRD/Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III , 14 avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Ruoyu Sun
- Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratoire Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS/IRD/Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III , 14 avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Jeroen E Sonke
- Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratoire Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, CNRS/IRD/Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III , 14 avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
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