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Leonardi B, Perrone M, Calcaterra G, Sabatino J, Leo I, Aversani M, Bassareo PP, Pozza A, Oreto L, Moscatelli S, Borrelli N, Bianco F, Di Salvo G. Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot: Have We Understood the Right Timing of PVR? J Clin Med 2024; 13:2682. [PMID: 38731211 PMCID: PMC11084704 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13092682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite many advances in surgical repair during the past few decades, the majority of tetralogy of Fallot patients continue to experience residual hemodynamic and electrophysiological abnormalities. The actual issue, which has yet to be solved, is understanding how this disease evolves in each individual patient and, as a result, who is truly at risk of sudden death, as well as the proper timing of pulmonary valve replacement (PVR). Our responsibility should be to select the most appropriate time for each patient, going above and beyond imaging criteria used up to now to make such a clinically crucial decision. Despite several studies on timing, indications, procedures, and outcomes of PVR, there is still much uncertainty about whether PVR reduces arrhythmia burden or improves survival in these patients and how to appropriately manage this population. This review summarizes the most recent research on the evolution of repaired tetralogy of Fallot (from adolescence onwards) and risk factor variables that may favor or delay PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Perrone
- Clinical Pathways and Epidemiology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy;
- Division of Cardiology and CardioLab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Jolanda Sabatino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (J.S.); (I.L.)
| | - Isabella Leo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (J.S.); (I.L.)
| | - Martina Aversani
- Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, University of Padua and Pediatric Research Institute (IRP), Città Della Speranza, 35127 Padua, Italy; (M.A.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Pier Paolo Bassareo
- School of Medicine, University College of Dublin, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Alice Pozza
- Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, University of Padua and Pediatric Research Institute (IRP), Città Della Speranza, 35127 Padua, Italy; (M.A.); (G.D.S.)
| | - Lilia Oreto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy;
| | - Sara Moscatelli
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK and Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK;
| | - Nunzia Borrelli
- Adult Congenital Heart Disease Unit, AO Dei Colli, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Francesco Bianco
- Cardiovascular Sciences Department, AOU “Ospedali Riuniti”, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Di Salvo
- Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, University of Padua and Pediatric Research Institute (IRP), Città Della Speranza, 35127 Padua, Italy; (M.A.); (G.D.S.)
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Zhou Z, Huang Y, Han L, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Wen S, Chen J. Right ventricular dilatation score: a new assessment to right ventricular dilatation in adult patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2023; 23:458. [PMID: 37710173 PMCID: PMC10500856 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-023-03487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF) experience long-term chronic pulmonary valve regurgitation resulting in right ventricular (RV) dilatation. According to current guidelines, the evaluation of patients with rTOF for RV dilatation should be based on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). However, for many asymptomatic patients, routine CMR is not practical. Our study aims to identify screening methods for CMR based on echocardiographic data, with the goal of establishing a more practical and cheap method of screening for severity of RV dilatation in patients with asymptomatic rTOF. METHODS Thirty two rTOF patients (mean age, 21(10.5) y, 21 males) with moderate to severe pulmonary regurgitation (PR) were prospectively recruited. Each patient received CMR and echocardiogram examination within 1 month prior to operation and collected clinical data, and then received echocardiogram examination at discharge and 3-6 months post-surgery. RESULTS RV moderate-severe dilatation was defined as right ventricular end-diastolic volume index (RVEDVI) ≥ 160 ml/m2 or right ventricular end-systolic volume index (RVESVI) ≥ 80 ml/m2 in 15 of 32 patients (RVEDVI, 202.15[171.51, 252.56] ml/m2, RVESVI, 111.99 [96.28, 171.74] ml/m2). The other 17 (RVESDI, 130.19 [117.91, 139.35] ml/m2, RVESVI = 67.91 [63.35, 73.11] ml/m2) were defined as right ventricle mild dilatation, i.e., RVEDVI < 160 ml/m2 and RVESVI < 80 ml/m2, and the two parameters were higher than normal values. Compared with the RV mild dilatation group, patients of RV moderate-severe dilatation have worse cardiac function before surgery (right ventricular ejection fraction, 38.92(9.19) % versus 48.31(5.53) %, p < 0.001; Left ventricular ejection fraction, 59.80(10.26) versus 66.41(4.15), p = 0.021). Patients with RV moderate-severe dilatation faced longer operation time and more blood transfusion during operation (operation time, 271.53(08.33) min versus 170.53(72.36) min, p < 0.01; Intraoperative blood transfusion, 200(175) ml versus 100(50) ml, p = 0.001). Postoperative RV moderate-severe dilatation patients have poor short-term prognosis, which was reflected in a longer postoperative hospital stay (6.59 [2.12] days versus 9.80 [5.10] days, p = 0.024) and a higher incidence of hypohepatia (0[0] % versus 4[26.7] %, p = 0.023). Patients with RV dilatation score > 2.35 were diagnosed with RV moderate-severe dilatation (AUC = 0,882; Sensitivity = 94.1%; Specificity = 77.3%). CONCLUSIONS RV moderate-severe dilatation is associated with worse preoperative cardiac function and short-term prognosis after PVR in rTOF patients with moderate to severe PR. The RV dilatation score is an effective screening method. When RV dilatation score > 2.35, the patient is indicated for further CMR examination and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqin Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Linjiang Han
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfei Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Shusheng Wen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Jimei Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
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The Use of Stress Cardiovascular Imaging in Pediatric Population. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10020218. [PMID: 36832347 PMCID: PMC9954485 DOI: 10.3390/children10020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Although not frequent in the pediatric population, ischemia could occur in children due to several congenital and acquired disease. Stress imaging is key for the non-invasive evaluation of myocardial abnormalities and perfusion defect in this clinical setting. Moreover, beyond ischemia assessment, it can provide complementary diagnostic and prognostic information in valvular heart disease and cardiomyopathies. When performed using cardiovascular magnetic resonance, it could detect, in addition, myocardial fibrosis and infarction, increasing the diagnostic yield. Several imaging modalities are currently available for the evaluation of stress myocardial perfusion. Advances in technologies have also increased the feasibility, safety and availability of these modalities in the pediatric age group. However, despite the established role of stress imaging and its increasing use in daily clinical practice, there are currently no specific guidelines, and little data are available in the literature on this topic. The aim of this review is to summarize the most recent evidence on pediatric stress imaging and its clinical application with a focus on the advantages and limitations of each imaging modality currently available.
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Alipour Symakani RS, van Genuchten WJ, Zandbergen LM, Henry S, Taverne YJHJ, Merkus D, Helbing WA, Bartelds B. The right ventricle in tetralogy of Fallot: adaptation to sequential loading. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1098248. [PMID: 37009270 PMCID: PMC10061113 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1098248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Right ventricular dysfunction is a major determinant of outcome in patients with complex congenital heart disease, as in tetralogy of Fallot. In these patients, right ventricular dysfunction emerges after initial pressure overload and hypoxemia, which is followed by chronic volume overload due to pulmonary regurgitation after corrective surgery. Myocardial adaptation and the transition to right ventricular failure remain poorly understood. Combining insights from clinical and experimental physiology and myocardial (tissue) data has identified a disease phenotype with important distinctions from other types of heart failure. This phenotype of the right ventricle in tetralogy of Fallot can be described as a syndrome of dysfunctional characteristics affecting both contraction and filling. These characteristics are the end result of several adaptation pathways of the cardiomyocytes, myocardial vasculature and extracellular matrix. As long as the long-term outcome of surgical correction of tetralogy of Fallot remains suboptimal, other treatment strategies need to be explored. Novel insights in failure of adaptation and the role of cardiomyocyte proliferation might provide targets for treatment of the (dysfunctional) right ventricle under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahi S. Alipour Symakani
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Experimental Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Correspondence: Rahi S. Alipour Symakani
| | - Wouter J. van Genuchten
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lotte M. Zandbergen
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Experimental Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine (WBex), University Clinic Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Surya Henry
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Daphne Merkus
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Experimental Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine (WBex), University Clinic Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany
| | - Willem A. Helbing
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Beatrijs Bartelds
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Associations between blood biomarkers, cardiac function and adverse outcome in a young tetralogy of Fallot cohort. Int J Cardiol 2022; 361:31-37. [PMID: 35487320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine the potential prognostic value and clinical correlations of blood biomarkers in a cohort of patients with Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). METHODS In the setting of multicenter prospective research studies TOF patients underwent blood sampling, cardiopulmonary exercise testing and low-dose dobutamine stress cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging. In the blood sample NT-proBNP, GDF-15, Galectin-3, ST-2, DLK-1, FABP4, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-7, MMP-2, and vWF were assessed. During subsequent follow-up, patients were evaluated for reaching the study endpoint (cardiac death, arrhythmia-related hospitalization or cardioversion/ablation, VO2 max ≤65% of predicted). Regression analysis was used to explore the correlation between blood biomarkers (corrected for age and gender) and other clinical parameters. The potential predictive value of blood biomarkers and events were assessed with Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazard analysis. RESULTS We included 137 Fallot patients, median age 19.2 (interquartile range: 14.6-25.7) years, median age at TOF-repair 0.9 (0.5-1.9) years. After a median follow-up of 8.7 (6.3-10.7) years, 20 (14.6%) patients reached the composite endpoint. In a multivariable cox-regression analysis corrected for age at study baseline, elevated IGFBP-7 and MMP-2 levels were associated with the composite endpoint. We also noted a correlation between DLK-1 and relative change in right ventricular end systolic volume during dobutamine stress CMR (β = -0.27, p = 0.010), a correlation between FABP4 and Max VO2 (β = -0.41, p ≤0.001 and between MMP-2 and tricuspid valve E/A ratio (β = -0.15, p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS IGFBP-7, MMP-2 and DLK-1 levels are related to cardiac function and long-term outcome in TOF patients.
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Van den Eynde J, Derdeyn E, Schuermans A, Shivaram P, Budts W, Danford DA, Kutty S. End-Diastolic Forward Flow and Restrictive Physiology in Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e024036. [PMID: 35301867 PMCID: PMC9075485 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.024036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Pulmonary arterial end‐diastolic forward flow (EDFF) following repaired tetralogy of Fallot has been thought to represent right ventricular (RV) restrictive physiology, but is not fully understood. This systematic review and meta‐analysis sought to clarify its physiological and clinical correlates, and to define a framework for understanding EDFF and RV restrictive physiology. Methods and Results PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and reference lists of relevant articles were searched for observational studies published before March 2021. Random‐effects meta‐analysis was performed to identify factors associated with EDFF. Forty‐two individual studies published between 1995 and 2021, including a total of 2651 participants (1132 with EDFF; 1519 with no EDFF), met eligibility criteria. The pooled estimated prevalence of EDFF among patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot was 46.5% (95% CI, 41.6%–51.3%). Among patients with EDFF, the use of a transannular patch was significantly more common, and their stay in the intensive care unit was longer. EDFF was associated with greater RV indexed volumes and mass, as well as smaller E‐wave velocity at the tricuspid valve. Finally, pulmonary regurgitation fraction was greater in patients with EDFF, and moderate to severe pulmonary regurgitation was more common in this population. Conclusions EDFF is associated with dilated, hypertrophied RVs and longstanding pulmonary regurgitation. Although several studies have defined RV restrictive physiology as the presence of EDFF, our study found no clear indicators of poor RV compliance in patients with EDFF, suggesting that EDFF may have multiple causes and might not be the precise equivalent of RV restrictive physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jef Van den Eynde
- Helen B. Taussig Heart Center The Johns Hopkins Hospital and School of Medicine Baltimore MD.,Department of Cardiovascular Diseases University Hospitals Leuven and Department of Cardiovascular SciencesKU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Emilie Derdeyn
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
| | - Art Schuermans
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases University Hospitals Leuven and Department of Cardiovascular SciencesKU Leuven Leuven Belgium.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Radcliffe Department of Medicine Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility University of Oxford United Kingdom
| | - Pushpa Shivaram
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology Augusta University Augusta GA
| | - Werner Budts
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases University Hospitals Leuven and Department of Cardiovascular SciencesKU Leuven Leuven Belgium.,Congenital and Structural Cardiology UZ Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - David A Danford
- Helen B. Taussig Heart Center The Johns Hopkins Hospital and School of Medicine Baltimore MD
| | - Shelby Kutty
- Helen B. Taussig Heart Center The Johns Hopkins Hospital and School of Medicine Baltimore MD
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Cheng S, Li VWY, Cheung YF. Systolic and diastolic functional reserve of the subpulmonary and systemic right ventricles as assessed by pharmacologic and exercise stress: A systematic review. Echocardiography 2022; 39:310-329. [PMID: 34997638 DOI: 10.1111/echo.15285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed a systematic review of the literature on the assessment of subpulmonary and systemic right ventricular (RV) functional reserve during pharmacological and exercise stress in congenital heart patients and patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Literature search was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, and MEDLINE from their inception up to August 2020. Of 913 records identified, 56 studies with a total of 1730 patients were included. Of the 56 studies, 23 assessed subpulmonary RV functional reserve in repaired tetralogy of Fallot patients, 19 assessed systemic RV reserve in patients with transposition of the great arteries (TGA) after atrial switch and those with congenitally corrected TGA, and 14 assessed subpulmonary RV research in patients with PAH. Pharmacological and exercise stress was used, respectively, in 22 and 34 studies. The main findings were (1) impairment of RV systolic and diastolic functional reserve, (2) associations between impaired functional reserve and worse baseline functional parameters, and (3) prognostic implications of RV systolic functional reserve on clinical outcomes in patients with volume and/or pressure-loaded subpulmonary and systemic right ventricles. Further studies are required to establish the incremental value of incorporating stress studies of RV systolic and diastolic function in the clinical management algorithm of congenital heart patients and patients with PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Vivian Wing-Yi Li
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiu-Fai Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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van den Bosch E, Cuypers JAAE, Luijnenburg SE, Duppen N, Boersma E, Budde RPJ, Krestin GP, Blom NA, Breur HMPJ, Snoeren MM, Roos-Hesselink JW, Kapusta L, Helbing WA. Ventricular response to dobutamine stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is associated with adverse outcome during 8-year follow-up in patients with repaired Tetralogy of Fallot. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2020; 21:1039-1046. [PMID: 31596460 PMCID: PMC7440962 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jez241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible value of dobutamine stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) to predict adverse outcome in Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) patients. METHODS AND RESULTS In previous prospective multicentre studies, TOF patients underwent low-dose dobutamine stress CMR (7.5 µg/kg/min). Subsequently, during regular-care patient follow-up, patients were assessed for reaching the composite endpoint (cardiac death, arrhythmia-related hospitalization, or cardioversion/ablation, VO2 max ≤65% of predicted). A normal stress response was defined as a decrease in end-systolic volume (ESV) and increase in ejection fraction. The relative parameter change during stress was calculated as relative parameter change = [(parameterstress - parameterrest)/parameterrest] * 100. The predictive value of dobutamine stress CMR for the composite endpoint was determined using time-to-event analyses (Kaplan-Meier) and Cox proportional hazard analysis. We studied 100 patients [67 (67%) male, median age at baseline CMR 17.8 years (interquartile range 13.5-34.0), age at TOF repair 0.9 years (0.6-2.1)]. After a median follow-up of 8.6 years (6.7-14.1), 10 patients reached the composite endpoint. An abnormal stress response (30% vs. 4.4%, P = 0.021) was more frequently observed in composite endpoint patients. Also in endpoint patients, the relative decrease in right ventricular ESV decreased less during stress compared with the patients without an endpoint (-17 ± 15 vs. -26 ± 13 %, P = 0.045). Multivariable analyses identified an abnormal stress response (hazard ratio 10.4; 95% confidence interval 2.5-43.7; P = 0.001) as predictor for the composite endpoint. CONCLUSION An abnormal ventricular response to dobutamine stress is associated with adverse outcome in patients with repaired TOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva van den Bosch
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3000 CM Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Heart Institute, Moreelsepark 1, 3511 EP Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith A A E Cuypers
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia E Luijnenburg
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3000 CM Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke Duppen
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3000 CM Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Boersma
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ricardo P J Budde
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel P Krestin
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nico A Blom
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M P J Breur
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda M Snoeren
- Department of Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jolien W Roos-Hesselink
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Livia Kapusta
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Centre, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Weizmann street, 64239 Tel Aviv, Israel.,Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem A Helbing
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3000 CM Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Egbe AC, Connolly HM, Miranda WR, Scott CG, Borlaug BA. Prognostic implications of inferior vena cava haemodynamics in ambulatory patients with tetralogy of Fallot. ESC Heart Fail 2020; 7:2589-2596. [PMID: 32588556 PMCID: PMC7524124 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Right atrial pressure (RAP) provides a composite measure of right ventricular diastolic dysfunction, right atrial compliance, and volume status, and these three variables are typically abnormal in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). RAP is a well-established prognostic metric in patients with pulmonary hypertension, and recent data suggest that RAP is associated with clinical outcomes in TOF. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of inferior vena cava (IVC) haemodynamics (size and collapsibility) for the assessment of RAP and its potential application for risk stratification and prognostication in the TOF population. METHODS AND RESULTS Adult TOF patients with echocardiographic assessment of IVC haemodynamics were divided into patients with (derivation cohort, n = 256) and without (validation cohort, n = 492) cardiac catheterization data. We assessed the correlation between IVC haemodynamics, RAP, and disease severity indices [arrhythmias, peak oxygen consumption (VO2 ), and heart failure hospitalization] in derivation cohort and compared it with the correlations in the validation cohort. IVC haemodynamics correlated with RAP (r = 0.52, P < 0.001), with disease severity indices {atrial arrhythmias [area under the curve (AUC) 0.81], ventricular arrhythmias [AUC 0.67], heart failure hospitalizations [AUC 0.78], and peak VO2 [r = 0.53]}, and with transplant-free survival in the derivation cohort. Similar correlations between IVC haemodynamics, disease severity indices, and transplant-free survival were also observed in the validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that IVC haemodynamics can potentially be used for risk stratification and prognostication in TOF patients and can complement the current risk models that are based predominately on right ventricular volumes and systolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Egbe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Heidi M Connolly
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - William R Miranda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | | | - Barry A Borlaug
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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Egbe AC, Pellikka PA, Miranda WR, Bonnichsen C, Reddy YNV, Borlaug BA, Connolly HM. Echocardiographic predictors of severe right ventricular diastolic dysfunction in tetralogy of Fallot: Relations to patient outcomes. Int J Cardiol 2020; 306:49-55. [PMID: 32145939 PMCID: PMC7297267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have described echocardiographic indices of right ventricular (RV) diastolic function in patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) but these indices have not been validated against invasive hemodynamic data. The purpose of this study was to determine echocardiographic predictors of severe RV diastolic dysfunction, and the impact of severe RV diastolic dysfunction on transplant-free survival. METHODS Cohort study of TOF patients that underwent non-simultaneous cardiac catheterization and echocardiogram at Mayo Clinic. Based on prior studies we selected these indices for assessment: tricuspid E/A, E/e', deceleration time, pulmonary artery forward flow, dilated inferior vena cava (IVC), and hepatic vein diastolic flow reversal (HVDFR). RV diastolic function classes (normal, mild/moderate and severe dysfunction) were created using arbitrary cut-off points of the median values of right ventricular end-diastolic pressure (RVEDP) and right atrial pressure (RAP) for the cohort. RESULTS Among 173 patients (age 40 ± 13 years), 68 patients were classified as normal (RVEDP≤14 and RAP≤10), 37 as mild/moderate dysfunction (either RVEDP>14 or RAP>10), and 69 as severe dysfunction (RVEDP>14 and RAP>10). Of the indices assessed, dilated IVC had the best sensitivity of 95% (area under the curve [AUC] 0.689) while HVDFR had the best specificity of 69% (AUC 0.648) for detecting severe RV diastolic dysfunction. Severe RV diastolic dysfunction was an independent risk factor for death/transplant (hazard ratio 2.83, p = 0.009). CONCLUSION Severe RV diastolic dysfunction, as defined by invasive hemodynamic indices, was associated with poor prognosis. Echocardiographic indices can identify these high risk patients, and hence improve risk stratification in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Egbe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America.
| | - Patricia A Pellikka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - William R Miranda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Crystal Bonnichsen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Yogesh N V Reddy
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Barry A Borlaug
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
| | - Heidi M Connolly
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN 55905, United States of America
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11
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Multi-detector computed tomography in the assessment of tetralogy of Fallot patients: is it a must? Egypt Heart J 2020; 72:17. [PMID: 32266511 PMCID: PMC7138870 DOI: 10.1186/s43044-020-00047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) accounts for 10% of all CHD. It classically consists of ventricular septal defect (VSD), aortic overriding, right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) obstruction, and RV hypertrophy. There are many anatomic variants, associated intracardiac and extracardiac anomalies that must be taken into consideration when imaging and planning the surgical procedure needed. Multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT), with its high spatial and temporal resolution, has a pivotal role in the evaluation of complex anatomical findings in both unrepaired and repaired TOF patients. Main body Though MDCT has a limited role in the initial diagnosis of TOF, it is particularly important when there is a question about anatomy of pulmonary arteries (PAs) (whether sizable, hypoplastic, or atretic), presence of major aorto-pulmonary collaterals (MAPCAs) and presence of additional VSDs. Additionally, MDCT is crucial in the diagnosis of different anatomical variants of TOF. TOF patients with absent pulmonary valve classically have hugely dilated PAs which raise an important question about the degree and severity of airways compression. This question can be accurately answered by MDCT. TOF with double-outlet RV (DORV) has variable degrees of aortic override which can be assessed by MDCT. An atrio-ventricular septal defect (AVSD) is seen in about 13% of TOF cases and typically occurs in patients with Down syndrome. MDCT can assess the size and extent of inlet VSD and size of both ventricles (balanced or unbalanced AVSD). Coronary artery anomalies are common and important association. MDCT can identify the presence of a major coronary artery crossing the RVOT, a left anterior descending (LAD) from RCA, or a dual LAD. The clinical importance of these anomalies is its susceptibility to injury during ventriculotomy incision required for TOF repair necessitating changing the usual approach of surgery. Patients with reduced pulmonary blood flow undergo a systemic to pulmonary shunt. MDCT can assess the patency of the shunt, stenotic, or occluded segments. In surgically repaired TOF patients, MDCT can identify the sequalae and long-term complications including residual RVOT obstruction, conduit stenosis, RVOT patch aneurysm, RVH, and aortic root dilatation. Conclusion MDCT is a safe and reliable imaging modality that provides accurate assessment of anatomical variants and associated anomalies of TOF.
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Voges I, Al-Mallah MH, Scognamiglio G, Di Salvo G. Right Heart-Pulmonary Circulation Unit in Congenital Heart Diseases. Heart Fail Clin 2018; 14:283-295. [PMID: 29966627 DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The right ventricle plays a major role in congenital heart disease. This article describes the right ventricular mechanics in some selected congenital heart diseases affecting the right ventricle in different ways: tetralogy of Fallot, Ebstein anomaly, and the systemic right ventricle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Voges
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Trust, London, UK
| | - Mouaz H Al-Mallah
- National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh King Abdulaziz Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Mercer-Rosa L, Fogel MA, Paridon SM, Rychik J, Yang W, Goldmuntz E. Revisiting the End-Diastolic Forward Flow (Restrictive Physiology) in Tetralogy of Fallot. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 11:1547-1548. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Kutty S, Valente AM, White MT, Hickey K, Danford DA, Powell AJ, Geva T. Usefulness of Pulmonary Arterial End-Diastolic Forward Flow Late After Tetralogy of Fallot Repair to Predict a "Restrictive" Right Ventricle. Am J Cardiol 2018; 121:1380-1386. [PMID: 29678339 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The functional significance of pulmonary arterial end-diastolic forward flow (EDFF) in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF) is not fully understood, with conflicting reports regarding its associations with pulmonary regurgitation (PR), right ventricular (RV) size and function, and so-called restrictive RV physiology. To examine these associations, we retrospectively analyzed 399 patients with rTOF who had contemporaneous echocardiography (Echo) and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) studies. The median age at TOF repair was 0.7 years (0.21, 2.66), age at CMR was 19.8 years (13.0, 29.4), and interval between Echo and CMR was 48 days (0, 182). Doppler identified EDFF in 122 (31%) patients and CMR in 113 patients (28%). Compared with those without EDFF, patients with EDFF were younger, had greater PR, and higher RV end-diastolic volume, stroke volume, and ejection fraction. Markers of RV restriction such as right atrial size did not differ between groups. On multivariable regression, EDFF was associated with higher RV stroke volume and lower left ventricular end-diastolic volume. The association between Echo and CMR measurements of EDFF was modest (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.684, r = 0.374, p < 0.001). In conclusion, EDFF was common in this large cohort of patients with rTOF, but its presence and extent varied between Echo and CMR. EDFF was associated with greater PR and larger RV size, but not with markers of poor RV compliance such as right atrial enlargement. Mechanisms beyond RV noncompliance may contribute to the presence of EDFF.
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15
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Panesar DK, Burch M. Assessment of Diastolic Function in Congenital Heart Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2017; 4:5. [PMID: 28261582 PMCID: PMC5309235 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diastolic function is an important component of left ventricular (LV) function which is often overlooked. It can cause symptoms of heart failure in patients even in the presence of normal systolic function. The parameters used to assess diastolic function often measure flow and are affected by the loading conditions of the heart. The interpretation of diastolic function in the context of congenital heart disease requires some understanding of the effects of the lesions themselves on these parameters. Individual congenital lesions will be discussed in this paper. Recently, load-independent techniques have led to more accurate measurements of ventricular compliance and remodeling in heart disease. The combination of inflow velocities and tissue Doppler measurements can be used to estimate diastolic function and LV filling pressures. This review focuses on diastolic function and assessment in congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilveer Kaur Panesar
- Cardiothoracic Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Burch
- Cardiothoracic Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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16
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Pande S, Sharma JK, Siddartha CR, Bansal A, Agarwal SK, Tewari P, Kapoor A. Fresh Autologous Pericardium to Reconstruct the Pulmonary Valve at the Annulus When Tetralogy of Fallot Requires a Transannular Patch at Midterm. Tex Heart Inst J 2016; 43:207-13. [PMID: 27303235 DOI: 10.14503/thij-14-4609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tetralogy of Fallot often requires reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract with a transannular patch (TAP), but this renders the pulmonary valve incompetent and eventually leads to right ventricular dysfunction. We retrospectively evaluated the efficacy of a reconstructed pulmonary valve and annulus in 70 patients who underwent, from December 2006 through December 2010, complete correction of tetralogy of Fallot. We divided the 70 patients into 2 groups in accordance with whether they required (n=50) or did not require (n=20) a TAP. We used autologous untreated pericardium to fashion the TAP and to create both an annulus of the correct size and a competent pulmonary valve with native leaflets. We evaluated the efficiency of this procedure both functionally and anatomically. The median age of the patients was 11 years (range, 2-38 yr). There were 56 males, with no significant difference in sexual distribution between groups. The clinical follow-up was 88% for 57.5 months, and the echocardiographic follow-up was 80% for 36 months. There was no significant difference in outflow gradient or in the occurrence of pulmonary insufficiency between the TAP group (none, 31; mild, 12; moderate, 6; and severe, 1) and the No-TAP group (none, 16; moderate, 2; and severe, 2) (P=0.59). Nor was there any thickening or calcification in the constructed valves. We conclude that pulmonary valves constructed of untreated autologous pericardium performed as well as native valves after total tetralogy of Fallot correction at midterm.
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17
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Bossers S, Kapusta L, Kuipers I, van Iperen G, Moelker A, Kroft L, Romeih S, de Rijke Y, ten Harkel A, Helbing W. Ventricular function and cardiac reserve in contemporary Fontan patients. Int J Cardiol 2015; 196:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.05.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Duppen N, Etnel JR, Spaans L, Takken T, van den Berg-Emons RJ, Boersma E, Schokking M, Dulfer K, Utens EM, Helbing W, Hopman MT. Does exercise training improve cardiopulmonary fitness and daily physical activity in children and young adults with corrected tetralogy of Fallot or Fontan circulation? A randomized controlled trial. Am Heart J 2015; 170:606-14. [PMID: 26385046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many patients with congenital heart disease do not meet current public health guidelines to participate in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity for ≥60 minutes per day. They are less fit than their healthy peers. We hypothesized that exercise training would increase cardiopulmonary fitness and daily physical activity in these patients. We therefore assessed effects of an exercise training program on cardiopulmonary fitness and daily physical activity in patients with corrected tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) or Fontan circulation. METHODS In a multicenter prospective controlled trial, patients with ToF or Fontan circulation (age 10-25 years) were randomized, 56 patients to the exercise group and 37 to the control group. The exercise group participated in a 12-week standardized aerobic exercise training program. The control group continued lifestyle as usual. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and activity measurements were performed before and after 12 weeks. RESULTS Peak oxygen uptake increased in the exercise group by 5.0% (1.7 ± 4.2 mL/kg per minute; P = .011) but not in the control group (0.9 ± 5.2 mL/kg per minute; P = not significant). Workload increased significantly in the exercise group compared with the control group (6.9 ± 11.8 vs 0.8 ± 13.9 W; P = .047). Subgroup analysis showed a significant increase in pre-to-post peak oxygen uptake in the exercise group of ToF patients but not in the exercise group of Fontan patients. Percentage of measured time spent in moderate-to-vigorous activity at baseline was 13.6% ± 8.6%, which did not significantly change after training. CONCLUSIONS Aerobic exercise training improved cardiopulmonary fitness in patients with ToF but not in patients with Fontan circulation. Exercise training did not change daily physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke Duppen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan R Etnel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Spaans
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tim Takken
- Child Development & Exercise Center, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Eric Boersma
- Department of Cardiology, Thorax Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel Schokking
- Department of Pediatrics Cardiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Karolijn Dulfer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth M Utens
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Willem Helbing
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Maria T Hopman
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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19
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Preliminary Assessment of Tricuspid Valve Annular Velocity Parameters by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Adults with a Volume-Overloaded Right Ventricle: Comparison of Unrepaired Atrial Septal Defect and Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot. Pediatr Cardiol 2015; 36:1294-300. [PMID: 25835201 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-015-1160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim is to compare tricuspid valve (TV) atrioventricular junction (AVJ) annular motion parameters in unrepaired atrial septal defect (ASD) and repaired Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging. We retrospectively reviewed CMR studies performed between November 2007 and November 2013 in patients 16-45 years of age with unrepaired ASD (with or without partial anomalous pulmonary venous return) and with repaired TOF, who had previous infundibulotomy, but have not undergone pulmonary valve replacement. Longitudinal motion of lateral TV in four-chamber view cine image was tracked through the cardiac cycle with custom software. Twenty TOF patients and 12 ASD patients were included, and values were compared with 80 controls. Right ventricular end-diastolic volume index and right ventricular end-systolic volume index were similar in the ASD and TOF groups and were significantly higher in both groups than in controls. Maximum displacement of the TV in systole, velocity at half-maximal displacement during systole, and velocity at half-maximal displacement during early diastole were all significantly lower in the TOF group than the ASD group [1.39 ± 0.47 vs. 2.21 ± 0.46 (cm, p < 0.01), 5.9 ± 2.1 vs. 10.1 ± 2.3 (cm/s, p < 0.01), and 7.7 ± 2.6 vs. 10.9 ± 3.1 (cm/s, p < 0.05)]. TOF patients have diminished early diastolic TV AVJ velocity compared to patients with an unrepaired ASD, despite similar RV volumes. This observation could suggest diastolic dysfunction or cardiac mechanics unique to the postoperative, volume-overloaded right ventricle in patients with repaired TOF.
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20
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Duppen N, Geerdink LM, Kuipers IM, Bossers SSM, Koopman LP, van Dijk APJ, Roos-Hesselink JW, De Korte CL, Helbing WA, Kapusta L. Regional ventricular performance and exercise training in children and young adults after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: randomized controlled pilot study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2015; 8:CIRCIMAGING.114.002006. [PMID: 25784723 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.114.002006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Public-health guidelines recommend patients with congenital heart disease to exercise. Studies have shown that patients with congenital heart disease can improve physical exercise capacity. The effect of training on regional ventricular performance has hardly been studied. We performed a pilot study to assess whether an exercise training program would result in adverse changes of regional ventricular performance in patients with corrected tetralogy of Fallot. METHODS AND RESULTS Multicenter prospective randomized controlled pilot study in patients with tetralogy of Fallot aged 10 to 25 years. A 12-week standardized aerobic dynamic exercise training program (3 one-hour sessions per week) was used. Pre- and post-training cardiopulmonary exercise tests, MRI, and echocardiography, including tissue-Doppler imaging, were performed. Patients were randomized to the exercise group (n=28) or control group (n=20). One patient in the exercise group dropped out. Change in tissue-Doppler imaging parameters was similar in the exercise group and control group (change in right ventricle free wall peak velocity E' exercise group, 0.8±2.6 cm/s; control group, 0.9±4.1; peak velocity A' exercise group, 0.4±2.4 m/s; control group 4.6±18.1 cm/s). CONCLUSIONS This randomized controlled pilot study provides preliminary data suggesting that regional ventricular performance is well maintained during 3-month aerobic dynamic exercise training in children and young adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot. This information might help patients adhere to current public-health guidelines. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http//:www.trialregister.nl. Unique identifier: NTR2731.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke Duppen
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (N.D., S.S.M.B., L.P.K., W.A.H.); Departments of Radiology (N.D., S.S.M.B., W.A.H.) and Cardiology (J.W.R.-H.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Pediatric Cardiology (L.M.G., L.K.), Cardiology (A.P.J.v.D.), and Radiology, Laboratory of Clinical Physics (C.L.D.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.M.K.); and Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (L.K.)
| | - Lianne M Geerdink
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (N.D., S.S.M.B., L.P.K., W.A.H.); Departments of Radiology (N.D., S.S.M.B., W.A.H.) and Cardiology (J.W.R.-H.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Pediatric Cardiology (L.M.G., L.K.), Cardiology (A.P.J.v.D.), and Radiology, Laboratory of Clinical Physics (C.L.D.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.M.K.); and Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (L.K.)
| | - Irene M Kuipers
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (N.D., S.S.M.B., L.P.K., W.A.H.); Departments of Radiology (N.D., S.S.M.B., W.A.H.) and Cardiology (J.W.R.-H.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Pediatric Cardiology (L.M.G., L.K.), Cardiology (A.P.J.v.D.), and Radiology, Laboratory of Clinical Physics (C.L.D.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.M.K.); and Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (L.K.)
| | - Sjoerd S M Bossers
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (N.D., S.S.M.B., L.P.K., W.A.H.); Departments of Radiology (N.D., S.S.M.B., W.A.H.) and Cardiology (J.W.R.-H.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Pediatric Cardiology (L.M.G., L.K.), Cardiology (A.P.J.v.D.), and Radiology, Laboratory of Clinical Physics (C.L.D.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.M.K.); and Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (L.K.)
| | - Laurens P Koopman
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (N.D., S.S.M.B., L.P.K., W.A.H.); Departments of Radiology (N.D., S.S.M.B., W.A.H.) and Cardiology (J.W.R.-H.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Pediatric Cardiology (L.M.G., L.K.), Cardiology (A.P.J.v.D.), and Radiology, Laboratory of Clinical Physics (C.L.D.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.M.K.); and Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (L.K.)
| | - Arie P J van Dijk
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (N.D., S.S.M.B., L.P.K., W.A.H.); Departments of Radiology (N.D., S.S.M.B., W.A.H.) and Cardiology (J.W.R.-H.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Pediatric Cardiology (L.M.G., L.K.), Cardiology (A.P.J.v.D.), and Radiology, Laboratory of Clinical Physics (C.L.D.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.M.K.); and Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (L.K.)
| | - Jolien W Roos-Hesselink
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (N.D., S.S.M.B., L.P.K., W.A.H.); Departments of Radiology (N.D., S.S.M.B., W.A.H.) and Cardiology (J.W.R.-H.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Pediatric Cardiology (L.M.G., L.K.), Cardiology (A.P.J.v.D.), and Radiology, Laboratory of Clinical Physics (C.L.D.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.M.K.); and Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (L.K.)
| | - Chris L De Korte
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (N.D., S.S.M.B., L.P.K., W.A.H.); Departments of Radiology (N.D., S.S.M.B., W.A.H.) and Cardiology (J.W.R.-H.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Pediatric Cardiology (L.M.G., L.K.), Cardiology (A.P.J.v.D.), and Radiology, Laboratory of Clinical Physics (C.L.D.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.M.K.); and Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (L.K.)
| | - Willem A Helbing
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (N.D., S.S.M.B., L.P.K., W.A.H.); Departments of Radiology (N.D., S.S.M.B., W.A.H.) and Cardiology (J.W.R.-H.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Pediatric Cardiology (L.M.G., L.K.), Cardiology (A.P.J.v.D.), and Radiology, Laboratory of Clinical Physics (C.L.D.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.M.K.); and Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (L.K.).
| | - Livia Kapusta
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (N.D., S.S.M.B., L.P.K., W.A.H.); Departments of Radiology (N.D., S.S.M.B., W.A.H.) and Cardiology (J.W.R.-H.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Departments of Pediatric Cardiology (L.M.G., L.K.), Cardiology (A.P.J.v.D.), and Radiology, Laboratory of Clinical Physics (C.L.D.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (I.M.K.); and Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (L.K.)
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Role of Stress Echocardiography in Operated Fallot: Feasibility and Detection of Right Ventricular Response. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2014; 27:1319-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Duppen N, Kapusta L, de Rijke YB, Snoeren M, Kuipers IM, Koopman LP, Blank AC, Blom NA, Dulfer K, Utens EMWJ, Hopman MTE, Helbing WA. The effect of exercise training on cardiac remodelling in children and young adults with corrected tetralogy of Fallot or Fontan circulation: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Cardiol 2014; 179:97-104. [PMID: 25464424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise can improve physical fitness in children and adults with congenital heart disease. We hypothesized that exercise training would not lead to adverse cardiac remodelling in this population. METHODS AND RESULTS This multi-centre randomized controlled trial included children and young adults (10 to 25 years) with either corrected tetralogy of Fallot or Fontan circulation. The exercise-group was enrolled in a 12 week standardized aerobic dynamic exercise training program. The control-group continued their life-style and received care as usual. Both groups underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), echocardiography and neurohormonal assessment, within 2 weeks before and 2 weeks after the intervention period. Fifty-six patients were randomized to the exercise-group and 37 to the control-group. We assessed changes between the pre- and the post-intervention period for the exercise group compared to the changes in the control-group. Peak load increased significantly in the exercise-group compared to the control-group (exercise-group 6.9 ± 11.8 W; control-group 0.8 ± 13.9 W; p=0.047). There were no adverse events linked to the study. Ventricular systolic parameters, cardiac dimensions and neurohormonal markers during follow-up did not change in patients allocated to the exercise-group and control-group. Although there were some isolated minor changes in inflow parameters, there was no consistent pattern of changes, indicating a lack of true change in the diastolic function. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that no clinically relevant adverse cardiac remodelling occurred after 12 weeks of exercise training in patients with either corrected tetralogy of Fallot or Fontan circulation. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION www.trialregister.nl, identification NTR2731.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Duppen
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Kapusta
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, Paediatric Cardiology unit, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Centre, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Y B de Rijke
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Snoeren
- Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - I M Kuipers
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L P Koopman
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A C Blank
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, University MC Utrecht-Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N A Blom
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - K Dulfer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E M W J Utens
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M T E Hopman
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - W A Helbing
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Departments of Radiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Valente AM, Cook S, Festa P, Ko HH, Krishnamurthy R, Taylor AM, Warnes CA, Kreutzer J, Geva T. Multimodality Imaging Guidelines for Patients with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2014; 27:111-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Heart failure in congenital heart disease: the role of genes and hemodynamics. Pflugers Arch 2014; 466:1025-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1447-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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25
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Vida VL, Guariento A, Castaldi B, Sambugaro M, Padalino MA, Milanesi O, Stellin G. Evolving strategies for preserving the pulmonary valve during early repair of tetralogy of Fallot: Mid-term results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 147:687-94; discussion 694-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Maskatia SA, Spinner JA, Nutting AC, Slesnick TC, Krishnamurthy R, Morris SA. Impact of obesity on ventricular size and function in children, adolescents and adults with Tetralogy of Fallot after initial repair. Am J Cardiol 2013; 112:594-8. [PMID: 23677064 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is epidemic in congenital heart disease, with reported rates of 16% to 26% in children and 54% in adults. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of obesity on ventricular function and size in patients after initial repair for tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Cardiac magnetic resonance studies in normal-weight (body mass index percentile <85th) and obese (body mass index percentile ≥95th) children and adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot were reviewed. The left ventricular ejection fraction, the right ventricular ejection fraction, left and right ventricular end-diastolic volumes indexed to actual body surface area, to height, and to body surface area using ideal body weight were evaluated in 36 obese patients and 72 age-matched normal-weight patients. Compared with normal-weight patients, obese patients had lower right ventricular ejection fractions (mean 46 ± 9% vs 51 ± 7%, p = 0.003) and left ventricular ejection fractions (mean 57 ± 9% vs 61 ± 6%, p = 0.017), higher right ventricular end-diastolic volumes indexed to height (mean 160 ± 59 vs 135 ± 41 ml/m, p = 0.015) and left ventricular end-diastolic volumes indexed to height (mean 86 ± 25 vs 70 ± 20 ml/m, p = 0.001), and higher right ventricular end-diastolic volumes indexed to ideal body weight (mean 166 ± 55 vs 144 ± 38 ml/m², p = 0.020) and left ventricular end-diastolic volumes indexed to ideal body weight (mean 90 ± 22 vs 75 ± 15 ml/m², p <0.001). In conclusion, obesity is a modifiable risk factor associated with worsened biventricular systolic function and biventricular dilation in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot. The standard method of indexing ventricular volumes using actual body surface area may underestimate volume load in obese patients.
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Orwat S, Diller GP, Baumgartner H. Imaging of congenital heart disease in adults: choice of modalities. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 15:6-17. [PMID: 23913331 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jet124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Major advances in noninvasive imaging of adult congenital heart disease have been accomplished. These tools play now a key role in comprehensive diagnostic work-up, decision for intervention, evaluation for the suitability of specific therapeutic options, monitoring of interventions and regular follow-up. Besides echocardiography, magnetic resonance (CMR) and computed tomography (CT) have gained particular importance. The choice of imaging modality has thus become a critical issue. This review summarizes strengths and limitations of the different imaging modalities and how they may be used in a complementary fashion. Echocardiography obviously remains the workhorse of imaging routinely used in all patients. However, in complex disease and after surgery echocardiography alone frequently remains insufficient. CMR is particularly useful in this setting and allows reproducible and accurate quantification of ventricular function and comprehensive assessment of cardiac anatomy, aorta, pulmonary arteries and venous return including complex flow measurements. CT is preferred when CMR is contraindicated, when superior spatial resolution is required or when "metallic" artefacts limit CMR imaging. In conclusion, the use of currently available imaging modalities in adult congenital heart disease needs to be complementary. Echocardiography remains the basis tool, CMR and CT should be added considering specific open questions and the ability to answer them, availability and economic issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Orwat
- Division of Adult Congenital and Valvular Heart Disease, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Str. 33, Muenster 48149, Germany
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Luijnenburg SE, Mekic S, van den Berg J, van der Geest RJ, Moelker A, Roos-Hesselink JW, Bogers AJJC, de Rijke YB, Strengers JLM, Mulder BJM, Vliegen HW, Helbing WA. Ventricular response to dobutamine stress relates to the change in peak oxygen uptake during the 5-year follow-up in young patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 15:189-94. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jet130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Right Ventricular End-Diastolic Wall Stress: Does It Impact on Right Atrial Size, and Does It Differ in Right Ventricular Pressure vs Volume Loading Conditions? Can J Cardiol 2013; 29:858-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2012.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Dobutamine stress MRI in repaired tetralogy of Fallot with chronic pulmonary regurgitation. Int J Cardiol 2013; 166:96-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.10.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Maskatia SA, Spinner JA, Morris SA, Petit CJ, Krishnamurthy R, Nutting AC. Effect of branch pulmonary artery stenosis on right ventricular volume overload in patients with tetralogy of fallot after initial surgical repair. Am J Cardiol 2013; 111:1355-60. [PMID: 23411101 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.01.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Right ventricular (RV) volume overload secondary to pulmonary regurgitation is common in patients after initial repair of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and is associated with adverse long-term outcomes. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of branch pulmonary artery stenosis on the RV volume in patients with repaired TOF. We reviewed 178 cardiac magnetic resonance imaging studies in patients with repaired TOF. We defined bilateral stenosis as a Nakata index of ≤200 mm(2)/m(2) and concordant branch pulmonary artery cross-sectional area, unilateral stenosis as 1 branch pulmonary artery cross-sectional area ≤100 mm(2)/m(2) and 1 branch pulmonary artery cross-sectional area >100 mm(2)/m(2), and restrictive physiology as prograde main pulmonary artery diastolic flow. Of the 178 patients, 20 (11%) had bilateral stenosis, 47 (26%) unilateral stenosis, and 111 (63%) had no stenosis. The RV end-diastolic volume was lower in patients with bilateral (125 ± 27 ml/m(2)) or unilateral (131 ± 43 ml/m(2)) stenosis than in those without stenosis (149 ± 35 ml/m(2), p = 0.021 and p = 0.019, respectively). The main pulmonary artery regurgitant fraction was greater in patients without stenosis (47%, range 2% to 69%) than in those with bilateral (33%, range 9% to 59%; p = 0.009) or unilateral stenosis (40%, range 0% to 71%; p = 0.033). Restrictive physiology was more common in patients with bilateral (13 of 15, 87%) or unilateral (21 of 38, 55%) stenosis than in those without stenosis (28 of 85, 33%; p <0.001 and p = 0.017, respectively). In conclusion, in patients with repaired TOF, bilateral and unilateral branch pulmonary artery stenosis was associated with a greater main pulmonary artery regurgitant fraction and smaller RV end-diastolic volume than those in patients without stenosis, likely owing to the development of restrictive physiology. Branch pulmonary artery stenosis might effectively delay the referral for pulmonary valve replacement.
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Enlarged right ventricular size at 11 years' follow-up after closure of secundum-type atrial septal defect in children. Cardiol Young 2013; 23:7-13. [PMID: 22717259 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951112000480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fate of right ventricular dimensions after surgical closure of secundum-type atrial septal defects remains unclear. The objectives of this study were to assess ventricular dimensions, exercise capability, and arrhythmias of patients operated for secundum-type atrial septal defect and compare the results with those in healthy references. METHODS A total of 78 consecutive patients underwent surgical closure for a secundum-type atrial septal defect between 1990 and 1995. In all, 42 patients were included and underwent a cross-sectional evaluation including echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging, exercise testing, and 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography. Patients were matched with healthy controls for gender, body surface area, and age. RESULTS The mean age at surgery was 4.6 plus or minus 2.8 years, and the mean age at follow-up was 16 plus or minus 3 years. There were no residual intracardiac lesions. The mean right ventricular endsystolic volume was significantly larger in patients (142 ± 26 millilitres) than in references (137 ± 28 millilitres; p = 0.04). In 25% of the patients, right ventricular end-systolic volume was larger than the 95th percentile for references. No relevant arrhythmias were detected. Exercise testing did not reveal differences with healthy references: maximal power (169 ± 43 Watt patients versus 172 ± 53 controls; p = 0.8), maximal oxygen uptake (38 ± 8 versus 41 ± 13 millilitres per minute per kilogram; p = 0.1). COMMENT After surgical closure of secundum-type atrial septal defect, right ventricular end-systolic volume is increased. These findings have no impact on rhythm status or exercise capacity at this stage of follow-up, but may have implications for the timing of surgery or the technique of closure if confirmed in longer follow-up.
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Freling HG, Pieper PG, Vermeulen KM, van Swieten JM, Sijens PE, van Veldhuisen DJ, Willems TP. Improved cardiac MRI volume measurements in patients with tetralogy of Fallot by independent end-systolic and end-diastolic phase selection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55462. [PMID: 23383197 PMCID: PMC3561175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate to what extent cardiac MRI derived measurements of right ventricular (RV) volumes using the left ventricular (LV) end-systolic and end-diastolic frame misrepresent RV end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes in patients with tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) and a right bundle branch block. Methods Sixty-five cardiac MRI scans of patients with ToF and a right bundle branch block, and 50 cardiac MRI scans of control subjects were analyzed. RV volumes and function using the end-systolic and end-diastolic frame of the RV were compared to using the end-systolic and end-diastolic frame of the LV. Results Timing of the RV end-systolic frame was delayed compared to the LV end-systolic frame in 94% of patients with ToF and in 50% of control subjects. RV end-systolic volume using the RV end-systolic instead of LV end-systolic frame was smaller in ToF (median −3.3 ml/m2, interquartile range −1.9 to −5.6 ml/m2; p<0.001) and close to unchanged in control subjects. Using the RV instead of LV end-systolic and end-diastolic frame hardly affected RV end-diastolic volumes in both groups and ejection fraction in control subjects (54±4%, both methods), while increasing ejection fraction from 45±7% to 48±7% for patients with ToF (p<0.001). QRS duration correlated positively with the changes in the RV end-systolic volume (p<0.001) and RV ejection fraction obtained in ToF patients when using the RV instead of the LV end-systolic and end-diastolic frame (p = 0.004). Conclusion For clinical decision making in ToF patients RV volumes derived from cardiac MRI should be measured in the end-systolic frame of the RV instead of the LV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik G. Freling
- Department of Radiology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Petronella G. Pieper
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karin M. Vermeulen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen M. van Swieten
- Department of Radiology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul E. Sijens
- Department of Radiology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J. van Veldhuisen
- Department of Cardiology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tineke P. Willems
- Department of Radiology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Munkhammar P, Carlsson M, Arheden H, Pesonen E. Restrictive right ventricular physiology after tetralogy of Fallot repair is associated with fibrosis of the right ventricular outflow tract visualized on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 14:978-85. [PMID: 23364871 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jet009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To determine whether the restrictive physiology seen in Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) patients can be explained by fibrosis of the right ventricular (RV) outflow tract. The aetiology for restrictive RV physiology after TOF repair is not known. METHODS AND RESULTS TOF patients (n = 31, 13 girls, 10.2 years ± 2.8) were included 9.2 ± 2.9 years after total correction and examined with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and Doppler echocardiography. Cine, flow, and late gadolinium contrast enhanced (LGE) CMR imaging were performed to quantify RV volumes, pulmonary flow and regurgitation (PR), and fibrosis. Healthy children (n = 12) were investigated with CMR of the pulmonary flow. Forward flow during atrial contraction above mean + 2 SD of healthy subjects was set as a marker of restrictive physiology. Four patients were excluded due to suboptimal LGE-CMR. Fisher's exact test was used to determine the association between restrictive physiology and fibrosis. Sixteen patients showed fibrosis in the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) on LGE-CMR and 14 of them showed restrictive physiology on CMR. Of the 11 patients without fibrosis in the RVOT, 1 showed restrictive physiology. The odds ratio for RVOT fibrosis in patients with restrictive RV physiology was 70.0 (CI: 5.6-882.7, P < 0.001). The transannular patch repair did not differ between the groups (P = 0.37). The degree of RVOT fibrosis correlated positively with PR (r(2) = 0.38, P < 0.001) and RV volumes (r(2) = 0.51 for end-diastolic volume and r(2) = 0.47 for end-systolic volume, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION There is a strong association between the restrictive RV physiology detected on CMR and fibrosis of the RVOT in children after TOF repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Munkhammar
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund SE-221 85, Sweden
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Menon SC, Kaza AK, Puchalski MD. Effect of ventricular size and function on exercise performance and the electrocardiogram in repaired tetralogy of Fallot with pure pulmonary regurgitation. Ann Pediatr Cardiol 2012; 5:151-5. [PMID: 23129904 PMCID: PMC3487203 DOI: 10.4103/0974-2069.99617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), exercise test parameters like peak oxygen uptake and ventilatory efficiency predict mortality. Studies have also suggested cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR)-derived right ventricular (RV) size threshold values for pulmonary valve replacement in repaired TOF. However, effects of proposed RV size on exercise capacity and morbidity are not known. Methods: The relationship between CMR-derived ventricular size, function, and pulmonary regurgitation (PR) and NYHA class, exercise performance, and electrocardiogram (ECG) was studied in patients of repaired TOF with pure PR in a retrospective review of records. Results: 46 patients (22 females), mean age 14 years (8–30.8), were studied. There was no relationship between CMR-derived ventricular size, function, or PR and exercise test parameters, or NYHA class. RV end systolic and end diastolic volume correlated positively with the degree of PR. QRS duration on ECG correlated positively with RV end-diastolic volume (P < 0.01, r2 = 0.34) and PR (P < 0.01, r2 = 0.52). Conclusions: In repaired TOF and pure PR, there is no correlation between ventricular size or function and exercise performance. RV size increases with increasing PR. Timing of pulmonary valve replacement in TOF with pure PR needs further prospective evaluation for its effect on morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaji C Menon
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Ahmad N, Kantor PF, Grosse-Wortmann L, Seller N, Jaeggi ET, Friedberg MK, Mertens L. Influence of RV Restrictive Physiology on LV Diastolic Function in Children after Tetralogy of Fallot Repair. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2012; 25:866-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Luijnenburg SE, de Koning WB, Romeih S, van den Berg J, Vliegen HW, Mulder BJ, Helbing WA. Exercise capacity and ventricular function in patients treated for isolated pulmonary valve stenosis or tetralogy of Fallot. Int J Cardiol 2012; 158:359-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lee W, Yoo SJ, Roche SL, Kantor P, van Arsdell G, Park EA, Redington A, Grosse-Wortmann L. Determinants and functional impact of restrictive physiology after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: new insights from magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Cardiol 2012; 167:1347-53. [PMID: 22537978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of end-diastolic forward flow (EDFF) in the pulmonary arteries is commonly regarded as a hallmark of restrictive physiology of the right ventricle (RV) which, in turn, has been associated with a better long-term prognosis in patients after TOF repair. However, controversy persists over the beneficial clinical consequences of restrictive physiology. We aimed at determining the clinical relevance of restrictive physiology late after TOF repair. METHODS Fifty magnetic resonance examinations of 50 patients (age 13.0 ± 2.8 years, 26 males) with repaired TOF were evaluated. The patients were divided into: Group-1 with and Group-2 without EDFF; Group-A with smaller RVs (<170 ml/m2) and Group-B with larger RVs (≥ 170 ml/m2). Maximum oxygen consumption as percent of predicted (VO2max-pred) at a recent exercise test was recorded. RESULTS Groups-1 and 2 did not differ with regard to their right ventricular end-diastolic volume, pulmonary regurgitant volume, or QRS duration. Patients in Group-1 had a higher VO2max-pred than patients in Group-2 (70.3% versus 54.7% of predicted, p<0.01). In Group-1A versus 2A (RV<170 ml/m(2), with and without EDFF) this difference persisted, but in Group B there was no difference in VO2max-pred between patients with and without EDFF. The flow volume of EDFF correlated with VO2max-pred (r=0.444, p=0.007). CONCLUSIONS End-diastolic forward flow measured by magnetic resonance is present in patients with small and large RVs. The presence of EDFF is associated with better exercise tolerance, but only in patients with relatively small RVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whal Lee
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Canada
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Lu JC, Cotts TB, Dorfman AL. Diastolic function and patient-reported quality of life for adolescents and adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot: a tissue Doppler study. Pediatr Cardiol 2012; 33:618-24. [PMID: 22327228 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-012-0189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular systolic function is an important indicator of clinical well-being and outcomes for patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). This study tested the hypothesis that left ventricular diastolic function by pulsed-wave tissue Doppler is associated with quality of life in this population. In this study, 38 subjects (age, 31.0 ± 14.1 years) with repaired TOF underwent echocardiogram and completed the Short-Form 36, version 2, a validated quality-of-life assessment, within a median of 0 days (range, 0-90 days). Available cardiovascular magnetic resonance data within 1 year after the echocardiogram were analyzed. The ratio of peak early inflow to peak early annular velocity (E/E') at the lateral mitral annulus correlated inversely with the ability to participate in usual activities without physical limitations (r = -0.37; p = 0.02), whereas the right ventricular diastolic indices were not predictive. The relation of left ventricular diastolic function to quality of life was independent of left ventricular systolic function. This may be related to adverse ventricular-ventricular interactions because lateral mitral E/E' correlated with tricuspid E/E' (r = 0.46; p = 0.008) and the right ventricular myocardial performance index (r = 0.42; p = 0.01). Pulsed-wave tissue Doppler of the mitral annulus is a useful tool in this population and may potentially identify patients in need of intervention before the development of left or right ventricular systolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy C Lu
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Congenital Heart Center, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, 1540 East Hospital Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-4204, USA.
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Luijnenburg SE, Peters RE, van der Geest RJ, Moelker A, Roos-Hesselink JW, de Rijke YB, Mulder BJM, Vliegen HW, Helbing WA. Abnormal right atrial and right ventricular diastolic function relate to impaired clinical condition in patients operated for tetralogy of Fallot. Int J Cardiol 2012; 167:833-9. [PMID: 22390967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial enlargement may reflect ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Although patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) have been studied extensively, little is known about atrial size and function. We assessed bi-atrial size and function in patients after TOF repair, and related them to biventricular systolic and diastolic function, and clinical parameters. METHODS 51 Patients (21 ± 8 years) and 30 healthy controls (31 ± 7 years) were included and underwent magnetic resonance imaging to assess bi-atrial and biventricular size, systolic and diastolic function. Patients also underwent exercise testing, and N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) assessment. RESULTS In patients, right atrial (RA) minimal volume (34 ± 8 ml/m(2) vs. 28 ± 8 ml/m(2), p=0.001) and late emptying fraction were increased; RA early emptying fraction was decreased. Patients had longer right ventricular (RV) deceleration time (0.24 ± 0.10 vs. 0.13 ± 0.04, p<0.001), reflecting impaired RV relaxation, and larger RV volumes. Patients with end-diastolic forward flow (EDFF) had larger RA and RV size, abnormal RA emptying, higher NT-proBNP levels, higher VE/VCO2 slope (ventilatory response to carbon dioxide production), and the most abnormal LV diastolic function (impaired compliance). Patients with abnormal RA emptying (reservoir function <30% and pump function >24%) had higher NT-proBNP levels and worse exercise capacity. RA minimal volume was associated with RV end-diastolic volume (r=0.35, p=0.013). CONCLUSIONS In TOF patients with moderate RV dilatation, abnormal bi-atrial function and biventricular diastolic dysfunction are common. Abnormal RA emptying was associated with signs of impaired clinical condition, as was the presence of EDFF. These parameters, together with RA enlargement, could serve as useful markers for clinically relevant RV diastolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia E Luijnenburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Tissue-Velocity Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Tissue Doppler Imaging to Assess Regional Myocardial Diastolic Velocities at the Right Ventricle in Corrected Pediatric Tetralogy of Fallot Patients. Invest Radiol 2012; 47:189-96. [DOI: 10.1097/rli.0b013e31823cbd48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sun AM, AlHabshan F, Cheung M, Bronzetti G, Redington AN, Benson LN, Macgowan C, Yoo SJ. Delayed onset of tricuspid valve flow in repaired tetralogy of Fallot: an additional mechanism of diastolic dysfunction and interventricular dyssynchrony. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2011; 13:43. [PMID: 21864332 PMCID: PMC3173350 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-13-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diastolic dysfunction of the right ventricle (RV) is common after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. While restrictive physiology in late diastole has been well known, dysfunction in early diastole has not been described. The present study sought to assess the prevalence and mechanism of early diastolic dysfunction of the RV defined as delayed onset of the tricuspid valve (TV) flow after TOF repair. METHODS The study population consisted of 31 children with repaired TOF (mean age ± SD, 12.3 ± 4.1 years) who underwent postoperative cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). The CMR protocol included simultaneous phase-contrast velocity mapping of the atrioventricular valves, which enabled direct comparison of the timing and patterns of tricuspid (TV) and mitral (MV) valve flow. The TV flow was defined to have delayed onset when its onset was > 20 ms later than the onset of the MV flow. The TV and MV flow from 14 normal children was used for comparison. The CMR results were correlated with the findings on echocardiography and electrocardiography. RESULT Delayed onset of the TV flow was observed in 16/31 patients and in none of the controls. The mean delay time was 64.81 ± 27.07 ms (8.7 ± 3.2% of R-R interval). The delay time correlated with the differences in duration of the TV and MV flow (55.94 ± 32.88 ms) (r = 0.90, p < 0.001). Delayed onset was associated with prolongation of the RV ejection time in 9 and delayed onset and cessation of the pulmonary arterial flow in 4. Delayed onset was not associated with timing changes in the pulmonary artery in 3. The patients with delayed onset showed reduced RV ejection fraction (p = 0.01). However, the two groups did not show significant differences in TV E/A ratio, ventricular end-diastolic volumes, left ventricular ejection fraction, pulmonary regurgitant fraction, heart rate, PR interval and QRS duration. CONCLUSIONS Early diastolic dysfunction with delayed onset of TV flow is common after TOF repair, and is associated with reduced RV ejection fraction. It is a further manifestation of interventricular dyssynchrony and represent an additional mechanism of ventricular diastolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Min Sun
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Fahad AlHabshan
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1X8, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The University of Toronto School of Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Michael Cheung
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The University of Toronto School of Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Gabriele Bronzetti
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The University of Toronto School of Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Andrew N Redington
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The University of Toronto School of Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Lee N Benson
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The University of Toronto School of Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Christopher Macgowan
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The University of Toronto School of Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1X8, Canada
| | - Shi-Joon Yoo
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1X8, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The University of Toronto School of Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1X8, Canada
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Valverde I, Parish V, Tzifa A, Head C, Sarikouch S, Greil G, Schaeffter T, Razavi R, Beerbaum P. Cardiovascular MR dobutamine stress in adult tetralogy of fallot: Disparity between CMR volumetry and flow for cardiovascular function. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 33:1341-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.22573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Sarikouch S, Koerperich H, Boethig D, Peters B, Lotz J, Gutberlet M, Beerbaum P, Kuehne T. Reference values for atrial size and function in children and young adults by cardiac MR: A study of the german competence network congenital heart defects. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 33:1028-39. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.22521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Lu JC, Cotts TB, Agarwal PP, Attili AK, Dorfman AL. Relation of right ventricular dilation, age of repair, and restrictive right ventricular physiology with patient-reported quality of life in adolescents and adults with repaired tetralogy of fallot. Am J Cardiol 2010; 106:1798-802. [PMID: 21126623 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the predictors of patient-reported quality of life and restrictive right ventricular (RV) physiology in adolescents and adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot. A total of 62 patients (median age 28.5 years, range 14 to 69) undergoing cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging completed the Short Form 36-item questionnaire, version 2, a validated quality of life assessment. RV inflow curves were generated from the sum of tricuspid inflow and pulmonary insufficiency. The patient-reported quality of life was comparable to population norms. Patients repaired after 1 year of age showed a strong trend toward a greater likelihood of physical component summary age-adjusted z-score ≤-1 (odds ratio 7.50, 95% confidence interval 0.90 to 62.3, p = 0.06). Patients with a RV ejection fraction of <45% reported decreased physical component summary (p = 0.02) and physical functioning (p = 0.02) scores. The RV end-diastolic volume, pulmonary regurgitation, and diastolic indexes did not predict the quality of life. The indexed RV end-diastolic volume was related to diastolic abnormalities, correlating with a greater peak early filling rate (r = 0.71, p <0.0001), ratio of peak early to atrial filling rates (r = 0.45, p = 0.006), and showing a strong trend with the end-diastolic forward flow in the pulmonary trunk (odds ratio 2.67 for moderate dilation and 3.50 for severe dilation, p = 0.06). Patients who underwent repair before 1 year old were more likely to have end-diastolic forward flow (15 of 17 vs 25 of 42, p = 0.03). In conclusion, the RV ejection fraction and age of repair were the best predictors of quality of life in this population, in whom end-diastolic forward flow and associated diastolic parameters appeared to reflect an overdistended ventricle, which might suggest a role for early pulmonary valve replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy C Lu
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Heart failure is an important problem after surgical correction of congenital heart disease. Timely recognition may be difficult. Recent developments in exercise testing and stress-imaging may change the management of patients with congenital heart disease. RECENT FINDINGS Exercise tests are commonly used in the follow-up of patients with congenital heart disease. Maximal exercise studies are not always feasible in this patient population. Variables of submaximal exercise and ventilator efficiency have shown a good correlation with variables of maximal exercise and have been suggested to relate to long-term cardiac function.For evaluation of submaximal exercise, stress imaging may reveal abnormal responses unrecognized at rest. Both physical exercise as well as pharmacological stress may be used in combination with various imaging modalities. For practical reasons, dobutamine is most widely used to generate and mimic stress and is well tolerated in low doses. Particularly in lesions affecting the right ventricle and with single ventricular physiology after the Fontan operation, magnetic resonance stress imaging has provided additional insight into the cardiac function. SUMMARY The abnormal stress responses can potentially be used for risk assessment in the follow-up of patients with congenital cardiac disease. Further studies are required to provide common protocols for stress imaging.
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van der Hulst AE, Westenberg JJM, Kroft LJM, Bax JJ, Blom NA, de Roos A, Roest AAW. Tetralogy of fallot: 3D velocity-encoded MR imaging for evaluation of right ventricular valve flow and diastolic function in patients after correction. Radiology 2010; 256:724-34. [PMID: 20634432 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.10092269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate three-dimensional (3D) velocity-encoded (VE) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, as compared with two-dimensional (2D) VE MR imaging, for assessment of pulmonary valve (PV) and tricuspid valve (TV) flow, with planimetry as the reference standard, and to evaluate diastolic function in patients with a corrected tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). MATERIALS AND METHODS Local institutional review board approval was obtained, and patients or their parents gave informed consent. Twenty-five patients with a corrected TOF (12 male, 13 female; mean age, 13.1 years +/- 2.7 [standard deviation]; age range, 8-18 years) and 19 control subjects (12 male, seven female; mean age, 14.1 years +/- 2.4; age range, 8-18 years) underwent planimetric MR imaging, 2D VE MR imaging, and 3D VE MR imaging for TV and PV flow evaluation. For evaluation of diastolic function, PV and TV flow were summated. Data were analyzed by using linear regression analysis, paired and unpaired t testing, and Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS Strong correlations between the 2D VE MR and 3D VE MR measurements of PV flow (for forward flow: r = 0.87, P < .01; for backward flow: r = 0.97, P < .01) were observed. With PV effective flow as a reference, 3D TV effective flow measurements were more accurate than 2D TV effective flow measurements: In patients, the mean 2D TV effective flow versus 2D PV effective flow difference was 17.6 mL +/- 11 (P < .001), and the mean 3D TV effective flow versus 3D PV effective flow difference was -1.2 mL +/- 4.7 (P = .22). Diastolic functional impairment in patients could be detected at 3D VE MR imaging diastolic assessment. CONCLUSION Three-dimensional VE MR imaging is accurate for PV flow assessment and is more accurate than 2D VE MR imaging for TV flow evaluation. Assessment of diastolic function with 3D VE MR imaging can facilitate ongoing research of diastolic dysfunction in patients with a corrected TOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies E van der Hulst
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Schmitt B, Steendijk P, Ovroutski S, Lunze K, Rahmanzadeh P, Maarouf N, Ewert P, Berger F, Kuehne T. Pulmonary vascular resistance, collateral flow, and ventricular function in patients with a Fontan circulation at rest and during dobutamine stress. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2010; 3:623-31. [PMID: 20631032 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.109.931592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role, interplay, and relative importance of the multifactorial hemodynamic and myocardial mechanisms causing dysfunction of the Fontan circulation remain incompletely understood. METHODS AND RESULTS Using an MRI catheterization technique, we performed a differential analysis of pulmonary vascular resistance and aortopulmonary collateral blood flow in conjunction with global ventricular pump function, myocontractility (end-systolic pressure-volume relation), and diastolic compliance (end-diastolic pressure-volume relation) in 10 patients with a Fontan circulation at rest and during dobutamine stress. Pulmonary and ventricular pressures were measured invasively and synchronized with velocity-encoded MRI-derived pulmonary and aortic blood flows and cine MRI-derived ventricular volumes. Pulmonary vascular resistance and end-systolic and end-diastolic pressure-volume relations were then determined. Aortopulmonary collateral flow was calculated as the difference between aortic and pulmonary flow. Compared to rest, dobutamine caused a small increase in mean pulmonary pressures (P<0.05). Collateral flow was significantly augmented (P<0.001) and contributed importantly to an increase in pulmonary flow (P<0.01). Pulmonary vascular resistance decreased significantly (P<0.01). Dobutamine did not increase stroke volumes significantly despite slightly enhanced contractility (end-systolic pressure-volume relation). Active early relaxation (τ) was inconspicuous, but the end-diastolic pressure-volume relation shifted upward, indicating reduced compliance. CONCLUSIONS In patients with a Fontan circulation, aortopulmonary collateral flow contributes substantially to enhanced pulmonary flow during stress. Our data indicate that pulmonary vascular response to augmented cardiac output was adequate, but decreased diastolic compliance was identified as an important component of ventricular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Schmitt
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin and The Charité, Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Frank L, Dillman JR, Parish V, Mueller GC, Kazerooni EA, Bell A, Attili AK. Cardiovascular MR Imaging of Conotruncal Anomalies. Radiographics 2010; 30:1069-94. [DOI: 10.1148/rg.304095158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Luijnenburg SE, Vliegen HW, Mulder BJ, Helbing WA. Tetralogy of Fallot — Does MR imaging have the answers? PROGRESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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