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Fockens MM, Dawood Y, Zwart MJ, Docter D, Hagoort J, Dikkers FG, de Bakker BS. Micro-CT Imaging of Tracheal Development in Down Syndrome and Non-Down Syndrome Fetuses. Laryngoscope 2024. [PMID: 38676421 DOI: 10.1002/lary.31468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Down syndrome (DS) is associated with airway abnormalities including a narrowed trachea. It is uncertain whether this narrowed trachea in DS is a consequence of deviant fetal development or an acquired disorder following endotracheal intubation after birth. This study aimed to compare the tracheal morphology in DS and non-DS fetuses using microfocus computed tomography (micro-CT). METHODS Twenty fetal samples were obtained from the Dutch Fetal Biobank and divided into groups based on gestational age. Micro-CT images were processed to analyze tracheal length, volume, and cross-sectional area (CSA). RESULTS Mean tracheal length and tracheal volume were similar in DS and non-DS fetuses for all gestational age groups. Mean, minimum, and maximal tracheal CSA were statistically significantly increased in the single DS fetus in the group of 21-24 weeks of gestation, but not in other gestational age groups. In 90% of all studied fetuses, the minimum tracheal CSA was located in the middle third of the trachea. CONCLUSION Tracheal development in DS fetuses was similar to non-DS fetuses between 13 and 21 weeks of gestation. This suggests that the narrowed tracheal diameter in DS children may occur later in fetal development or results from postnatal intubation trauma. The narrowest part of the trachea is in majority of DS and non-DS fetuses the middle third. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3 Laryngoscope, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Matthijs Fockens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yousif Dawood
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mika J Zwart
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël Docter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam - Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaco Hagoort
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik G Dikkers
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernadette S de Bakker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Naïja A, Mutlu O, Khan T, Seers TD, Yalcin HC. An optimized CT-dense agent perfusion and micro-CT imaging protocol for chick embryo developmental stages. BMC Biomed Eng 2024; 6:3. [PMID: 38654382 DOI: 10.1186/s42490-024-00078-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Compared to classical techniques of morphological analysis, micro-CT (μ-CT) has become an effective approach allowing rapid screening of morphological changes. In the present work, we aimed to provide an optimized micro-CT dense agent perfusion protocol and μ-CT guidelines for different stages of chick embryo cardiogenesis. Our study was conducted over a period of 10 embryonic days (Hamburger-Hamilton HH36) in chick embryo hearts. During the perfusion of the micro-CT dense agent at different developmental stages (HH19, HH24, HH27, HH29, HH31, HH34, HH35, and HH36), we demonstrated that durations and volumes of the injected contrast agent gradually increased with the heart developmental stages contrary to the flow rate that was unchanged during the whole experiment. Analysis of the CT imaging confirmed the efficiency of the optimized parameters of the heart perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Naïja
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Onur Mutlu
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Talha Khan
- Petroleum Engineering Program, Texas A&M University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Huseyin C Yalcin
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
- Department of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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Simcock IC, Shelmerdine SC, Hutchinson JC, Sebire NJ, Arthurs OJ. Body weight-based iodinated contrast immersion timing for human fetal postmortem microfocus computed tomography. BJR Open 2024; 6:tzad006. [PMID: 38352185 PMCID: PMC10860501 DOI: 10.1093/bjro/tzad006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the length of time required to achieve full iodination using potassium tri-iodide as a contrast agent, prior to human fetal postmortem microfocus computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging. Methods Prospective assessment of optimal contrast iodination was conducted across 157 human fetuses (postmortem weight range 2-298 g; gestational age range 12-37 weeks), following micro-CT imaging. Simple linear regression was conducted to analyse which fetal demographic factors could produce the most accurate estimate for optimal iodination time. Results Postmortem body weight (r2 = 0.6435) was better correlated with iodination time than gestational age (r2 = 0.1384), producing a line of best fit, y = [0.0304 × body weight (g)] - 2.2103. This can be simplified for clinical use whereby immersion time (days) = [0.03 × body weight (g)] - 2.2. Using this formula, for example, a 100-g fetus would take 5.2 days to reach optimal contrast enhancement. Conclusions The simplified equation can now be used to provide estimation times for fetal contrast preparation time prior to micro-CT imaging and can be used to manage service throughput and parental expectation for return of their fetus. Advances in knowledge A simple equation from empirical data can now be used to estimate preparation time for human fetal postmortem micro-CT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Simcock
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1N 3JH, United Kingdom
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
| | - Susan C Shelmerdine
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1N 3JH, United Kingdom
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
| | - John Ciaran Hutchinson
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
- Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1N 3JH, United Kingdom
| | - Neil J Sebire
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
- Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1N 3JH, United Kingdom
| | - Owen J Arthurs
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1N 3JH, United Kingdom
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
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Lamouroux A, Cardoso M, Bottero C, Gallo M, Duraes M, Salerno J, Bertrand M, Rigau V, Fuchs F, Mousty E, Genevieve D, Subsol G, Goze-Bac C, Captier G. Micro-CT and high-field MRI for studying very early post-mortem human fetal anatomy at 8 weeks of gestation. Prenat Diagn 2024; 44:3-14. [PMID: 38161284 DOI: 10.1002/pd.6489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study involved very early post-mortem (PM) examination of human fetal anatomy at 8 weeks of gestation (WG) using whole-body multimodal micro-imaging: micro-CT and high-field MRI (HF-MRI). We discuss the potential place of this imaging in early first-trimester virtual autopsy. METHODS We performed micro-CT after different contrast-bath protocols including diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced (dice) and HF-MRI with a 9.4 T machine with qualitative and quantitative evaluation and obtained histological sections. RESULTS Nine fetuses were included: the crown-rump length was 10-24 mm and corresponded to 7 and 9 WG according to the Robinson formula. The Carnegie stages were 17-21. Dice micro-CT and HF-MRI presented high signal to noise ratio, >5, according to the Rose criterion, and for allowed anatomical phenotyping in these specimens. Imaging did not alter the histology, allowing immunostaining and pathological examination. CONCLUSION PM non-destructive whole-body multimodal micro-imaging: dice micro-CT and HF-MRI allows for PM human fetal anatomy study as early as 8 WG. It paves the way to virtual autopsy in the very early first trimester. Obtaining a precision phenotype, even regarding miscarriage products, allows a reverse phenotyping to select variants of interest in genome-wide analysis, offering potential genetic counseling for bereaved parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Lamouroux
- Clinical Genetics Department, Montpellier University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Obstetrical Gynaecology Department, Nîmes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nîmes, France
- Charles Coulomb Laboratory, UMR 5221 CNRS-UM, BNIF User Facility Imaging, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- ICAR Research Team, LIRMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Maïda Cardoso
- Charles Coulomb Laboratory, UMR 5221 CNRS-UM, BNIF User Facility Imaging, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Célia Bottero
- Obstetrical Gynaecology Department, Nîmes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nîmes, France
- Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mathieu Gallo
- Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Pathology Department, Montpellier University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Martha Duraes
- ICAR Research Team, LIRMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Anatomy Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine Montpellier-Nimes, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Obstetrical Gynaecology Department, Montpellier University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jennifer Salerno
- Obstetrical Gynaecology Department, Nîmes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nîmes, France
- Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Gynaecology and Gynaecology Surgery Department, Clinique Beau Soleil, Montpellier, France
| | - Martin Bertrand
- Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Experimental Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine Montpellier-Nimes, University Montpellier, Nîmes, France
- Digestive Surgery Department, Nimes University Hospital, Nîmes, France
| | - Valérie Rigau
- Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Pathology Department, Montpellier University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Florent Fuchs
- Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Obstetrical Gynaecology Department, Montpellier University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Inserm, CESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Reproduction and Child Development, Villejuif, France
- Desbrest Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health (IDESP), University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Eve Mousty
- Obstetrical Gynaecology Department, Nîmes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nîmes, France
- Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - David Genevieve
- Clinical Genetics Department, Montpellier University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Center for Rare Disease Development Anomaly and Malformative Syndromes, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Gérard Subsol
- ICAR Research Team, LIRMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Goze-Bac
- Charles Coulomb Laboratory, UMR 5221 CNRS-UM, BNIF User Facility Imaging, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Captier
- ICAR Research Team, LIRMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Anatomy Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine Montpellier-Nimes, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Paediatric Surgery Department, Montpellier University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Simcock IC, Lamouroux A, Sebire NJ, Shelmerdine SC, Arthurs OJ. Less-invasive autopsy for early pregnancy loss. Prenat Diagn 2023; 43:937-949. [PMID: 37127547 DOI: 10.1002/pd.6361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Autopsy investigations provide valuable information regarding fetal death that can assist in the parental bereavement process, and influence future pregnancies, but conventional autopsy is often declined by parents because of its invasive approach. This has led to the development of less-invasive autopsy investigations based on imaging technology to provide a more accessible and acceptable choice for parents when investigating their loss. Whilst the development and use of more conventional clinical imaging techniques (radiographs, CT, MRI, US) are well described in the literature for fetuses over 20 weeks of gestational age, these investigations have limited diagnostic accuracy in imaging smaller fetuses. Techniques such as ultra-high-field MRI (>3T) and micro-focus computed tomography have been shown to have higher diagnostic accuracy whilst still being acceptable to parents. By further developing and increasing the availability of these more innovative imaging techniques, parents will be provided with a greater choice of acceptable options to investigate their loss, which may in turn increase their uptake. We provide a narrative review focussing on the development of high-resolution, non-invasive imaging techniques to evaluate early gestational pregnancy loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Simcock
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Audrey Lamouroux
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
- Obstetrical Gynaecology Department, Nîmes University Hospital, Nîmes, France
- Clinical Genetics Department, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
- ICAR Research Team, LIRMM, CNRS and Charles Coulomb Laboratory, UMR 5221 CNRS-UM, BNIF User Facility Imaging, University of Montpellier, Nîmes and Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Neil J Sebire
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
- Department of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Susan C Shelmerdine
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Owen J Arthurs
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
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Li P, Lennartz S, Consul N, Moy L, Lee SI. Top Covers of the Centennial. Radiology 2023; 306:64-68. [PMID: 36534609 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.229033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Li
- From the Department of Radiology, Oregon Health and Science University Hospital Dotter Interventional Institute, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, Oregon 97239 (P.L.); Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Germany (S.L.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.C, S.I.L.); Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY (L.M.)
| | - Simon Lennartz
- From the Department of Radiology, Oregon Health and Science University Hospital Dotter Interventional Institute, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, Oregon 97239 (P.L.); Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Germany (S.L.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.C, S.I.L.); Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY (L.M.)
| | - Nikita Consul
- From the Department of Radiology, Oregon Health and Science University Hospital Dotter Interventional Institute, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, Oregon 97239 (P.L.); Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Germany (S.L.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.C, S.I.L.); Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY (L.M.)
| | - Linda Moy
- From the Department of Radiology, Oregon Health and Science University Hospital Dotter Interventional Institute, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, Oregon 97239 (P.L.); Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Germany (S.L.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.C, S.I.L.); Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY (L.M.)
| | - Susanna I Lee
- From the Department of Radiology, Oregon Health and Science University Hospital Dotter Interventional Institute, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, Oregon 97239 (P.L.); Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Cologne, Germany (S.L.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.C, S.I.L.); Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY (L.M.)
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7
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Imaging fetal anatomy. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 131:78-92. [PMID: 35282997 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to advancements in ultrasound techniques, the focus of antenatal ultrasound screening is moving towards the first trimester of pregnancy. The early first trimester however remains in part, a 'black box', due to the size of the developing embryo and the limitations of contemporary scanning techniques. Therefore there is a need for images of early anatomical developmental to improve our understanding of this area. By using new imaging techniques, we can not only obtain better images to further our knowledge of early embryonic development, but clear images of embryonic and fetal development can also be used in training for e.g. sonographers and fetal surgeons, or to educate parents expecting a child with a fetal anomaly. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the past, present and future techniques used to capture images of the developing human embryo and fetus and provide the reader newest insights in upcoming and promising imaging techniques. The reader is taken from the earliest drawings of da Vinci, along the advancements in the fields of in utero ultrasound and MR imaging techniques towards high-resolution ex utero imaging using Micro-CT and ultra-high field MRI. Finally, a future perspective is given about the use of artificial intelligence in ultrasound and new potential imaging techniques such as synchrotron radiation-based CT to increase our knowledge regarding human development.
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Peters R, Castro PT, Matos APP, Ribeiro G, Lopes Dos Santos J, Araujo Júnior E, Werner H. Virtual segmentation of three-dimensional ultrasound images of morphological structures of an ex vivo ectopic pregnancy inside a fallopian tube. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2022; 50:535-539. [PMID: 35285030 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.23193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ex vivo ultrasound (US) of human tissues has been used for decades on the study of the acoustic physical aspects of the US, to the study of the morphology of the organs. Using three-dimensional (3D) US, we demonstrate the possibilities to study surgical specimens from gynecological conditions. 3D images of the surgical specimen were collected and virtually segmented according to the contrast of its images, providing a 3D image of the ectopic pregnancy and its effects on the fallopian tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Peters
- Department of Fetal Medicine, Hospital Bom Pastor, Igrejinha, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Edward Araujo Júnior
- Department of Obstetrics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Medical course, Municipal University of São Caetano do Sul (USCS), Bela Vista Campus, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heron Werner
- Biodesign Laboratory DASA / PUC, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Deng F, Kim E, Trofimova AV, Lee SI. 2021 Top Images in Radiology: Radiology In Training Editors' Choices. Radiology 2021; 302:507-510. [PMID: 34846205 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.212831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Deng
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, GRB 273, Boston MA 02114 (F.D., S.I.L.); Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY (E.K.); and Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Ga (A.V.T.)
| | - Eric Kim
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, GRB 273, Boston MA 02114 (F.D., S.I.L.); Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY (E.K.); and Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Ga (A.V.T.)
| | - Anna V Trofimova
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, GRB 273, Boston MA 02114 (F.D., S.I.L.); Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY (E.K.); and Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Ga (A.V.T.)
| | - Susanna I Lee
- From the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St, GRB 273, Boston MA 02114 (F.D., S.I.L.); Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY (E.K.); and Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Ga (A.V.T.)
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