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Xie PZ, Fan YX, Chapman C, Ma C, Wu CF, Hu P, Hu LL, Fan PF. Determinants of macaques' space use: A test for the ecological constraints model using GPS collars. Am J Primatol 2024:e23636. [PMID: 38824636 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
As a central topic in Behavioral Ecology, animal space use involves dynamic responses to social and ecological factors. We collared 22 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) from six groups on Neilingding Island, China, and collected 80,625 hourly fixes over a year. Using this high-resolution location data set, we quantified the macaques' space use at the individual level and tested the ecological constraints model while considering various environmental and human interfering factors. As predicted by the ecological constraints model, macaques in larger groups had longer daily path lengths (DPLs) and larger home ranges. We found an inverted U-shape relationship between mean daily temperatures and DPLs, indicating that macaques traveled farther on mild temperature days, while they decreased DPLs when temperatures were too high or too low. Anthropogenic food subsidies were positively correlated to DPLs, while the effect of rainfall was negative. Macaques decreased their DPLs and core areas when more flowers and less leaves were available, suggesting that macaques shifted their space use patterns to adapt to the seasonal differences in food resources. By applying GPS collars on a large number of individuals living on a small island, we gained valuable insights into within-group exploitation competition in wild rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Zhen Xie
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Colin Chapman
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Chi Ma
- College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Dali university, Dali, China
| | - Cheng-Feng Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Neilingding-Futian National Nature Reserve of Guangdong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liu-Liu Hu
- Neilingding-Futian National Nature Reserve of Guangdong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng-Fei Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Estrada GR, Marshall AJ. Terrestriality across the primate order: A review and analysis of ground use in primates. Evol Anthropol 2024:e22032. [PMID: 38736241 DOI: 10.1002/evan.22032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Terrestriality is relatively rare in the predominantly arboreal primate order. How frequently, and when, terrestriality appears in primate evolution, and the factors that influence this behavior, are not well understood. To investigate this, we compiled data describing terrestriality in 515 extant nonhuman primate taxa. We describe the geographic and phylogenetic distribution of terrestriality, including an ancestral state reconstruction estimating the frequency and timing of evolutionary transitions to terrestriality. We review hypotheses concerning the evolution of primate terrestriality and test these using data we collected pertaining to characteristics including body mass and diet, and ecological factors including forest structure, food availability, weather, and predation pressure. Using Bayesian analyses, we find body mass and normalized difference vegetation index are the most reliable predictors of terrestriality. When considering subsets of taxa, we find ecological factors such as forest height and rainfall, and not body mass, are the most reliable predictors of terrestriality for platyrrhines and lemurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene R Estrada
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew J Marshall
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Program in the Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Program in Computing for the Arts and Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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3
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Pavez-Fox MA, Siracusa ER, Ellis S, Kimock CM, Rivera-Barreto N, Negron-Del Valle JE, Phillips D, Ruiz-Lambides A, Snyder-Mackler N, Higham JP, Brent LJ, De Moor D. Socioecological drivers of injuries in female and male rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta). BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.20.563310. [PMID: 38559204 PMCID: PMC10979908 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.20.563310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Competition over access to resources, such as food and mates, is believed to be one of the major costs associated with group living. Two socioecological factors suggested to predict the intensity of competition are group size and the relative abundance of sexually active individuals. However, empirical evidence linking these factors to injuries and survival costs is scarce. Here, we leveraged 10 years of data from free-ranging rhesus macaques where injuries inflicted by conspecifics are associated with a high mortality risk. We tested if group size and adult sex ratio predicted the occurrence of injuries and used data on physical aggression to contextualise these results. We found that males were less likely to be injured when living in larger groups, potentially due to advantages in intergroup encounters. Females, instead, had higher injury risk when living in larger groups but this was not explained by within-group aggression among females. Further, male-biased sex ratios predicted a weak increase in injury risk in females and were positively related to male-female aggression, indicating that male coercion during mating competition may be a cause of injuries in females. Overall, our results provide insights into sex differences in the fitness-related costs of competition and empirical evidence for long-standing predictions on the evolution of group living.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Pavez-Fox
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom EX4 4QG
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, United Kingdom KY16 9JP
| | - Erin R. Siracusa
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom EX4 4QG
| | - Samuel Ellis
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom EX4 4QG
| | - Clare M. Kimock
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY 10003
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom NG1 4FQ
| | - Nahiri Rivera-Barreto
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067
| | | | - Daniel Phillips
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Temple, AZ 85281, United States
| | - Angelina Ruiz-Lambides
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067
| | - Noah Snyder-Mackler
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Temple, AZ 85281, United States
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Temple, AZ 85281
- School for Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Temple, AZ 85281
| | - James P. Higham
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY 10003
| | - Lauren J.N. Brent
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom EX4 4QG
| | - Delphine De Moor
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom EX4 4QG
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Judson K, Sanz C, Ebombi TF, Massamba JM, Teberd P, Abea G, Mbebouti G, Matoumona JKB, Nkoussou EG, Zambarda A, Brogan S, Stephens C, Morgan D. Socioecological factors influencing intraspecific variation in ranging dynamics of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in Ndoki Forest. Am J Primatol 2024; 86:e23586. [PMID: 38151775 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Ranging dynamics are physical and behavioral representations of how different socioecological factors affect an organism's spatial decisions and space use strategies. Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are a model species to investigate the drivers of spatial dynamics based on both the natural variation in socioecological factors within the species and compared with their mountain gorilla counterparts. In this study, we evaluate the influences of resource seasonality and social dynamics on variation in home range size, utilization, and intergroup overlap among multiple gorilla groups over an 8-year study period in the northern Republic of Congo. This study shows that western lowland gorillas can have small home ranges comparable to mountain gorillas, rather than universally larger home ranges as previously supposed, and that home ranges are stable through time. The largest source of variation in space use was the degree of intergroup home range overlap. The study groups did not demonstrate intraspecific variation in range size nor changes in intergroup overlap with respect to seasonality of fruit resources, but all groups demonstrated expansion of monthly range and core area with group size, matching predictions of intragroup feeding competition. These findings highlight the potential impact of intergroup relationships on space use and prompt further research on the role of social dynamics in ranging strategies. In this study, we reveal a greater degree of variability and flexibility in gorilla ranging behavior than previously realized which is relevant to improving comparative studies and informing conservation strategies on behalf of these endangered primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Judson
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Crickette Sanz
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | - Jean Marie Massamba
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Prospère Teberd
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Gaston Abea
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Gaeton Mbebouti
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | | | - Alice Zambarda
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Sean Brogan
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Colleen Stephens
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David Morgan
- Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Gautam H, Vidya TNC. Do food distribution and competitor density affect agonistic behaviour within and between clans in a high fission-fusion species? ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230990. [PMID: 38077213 PMCID: PMC10698478 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
According to the ecological model of female social relationships (EMFSR), within-group competition and between-group competition in female-bonded species are shaped by food distribution. Strong between-group contests are expected over large, monopolizable resources and high population density, but not when low-quality food is distributed across large, undefended home ranges. Within-group contests are expected to be more frequent with increasing heterogeneity among feeding sites and with group size. We tested these predictions in female Asian elephants, which show traits associated with infrequent contests-graminivory, high fission-fusion and overlapping home ranges. We examined how food distribution and competitor density affected agonistic interactions within and between female elephant clans (social groupings) in the Kabini grassland, southern India. We found stronger between-clan contest in the grassland than that known from neighbouring forests, and more frequent agonism between females between clans than within clans. Such strong between-clan contest was attributable to the grassland being a food-rich habitat patch, thus supporting the EMFSR. Within-clan agonism was also frequent, but did not increase with food heterogeneity, contradicting the EMFSR. Contrary to recent claims, increasing within-clan agonism with group size suggested ecological constraints on large groups despite high fission-fusion. High population density may explain such frequent contests despite graminivory and fission-fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansraj Gautam
- Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bengaluru, India
| | - T. N. C. Vidya
- Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bengaluru, India
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6
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Lau AR, Cunningham AD, Bales KL. Pairing status and stimulus type predict responses to audio playbacks in female titi monkeys. Front Ecol Evol 2023; 11:1145205. [PMID: 38584610 PMCID: PMC10997360 DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1145205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Some paired primates use complex, coordinated vocal signals to communicate within and between family groups. The information encoded within those signals is not well understood, nor is the intricacy of individuals' behavioral and physiological responses to these signals. Considering the conspicuous nature of these vocal signals, it is a priority to better understand paired primates' responses to conspecific calls. Pair-bonded titi monkeys (Plecturocebus cupreus) sing duets comprised of the male and female's long call. Here, we use a playback study to assess female titi monkeys' responses to different vocal stimuli based on the subject's pairing status. Six adult female titi monkeys participated in the study at two timepoints--pre-pairing and post-pairing. At each timepoint, subjects underwent three distinct playbacks--control recording, male solo vocalization, and pair duet. Behaviors such as locomotion and vocalizations were scored during and after the playback, and cortisol and androgen values were assessed via a plasma blood sample. Female titi monkeys attended more to social signals compared to the control, regardless of pairing status. However, in the time immediately following any playback type, female titi monkeys trilled more and spent a greater proportion of time locomoting during pre-pairing timepoints (compared to post-pairing). Female titi monkeys' behavioral responses to social audio stimuli, combined with subjects' increases in cortisol and androgens as paired individuals, imply female titi monkeys attend and respond to social signals territorially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R. Lau
- Graduate Group in Animal Behavior, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - Ashley D. Cunningham
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - Karen L. Bales
- Graduate Group in Animal Behavior, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616
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7
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Correia I, Gomes BDF, Villalobos F, Ferrari SF, Gouveia SF. Lessons from comparative primatology for understanding trait covariation and diversity in evolutionary ecology. Mamm Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isadora Correia
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Conservation Universidade Federal de Sergipe 49100‐000 São Cristóvão Sergipe Brazil
| | | | - Fabricio Villalobos
- Evolutionary Biology Network Instituto de Ecología A.C. ‐ INECOL, Xalapa Veracruz Mexico
| | - Stephen F. Ferrari
- Department of Ecology Universidade Federal de Sergipe São Cristóvão Sergipe Brazil
| | - Sidney F. Gouveia
- Department of Ecology Universidade Federal de Sergipe São Cristóvão Sergipe Brazil
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8
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Malta A, Caselli C, Souto A, De la Fuente MF, Schiel N. Number of adult females in a group affects infant motor development of a cooperative breeding primate (Callithrix jacchus). Primates 2022; 63:683-689. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-022-01016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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9
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Flocking in birds is associated with diet, foraging substrate, timing of activity, and life history. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-022-03183-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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10
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Giuliano C, Stewart FA, Piel AK. Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) grouping patterns in an open and dry savanna landscape, Issa Valley, western Tanzania. J Hum Evol 2022; 163:103137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Eccard JA, Herde A, Schuster AC, Liesenjohann T, Knopp T, Heckel G, Dammhahn M. Fitness, risk taking, and spatial behavior covary with boldness in experimental vole populations. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8521. [PMID: 35154645 PMCID: PMC8829380 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals of a population may vary along a pace-of-life syndrome from highly fecund, short-lived, bold, dispersive "fast" types at one end of the spectrum to less fecund, long-lived, shy, plastic "slow" types at the other end. Risk-taking behavior might mediate the underlying life history trade-off, but empirical evidence supporting this hypothesis is still ambiguous. Using experimentally created populations of common voles (Microtus arvalis)-a species with distinct seasonal life history trajectories-we aimed to test whether individual differences in boldness behavior covary with risk taking, space use, and fitness. We quantified risk taking, space use (via automated tracking), survival, and reproductive success (via genetic parentage analysis) in 8 to 14 experimental, mixed-sex populations of 113 common voles of known boldness type in large grassland enclosures over a significant part of their adult life span and two reproductive events. Populations were assorted to contain extreme boldness types (bold or shy) of both sexes. Bolder individuals took more risks than shyer ones, which did not affect survival. Bolder males but not females produced more offspring than shy conspecifics. Daily home range and core area sizes, based on 95% and 50% Kernel density estimates (20 ± 10 per individual, n = 54 individuals), were highly repeatable over time. Individual space use unfolded differently for sex-boldness type combinations over the course of the experiment. While day ranges decreased for shy females, they increased for bold females and all males. Space use trajectories may, hence, indicate differences in coping styles when confronted with a novel social and physical environment. Thus, interindividual differences in boldness predict risk taking under near-natural conditions and have consequences for fitness in males, which have a higher reproductive potential than females. Given extreme inter- and intra-annual fluctuations in population density in the study species and its short life span, density-dependent fluctuating selection operating differently on the sexes might maintain (co)variation in boldness, risk taking, and pace-of-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana A Eccard
- Animal Ecology Institute of Biochemistry and Biology University of Potsdam Potsdam Germany
| | - Antje Herde
- Animal Ecology Institute of Biochemistry and Biology University of Potsdam Potsdam Germany
- Animal Behaviour Faculty of Biology University of Bielefeld Bielefeld Germany
| | - Andrea C Schuster
- Animal Ecology Institute of Biochemistry and Biology University of Potsdam Potsdam Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Thilo Liesenjohann
- Animal Ecology Institute of Biochemistry and Biology University of Potsdam Potsdam Germany
- BioConsult SH GmbH & Co. KG Husum Germany
| | - Tatjana Knopp
- Animal Ecology Institute of Biochemistry and Biology University of Potsdam Potsdam Germany
| | - Gerald Heckel
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Melanie Dammhahn
- Animal Ecology Institute of Biochemistry and Biology University of Potsdam Potsdam Germany
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12
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Morita T, Toyoda A, Aisu S, Kaneko A, Suda-Hashimoto N, Adachi I, Matsuda I, Koda H. Effects of short-term isolation on social animals' behavior: An experimental case study of Japanese macaque. ECOL INFORM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2021.101435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Harris RJ, Nekaris KAI, Fry BG. Monkeying around with venom: an increased resistance to α-neurotoxins supports an evolutionary arms race between Afro-Asian primates and sympatric cobras. BMC Biol 2021; 19:253. [PMID: 34823526 PMCID: PMC8613972 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Snakes and primates have a multi-layered coevolutionary history as predators, prey, and competitors with each other. Previous work has explored the Snake Detection Theory (SDT), which focuses on the role of snakes as predators of primates and argues that snakes have exerted a selection pressure for the origin of primates’ visual systems, a trait that sets primates apart from other mammals. However, primates also attack and kill snakes and so snakes must simultaneously avoid primates. This factor has been recently highlighted in regard to the movement of hominins into new geographic ranges potentially exerting a selection pressure leading to the evolution of spitting in cobras on three independent occasions. Results Here, we provide further evidence of coevolution between primates and snakes, whereby through frequent encounters and reciprocal antagonism with large, diurnally active neurotoxic elapid snakes, Afro-Asian primates have evolved an increased resistance to α-neurotoxins, which are toxins that target the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. In contrast, such resistance is not found in Lemuriformes in Madagascar, where venomous snakes are absent, or in Platyrrhini in the Americas, where encounters with neurotoxic elapids are unlikely since they are relatively small, fossorial, and nocturnal. Within the Afro-Asian primates, the increased resistance toward the neurotoxins was significantly amplified in the last common ancestor of chimpanzees, gorillas, and humans (clade Homininae). Comparative testing of venoms from Afro-Asian and American elapid snakes revealed an increase in α-neurotoxin resistance across Afro-Asian primates, which was likely selected against cobra venoms. Through structure-activity studies using native and mutant mimotopes of the α-1 nAChR receptor orthosteric site (loop C), we identified the specific amino acids responsible for conferring this increased level of resistance in hominine primates to the α-neurotoxins in cobra venom. Conclusion We have discovered a pattern of primate susceptibility toward α-neurotoxins that supports the theory of a reciprocal coevolutionary arms-race between venomous snakes and primates. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01195-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Harris
- Venom Evolution Lab, University of Queensland, Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - K Anne-Isola Nekaris
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Bryan G Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, University of Queensland, Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia.
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14
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Hex SBSW, Tombak K, Rubenstein DI. A new classification of mammalian uni-male multi-female groups based on the fundamental principles governing inter- and intrasexual relationships. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-021-03046-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Pastor JF, Muchlinski MN, Potau JM, Casado A, García-Mesa Y, Vega JA, Cabo R. The Tongue in Three Species of Lemurs: Flower and Nectar Feeding Adaptations. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2811. [PMID: 34679832 PMCID: PMC8532830 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mobility of the primate tongue allows for the manipulation of food, but, in addition, houses both general sensory afferents and special sensory end organs. Taste buds can be found across the tongue, but the ones found within the fungiform papillae on the anterior two thirds of the tongue are the first gustatory structures to come into contact with food, and are critical in making food ingestion decisions. Comparative studies of both the macro and micro anatomy in primates are sparse and incomplete, yet there is evidence that gustatory adaptation exists in several primate taxa. One is the distally feathered tongues observed in non-destructive nectar feeders, such as Eulemur rubriventer. We compare both the macro and micro anatomy of three lemurid species who died of natural causes in captivity. We included the following two non-destructive nectar feeders: Varecia variegata and Eulemur macaco, and the following destructive flower feeder: Lemur catta. Strepsirrhines and tarsiers are unique among primates, because they possess a sublingua, which is an anatomical structure that is located below the tongue. We include a microanatomical description of both the tongue and sublingua, which were accomplished using hematoxylin-eosin and Masson trichrome stains, and scanning electron microscopy. We found differences in the size, shape, and distribution of fungiform papillae, and differences in the morphology of conical papillae surrounding the circumvallate ones in all three species. Most notably, large distinct papillae were present at the tip of the tongue in nectar-feeding species. In addition, histological images of the ventro-apical portion of the tongue displayed that it houses an encapsulated structure, but only in Lemur catta case such structure presents cartilage inside. The presence of an encapsulated structure, coupled with the shared morphological traits associated with the sublingua and the tongue tip in Varecia variegata and Eulemur macaco, point to possible feeding adaptations that facilitate non-destructive flower feeding in these two lemurids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Francisco Pastor
- “Osteology and Compared Anatomy” Research Group, Departament of Anatomy and Radiology, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain;
| | | | - Josep Maria Potau
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (J.M.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Aroa Casado
- Unit of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (J.M.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Yolanda García-Mesa
- SINPOS Research Group, Departament of Morphology and Cell Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (Y.G.-M.); (J.A.V.)
| | - Jose Antonio Vega
- SINPOS Research Group, Departament of Morphology and Cell Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (Y.G.-M.); (J.A.V.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Autonomous University of Chile, Santiago 8380447, Chile
| | - Roberto Cabo
- “Osteology and Compared Anatomy” Research Group, Departament of Anatomy and Radiology, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain;
- SINPOS Research Group, Departament of Morphology and Cell Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (Y.G.-M.); (J.A.V.)
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16
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Rocha LEC, Ryckebusch J, Schoors K, Smith M. The scaling of social interactions across animal species. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12584. [PMID: 34131247 PMCID: PMC8206375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Social animals self-organise to create groups to increase protection against predators and productivity. One-to-one interactions are the building blocks of these emergent social structures and may correspond to friendship, grooming, communication, among other social relations. These structures should be robust to failures and provide efficient communication to compensate the costs of forming and maintaining the social contacts but the specific purpose of each social interaction regulates the evolution of the respective social networks. We collate 611 animal social networks and show that the number of social contacts E scales with group size N as a super-linear power-law [Formula: see text] for various species of animals, including humans, other mammals and non-mammals. We identify that the power-law exponent [Formula: see text] varies according to the social function of the interactions as [Formula: see text], with [Formula: see text]. By fitting a multi-layer model to our data, we observe that the cost to cross social groups also varies according to social function. Relatively low costs are observed for physical contact, grooming and group membership which lead to small groups with high and constant social clustering. Offline friendship has similar patterns while online friendship shows weak social structures. The intermediate case of spatial proximity (with [Formula: see text] and clustering dependency on network size quantitatively similar to friendship) suggests that proximity interactions may be as relevant for the spread of infectious diseases as for social processes like friendship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E. C. Rocha
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Economics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ,grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Ryckebusch
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Schoors
- grid.5342.00000 0001 2069 7798Department of Economics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium ,grid.77852.3f0000 0000 8618 9465Higher School of Economics, National Research University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Matthew Smith
- grid.20409.3f000000012348339XThe Business School, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
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Tinsley Johnson E, Feder JA, Bergman TJ, Lu A, Snyder-Mackler N, Beehner JC. The Goldilocks effect: female geladas in mid-sized groups have higher fitness. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210820. [PMID: 34074124 PMCID: PMC8170190 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The cost-benefit ratio of group living is thought to vary with group size: individuals in 'optimally sized' groups should have higher fitness than individuals in groups that are either too large or too small. However, the relationship between group size and individual fitness has been difficult to establish for long-lived species where the number of groups studied is typically quite low. Here, we present evidence for optimal group size that maximizes female fitness in a population of geladas (Theropithecus gelada). Drawing on 14 years of demographic data, we found that females in small groups experienced the highest death rates, while females in mid-sized groups exhibited the highest reproductive performance. This group size effect on female reproductive performance was largely explained by variation in infant mortality (and, in particular, by infanticide from immigrant males) but not by variation in reproductive rates. Taken together, females in mid-sized groups are projected to attain optimal fitness due to conspecific infanticide and, potentially, predation. Our findings provide insight into how and why group size shapes fitness in long-lived species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob A. Feder
- Interdepartmental Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-4364, USA
| | - Thore J. Bergman
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48019-1085, USA
| | - Amy Lu
- Interdepartmental Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-4364, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-4364, USA
| | - Noah Snyder-Mackler
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4701, USA
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1701, USA
| | - Jacinta C. Beehner
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1107, USA
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18
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Athira TK, Vidya TNC. Elephant Social Systems: What Do We Know and How Have Molecular Tools Helped? J Indian Inst Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-021-00226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Adams FV, Arseneau‐Robar TJM, Bonnell TR, Stead SM, Teichroeb JA. Temporal patterns in the social network of core units in Rwenzori Angolan colobus monkeys: Effects of food availability and interunit dispersal. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:3251-3263. [PMID: 33841781 PMCID: PMC8019045 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-level societies are complex, nested social systems where basic social groups (i.e., core units) associate in a hierarchical manner, allowing animals to adjust their group sizes in response to variables such as food availability, predation, or conspecific threat. These pressures fluctuate over time and examining the extent to which this variation affects the clustering of core units into different tiers may be instrumental in understanding the evolution of multi-level societies.The goal of our study was to determine the degree of temporal variability in interunit associations in a multi-level society of Rwenzori Angolan colobus monkey (Colobus angolensis ruwenzorii), and to determine the social and ecological factors that underlie association patterns. The C. a. ruwenzorii multi-level society consists of at least three tiers, with core units clustering into clans that share a home range in a band tier.We performed social network analyses on 21 months of association data from 13 core units (totaling 139 identifiable individuals) at Lake Nabugabo, Uganda. We described the patterns of variation in core-unit associations over time and investigated how changes in rainfall, food availability, and interunit dispersals were correlated with these associations over the short-term (month to month) and long-term (year to year).Although clans were relatively stable, larger-scale changes in association patterns included the formation of an all-male unit and the transfer of one core unit between clans (within the band tier). Seasonally, core units associated significantly more when fruit, their preferred food source, was abundant (i.e., social networks were denser and more clustered) and there was no direct effect of rainfall seasonality or young leaf availability. Male dispersals also occurred more during periods of high fruit availability, suggesting that greater band cohesion allowed males to prospect and transfer between core units. Once males transferred, their previous and new units associated significantly more with one another than with other core units for 1-2 months postdispersal. The dispersal of five males from one core unit to another in a different clan co-occurred with this core unit switching its clan affiliation.By examining temporal shifts in social network structure among core units, this study shows the interconnected roles that food availability and dispersal have in shaping the C. a. ruwenzorii multi-level social system. Our findings highlight how ecological conditions can drive association patterns, impact interunit relationships, and influence social organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances V. Adams
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Toronto ScarboroughTorontoONCanada
| | | | - Tyler R. Bonnell
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of LethbridgeLethbridgeABCanada
| | - Samantha M. Stead
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Toronto ScarboroughTorontoONCanada
| | - Julie A. Teichroeb
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Toronto ScarboroughTorontoONCanada
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20
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Howlett C, Wheeler BC. Prenatal Androgen Effects as a Proximate Mechanism Underpinning Variation in Social Behavior Among Female Nonhuman Primates. INT J PRIMATOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-021-00204-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWhile the role of ecological factors in shaping primate social systems has been a central focus for decades, less attention has been given to phylogenetic relationships and the potential role of underlying proximate mechanisms. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between one such proximate mechanism, prenatal androgen effects (PAEs), and aspects of social behavior in female nonhuman primates using the 2D:4D ratio as a proxy for PAEs and phylogenetically controlled methods. In general, female 2D:4D ratios were highest in monogamous species (low inferred PAEs) and lowest in polygynandrous and polygynous species (high inferred PAEs). 2D:4D ratios also varied with the form of polygyny/polygynandry, potentially with regard to the need for competitive over cooperative behaviors and the intensity of female reproductive competition. Species characterized by female dominance had lower 2D:4D ratios than species characterized by male dominance or codominance. There were no significant relationships between 2D:4D ratio and either degree of frugivory or group size. Relationships between 2D:4D ratios and the directional consistency index and 2D:4D ratios and rates of female–female agonism were also nonsignificant although sample sizes for both of these variables were small. Female social relationships are a manifestation of complex competitive and cooperative behaviors and the results suggest that PAEs may act as a proximate mechanism underlying the expression of certain aspects of behavior in female primates in ways that are adaptive to their social system.
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21
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Noritake A, Ninomiya T, Isoda M. Subcortical encoding of agent-relevant associative signals for adaptive social behavior in the macaque. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:78-87. [PMID: 33609569 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Primates are group-living creatures that constantly face the challenges posed by complex social demands. To date, the cortical mechanisms underlying social information processing have been the major focus of attention. However, emerging evidence suggests that subcortical regions also mediate the collection and processing of information from other agents. Here, we review the literature supporting the hypothesis that behavioral variables important for decision-making, i.e., stimulus, action, and outcome, are associated with agent information (self and other) in subcortical regions, such as the amygdala, striatum, lateral hypothalamus, and dopaminergic midbrain nuclei. Such self-relevant and other-relevant associative signals are then integrated into a social utility signal, presumably at the level of midbrain dopamine neurons. This social utility signal allows decision makers to organize their optimal behavior in accordance with social demands. Determining how self-relevant and other-relevant signals might be altered in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders will be fundamental to better understand how social behaviors are dysregulated in disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Noritake
- Division of Behavioral Development, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 38 Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0193, Japan
| | - Taihei Ninomiya
- Division of Behavioral Development, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 38 Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0193, Japan
| | - Masaki Isoda
- Division of Behavioral Development, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 38 Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0193, Japan.
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22
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Baxter A, Wood EK, Witczak LR, Bales KL, Higley JD. Sexual Dimorphism in Titi Monkeys' Digit (2D:4D) Ratio is Associated with Maternal Urinary Sex Hormones During Pregnancy. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 62:979-991. [PMID: 31372988 PMCID: PMC7871332 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The second-to-fourth digit (2D:4D) ratio is a sexually-dimorphic biomarker for prenatal sex hormone exposure. We investigated whether titi monkeys (Plecturocebus cupreus) exhibit sexually-dimorphic 2D:4D ratio, and whether variation in 2D:4D ratio correlates with maternal testosterone and estrogen levels during early pregnancy. Subjects were 61 adult titi monkeys (32 males, 29 females). For 26 subjects, maternal urine samples were collected approximately 15-20 weeks before birth and assayed for testosterone and estrone conjugate (E1 C). Titi monkeys exhibited a human-like pattern of sexual dimorphism in right-hand 2D:4D ratio, with females exhibiting higher 2D:4D ratio than males (β = -0.29, p = 0.023). For left-hand 2D:4D ratio, high levels of maternal E1 C predicted low offspring 2D:4D ratio (β = -0.48, p = 0.009). For right-hand 2D:4D ratio, high levels of testosterone (β = -0.53, p = 0.005) and testosterone-to-E1 C ratio (β = -0.41, p = 0.028) predicted low offspring 2D:4D ratio. For 2D:4D ratio asymmetry (right-hand - left-hand), high levels of testosterone (β = -0.43, p = 0.03) and testosterone-to-E1 C ratio (β = -0.53, p = 0.003) predicted low (right-biased) asymmetry. This is the first report of sexually-dimorphic 2D:4D ratio in New World monkeys, and the results support a growing literature suggesting prenatal sex hormones may modulate offspring 2D:4D ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Baxter
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California
| | | | - Lynea R Witczak
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California
| | - Karen L Bales
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California
| | - J Dee Higley
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
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23
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Port M, Hildenbrandt H, Pen I, Schülke O, Ostner J, Weissing FJ. The evolution of social philopatry in female primates. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 173:397-410. [PMID: 32779763 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The transition from solitary life to sociality is considered one of the major transitions in evolution. In primates, this transition is currently not well understood. Traditional verbal models appear insufficient to unravel the complex interplay of environmental and demographic factors involved in the evolution of primate sociality, and recent phylogenetic reconstructions have produced conflicting results. We therefore analyze a theoretical model for the evolution of female social philopatry that sheds new light on the question why most primates live in groups. In individual-based simulations, we study the evolution of dispersal strategies of both resident females and their offspring. The model reveals that social philopatry can evolve through kin selection, even if retention of offspring is costly in terms of within-group resource competition and provides no direct benefits. Our model supports the role of predator avoidance as a selective pressure for group-living in primates, but it also suggests that a second benefit of group-living, communal resource defense, might be required to trigger the evolution of sizable groups. Lastly, our model reveals that seemingly small differences in demographic parameters can have profound effects on primate social evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Port
- Department of Behavioral Ecology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hanno Hildenbrandt
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ido Pen
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Schülke
- Department of Behavioral Ecology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Research Group Primate Social Evolution, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia Ostner
- Department of Behavioral Ecology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Research Group Primate Social Evolution, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franz J Weissing
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study (NIAS), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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de Sá FP, Consolmagno RC, Muralidhar P, Brasileiro CA, Zamudio KR, Haddad CFB. Unexpected reproductive fidelity in a polygynous frog. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay1539. [PMID: 32851153 PMCID: PMC7423391 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polygynous mating systems with group fidelity are a common animal organization, typically consisting of multiple females in a mated group with a single male for an extended period (sometimes referred to as harem polygyny). Single-male polygyny with reproductive fidelity occurs in invertebrates, bony fishes, and some tetrapods, such as lizards, mammals, and birds. In amphibians, reproductive fidelity in polygynous groups is not fully demonstrated. Combining data on larval development, molecular paternity assignment, and in situ behavioral observations, we reveal high fidelity during a prolonged breeding season in a Neotropical polygynous frog. Males dominate scarce breeding sites, guarding offspring, and mating exclusively with multiple females that exhibit dominance rank. This system likely evolved in response to intense competition for breeding sites and intrasexual competition for mates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio P. de Sá
- Departamento de Biodiversidade and Centro de Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael C. Consolmagno
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pavitra Muralidhar
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cinthia A. Brasileiro
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kelly R. Zamudio
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Célio F. B. Haddad
- Departamento de Biodiversidade and Centro de Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Inter-individual variation in the diet within a group of Japanese macaques and its relationship with social structure investigated by stable isotope and DNA analyses. Primates 2020; 62:103-112. [PMID: 32617910 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-020-00840-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated individual variation in diet in relation to age-sex class and kin relationship in 28 of 40 members of a small group of wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). We used stable isotope ratios from hair as an index of individual dietary profiles, genetic relatedness as an index of kin relationship, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype as a marker of being an immigrant or native member of the group. The range of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios from hair of individual macaques (δ13C: -24.1‰ to -22.6‰, δ15N:3.8-5.5‰), which reflected their diet over a period of ~ 6 months, implied small individual variation in diet. The results of PERMANOVA implied that there were no significant effects of age class, sex, or mtDNA haplotype on hair stable isotope ratios between individuals, or on the variation in individual diet. However, the isotope values of males with mtDNA haplotypes that differed from those of the native females appeared to differ from those of other group members, which implies that immigrant males might have had a different diet profile from that of native group members. Furthermore, there was a weak correlation trend between genetic relatedness and differences in stable isotope ratios between pairs of individuals. Differences in stable isotope values were more marked in pairs with a more distant genetic relationship. This implies that within the group, closely related kin tended to forage together to avoid competing for food. However, this effect might have been weak because the size of the group was small relative to the size of the food patches, thereby reducing competition.
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26
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Dell'Anna F, Llorente M, Weiß BM, von Fersen L, Amici F. The effect of individual and food characteristics on food retrieval and food sharing in captive Guinea baboons (Papio papio). Am J Primatol 2019; 82:e23078. [PMID: 31840293 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Access to food is of major importance to the fitness and survival of every individual, particularly in group-living animals, in which individual characteristics and food distribution can affect food intake. Additionally, several species of primates are known to share food under certain conditions. Such unresisted transfer of food from one individual to another appears to be adaptive, for instance as a tool to maintain and reinforce social bonds. In this study, we aimed to test how food retrieval and food sharing varies depending on the social relationship between individuals, and on the characteristics of the food. In six different test conditions, we provided a captive group of Guinea baboons (Papio papio, N = 23) with multiple food items, differing in quality, quantity, density, monopolizability, and effort required to obtain it. We further used behavioral observations to assess individual relationships and possible variations in grooming exchanges linked to food sharing events. Out of 424 events in which food items were retrieved by the subjects, we detected no instances of active food sharing and only 17 of passive food sharing. The way food was retrieved was affected by individual and food characteristics (i.e., quantity, quality, and monopolizability of food): Males and central individuals (i.e., those connected to many partners, and/or having partners with many connections in the social network) were more likely to retrieve food during test conditions. In particular, events of passive food sharing mostly happened when the quality of food was low, and between individuals belonging to the same community (i.e., having close relationships). No other food characteristics affected the probability to share food, and the occurrence of food sharing had no immediate effect on grooming exchanges. Overall, our findings suggest that food sharing is relatively rare in Guinea baboons unless the food has a low quality and individuals form close social bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Dell'Anna
- Instituto de Neuroetologia, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico.,Innovació i Formació, Fundació Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Miquel Llorente
- Department of Psychology, Facultat d'Educació i Psicologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.,Unitat de Recerca i Etologia, Fundació Mona, Riudellots de la Selva, Spain.,Institut de Recerca i Estudis en Primatologia-IPRIM, Girona, Spain
| | - Brigitte M Weiß
- Research Group "Primate Behavioural Ecology", Department of Human Behaviour, Ecology and Culture Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVA) Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, Germany.,Behavioral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Life Science, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Federica Amici
- Research Group "Primate Behavioural Ecology", Department of Human Behaviour, Ecology and Culture Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology (MPI EVA) Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig, Germany.,Behavioral Ecology Research Group, Faculty of Life Science, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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27
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New approaches to modeling primate socioecology: Does small female group size BEGET loyal males? J Hum Evol 2019; 137:102671. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Canteloup C, Borgeaud C, Wubs M, Waal E. The effect of social and ecological factors on the time budget of wild vervet monkeys. Ethology 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Canteloup
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- Inkawu Vervet Project Mawana Game Reserve KwaZulu Natal South Africa
| | - Christèle Borgeaud
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- Inkawu Vervet Project Mawana Game Reserve KwaZulu Natal South Africa
| | - Matthias Wubs
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Erica Waal
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
- Inkawu Vervet Project Mawana Game Reserve KwaZulu Natal South Africa
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29
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Rudolph K, Fichtel C, Schneider D, Heistermann M, Koch F, Daniel R, Kappeler PM. One size fits all? Relationships among group size, health, and ecology indicate a lack of an optimal group size in a wild lemur population. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-019-2746-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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30
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De la Fuente MF, Schiel N, Bicca-Marques JC, Caselli CB, Souto A, Garber PA. Balancing contest competition, scramble competition, and social tolerance at feeding sites in wild common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e22964. [PMID: 30810248 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Models of primate sociality focus on the costs and benefits of group living and how factors such as rank, feeding competition, alliance formation, and cooperative behavior shape within-group social relationships. We conducted a series of controlled field experiments designed to investigate how resource distribution (one or three of four reward platforms) and amount of food on a reward platform affected foraging strategies and individual feeding success in four groups of wild common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) living in the Caatinga of northeastern Brazil. At our field site, common marmoset groups are characterized by a single breeding female who can produce twin litters twice per year, strong social cohesion, and cooperative infant care provided principally by several adult male helpers. We found that except for the dominant breeding female, rank (based on aggression) was not a strong predictor of feeding success. Although the breeding female in each group occupied the highest rank position and obtained the greatest daily feeding success, all other group members, including adults and juveniles experienced relatively equal feeding success across most experimental conditions. This was accomplished using a balance of behavioral strategies related to contest competition, scramble competition (associated with a finder's advantage), and social tolerance (sharing the same feeding platform). Based on these results, the social structure of common marmosets is best described as "single female dominance," with the breeding female maximizing food intake needed to offset the energetic costs associated with reproductive twinning and the ability to produce two litters per year. Cooperative infant caregiving, in which the number of helpers is positively correlated with offspring survivorship, requires a set of behavioral strategies that serve to reduce contest competition and promote prosocial behaviors at feeding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola Schiel
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Júlio César Bicca-Marques
- Laboratório de Primatologia, Escola de Ciências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Christini B Caselli
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Antonio Souto
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Paul A Garber
- Department of Anthropology, Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
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Using phylogenetic comparative methods to gain insight into the evolution of social complexity. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-018-2614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Widness J, Aronsen GP. Camera trap data on mammal presence, behaviour and poaching: A case study from Mainaro, Kibale National Park, Uganda. Afr J Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Widness
- Department of Anthropology; Yale University; New Haven CT USA
| | - Gary P. Aronsen
- Department of Anthropology; Yale University; New Haven CT USA
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34
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Mikula P, Šaffa G, Nelson E, Tryjanowski P. Risk perception of vervet monkeys Chlorocebus pygerythrus to humans in urban and rural environments. Behav Processes 2017; 147:21-27. [PMID: 29258859 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Like other animals, primates respond to predation using behavioural adaptations. Hence, they should optimise their escape strategy under the risk of predation, and flee at a distance, referred to as flight initiation distance (FID), when the fitness-related benefits of staying are balanced against the costs of escape. However, there is an absence of FID studies in primates. In this study, we used vervet monkeys Chlorocebus pygerythrus, a medium-sized African cercopithecoid, as a model species to investigate the influence of environment type (urban and rural), group size (defined as the number of visible neighbours), sex and age on FID when approached by a human. We found significantly shorter FID among urban than rural monkeys; urban individuals delayed their escape compared to rural individuals. We found no relationship between FID and sex and age class, but FID was positively correlated with group size in both settings; urban monkeys live in smaller groups than monkeys in rural areas. As FID and group size are important predictors of predation risk perception in primates, results suggest that, despite probable effects of habituation, vervet monkeys in Uganda adjust their antipredator behaviour when coping with novel environments within human settlements. Our findings are consistent with some previous studies of risk perception in animals, and indicate that FID could be used as an alternative measure for predation risk in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mikula
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Gabriel Šaffa
- Laboratory and Museum of Evolutionary Ecology, Department of Ecology, University of Presov, 17 novembra 1, 080 01 Prešov, Slovakia
| | - Emma Nelson
- School of Medicine, Faculty Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 13 3GB, UK; Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, L69 7WZ, UK
| | - Piotr Tryjanowski
- Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
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35
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Nandini S, Keerthipriya P, Vidya TNC. Group size differences may mask underlying similarities in social structure: a comparison of female elephant societies. Behav Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arx135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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36
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Seasonal variation in female Asian elephant social structure in Nagarahole-Bandipur, southern India. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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37
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Jones PL, Hämsch F, Page RA, Kalko EKV, O'Mara MT. Foraging and Roosting Behaviour of the Fringe-Lipped Bat, Trachops cirrhosus, on Barro Colorado Island, Panamá. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2017. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2017.19.2.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L. Jones
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, 6500 College Station, Brunswick ME 04011-8465, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, República de Panamá
| | - Frank Hämsch
- Department of Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rachel A Page
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, República de Panamá
| | - Elisabeth K. V. Kalko
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, República de Panamá
- Institute of Experimental Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, D-89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - M. Teague O'Mara
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, República de Panamá
- Department of Migration & Immuno-ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Am Obstberg 1, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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Michalski F, Michalski LJ, Barnett AA. Environmental determinants and use of space by six Neotropical primates in the northern Brazilian Amazon. STUDIES ON NEOTROPICAL FAUNA AND ENVIRONMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01650521.2017.1335276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Michalski
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação de Vertebrados, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
- Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia, Brazil
| | | | - Adrian A. Barnett
- Centre for Research in Evolutionary and Ecological Anthropology, Life Sciences Department, University of Roehampton, London, UK
- Grupo de Pesquisa de Mamíferos Amazônicos, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
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Paciência F, Baluya D, Mbaryo P, Knauf S, Zinner D. Olive baboons' ( Papio anubis) response towards crowned eagles ( Stephanoaetus coronatus) at Lake Manyara National Park. Primate Biol 2017; 4:101-106. [PMID: 32110697 PMCID: PMC7041538 DOI: 10.5194/pb-4-101-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we report on two encounters between olive baboons (Papio anubis) and crowned eagles (Stephanoaetus coronatus) at Lake Manyara National Park, northern Tanzania. During these encounters olive baboons responded by giving alarm calls and all infants and juveniles rushed down from trees seeking cover under bushes or close proximity to adult conspecifics. In one of the events, alarm calls from banded mongoose (Mungos mungo) and rock hyraxes (Procavia capensis) most likely triggered alarm calling of vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) which in turn prompted baboons to respond with alarm calls as well. In both observations, adult male baboons took the lead in climbing trees, threatening the eagle (staring, yawning, ground slapping) and chasing it away. The reaction of the baboons suggests that crowned eagles pose a threat at least for juvenile baboons at Lake Manyara National Park.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa M. D. Paciência
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz
Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Pay Mbaryo
- Tanzania National Parks, P.O. Box 3134, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Sascha Knauf
- Work Group Neglected Tropical Diseases, Pathology Unit, German Primate
Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077
Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Zinner
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz
Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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40
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Emery Thompson M. Energetics of feeding, social behavior, and life history in non-human primates. Horm Behav 2017; 91:84-96. [PMID: 27594442 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Energy is a variable of key importance to a wide range of research in primate behavioral ecology, life history, and conservation. However, obtaining detailed data on variation in energetic condition, and its biological consequences, has been a considerable challenge. In the past 20years, tremendous strides have been made towards non-invasive methods for monitoring the physiology of animals in their natural environment. These methods provide detailed, individualized data about energetic condition, as well as energy allocations to growth, reproduction, and somatic health. In doing so, they add much-needed resolution by which to move beyond correlative studies to research programs that can discriminate causes from effects and disaggregate multiple correlated features of the social and physical environment. In this review, I describe the conceptual and methodological approaches for studying primate energetics. I then discuss the core questions about primate feeding ecology, social behavior, and life history that can benefit from physiological studies, highlighting the ways in which recent research has done so. Among these are studies that test, and often refute, common assumptions about how feeding ecology shapes primate biology, and those that reveal proximate associations between energetics and reproductive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Emery Thompson
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, MSC01-1040, 500 University Blvd NE, Albuquerque 87131, Mexico.
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41
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Emery Thompson M. Energetics of feeding, social behavior, and life history in non-human primates. Horm Behav 2017; 91:84-96. [PMID: 27594442 DOI: 10.10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Energy is a variable of key importance to a wide range of research in primate behavioral ecology, life history, and conservation. However, obtaining detailed data on variation in energetic condition, and its biological consequences, has been a considerable challenge. In the past 20years, tremendous strides have been made towards non-invasive methods for monitoring the physiology of animals in their natural environment. These methods provide detailed, individualized data about energetic condition, as well as energy allocations to growth, reproduction, and somatic health. In doing so, they add much-needed resolution by which to move beyond correlative studies to research programs that can discriminate causes from effects and disaggregate multiple correlated features of the social and physical environment. In this review, I describe the conceptual and methodological approaches for studying primate energetics. I then discuss the core questions about primate feeding ecology, social behavior, and life history that can benefit from physiological studies, highlighting the ways in which recent research has done so. Among these are studies that test, and often refute, common assumptions about how feeding ecology shapes primate biology, and those that reveal proximate associations between energetics and reproductive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Emery Thompson
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, MSC01-1040, 500 University Blvd NE, Albuquerque 87131, Mexico.
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42
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Fatal attack on a Rylands' bald-faced saki monkey (Pithecia rylandsi) by a black-and-white hawk-eagle (Spizaetus melanoleucus). Primates 2017; 58:361-365. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-017-0598-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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43
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Busia L, Schaffner CM, Rothman JM, Aureli F. Do Fruit Nutrients Affect Subgrouping Patterns in Wild Spider Monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi)? INT J PRIMATOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-016-9935-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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44
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de Carvalho Oliveira L, de Almeida Rocha JM, Dos Reis PP, Dietz J. Preliminary findings on social and ecological correlates of a polyspecific association between a golden-headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) and Wied's marmosets (Callithrix kuhlii). Primates 2016; 58:179-186. [PMID: 27771832 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-016-0580-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The advantages of living in a group include feeding benefits and/or predation avoidance, while the disadvantages are typically related to competition. One way to avoid competition while maintaining the benefits of living in a group is to form interspecific associations with species with relatively little dietary overlap. Here we report a stable association between a male golden-headed lion tamarin (GHLT), Leontopithecus chrysomelas, and a group of Wied's black-tufted-ear marmosets (WBTMs), Callithrix kuhlii. We collected ecological and behavioral data on a duo of GHLTs from May to August 2008, totaling 62 h of observations. On 19 August 2008, the radio-collared GHLT dispersed alone and was located on 28 August in association with WBTMs. To examine possible changes in GHLT ecology and behavior, we monitored the mixed-species group between September and December 2008, totaling 122 h of observations. We found that the GHLT's home range and daily path length decreased by about ten and three times, respectively, after joining the WBTM group, suggesting adaptations to the WBTMs' use of space. All non-agonistic behaviors recorded in the mixed group were directed from GHLT to the WBMTs, whereas all agonistic interactions were directed from the WBMTs to the GHLT, indicating a subordinate position of GHLT in the mixed group. In golden lion tamarins, reproductive success of subordinate adult males that remain in the group is higher than that of those that disperse and "prospect" for a breeding opportunity. If dispersing individuals are unable to find a mate and defend a territory, they will likely die within a year. The dispersing GHLT in this study assumed a subordinate role in a mixed-species group outside a GHLT territory. Apparently, the benefits of waiting for a dispersing female in a relatively safe situation may exceed the costs of prospecting elsewhere or being a subordinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo de Carvalho Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências, Faculdade de Formação de Professores, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rua Dr. Francisco Portela, 1470-Patronato, CEP 24435-005, São Gonçalo, RJ, Brazil.
- Programa de pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Salobrinho, CEP 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
- Bicho do Mato Instituto de Pesquisa, Av. Cônsul Antônio Cadar, 600, CEP 30360-082, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Monteiro de Almeida Rocha
- Programa de pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Salobrinho, CEP 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Paula Pedreira Dos Reis
- Programa de pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Salobrinho, CEP 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
- Instituto de Estudos Socioambientais do Sul da Bahia (IESB), Rua Araujo Pinho, 72-3° Andar, Centro, CEP 45.653-145, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - James Dietz
- Program in Behavior, Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Save the Golden Lion Tamarin, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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45
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46
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Coevolution of female ovulatory signals and male–male competition in primates. J Theor Biol 2016; 392:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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47
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On cognitive ecology and the environmental factors that promote Alzheimer disease: lessons from Octodon degus (Rodentia: Octodontidae). Biol Res 2016; 49:10. [PMID: 26897365 PMCID: PMC4761148 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-016-0074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive ecologist posits that the more efficiently an animal uses information from the biotic and abiotic environment, the more adaptive are its cognitive abilities. Nevertheless, this approach does not test for natural neurodegenerative processes under field or experimental conditions, which may recover animals information processing and decision making and may explain, mechanistically, maladaptive behaviors. Here, we call for integrative approaches to explain the relationship between ultimate and proximate mechanisms behind social behavior. We highlight the importance of using the endemic caviomorph rodent Octodon degus as a valuable natural model for mechanistic studies of social behavior and to explain how physical environments can shape social experiences that might influence impaired cognitive abilities and the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease. We consequently suggest neuroecological approaches to examine how key elements of the environment may affect neural and cognitive mechanisms associated with learning, memory processes and brain structures involved in social behavior. We propose the following three core objectives of a program comprising interdisciplinary research in O. degus, namely: (1) to determine whether diet types provided after weaning can lead to cognitive impairment associated with spatial memory, learning and predisposing to develop Alzheimer disease in younger ages; (2) to examine if early life social experience has long term effects on behavior and cognitive responses and risk for development Alzheimer disease in later life and (3) To determine if an increase of social interactions in adult degu reared in different degree of social stressful conditions alter their behavior and cognitive responses.
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Zhang P, Lyu MY, Wu CF, Chu YMR, Han N, Yang D, Hu K. Variation in body mass and morphological characters in Macaca mulatta brevicaudus from Hainan, China. Am J Primatol 2016; 78:679-98. [PMID: 26848718 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is the most widely distributed nonhuman primate species in the world, with six subspecies distributed through China. From 2012 to 2014, we conducted studies on the body mass and morphological variation of the southernmost subspecies M. m. brevicaudus in Nanwan Nature Reserve for Rhesus Macaque, Hainan, China. We compared measurements with other populations of this species. We also investigated the inter-group body mass variation from seven provisioned free-ranging groups in our study site. Our results show that M. m. brevicaudus has the smallest body size, the smallest body mass, and the shortest tail among rhesus macaque subspecies. Its sexual dimorphism score is also among the lowest, which is similar to other southern distributed subspecies in China, but smaller than northern distributed subspecies. We found that the average body mass of female macaques is not correlated with their dominance ranks. There are significant differences in body mass among the seven adjacent study groups at the same site, suggesting the existence of inter-group competition. Average body mass of a group is better described by a quadratic function of group size than a linear one as predicted by the socio-ecological model. Am. J. Primatol. 78:679-698, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- School of Sociology and, Anthropology, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, China.,Key Lab of Human Evolution and Archaeometry in Guangdong Province, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, China
| | - Mu-Yang Lyu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, China
| | - Cheng-Feng Wu
- School of Sociology and, Anthropology, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, China
| | | | - Ning Han
- Faculty of Foreign Languages and Culture, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Danhe Yang
- School of Sociology and, Anthropology, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, China
| | - Kaijin Hu
- School of Sociology and, Anthropology, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, China
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49
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Jhala YV, Isvaran K. Behavioural Ecology of a Grassland Antelope, the Blackbuck Antilope cervicapra: Linking Habitat, Ecology and Behaviour. ECOLOGICAL STUDIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7570-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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50
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Baden AL, Webster TH, Kamilar JM. Resource seasonality and reproduction predict fission–fusion dynamics in black‐and‐white ruffed lemurs (
Varecia variegata
). Am J Primatol 2015; 78:256-79. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. Baden
- Department of AnthropologyHunter CollegeNew YorkNew York
- Graduate CenterCity University of New YorkNew YorkNew York
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP)New YorkNew York
| | | | - Jason M. Kamilar
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMassachusetts
- Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMassachusetts
- School of Human Evolution and Social ChangeArizona State UniversityTempeArizona
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