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Miserez A, Yu J, Mohammadi P. Protein-Based Biological Materials: Molecular Design and Artificial Production. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2049-2111. [PMID: 36692900 PMCID: PMC9999432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric materials produced from fossil fuels have been intimately linked to the development of industrial activities in the 20th century and, consequently, to the transformation of our way of living. While this has brought many benefits, the fabrication and disposal of these materials is bringing enormous sustainable challenges. Thus, materials that are produced in a more sustainable fashion and whose degradation products are harmless to the environment are urgently needed. Natural biopolymers─which can compete with and sometimes surpass the performance of synthetic polymers─provide a great source of inspiration. They are made of natural chemicals, under benign environmental conditions, and their degradation products are harmless. Before these materials can be synthetically replicated, it is essential to elucidate their chemical design and biofabrication. For protein-based materials, this means obtaining the complete sequences of the proteinaceous building blocks, a task that historically took decades of research. Thus, we start this review with a historical perspective on early efforts to obtain the primary sequences of load-bearing proteins, followed by the latest developments in sequencing and proteomic technologies that have greatly accelerated sequencing of extracellular proteins. Next, four main classes of protein materials are presented, namely fibrous materials, bioelastomers exhibiting high reversible deformability, hard bulk materials, and biological adhesives. In each class, we focus on the design at the primary and secondary structure levels and discuss their interplays with the mechanical response. We finally discuss earlier and the latest research to artificially produce protein-based materials using biotechnology and synthetic biology, including current developments by start-up companies to scale-up the production of proteinaceous materials in an economically viable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Miserez
- Center for Sustainable Materials (SusMat), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore637553.,School of Biological Sciences, NTU, Singapore637551
| | - Jing Yu
- Center for Sustainable Materials (SusMat), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore637553.,Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science (IDMxS), NTU, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore637553
| | - Pezhman Mohammadi
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Espoo, UusimaaFI-02044, Finland
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2
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He LS, Zhang G, Wang Y, Yan GY, Qian PY. Toward understanding barnacle cementing by characterization of one cement protein-100kDa in Amphibalanus amphitrite. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:969-975. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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von Byern J, Grunwald I, Kosok M, Saporito RA, Dicke U, Wetjen O, Thiel K, Borcherding K, Kowalik T, Marchetti-Deschmann M. Chemical characterization of the adhesive secretions of the salamander Plethodon shermani (Caudata, Plethodontidae). Sci Rep 2017; 7:6647. [PMID: 28751633 PMCID: PMC5532285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05473-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Salamanders have developed a wide variety of antipredator mechanisms, including tail autotomy, colour patterns, and noxious skin secretions. As an addition to these tactics, the red-legged salamander (Plethodon shermani) uses adhesive secretions as part of its defensive strategy. The high bonding strength, the fast-curing nature, and the composition of the biobased materials makes salamander adhesives interesting for practical applications in the medical sector. To understand the adhesive secretions of P. shermani, its components were chemically analysed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), amino acid analysis, and spectroscopy (ATR-IR, Raman). In addition, proteins were separated by gel-electrophoresis and selected spots were characterised by peptide mass fingerprinting. The salamander secretion contains a high amount of water and predominantly proteins (around 77% in the dry stage). The gel-electrophoresis and peptide mass fingerprint analyses revealed a de novo set of peptides/proteins, largely with a pI between 5.0 and 8.0 and a molecular mass distribution between 10 and 170 kDa. Only low homologies with other proteins present in known databases could be identified. The results indicate that the secretions of the salamander Plethodon clearly differ chemically from those shown for other glue-producing terrestrial or marine species and thus represent a unique glue system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janek von Byern
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200, Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Life Science, Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingo Grunwald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials (IFAM), Department of Adhesive Bonding Technology and Surfaces, Adhesives and Polymer Chemistry, Wiener Straße 12, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Max Kosok
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Karlsplatz 13, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralph A Saporito
- John Carroll University, Department of Biology, University Heights, Ohio, 44118, USA
| | - Ursula Dicke
- University of Bremen, Brain Research Institute, Department of Behavioral Physiology, Bibliothekstraße 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Oliver Wetjen
- University of Bremen, Brain Research Institute, Department of Behavioral Physiology, Bibliothekstraße 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Karsten Thiel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials (IFAM), Department of Adhesive Bonding Technology and Surfaces, Adhesives and Polymer Chemistry, Wiener Straße 12, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Kai Borcherding
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials (IFAM), Department of Adhesive Bonding Technology and Surfaces, Adhesives and Polymer Chemistry, Wiener Straße 12, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Thomas Kowalik
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials (IFAM), Department of Adhesive Bonding Technology and Surfaces, Adhesives and Polymer Chemistry, Wiener Straße 12, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Martina Marchetti-Deschmann
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Karlsplatz 13, 1040, Vienna, Austria
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So CR, Scancella JM, Fears KP, Essock-Burns T, Haynes SE, Leary DH, Diana Z, Wang C, North S, Oh CS, Wang Z, Orihuela B, Rittschof D, Spillmann CM, Wahl KJ. Oxidase Activity of the Barnacle Adhesive Interface Involves Peroxide-Dependent Catechol Oxidase and Lysyl Oxidase Enzymes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:11493-11505. [PMID: 28273414 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidases are found to play a growing role in providing functional chemistry to marine adhesives for the permanent attachment of macrofouling organisms. Here, we demonstrate active peroxidase and lysyl oxidase enzymes in the adhesive layer of adult Amphibalanus amphitrite barnacles through live staining, proteomic analysis, and competitive enzyme assays on isolated cement. A novel full-length peroxinectin (AaPxt-1) secreted by barnacles is largely responsible for oxidizing phenolic chemistries; AaPxt-1 is driven by native hydrogen peroxide in the adhesive and oxidizes phenolic substrates typically preferred by phenoloxidases (POX) such as laccase and tyrosinase. A major cement protein component AaCP43 is found to contain ketone/aldehyde modifications via 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) derivatization, also called Brady's reagent, of cement proteins and immunoblotting with an anti-DNPH antibody. Our work outlines the landscape of molt-related oxidative pathways exposed to barnacle cement proteins, where ketone- and aldehyde-forming oxidases use peroxide intermediates to modify major cement components such as AaCP43.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Beatriz Orihuela
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University Marine Laboratory , Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, United States
| | - Dan Rittschof
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University Marine Laboratory , Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, United States
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Dimartino S, Savory DM, Fraser-Miller SJ, Gordon KC, McQuillan AJ. Microscopic and infrared spectroscopic comparison of the underwater adhesives produced by germlings of the brown seaweed species Durvillaea antarctica and Hormosira banksii. J R Soc Interface 2016; 13:20151083. [PMID: 27122179 PMCID: PMC4874429 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2015.1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesives from marine organisms are often the source of inspiration for the development of glues able to create durable bonds in wet environments. In this work, we investigated the adhesive secretions produced by germlings of two large seaweed species from the South Pacific, Durvillaea antarctica, also named 'the strongest kelp in the word', and its close relative Hormosira banksii The comparative analysis was based on optical and scanning electron microscopy imaging as well as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and principal component analysis (PCA). For both species, the egg surface presents peripheral vesicles which are released soon after fertilization to discharge a primary adhesive. This is characterized by peaks representative of carbohydrate molecules. A secondary protein-based adhesive is then secreted in the early developmental stages of the germlings. Energy dispersive X-ray, FTIR and PCA indicate that D. antarctica secretions also contain sulfated moieties, and become cross-linked with time, both conferring strong adhesive and cohesive properties. On the other hand, H. banksii secretions are complemented by the putative adhesive phlorotannins, and are characterized by a simple mechanism in which all constituents are released with the same rate and with no apparent cross-linking. It is also noted that the release of adhesive materials appears to be faster and more copious in D. antarctica than in H. banksii Overall, this study highlights that both quantity and quality of the adhesives matter in explaining the superior attachment ability of D. antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Dimartino
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - David M Savory
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Sara J Fraser-Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand The Dodd-Walls Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Keith C Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand The Dodd-Walls Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - A James McQuillan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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6
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Jonker JL, Morrison L, Lynch EP, Grunwald I, von Byern J, Power AM. The chemistry of stalked barnacle adhesive (Lepas anatifera). Interface Focus 2015; 5:20140062. [PMID: 25657841 PMCID: PMC4275876 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2014.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of the first chemical analysis of the adhesive of Lepas anatifera, a stalked barnacle, are presented. A variety of elements were identified in scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) of the adhesive, including Na, Mg, Ca, Cl, S, Al, Si, K and Fe; however, protein-metal interactions were not detected in Raman spectra of the adhesive. Elemental signatures from SEM-EDS of L. anatifera adhesive glands were less varied. Phosphorous was mostly absent in adhesive samples; supporting previous studies showing that phosphoserines do not play a significant role in adult barnacle adhesion. Disulfide bridges arising from Cys dimers were also investigated; Raman analysis showed weak evidence for S-S bonds in L. anatifera. In addition, there was no calcium carbonate signal in the attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectra of L. anatifera adhesive, unlike several previous studies in other barnacle species. Significant differences were observed between the Raman spectra of L. anatifera and Balanus crenatus; these and a range of Raman peaks in the L. anatifera adhesive are discussed. Polysaccharide was detected in L. anatifera adhesive but the significance of this awaits further experiments. The results demonstrate some of the diversity within barnacle species in the chemistry of their adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimie-Leigh Jonker
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - Liam Morrison
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
| | - Edward P. Lynch
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
- Department of Mineral Resources, Geological Survey of Sweden, 75128 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingo Grunwald
- Department Adhesive Bonding and Surfaces, Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials (IFAM), Group BioInspired Materials, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Janek von Byern
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anne Marie Power
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Republic of Ireland
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Jonker JL, Abram F, Pires E, Varela Coelho A, Grunwald I, Power AM. Adhesive proteins of stalked and acorn barnacles display homology with low sequence similarities. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108902. [PMID: 25295513 PMCID: PMC4189950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Barnacle adhesion underwater is an important phenomenon to understand for the prevention of biofouling and potential biotechnological innovations, yet so far, identifying what makes barnacle glue proteins ‘sticky’ has proved elusive. Examination of a broad range of species within the barnacles may be instructive to identify conserved adhesive domains. We add to extensive information from the acorn barnacles (order Sessilia) by providing the first protein analysis of a stalked barnacle adhesive, Lepas anatifera (order Lepadiformes). It was possible to separate the L. anatifera adhesive into at least 10 protein bands using SDS-PAGE. Intense bands were present at approximately 30, 70, 90 and 110 kilodaltons (kDa). Mass spectrometry for protein identification was followed by de novo sequencing which detected 52 peptides of 7–16 amino acids in length. None of the peptides matched published or unpublished transcriptome sequences, but some amino acid sequence similarity was apparent between L. anatifera and closely-related Dosima fascicularis. Antibodies against two acorn barnacle proteins (ab-cp-52k and ab-cp-68k) showed cross-reactivity in the adhesive glands of L. anatifera. We also analysed the similarity of adhesive proteins across several barnacle taxa, including Pollicipes pollicipes (a stalked barnacle in the order Scalpelliformes). Sequence alignment of published expressed sequence tags clearly indicated that P. pollicipes possesses homologues for the 19 kDa and 100 kDa proteins in acorn barnacles. Homology aside, sequence similarity in amino acid and gene sequences tended to decline as taxonomic distance increased, with minimum similarities of 18–26%, depending on the gene. The results indicate that some adhesive proteins (e.g. 100 kDa) are more conserved within barnacles than others (20 kDa).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimie-Leigh Jonker
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Florence Abram
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Elisabete Pires
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Varela Coelho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ingo Grunwald
- Department of Adhesive Bonding and Surfaces, Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials, Bremen, Germany
| | - Anne Marie Power
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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8
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Zheden V, Klepal W, von Byern J, Bogner FR, Thiel K, Kowalik T, Grunwald I. Biochemical analyses of the cement float of the goose barnacle Dosima fascicularis--a preliminary study. BIOFOULING 2014; 30:949-963. [PMID: 25237772 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2014.954557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The goose barnacle Dosima fascicularis produces an excessive amount of adhesive (cement), which has a double function, being used for attachment to various substrata and also as a float (buoy). This paper focuses on the chemical composition of the cement, which has a water content of 92%. Scanning electron microscopy with EDX was used to measure the organic elements C, O and N in the foam-like cement. Vibrational spectroscopy (FTIR, Raman) provided further information about the overall secondary structure, which tended towards a β-sheet. Disulphide bonds could not be detected by Raman spectroscopy. The cystine, methionine, histidine and tryptophan contents were each below 1% in the cement. Analyses of the cement revealed a protein content of 84% and a total carbohydrate content of 1.5% in the dry cement. The amino acid composition, 1D/2D-PAGE and MS/MS sequence analysis revealed a de novo set of peptides/proteins with low homologies with other proteins such as the barnacle cement proteins, largely with an acidic pI between 3.5 and 6.0. The biochemical composition of the cement of D. fascicularis is similar to that of other barnacles, but it shows interesting variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Zheden
- a University of Vienna, Faculty of Life Sciences, Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research , Vienna , Austria
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9
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Ahmed N, Murosaki T, Kurokawa T, Kakugo A, Yashima S, Nogata Y, Gong JP. Prolonged morphometric study of barnacles grown on soft substrata of hydrogels and elastomers. BIOFOULING 2014; 30:271-279. [PMID: 24447274 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2013.863280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A long-term investigation of the shell shape and the basal morphology of barnacles grown on tough, double-network (DN) hydrogels and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer was conducted in a laboratory environment. The elastic modulus of these soft substrata varied between 0.01 and 0.47 MPa. Polystyrene (PS) (elastic modulus, 3 GPa) was used as a hard substratum control. It was found that the shell shape and the basal plate morphology of barnacles were different on the rigid PS substratum compared to the soft substrata of PDMS and DN hydrogels. Barnacles on the PS substratum had a truncated cone shape with a flat basal plate while on soft PDMS and DN gels, barnacles had a pseudo-cylindrical shape and their basal plates showed curvature. In addition, a large adhesive layer was observed under barnacles on PDMS, but not on DN gels. The effect of substratum stiffness is discussed in terms of barnacle muscle contraction, whereby the relative stiffness of the substratum compared to that of the muscle is considered as the key parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafees Ahmed
- a Laboratory of Soft & Wet Matter, Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Japan
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10
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Burden DK, Spillmann CM, Everett RK, Barlow DE, Orihuela B, Deschamps JR, Fears KP, Rittschof D, Wahl KJ. Growth and development of the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite: time and spatially resolved structure and chemistry of the base plate. BIOFOULING 2014; 30:799-812. [PMID: 25115515 PMCID: PMC4159999 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2014.930736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The radial growth and advancement of the adhesive interface to the substratum of many species of acorn barnacles occurs underwater and beneath an opaque, calcified shell. Here, the time-dependent growth processes involving various autofluorescent materials within the interface of live barnacles are imaged for the first time using 3D time-lapse confocal microscopy. Key features of the interface development in the striped barnacle, Amphibalanus (= Balanus) amphitrite were resolved in situ and include advancement of the barnacle/substratum interface, epicuticle membrane development, protein secretion, and calcification. Microscopic and spectroscopic techniques provide ex situ material identification of regions imaged by confocal microscopy. In situ and ex situ analysis of the interface support the hypothesis that barnacle interface development is a complex process coupling sequential, timed secretory events and morphological changes. This results in a multi-layered interface that concomitantly fulfills the roles of strongly adhering to a substratum while permitting continuous molting and radial growth at the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Burden
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Richard K. Everett
- Materials Science & Technology Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Daniel E. Barlow
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey R. Deschamps
- Center for Biomolecular Sciences & Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kenan P. Fears
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Kathryn J. Wahl
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
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11
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Liu Y, Ogorzalek TL, Yang P, Schroeder MM, Marsh ENG, Chen Z. Molecular Orientation of Enzymes Attached to Surfaces through Defined Chemical Linkages at the Solid–Liquid Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:12660-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja403672s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Tadeusz L. Ogorzalek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Pei Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - McKenna M. Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - E. Neil G. Marsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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12
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Petrone L. Molecular surface chemistry in marine bioadhesion. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 195-196:1-18. [PMID: 23623000 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the in situ molecular physicochemical characterisation of bioadhesives at solid/liquid interfaces, with the aim of elucidating the adhesion strategies that lie at the root of marine biofouling. It focuses on three major foulers: mussels, algae and barnacles. The dispersal of these organisms, their colonisation of surfaces, and ultimately their survival rely critically on the ability of the organisms' larvae or spores to locate a favourable settlement site and undergo metamorphosis, thus initiating their sessile existence. Differences in the composition of adhesive secretions and the strategies employed for their temporary or permanent implementation exists between the larval and adult life stages. To date, only a few adhesive secretions from marine fouling organisms have been adequately described in terms of their chemical composition, and a survey revealed the presence of certain recurrent functional groups, specifically catechol, carboxylate, monoester-sulphate and -phosphate. This review will describe the binding modes of such functionalities to wet mineral/metal oxides surfaces. Such functionalities will be ranked based on their ability to bind to hydrophilic surfaces replacing surface-bound water (Langmuir adsorption constant) as well as other adsorbates (competitive adsorption). A plausible explanation for the propensity of the reviewed adhesive functionalities to bind to hydrous metal oxide surfaces will be given on the basis of the Hard and Soft Acids and Bases principle, Hofmeister effects and entropic considerations. From the in situ analysis of marine organism bioadhesives and adsorption studies of functionalities relevant to the bioadhesion process, insights can be gleaned for a knowledge-based innovation of antifouling strategies and the synthesis of strong, durable adhesive materials, which are suitable for implementation in wet environments.
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13
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Burden DK, Barlow DE, Spillmann CM, Orihuela B, Rittschof D, Everett RK, Wahl KJ. Barnacle Balanus amphitrite adheres by a stepwise cementing process. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:13364-13372. [PMID: 22721507 DOI: 10.1021/la301695m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Barnacles adhere permanently to surfaces by secreting and curing a thin interfacial adhesive underwater. Here, we show that the acorn barnacle Balanus amphitrite adheres by a two-step fluid secretion process, both contributing to adhesion. We found that, as barnacles grow, the first barnacle cement secretion (BCS1) is released at the periphery of the expanding base plate. Subsequently, a second, autofluorescent fluid (BCS2) is released. We show that secretion of BCS2 into the interface results, on average, in a 2-fold increase in adhesive strength over adhesion by BCS1 alone. The two secretions are distinguishable both spatially and temporally, and differ in morphology, protein conformation, and chemical functionality. The short time window for BCS2 secretion relative to the overall area increase demonstrates that it has a disproportionate, surprisingly powerful, impact on adhesion. The dramatic change in adhesion occurs without measurable changes in interface thickness and total protein content. A fracture mechanics analysis suggests the interfacial material's modulus or work of adhesion, or both, were substantially increased after BCS2 secretion. Addition of BCS2 into the interface generates highly networked amyloid-like fibrils and enhanced phenolic content. Both intertwined fibers and phenolic chemistries may contribute to mechanical stability of the interface through physically or chemically anchoring interface proteins to the substrate and intermolecular interactions. Our experiments point to the need to reexamine the role of phenolic components in barnacle adhesion, long discounted despite their prevalence in structural membranes of arthropods and crustaceans, as they may contribute to chemical processes that strengthen adhesion through intermolecular cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Burden
- Chemistry Division, Code 6176, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5342, USA
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