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Vowell T, Manley ME, Ho JR, Watanabe S, Melzer MJ. Impact of metal salts on the survival, development, and oviposition behavior of coconut rhinoceros beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 3:1157769. [PMID: 38469476 PMCID: PMC10926521 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1157769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is an invasive pest of palms in the Pacific Region, including Hawaii, for which limited management options are available. O. rhinoceros larvae develop in materials rich in organic materials such as green waste and animal manure. Biosolid waste within Hawaii's infestation zone, however, was determined to inhospitable to O. rhinoceros. To determine if the elevated metal salts present in the biosolid waste was responsible for this observation, O. rhinoceros life stages were acutely and chronically exposed to several metal salts at increasing concentrations to determine the impact of these salts on survival, development, and oviposition behavior. Acute (7 days) exposure to mulch rehydrated in solutions of CaCl2, KCl, MgCl2, or NaCl increasing in concentration from 0 to 0.7 M resulted in increased mortality, with concentrations > 0.5 M generally being 100% lethal to both first and second-instar larvae. A similar trend in survival was observed in subsequent experiments using a horticultural grade of Epsom salt (MgSO4) at 1×, 2×, and 5× the recommended application rate. Chronic exposure (eggs reared on mulch through pupation) to Epsom salt at these same rates resulted in significantly delayed instar development and reduced adult biometrics at both 1× and 2× levels. Similar to the acute exposure, eggs exposed to 5× levels did not hatch, or the first instar died soon after emergence. In choice experiments, gravid females showed no oviposition preference for media hydrated with water or 2× Epsom salt but did avoid ovipositing in mulch rehydrated in 5× Epsom salt. These trials demonstrate a potentially novel approach to managing pest populations of O. rhinoceros.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael J. Melzer
- Agrosecurity Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai’i, Honolulu, HI, United States
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Caasi JAS, Guerrero AL, Yoon K, Aquino LJC, Moore A, Oh H, Rychtář J, Taylor D. A mathematical model of invasion and control of coconut rhinoceros beetle Oryctes rhinoceros (L.) in Guam. J Theor Biol 2023; 570:111525. [PMID: 37207719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB), is one of the most damaging pests to coconut palms causing severe economic harm. Its expansion from Asia to the Pacific in the early 20th century has been stopped by virus control. However, a new haplotype CRB-Guam has recently escaped this control and invaded Guam, other Pacific islands, and has even established itself in the Western Hemisphere. In this paper, we present a compartmental ODE model of CRB population and control. We carefully consider CRB life stages and its interplay with coconut palms as well as "the green waste", the organic matters used by CRB for breeding sites. We calibrate and validate the model based on data count of CRBs trapped in Guam between 2008 and 2014. We derive the basic reproduction number determining the CRB population growth without any control measures. We also identify control levels required to eliminate CRBs. We show that, in the absence of viable virus control, the sanitation, i.e., the removal of the green waste is the most efficient way to control the population. Our model predicts that the sanitation efforts need to roughly double from the current levels to eliminate CRB from Guam. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a rare event like Typhoon Dolphin that hit Guam in 2015 can lead to a quick rise of the CRB population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovic Aaron S Caasi
- Division of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU, 96923, USA.
| | - Alex Leon Guerrero
- St. John's School, Tamuning, GU 96913, USA; School of Engineering, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU 96923, USA(1).
| | - Kangsan Yoon
- Harvest Christian Academy, Barrigada, GU 96921, USA.
| | | | - Aubrey Moore
- Division of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU 96923, USA.
| | - Hyunju Oh
- Division of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU, 96923, USA.
| | - Jan Rychtář
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Dewey Taylor
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
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Wang S, Lu Y, Han M, Li L, He P, Shi A, Bai M. Using MaxEnt Model to Predict the Potential Distribution of Three Potentially Invasive Scarab Beetles in China. INSECTS 2023; 14:239. [PMID: 36975924 PMCID: PMC10054099 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A hot topic in recent years is the prediction of the potential distribution of possible invasive insects. China is facing a great challenge due to invasive insects. Scarab beetles are a highly diverse group, and many of them are well-known invasive insects. Here, in order to prevent the invasion of scarab beetles in China, we screened the invasive insects globally and obtained a preliminary database of quarantine or invasive scarab beetles. From the obtained database, we selected the top five species (Popillia japonica, Heteronychus arator, Oryctes monoceros, Oryctes boas and Amphimallon majale) to discuss and analyzed the potential distribution of three species that have not invaded China by using the MaxEnt model. The prediction results show that every continent has potential distribution areas for these species. Specifically within China, Popillia japonica and Amphimallon majale were mainly concentrated in east central regions and Heteronychus arator and Oryctes boas were mainly distributed in the southwest areas, while Oryctes monoceros has no suitable area. Notably, Yunnan, Hunan, Jiangxi and Zhejiang province had a high risk of invasion. In general, local agriculture, forestry and customs departments in China should pay more attention to monitoring for the prevention of infestation by invasive insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyi Wang
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mengyang Han
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Lulu Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ping He
- Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Aimin Shi
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Ming Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
- Northeast Asia Biodiversity Research Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Aidoo OF, Hao M, Ding F, Wang D, Jiang D, Ma T, Qian Y, Tettey E, Yankey N, Dadzie Ninsin K, Borgemeister C. The Impact of Climate Change on Potential Invasion Risk of Oryctes monoceros Worldwide. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.895906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a significant threat to agriculture, pests have caused a great disservice to crop production and food security. Understanding the mechanisms of pests’ outbreaks and invasion is critical in giving sound suggestions on their control and prevention strategies. The African rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes monoceros (Olivier), as the most damaging pest of palms, banana, sugarcane, and pineapple, severely threatens their production due to its ability to kill both young and matured hosts. Analyzing the effect of climate change on major parameters of O. monoceros life history has been an important issue recently, given its sensitivity to thermal conditions. However, information on how climate change alters geographical distribution of O. monoceros is poorly understood. By combining environmental variables and occurrence records, we were able to assess environmental risk factors for O. monoceros and create risk maps for the pest using the Boosted Regression Tree model. Our results significance of environmental variables showed that the annual temperature variation (39.45%), seasonality of temperature (23.00%), the isothermality (18.76%), precipitation of the hottest quarter months (6.07%), average variation of day time temperature (3.27%), were relatively important environmental factors that affected the distribution O. monoceros. We also found that the projected potential distributions of the pest’s habitats in all future global warming scenarios exceeded its present known distribution. The model predicts that habitat suitability for O. monoceros is predominantly concentrated along Africa’s west and east coastlines, Asia’s south coasts, South America’s north and east coasts, and a few locations spread over North America’s southern coasts and coastal regions. These outputs provide a solid theoretical foundation for O. monoceros risk evaluations and control.
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Paudel S, Marshall SDG, Richards NK, Hazelman G, Tanielu P, Jackson TA. Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle in Samoa: Review of a Century-Old Invasion and Prospects for Control in a Changing Future. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13050487. [PMID: 35621822 PMCID: PMC9145595 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB) is one of the major pests of coconut and oil palms in the Asia-Pacific region. Since its accidental introduction in Samoa in 1909, the invasive CRB has spread to several countries and territories within the Pacific and Indian Oceans, severely damaging coconut palms and affecting peoples’ livelihoods. In the 100 years since CRB established on Samoa, it remains the primary pest on the island with periods of heavy damage when integrated pest management (IPM) breaks down. The Samoan case is an excellent example of implementing biocontrol and IPM in a dynamic Pacific environment. As society and the economics of production in Samoa have changed, the level of control has varied, with recent concern about surges of the pest. The review synthesizes historical lessons and provide recommendations on how to protect coconut palms in the changing environment of Samoa which are also applicable for protection of palms in the wider Asia/Pacific region. Abstract It is now more than 100 years since the coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB: Oryctes rhinoceros L.) was first detected in the Pacific Island state of Samoa. The exotic pest from Asia became the principal pest of coconut palms in Samoa and, from this first point of invasion, spread to several surrounding countries in the South-West Pacific Ocean. An intensive control operation was initiated, but the beetle could not be eliminated. Various pest management strategies were attempted but had limited success until the introduction of a biological control agent (BCA), Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV), during the late 1960s and early 1970s. The biocontrol release was very successful and became the prime example of “classical biological control” of an insect pest by a virus. Changing economic and social conditions in Samoa and other islands of the Pacific require a re-evaluation of the threat of CRB to coconut production to suggest how the IPM system may be modified to meet future needs. Therefore, it is timely to review the history of CRB in Samoa and summarize experiences in development of an integrated pest management (IPM) system limiting the impact of the pest. We also present results from a recent study conducted in 2020 on the island of Upolu to define the current status of the CRB population and its BCA, OrNV. The lessons from Samoa, with its long history of containment and management of CRB, are applicable to more recent invasion sites. Recommendations are provided to modify the IPM programme to enhance the sustainable control of CRB and support the ongoing coconut replantation program promoted by the Samoan government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulav Paudel
- AgResearch Limited, 1365 Springs Road, Lincoln 7674, Private Bag 4749, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; (S.P.); (S.D.G.M.); (N.K.R.)
| | - Sean D. G. Marshall
- AgResearch Limited, 1365 Springs Road, Lincoln 7674, Private Bag 4749, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; (S.P.); (S.D.G.M.); (N.K.R.)
| | - Nicola K. Richards
- AgResearch Limited, 1365 Springs Road, Lincoln 7674, Private Bag 4749, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; (S.P.); (S.D.G.M.); (N.K.R.)
| | - George Hazelman
- Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Efi Building, Apia 38360, Samoa; (G.H.); (P.T.)
| | - Pueata Tanielu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Efi Building, Apia 38360, Samoa; (G.H.); (P.T.)
| | - Trevor A. Jackson
- AgResearch Limited, 1365 Springs Road, Lincoln 7674, Private Bag 4749, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; (S.P.); (S.D.G.M.); (N.K.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Liu S, Sappington TW, Coates BS, Bonning BC. Sequences Encoding a Novel Toursvirus Identified from Southern and Northern Corn Rootworms (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Viruses 2022; 14:v14020397. [PMID: 35215990 PMCID: PMC8879594 DOI: 10.3390/v14020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequences derived from a novel toursvirus were identified from pooled genomic short read data from U.S. populations of southern corn rootworm (SCR, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber) and northern corn rootworm (NCR, Diabrotica barberi Smith & Lawrence). Most viral sequences were identified from the SCR genomic dataset. As proteins encoded by toursvirus sequences from SCR and NCR were almost identical, the contig sets from SCR and NCR were combined to generate 26 contigs. A total of 108,176 bp were assembled from these contigs, with 120 putative toursviral ORFs identified indicating that most of the viral genome had been recovered. These ORFs included all 40 genes that are common to members of the Ascoviridae. Two genes typically present in Ascoviridae (ATP binding cassette transport system permeases and Baculovirus repeated open reading frame), were not detected. There was evidence for transposon insertion in viral sequences at different sites in the two host species. Phylogenetic analyses based on a concatenated set of 45 translated protein sequences clustered toursviruses into a distinct clade. Based on the combined evidence, we propose taxonomic separation of toursviruses from Ascoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijun Liu
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Thomas W. Sappington
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (T.W.S.); (B.S.C.)
| | - Brad S. Coates
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (T.W.S.); (B.S.C.)
| | - Bryony C. Bonning
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Correspondence:
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Identification of Components of the Aggregation Pheromone of the Guam Strain of Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros, and Determination of Stereochemistry. J Chem Ecol 2021; 48:289-301. [PMID: 34762208 PMCID: PMC8934761 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01329-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The coconut rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros (Linnaeus 1758) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) (CRB), is endemic to tropical Asia where it damages both coconut and oil palm. A new invasion by CRB occurred on Guam in 2007 and eradication attempts failed using commonly applied Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV) isolates. This and subsequent invasive outbreaks were found to have been caused by a previously unrecognized haplotype, CRB-G, which appeared to be tolerant to OrNV. The male-produced aggregation pheromone of the endemic, susceptible strain of O. rhinoceros (CRB-S) was previously identified as ethyl 4-methyloctanoate. Following reports from growers that commercial lures containing this compound were not attractive to CRB-G, the aim of this work was to identify the pheromone of CRB-G. Initial collections of volatiles from virgin male and female CRB-G adults from the Solomon Islands failed to show any male- or female-specific compounds as candidate pheromone components. Only after five months were significant quantities of ethyl 4-methyloctanoate and 4-methyloctanoic acid produced by males but not by females. No other male-specific compounds could be detected, in particular methyl 4-methyloctanoate, 4-methyl-1-octanol, or 4-methyl-1-octyl acetate, compounds identified in volatiles from some other species of Oryctes. Ethyl 4-methyloctanoate elicited a strong electroantennogram response from both male and female CRB-G, but these other compounds, including 4-methyloctanoic acid, did not. The enantiomers of ethyl 4-methyloctanoate and 4-methyloctanoic acid were conveniently prepared by enzymatic resolution of the commercially-available acid, and the enantiomers of the acid, but not the ester, could be separated by gas chromatography on an enantioselective cyclodextrin phase. Using this approach, both ethyl 4-methyloctanoate and 4-methyloctanoic acid produced by male CRB-G were shown to be exclusively the (R)-enantiomers whereas previous reports had suggested male O. rhinoceros produced the (S)-enantiomers. However, re-examination of the ester and acid produced by male CRB-S from Papua New Guinea showed that these were also the (R)-enantiomers. In field trapping experiments carried out in the Solomon Islands, both racemic and ethyl (R)-4-methyloctanoate were highly attractive to both male and female CRB-G beetles. The (S)-enantiomer and the corresponding acids were only weakly attractive. The addition of racemic 4-methyloctanoic acid to ethyl 4-methyloctanoate did significantly increase attractiveness, but the addition of (R)- or (S)-4-methyloctanoic acid to the corresponding ethyl esters did not. Possible reasons for the difference in assignment of configuration of the components of the CRB pheromone are discussed along with the practical implications of these results.
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Hussain AG, Wennmann JT, Goergen G, Bryon A, Ros VI. Viruses of the Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda: A Review with Prospects for Biological Control. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112220. [PMID: 34835026 PMCID: PMC8625175 DOI: 10.3390/v13112220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a native pest species in the Western hemisphere. Since it was first reported in Africa in 2016, FAW has spread throughout the African continent and is now also present in several countries in Asia as well as Australia. The invasion of FAW in these areas has led to a high yield reduction in crops, leading to huge economic losses. FAW management options in the newly invaded areas are limited and mainly rely on the use of synthetic pesticides. Since there is a risk of resistance development against pesticides in addition to the negative environmental and human health impacts, other effective, sustainable, and cost-efficient control alternatives are desired. Insect pathogenic viruses fulfil these criteria as they are usually effective and highly host-specific with no significant harmful effect on beneficial insects and non-target organisms. In this review, we discuss all viruses known from FAW and their potential to be used for biological control. We specifically focus on baculoviruses and describe the recent advancements in the use of baculoviruses for biological control in the native geographic origin of FAW, and their potential use in the newly invaded areas. Finally, we identify current knowledge gaps and suggest new avenues for productive research on the use of viruses as a biopesticide against FAW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed G. Hussain
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (A.G.H.); (A.B.)
| | - Jörg T. Wennmann
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)—Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstr. 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany;
| | - Georg Goergen
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Biological Control Centre for Africa, Cotonou 08 BP 0932, Benin;
| | - Astrid Bryon
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (A.G.H.); (A.B.)
| | - Vera I.D. Ros
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (A.G.H.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Etebari K, Gharuka M, Asgari S, Furlong MJ. Diverse Host Immune Responses of Different Geographical Populations of the Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle to Oryctes Rhinoceros Nudivirus (OrNV) Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0068621. [PMID: 34523987 PMCID: PMC8557903 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00686-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Incursions of the coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB), Oryctes rhinoceros, into different islands in the South Pacific have been detected in recent years. It has been suggested that this range expansion is related to an O. rhinoceros haplotype reported to show reduced susceptibility to the well-established classical biocontrol agent, Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV). Our understanding of the genetic characteristics which distinguish the population of O. rhinoceros that has recently established in Solomon Islands from other well-established populations across the region is very limited. Here, we hypothesized that the recently established O. rhinoceros population should have greater innate immune responses when challenged by OrNV than those of well-established and native O. rhinoceros populations. We used the RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) approach to generate gene expression profiles of midgut tissue from OrNV-infected and noninfected individuals collected in the Solomon Islands (recent incursion), Papua New Guinea and Fiji (previously established), and the Philippines (within the native range). The collections included individuals from each of the three major mitochondrial lineages (CRB-G, CRB-PNG, and CRB-S) known to the region, allowing us to explore the specific responses of each haplotype to infection. Although insects from the Philippines and Solomon Islands that were tested belong to the same mitochondrial lineage (CRB-G), their overall responses to infection were different. The number of differentially expressed genes between OrNV-infected and noninfected wild-caught individuals from the four different locations varied from 148 to 252. Persistent OrNV infection caused a high level of induced antimicrobial activity and immune responses in O. rhinoceros, but the direction and magnitude of the responses were population specific. The insects tested from the Solomon Islands displayed extremely high expression of genes which are known to be involved in immune responses (e.g. coleoptericin, cecropin, and serpin). These variations in the host immune system among insects from different geographical regions might be driven by variations in the virulence of OrNV isolates, and this requires further investigation. Overall, our current findings support the importance of immunity in insect pest incursion and an expansion of the pest's geographic range. IMPORTANCE Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV) is a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus which has been used as a biocontrol agent to suppress coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB) in the Pacific Islands. Recently a new wave of CRB incursions in Oceania is thought to be related to the presence of low-virulence isolates of OrNV or virus-tolerant haplotypes of beetles (CRB-G). Our comparative analysis of OrNV-infected and noninfected CRBs revealed that specific sets of genes were induced by viral infection in the beetles. This induction was much stronger in beetles collected from the Solomon Islands, a newly invaded country, than in individuals collected from within the beetle's native range (the Philippines) or from longer-established populations in its exotic range (Fiji and Papua New Guinea [PNG]). Beetles from the Philippines and the Solomon Islands that were tested in this study all belonged to the CRB-G haplotype, but the country-specific responses of the beetles to OrNV infection were different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan Etebari
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maria Gharuka
- Research Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, Honiara, Solomon Islands
| | - Sassan Asgari
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael J. Furlong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Paudel S, Mansfield S, Villamizar LF, Jackson TA, Marshall SDG. Can Biological Control Overcome the Threat From Newly Invasive Coconut Rhinoceros Beetle Populations (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)? A Review. ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 114:247-256. [PMID: 33732411 PMCID: PMC7953223 DOI: 10.1093/aesa/saaa057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB: Oryctes rhinoceros Linnaeus) is one of the most damaging pests to coconut and oil palms in Asia and the Pacific Islands. Adults bore into the crown and damage developing fronds, which affects tree development and yield. The insect is native to South and Southeast Asia and was inadvertently introduced into the Pacific in 1909. It has since spread to several Pacific island nations and territories, causing significant economic impact on these important coconut and palm-growing regions. In the 1950s and 1960s, an international biological control effort was initiated to search for and release natural enemy species. Release of the Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus Huger (OrNV) and the species complex of Metarhizium Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) was successful in controlling CRB in its invaded range. Recently a new biotype of the beetle, known as CRB-G, has spread into the Pacific Islands causing unprecedented levels of damage due to the failure of previously successful biological control agents (BCAs) to suppress this biotype. The re-emergence of CRB as a serious pest warrants a rigorous re-evaluation of potential BCAs and a new search for effective natural enemies if necessary. In this article, we review literature on CRB to 1) analyze past introductions of BCAs and their effectiveness; 2) identify potentially important natural enemies and their geographical origins; and 3) assess possible approaches for utilization of BCAs against the new wave of CRB invasion. Research gaps and directions deserving future attention are highlighted and a strategy for renovation of biological controls for CRB suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulav Paudel
- AgResearch Limited, Lincoln Research Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Mansfield
- AgResearch Limited, Lincoln Research Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Trevor A Jackson
- AgResearch Limited, Lincoln Research Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Sean D G Marshall
- AgResearch Limited, Lincoln Research Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Liu S, Sappington TW, Coates BS, Bonning BC. Nudivirus Sequences Identified from the Southern and Western Corn Rootworms (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Viruses 2021; 13:v13020269. [PMID: 33572446 PMCID: PMC7916170 DOI: 10.3390/v13020269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of pooled genomic short read sequence data revealed the presence of nudivirus-derived sequences from U.S. populations of both southern corn rootworm (SCR, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber) and western corn rootworm (WCR, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte). A near complete nudivirus genome sequence was assembled from sequence data for an SCR population with relatively high viral titers. A total of 147,179 bp was assembled from five contigs that collectively encode 109 putative open reading frames (ORFs) including 20 nudivirus core genes. In contrast, genome sequence recovery was incomplete for a second nudivirus from WCR, although sequences derived from this virus were present in three geographically dispersed populations. Only 48,989 bp were assembled with 48 putative ORFs including 13 core genes, representing about 20% of a typical nudivirus genome. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that both corn rootworm nudiviruses grouped with the third known nudivirus of beetles, Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus in the genus Alphanudivirus. On the basis of phylogenetic and additional analyses, we propose further taxonomic separation of nudiviruses within Alphanudivirus and Betanudivirus into two subfamilies and five genera. Identification of nudivirus-derived sequences from two species of corn rootworm highlights the diversity of viruses associated with these agricultural insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijun Liu
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Thomas W. Sappington
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (T.W.S.); (B.S.C.)
| | - Brad S. Coates
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (T.W.S.); (B.S.C.)
| | - Bryony C. Bonning
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Correspondence:
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Etebari K, Parry R, Beltran MJB, Furlong MJ. Transcription Profile and Genomic Variations of Oryctes Rhinoceros Nudivirus in Coconut Rhinoceros Beetles. J Virol 2020; 94:e01097-20. [PMID: 32878889 PMCID: PMC7592217 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01097-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV) is a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus which has been used as a biocontrol agent to suppress the coconut rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros) in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands. A new wave of O. rhinoceros incursions in Oceania is thought to be related to the presence of low-virulence isolates of OrNV or virus-tolerant haplotypes of beetles. In this study, chronically infected beetles were collected from Philippines, Fiji, Papua New Guinea (PNG), and the Solomon Islands (SI). RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed to investigate the global viral gene expression profiles and for comparative genomic analysis of structural variations. Maximum likelihood phylogenic analysis indicated that OrNV strains from the SI and Philippines are closely related, while OrNV strains from PNG and Fiji formed a distinct adjacent clade. We detected several polymorphic sites with a frequency higher than 35% in 892 positions of the viral genome. Nonsynonymous mutations were detected in several hypothetical proteins and 15 nudivirus core genes, such as gp034, lef-8, lef-4, and vp91 We found limited evidence of variation in viral gene expression among geographic populations. Only a few genes, such as gp01, gp022, and gp107, were differentially expressed among different strains. Additionally, small RNA sequencing from the SI population suggested that OrNV is targeted by the host RNA interference (RNAi) response with abundant 21-nucleotide small RNAs. Some of these genomic changes are specific to the geographic population and could be related to particular phenotypic characteristics of the strain, such as viral pathogenicity or transmissibility, and this requires further investigation.IMPORTANCE Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus has been an effective biocontrol agent against the coconut rhinoceros beetle in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands for decades. The recent outbreak of these beetles in many South Pacific islands has had a significant impact on livelihoods in the region. It has been suggested that the resurgence and spread of the pest are related to the presence of low-virulence isolates of OrNV or virus-tolerant haplotypes of beetles. We examined viral genomic and transcriptional variations in chronically infected beetles from different geographical populations. A high number of polymorphic sites among several geographical strains of OrNV were identified, but potentially only a few of these variations in the genome are involved in functional changes and can potentially alter the typical function. These findings provide valuable resources for future studies to improve our understanding of the OrNV genetic variations in different geographic regions and their potential link to virus pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan Etebari
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rhys Parry
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marie Joy B Beltran
- National Crop Protection Centre, College of Agriculture and Food Science, University of the Philippines Los Baños College, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Michael J Furlong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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13
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Abstract
The dynamics of nuclear envelope has a critical role in multiple cellular processes. However, little is known regarding the structural changes occurring inside the nucleus or at the inner and outer nuclear membranes. For viruses assembling inside the nucleus, remodeling of the intranuclear membrane plays an important role in the process of virion assembly. Here, we monitored the changes associated with viral infection in the case of nudiviruses. Our data revealed dramatic membrane remodeling inside the nuclear compartment during infection with Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus, an important biocontrol agent against coconut rhinoceros beetle, a devastating pest for coconut and oil palm trees. Based on these findings, we propose a model for nudivirus assembly in which nuclear packaging occurs in fully enveloped virions. Enveloped viruses hijack cellular membranes in order to provide the necessary material for virion assembly. In particular, viruses that replicate and assemble inside the nucleus have developed special approaches to modify the nuclear landscape for their advantage. We used electron microscopy to investigate cellular changes occurring during nudivirus infection and we characterized a unique mechanism for assembly, packaging, and transport of new virions across the nuclear membrane and through the cytoplasm. Our three-dimensional reconstructions describe the complex remodeling of the nuclear membrane necessary to release vesicle-associated viruses into the cytoplasm. This is the first report of nuclear morphological reconfigurations that occur during nudiviral infection.
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Abstract
Guam’s established population of non-native coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB, Oryctes rhinoceros L.) began creating burrows in stem apices of several cycad species in a managed garden. We conducted an island-wide survey to determine the spatial patterns of CRB burrowing of stems of in situ Cycas micronesica. We also measured starch of healthy and unhealthy coconut leaf tissue and compared this with starch of cycad stem tissue. The starch concentration of the central unexpanded leaf in healthy Philippine coconut trees was ≈90 mg·g−1, and that of unhealthy Guam coconut trees was ≈40 mg·g−1. The starch concentration of the tissue within the CRB burrow locations on C. micronesica trees was 145 mg·g−1. Burrowing of C. micronesica was restricted to female CRB adults and was found throughout the full latitudinal gradient of Guam. Our findings indicate Guam’s unhealthy coconut trees are no longer nutrient-dense, and the female CRB population may have exhibited a phylogenetically distant host shift to the abundant C. micronesica plants for a starch-rich diet within the concepts of the ‘ecological fitting’ hypothesis. We add proximity to coconut tree habitats as a new threat to Guam’s endangered C. micronesica population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Marler
- Western Pacific Tropical Research Center, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU, USA
| | - Frankie C Matanane
- Western Pacific Tropical Research Center, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU, USA
| | - L Irene Terry
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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15
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Reil JB, Doorenweerd C, San Jose M, Sim SB, Geib SM, Rubinoff D. Transpacific coalescent pathways of coconut rhinoceros beetle biotypes: Resistance to biological control catalyses resurgence of an old pest. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:4459-4474. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bradley Reil
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences; University of Hawaii at Manoa; Honolulu Hawaii
| | - Camiel Doorenweerd
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences; University of Hawaii at Manoa; Honolulu Hawaii
| | - Michael San Jose
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences; University of Hawaii at Manoa; Honolulu Hawaii
| | - Sheina B. Sim
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences; University of Hawaii at Manoa; Honolulu Hawaii
- Tropical Crop and Commodity Protection Research Unit; Daniel K Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center; USDA, Agricultural Research Services; Hilo Hawaii
| | - Scott M. Geib
- Tropical Crop and Commodity Protection Research Unit; Daniel K Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center; USDA, Agricultural Research Services; Hilo Hawaii
| | - Daniel Rubinoff
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences; University of Hawaii at Manoa; Honolulu Hawaii
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16
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Marshall SD, Moore A, Vaqalo M, Noble A, Jackson TA. A new haplotype of the coconut rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros, has escaped biological control by Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus and is invading Pacific Islands. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 149:127-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Moore A, Barahona DC, Lehman KA, Skabeikis DD, Iriarte IR, Jang EB, Siderhurst MS. Judas Beetles: Discovering Cryptic Breeding Sites by Radio-Tracking Coconut Rhinoceros Beetles, Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:92-99. [PMID: 28177084 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvw152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey Moore
- College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam 96923, USA (; )
| | - Diego C Barahona
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Mennonite University, 1200 Park Rd., Harrisonburg, VA 22802 (; ; )
| | - Katherine A Lehman
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Mennonite University, 1200 Park Rd., Harrisonburg, VA 22802 (; ; )
| | - Dominick D Skabeikis
- Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 64 Nowelo St., Hilo, HI 96720 (; )
| | - Ian R Iriarte
- College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam 96923, USA (; )
| | - Eric B Jang
- Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 64 Nowelo St., Hilo, HI 96720 (; )
| | - Matthew S Siderhurst
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Mennonite University, 1200 Park Rd., Harrisonburg, VA 22802 (; ; )
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Dr. Alois Huger - Laying the foundations for an integrated insect pathology. J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 143:83-89. [PMID: 27871814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dr. Rer. Nat. Alois M. Huger had a long and distinguished career at the Institut für biologische Schädlingsbekämpfung (Institute for Biological Pest Control) Darmstadt, Germany, where he became one of the world's leading insect pathologists. He applied his experience and understanding of insect tissues and specialist skills in microscopy to diagnosis and elucidation of the pathology of insect diseases. During his career he discovered the Oryctes nudivirus and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis, and was a member of teams unravelling amber disease in scarab beetles and the role of bacteria in parthenogenesis of parasitoids. He researched and described the life cycles of microsporidian and rickettsial pathogens of insects and was the first to describe the ultrastructure of a microsporidian spore. Dr. Huger carried out diagnosis of diseased insects over a period of 55years and has left us with many publications and a database containing thousands of records for ongoing investigation. Working with multiple pathogens in different systems, Dr. Huger obtained an overview second to none in the complexities of insect/pathogen relationships and has been at the forefront of making these discoveries benefit humanity. He is a worthy recipient of the Founders' Lecture Honoree Award, the highest honour of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology.
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Veraldi S, Fanoni D, Nazzaro G. Rash caused by Oryctes nasicornis. J Travel Med 2016; 23:tav025. [PMID: 26858273 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/tav025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of rash caused by crushing of a male of Oryctes nasicornis (Linnaeus 1758) (Coleoptera, "http:// it. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Scarabaeidae" \o "Scarabaeidae" Scarabaeidae), popularly known as "European rhinoceros beetle", on the skin of an Italian tourist who developed the reaction during a trip to Turkey. The rash appeared one hour after the crushing of the insect on the skin. The patient was observed one day later, when she returned to Italy. To our knowledge, no similar cases have been reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Veraldi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, I.R.C.C.S. Foundation, Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Fanoni
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, I.R.C.C.S. Foundation, Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Nazzaro
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, I.R.C.C.S. Foundation, Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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20
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Chong JH, Hinson KR. A Comparison of Trap Types for Assessing Diversity of Scarabaeoidea on South Carolina Golf Courses. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 108:2383-2396. [PMID: 26453727 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A 2-yr survey was conducted on golf courses in South Carolina to 1) document the species richness and seasonal activity of Scarabaeoidea; 2) assess any species compositional differences among three trap types (ultraviolet light, unbaited flight-intercept, and unbaited pitfall); and 3) identify any dominant taxa in each trap type. A total of 74,326 scarabaeoid beetles were captured, of which 77.4% were Aphodiinae (not identified to species). The remaining specimens belong to 104 species in 47 genera and 6 families. The most abundant species were Cyclocephala lurida Bland, Dyscinetus morator (F.), Euetheola humilis (Burmeister), Hybosorus illigeri Reiche, and Maladera castanea (Arrow). In all trap types, >90% of all specimens and taxa were collected between April and August. Ultraviolet light traps collected ∼94% of total specimens consisting of 83 taxa (of which 51 were unique to this trap type), whereas flight-intercept traps captured ∼2% of all specimens representing 53 taxa (18 of which were unique), and pitfall traps captured ∼4% of all specimens representing 15 taxa (no unique species; all species also captured by ultraviolet light traps). Indicator species analysis identified 2-3 and 10-13 taxa that were most frequently collected by flight-intercept and ultraviolet light traps, respectively. Flight-intercept traps complemented ultraviolet light traps by capturing more species of dung and carrion beetles and diurnal phytophagous scarab beetles. Results suggested that a similar survey for domestic or exotic scarabaeoid beetles in turfgrass systems should be conducted between April and August using ultraviolet light and flight-intercept traps at 13-58 sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juang-Horng Chong
- Clemson University, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, 2200 Pocket Rd., Florence, SC 29506.
| | - Kevin R Hinson
- Clemson University, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 171 Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson, SC 29634
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Lee S, Park KH, Nam SH, Kwak KW, Choi JY. First report of Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) causing severe disease in Allomyrina dichotoma in Korea. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2015; 15:iev002. [PMID: 25765317 PMCID: PMC4535134 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV) has been known to cause severe disease in coconut palm rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros, in Southeastern Asia and is used as a biological control to reduce the pest population. Here, we report for the first time that the OrNV may have landed on Korea and may be the major pathogen for diseased larvae of Korean horn beetle, Allomyrina dichotoma. After peroral inoculation, over 60% of infected larvae perished in 6 wk. This viral disease spreads very fast in several locations throughout Korea. This threat not only makes economic loss of local farms rearing A. dichotoma larvae but also may disturb the ecosystem by transmitting to wild A. dichotoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokhyun Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Kwan-Ho Park
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Nam
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Kyu-Won Kwak
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
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22
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Semiochemistry of the Scarabaeoidea. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:190-210. [PMID: 24474404 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0377-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The superfamily Scarabaeoidea comprises a large and diverse monophyletic group. Members share ancestral characteristics, but often exhibit considerable differences in their ecology, physiology, or mating strategies. A large number of species are regarded as pests of crop or amenity plants, while others are beneficial to humans and even may be extremely rare as a result of anthropogenic activities. A significant number of chemical ecology-based studies have been conducted with the Scarabaeoidea in order to characterize semiochemicals influencing their behavior, such as pheromones and plant-derived allelochemicals. These may be used either to control or preserve populations of the beetles, depending upon pest or beneficial status. This paper is a review of the role and identity of the semiochemicals of the Scarabaeoidea, with comments on possible future research and applied opportunities in the field of chemical ecology.
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Ehsine M, Belkadhi MS, Chaieb M. Seasonal and nocturnal activities of the rhinoceros borer (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in the north Saharan oases ecosystems. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:ieu118. [PMID: 25527574 PMCID: PMC5634059 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieu118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The rhinoceros borer Oryctes agamemnon Burmeister (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is a date palm insect pest that causes damage to trunk and roots of palm trees in several countries, including Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Oman, and Saudi Arabia. The aim of this study was to monitor the seasonal and nocturnal activities of this beetle. Experiments were performed on a date palm of Rjim Maatoug during a 6-yr period (2004-2007, 2009-2010). Field survey using light traps shows that O. agamemnon is a univoltine, with a single population peak. Adults appear in the field around late May-early June and the population continued to build until maximum numbers are reached between the end of July and the beginning of August in the same year. No adults were found after first 10 d of November. This peak was characterized by female dominance in number. The monitoring of nocturnal activity showed that it starts its activities roughly 40 min after the sundown and continues until approximately 1 h before sunrise. The highest number of trapped beetles was remarked in the two first hours of flight activity, with a dominance of female in the first hour and a dominance of male in the second hour. We remarked that the sex ratio (female:male) of the cumulated number of trapped adults in the different years and nights of survey was in favor of females.
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Affiliation(s)
- M'hammed Ehsine
- Institute of Arid Regions-Kebili, BP 32, 4200 Kebili, Tunisia
| | | | - Mohammed Chaieb
- Faculty of Science, University of Sfax, BP 802, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
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