1
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Sugar BP, Thomas JM, Beutler BD, Clifford TG, Tchelepi H. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for the characterization of intra-scrotal lesions. Eur J Radiol 2024; 175:111453. [PMID: 38598965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2024.111453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has emerged as a promising imaging modality for the characterization of hepatic and renal lesions. However, there is a paucity of data describing the use of CEUS for the evaluation of intra-scrotal pathology. In the following review, we describe the clinical utility of CEUS for the characterization and differentiation of common and uncommon intra-scrotal conditions, including testicular torsion, infection, trauma, and benign and malignant intratesticular and extratesticular neoplasms. In addition, we outline key principles of CEUS and provide case examples from our institution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Sugar
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Jerry M Thomas
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Bryce D Beutler
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.
| | - Thomas G Clifford
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Hisham Tchelepi
- Los Angeles General Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
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2
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Padilha CC, Delgado L. Acute Scrotum - When Ultrasound is Enough for the Diagnosis. J Med Ultrasound 2024; 32:91-92. [PMID: 38665344 PMCID: PMC11040494 DOI: 10.4103/jmu.jmu_12_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lara Delgado
- Department of Radiology, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal
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3
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Cokkinos DD, Partovi S, Rafailidis V, Sierrou C, Fragkouli T, Tsolaki S, Kalogeropoulos I. Role and added value of contrast enhanced ultrasound of the painful scrotum in the emergency setting. J Ultrasound 2023; 26:563-575. [PMID: 36627548 PMCID: PMC10247649 DOI: 10.1007/s40477-022-00764-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Emergency imaging of the scrotum is part of routine medical practice. Indications include epididymitis/epididymo-orchitis, testicular torsion, trauma, tumors and infarction. Prompt diagnosis and management are needed to ensure optimal patient outcome. Ultrasound (US) is the initial, and often the only, imaging modality for testicular pathologies. Usually, B-mode and color Doppler US are adequate. In challenging cases, contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) facilitates final diagnosis or increases the examiner's confidence by confirming findings on non-enhanced US. This paper elaborates on the examination technique of CEUS for testicular pathologies, thereby showing its added value over baseline US techniques in the emergency setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sasan Partovi
- Section of Interventional Radiology, Imaging Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Vasileios Rafailidis
- Department of Radiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Sierrou
- Radiology Department, Evangelismos Hospital, 5 Dorylaiou, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Sofia Tsolaki
- Radiology Department, Evangelismos Hospital, 5 Dorylaiou, 11521, Athens, Greece
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4
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Chaudhry H, Siddiqi M, Simpson WL, Rosenberg HK. Pitfalls and Practical Challenges in Imaging of the Pediatric Scrotum. Ultrasound Q 2022; 38:208-221. [PMID: 36054277 DOI: 10.1097/ruq.0000000000000580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ultrasound is the modality of choice for evaluation of the pediatric scrotum, as it provides excellent image quality without the use of radiation, need for sedation/anesthesia, or use of contrast material and can be used for serial examination. Ultrasound of the scrotum has proven to be useful for assessment of a wide gamut of congenital, infectious, inflammatory, endocrine, neoplastic, and traumatic abnormalities in pediatric patients of all ages from the tiniest premature infant to a fully grown young adult. This review article presents a varied spectrum of conditions that may affect the pediatric scrotum, what the radiologist needs to know to meet the challenge of limiting the differential diagnosis, and how to avoid pitfalls when imaging the scrotum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humaira Chaudhry
- Department of Radiology, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Madheea Siddiqi
- Department of Radiology, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - William L Simpson
- Department of Diagnostic Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Henrietta Kotlus Rosenberg
- Department of Diagnostic Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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5
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Wells B, Avery L. Imaging Penile and Scrotal Trauma: What the Surgeon Needs to Know. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2022; 30:455-464. [PMID: 35995473 DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
As a complement to computed tomography and ultrasound for the emergency evaluation of penile and scrotal trauma, MR imaging provides unique advantages and anatomic delineation in the acute care setting. Rapid recognition of traumatic injuries helps guide appropriate clinical and surgical care to prevent long-term comorbidities. It is important for the radiologist to understand and identify these findings to optimize patient care in the emergency setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Wells
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Laura Avery
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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6
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Jo JI, Yang DM, Kim HC, Kim SW. Various Intratesticular Hypoechoic Lesions on Scrotal Sonography. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF RADIOLOGY 2022; 83:861-875. [PMID: 36238913 PMCID: PMC9514578 DOI: 10.3348/jksr.2021.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sonography with a high-frequency transducer is the modality of choice for imaging the scrotum. Most intratesticular lesions are hypoechoic. Differentiation of intratesticular hypoechoic lesions as either malignant or benign is important because the treatment of these lesions vary. In this paper, we review the sonographic features of different types of intratesticular hypoechoic lesions, such as testicular cysts, testicular tumors, testicular inflammatory lesions, segmental testicular infarction, and testicular trauma.
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7
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Essien F, Eagle Z, Tate J, Barber A. Testicular Rupture: The Other Nutcracker Syndrome. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CASE REPORTS 2022; 15:11795476211052416. [PMID: 35173506 PMCID: PMC8842106 DOI: 10.1177/11795476211052416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Scrotal trauma is a rare incident but when it occurs it is typically among 6 to 12 years
old boys. It is most commonly unilateral secondary to compression of the scrotal contents
against the pubic bone. The majority of trauma to the scrotal region is blunt impact but
serious injuries are rare despite the vulnerable position of the testicles. The
combination of the cremasteric reflex and mobility/strength of the tunica albuginea
contribute to reducing occurrences. However, serious injury can occur when the testicle is
trapped against the pubic bone, varying from minimal extravasation to complete parenchymal
destruction. Testicular rupture is a rare injury characterized by rupture of the tunica
albuginea resulting in exposure of the seminiferous tubules. Prompt evaluation of these
patients is crucial as a delay in surgical care may lead to loss of the injured testicle.
We present a case of acute testicular rupture in an active duty male followed by a review
of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Essien
- Keesler Air Force Base, Biloxi, MS, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keesler Medical Center, Biloxi, MS, USA
| | - Zachary Eagle
- Keesler Air Force Base, Biloxi, MS, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keesler Medical Center, Biloxi, MS, USA
| | - Joshua Tate
- Keesler Air Force Base, Biloxi, MS, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Keesler Medical Center, Biloxi, MS, USA
| | - Austin Barber
- Keesler Air Force Base, Biloxi, MS, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Urology, Keesler Medical Center, Biloxi, MS, USA
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8
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Kouame YGS, Moulot MO, Enache T, Konan JM, Agbara K, Ehua M, Thomas HA, N'Goran KE, Bankolé S R. Adrenal gland hematoma presenting as an acute scrotum in a neonate. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.epsc.2021.102133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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9
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Ogbetere FE. Traumatic testicular torsion: A call to look beyond the obvious. Urol Ann 2021; 13:431-433. [PMID: 34759658 PMCID: PMC8525482 DOI: 10.4103/ua.ua_159_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Blunt scrotal trauma results in different forms of injuries such as hematoma, rupture of the testis, and testicular torsion. The diagnosis of trauma-induced testicular torsion in patients with blunt scrotal trauma requires a high index of suspicion. As early diagnosis and management of traumatic testicular torsion obviate testicular losses, an urgent testicular scan is necessary in cases of suspected traumatic torsion, and if not readily available or indeterminate, scrotal exploration is promptly indicated. Reported herein is a case of traumatic testicular torsion which was managed as a straightforward blunt scrotal trauma in a private health facility. He eventually had an orchidectomy when he presented to us 4 months later on account of a marked reduction in testicular volume. This case report reiterates the need to look beyond the obvious in patients with blunt scrotal trauma and the necessity of testicular scan and scrotal exploration in testicular salvage in suspected trauma-induced testicular torsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friday Emeakpor Ogbetere
- Department of Surgery, Edo University, Iyamho.,Department of Surgery, Edo Specialist Hospital, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria
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10
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Paltiel HJ, Barth RA, Bruno C, Chen AE, Deganello A, Harkanyi Z, Henry MK, Ključevšek D, Back SJ. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of blunt abdominal trauma in children. Pediatr Radiol 2021; 51:2253-2269. [PMID: 33978795 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-020-04869-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trauma is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children, and rapid identification of organ injury is essential for successful treatment. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is an appealing alternative to contrast-enhanced CT in the evaluation of children with blunt abdominal trauma, mainly with respect to the potential reduction of population-level exposure to ionizing radiation. This is particularly important in children, who are more vulnerable to the hazards of ionizing radiation than adults. CEUS is useful in hemodynamically stable children with isolated blunt low- to moderate-energy abdominal trauma to rule out solid organ injuries. It can also be used to further evaluate uncertain contrast-enhanced CT findings, as well as in the follow-up of conservatively managed traumatic injuries. CEUS can be used to detect abnormalities that are not apparent by conventional US, including infarcts, pseudoaneurysms and active bleeding. In this article we present the current experience from the use of CEUS for the evaluation of pediatric blunt abdominal trauma, emphasizing the examination technique and interpretation of major abnormalities associated with injuries in the liver, spleen, kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas and testes. We also discuss the limitations of the technique and offer a review of the major literature on this topic in children, including an extrapolation of experience from adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet J Paltiel
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Richard A Barth
- Department of Radiology, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Costanza Bruno
- Department of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Aaron E Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Zoltan Harkanyi
- Department of Radiology, Heim Pal National Pediatric Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - M Katherine Henry
- Safe Place: The Center for Child Protection and Health, Division of General Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Damjana Ključevšek
- Department of Radiology, University Children's Hospital Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Susan J Back
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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11
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Tsili AC, Bougia CK, Pappa O, Argyropoulou MI. Ultrasonography of the scrotum: Revisiting a classic technique. Eur J Radiol 2021; 145:110000. [PMID: 34741987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2021.110000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Conventional US is the primary imaging modality for the evaluation of the scrotum, due to its high resolution, availability, cost-effectiveness and absence of ionizing radiation. Grayscale and color Doppler US provide a comprehensive assessment of scrotal diseases. The technique represents the mainstay for imaging of acute scrotum. US is highly accurate in the detection, localization and characterization of scrotal masses. Multiparametric US, including conventional US, contrast-enhanced US and tissue elastography has improved the diagnostic performance of the technique in the assessment of testicular diseases. MRI represents a valuable supplemental imaging tool for the investigation of scrotal pathology, mainly recommended in cases of indeterminate US findings. Recommendations recently issued by the European Society of Urogenital Radiology Scrotal and Penile Imaging Working Group (ESUR-SPIWG) refer to the use of scrotal sonography for the evaluation of pathologic entities, including testicular microlithiasis, small, non-palpable incidentally detected testicular masses, varicocele and scrotal trauma. In this review, the technical specifications for scrotal US and the normal sonographic findings are presented. Grayscale and color Doppler US findings of common acute scrotal diseases and scrotal masses are discussed. The complimentary role of multiparametric US and scrotal MRI is addressed. ESUR-SPIWG's guidelines are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina C Tsili
- Department of Clinical Radiology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Christina K Bougia
- Department of Clinical Radiology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ourania Pappa
- Department of Clinical Radiology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Maria I Argyropoulou
- Department of Clinical Radiology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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12
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Isolated extratesticular hematoma from intraoperative positioning during lumbar spinal surgery. Radiol Case Rep 2021; 16:3746-3750. [PMID: 34630811 PMCID: PMC8493494 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrotal injury is present in less than 1% of all trauma-related injuries. Traumatic injuries of the scrotum are most commonly seen in penetrating or blunt injury but may also occur after iatrogenic causes such as in the intraoperative setting. We report a case of an isolated extratesticular hematoma incurred after scrotal trauma from prone intraoperative positioning during lumbar spinal surgery. Ultrasound performed following the procedure revealed an extratesticular hematoma without evidence of coexisting testicular injury. This case highlights an atypical insult to the scrotum and reinforces the need to ensure adequate positioning to prevent this postoperative complication.
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13
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Vahidi S, Alipoor H, Ahrari M, Abouei S. Removal of huge hook from a boy's scrotum without any surgical intervention: A case report. Urol Case Rep 2021; 39:101857. [PMID: 34621623 PMCID: PMC8479387 DOI: 10.1016/j.eucr.2021.101857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant proportion of abdominal and pelvic injuries in men are the genitourinary system, which involves the external genitalia more than the others. Due to the specific anatomical position of the external genitourinary and the participation of men in activities such as martial arts, violent interaction and war activities, the incidence of injury is higher than women. In this case report, we report the traumatic incident of an 11-year-old boy whose boxing bag fell while moving, hooked his perineum and exit from the suprapubic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hojat Alipoor
- Resident of Urology,department of Urology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Mohsen Ahrari
- Resident of Urology,department of Urology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Saeid Abouei
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Corresponding author.
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14
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Onder O, Karaosmanoglu AD, Kraeft J, Uysal A, Karcaaltincaba M, Akata D, Ozmen MN, Hahn PF. Identifying the deceiver: the non-neoplastic mimickers of genital system neoplasms. Insights Imaging 2021; 12:95. [PMID: 34232414 PMCID: PMC8263845 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-021-01046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors of the genital system are common and imaging is of crucial importance for their detection and diagnosis. Several non-neoplastic diseases may mimic these tumors and differential diagnosis may be difficult in certain cases. Misdiagnosing non-neoplastic diseases as tumor may prompt unnecessary medical treatment or surgical interventions. In this article, we aimed to present the imaging characteristics of non-neoplastic diseases of the male and female genital systems that may mimic neoplastic processes. Increasing awareness of the imaging specialists to these entities may have a severe positive impact on the management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Onder
- Department of Radiology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, 06100, Turkey
| | | | - Jessica Kraeft
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Aycan Uysal
- Department of Radiology, Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, 06010, Turkey
| | | | - Deniz Akata
- Department of Radiology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, 06100, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Nasuh Ozmen
- Department of Radiology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, 06100, Turkey
| | - Peter F Hahn
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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15
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Sadjo SA, Destinval C, Lemelle JL, Berte N. Testicular rupture after blunt scrotal trauma in children: A case report and literature review. Trauma Case Rep 2021; 33:100482. [PMID: 34041345 PMCID: PMC8141760 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcr.2021.100482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Blunt testicular trauma with rupture of albuginea is one of the rarest emergencies in children. Medical history and Testicular Doppler Ultrasound lead to diagnosis. Appropriate management is necessary to preserve the testis. Follow-up to adulthood is recommended to assess the impact on fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nicolas Berte
- Nancy Regional University Hospital Center, Nancy, France
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16
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Gupta A, Dogra V. Role of color flow Doppler ultrasound in the evaluation of acute scrotal pain. Andrology 2021; 9:1290-1297. [PMID: 34051064 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Color flow Doppler ultrasound is a critical tool in the assessment of the scrotum. Ultrasound is the first-line imaging modality and can rapidly differentiate between surgical and nonsurgical conditions, allowing for appropriate and prompt patient management. We review the role of color flow Doppler in the evaluation of acute scrotal pain, highlighting some of the most commonly seen pathologies such as epididymo-orchitis and testicular torsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshya Gupta
- Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Vikram Dogra
- Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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17
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Tsili AC, Argyropoulou MI, Dolciami M, Ercolani G, Catalano C, Manganaro L. When to ask for an MRI of the scrotum. Andrology 2021; 9:1395-1409. [PMID: 33964115 PMCID: PMC8596813 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) of the scrotum has been established as a useful second‐line diagnostic tool for the investigation of scrotal diseases. Recently, recommendations on clinical indications for scrotal MRI were issued by the Scrotal and Penile Imaging Working Group of the European Society of Urogenital Radiology. Objective To update current research on when to ask for an MRI of the scrotum. Methods PubMed database was searched for original articles and reviews published during 2010–2021. Results Eighty‐three articles fulfilled the search criteria. Scrotal MRI is mainly recommended after inconclusive US findings or inconsistent with the clinical examination and should be asked in the following cases: differentiation between intratesticular and paratesticular lesions (in rare cases of uncertain US findings), characterization of paratesticular and intratesticular lesions (when US findings are indeterminate), discrimination between germ cell and sex cord‐stromal testicular tumors, local staging of testicular malignancies (in patients planned for testis‐sparing surgery), differentiation between seminomas and non‐seminomatous tumors (when immediate chemotherapy is planned and orchiectomy is delayed), assessment of acute scrotum and scrotal trauma (rarely needed, in cases of non‐diagnostic US findings) and detection and localization of undescended testes (in cases of inconlusive US findings). Although preliminary data show promising results in the evaluation of male infertility, no established role for mpMRI still exists. Conclusion Multiparametric MRI of the scrotum, by assessing morphologic and functional data represents a valuable problem‐solving tool, helping to improve our understanding on the nature of scrotal pathology and the process of spermatogenesis. The technique may improve patient care and reduce the number of unnecessary surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina C Tsili
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Maria I Argyropoulou
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Miriam Dolciami
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Giada Ercolani
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Carlo Catalano
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Lucia Manganaro
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
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18
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Correa C, Onishi S, Abrams E. Testicular Torsion in Monorchism Diagnosed with Point-of-care Ultrasound: A Case Report. Clin Pract Cases Emerg Med 2021; 5:82-84. [PMID: 33560959 PMCID: PMC7872624 DOI: 10.5811/cpcem.2020.12.48944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Emergency department physicians should incorporate point-of-care-ultrasound (POCUS) in the assessment of patients presenting with acute scrotal pain for rapid identification of the time sensitive urologic emergency, testicular torsion. Case Report A 20-year-old otherwise healthy male, with a history of monorchism, presented to the emergency department with vague testicular pain. A POCUS was performed, which demonstrated attenuated arterial flow of the patient’s single testicle as well as twisting (“whirlpool sign”) of the spermatic cord, both highly specific ultrasonographic findings of testicular torsion. Conclusion These findings expedited definitive management resulting in the salvage of the single ischemic testicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Correa
- Kaiser Permanente San Diego, Department of Emergency Medicine, San Diego, California
| | - So Onishi
- Kaiser Permanente San Diego, Department of Emergency Medicine, San Diego, California
| | - Eric Abrams
- Kaiser Permanente San Diego, Department of Emergency Medicine, San Diego, California
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19
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Imaging in scrotal trauma: a European Society of Urogenital Radiology Scrotal and Penile Imaging Working Group (ESUR-SPIWG) position statement. Eur Radiol 2021; 31:4918-4928. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-020-07631-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Alawamlh OAH, Flannigan R, Hayden R, Goldstein M, Li PS, Lee RK. Testicular Torsion and Spermatogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1288:287-306. [PMID: 34453742 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77779-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Testicular torsion (TT) is a common urologic emergency that can occur at any age. It is most common in newborns and during puberty. Prompt evaluation and management is required to salvage the testis following an episode of torsion. TT brings about damage to testicular tissue and spermatogenesis through various hypothesized mechanisms; however there is a consensus that the effects of ischemia, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and oxidative stress account for the most destructive effects. Numerous studies have examined the effects of various agents and therapies in limiting the effects of TT on the testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Al Hussein Alawamlh
- James Buchanan Brady Foundation, Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan Flannigan
- James Buchanan Brady Foundation, Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Russell Hayden
- James Buchanan Brady Foundation, Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marc Goldstein
- James Buchanan Brady Foundation, Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philip S Li
- James Buchanan Brady Foundation, Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard K Lee
- James Buchanan Brady Foundation, Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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21
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Leite C, Guerreiro N, Camerin GR, Alves I, Oliveira B, Nastri M, Jayanthi SK, Horvat JV, Cavalcante Viana PC, Horvat N. A Practical Guide to Genitourinary Trauma. Radiographics 2021; 41:96-97. [PMID: 33411613 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2021200110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristyano Leite
- From the Department of Radiology, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Adma Jafet 91, Bela Vista, São Paulo, SP 01308-050, Brazil (C.L., N.G., G.R.C., I.A., B.O., J.V.H., P.C.C.V., N.H.); and Department of Radiology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (M.N., S.K.J., J.V.H., P.C.C.V., N.H.)
| | - Nicolau Guerreiro
- From the Department of Radiology, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Adma Jafet 91, Bela Vista, São Paulo, SP 01308-050, Brazil (C.L., N.G., G.R.C., I.A., B.O., J.V.H., P.C.C.V., N.H.); and Department of Radiology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (M.N., S.K.J., J.V.H., P.C.C.V., N.H.)
| | - Gabriela Ribeiro Camerin
- From the Department of Radiology, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Adma Jafet 91, Bela Vista, São Paulo, SP 01308-050, Brazil (C.L., N.G., G.R.C., I.A., B.O., J.V.H., P.C.C.V., N.H.); and Department of Radiology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (M.N., S.K.J., J.V.H., P.C.C.V., N.H.)
| | - Isabela Alves
- From the Department of Radiology, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Adma Jafet 91, Bela Vista, São Paulo, SP 01308-050, Brazil (C.L., N.G., G.R.C., I.A., B.O., J.V.H., P.C.C.V., N.H.); and Department of Radiology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (M.N., S.K.J., J.V.H., P.C.C.V., N.H.)
| | - Bernardo Oliveira
- From the Department of Radiology, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Adma Jafet 91, Bela Vista, São Paulo, SP 01308-050, Brazil (C.L., N.G., G.R.C., I.A., B.O., J.V.H., P.C.C.V., N.H.); and Department of Radiology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (M.N., S.K.J., J.V.H., P.C.C.V., N.H.)
| | - Márcio Nastri
- From the Department of Radiology, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Adma Jafet 91, Bela Vista, São Paulo, SP 01308-050, Brazil (C.L., N.G., G.R.C., I.A., B.O., J.V.H., P.C.C.V., N.H.); and Department of Radiology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (M.N., S.K.J., J.V.H., P.C.C.V., N.H.)
| | - Shri Krishna Jayanthi
- From the Department of Radiology, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Adma Jafet 91, Bela Vista, São Paulo, SP 01308-050, Brazil (C.L., N.G., G.R.C., I.A., B.O., J.V.H., P.C.C.V., N.H.); and Department of Radiology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (M.N., S.K.J., J.V.H., P.C.C.V., N.H.)
| | - João V Horvat
- From the Department of Radiology, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Adma Jafet 91, Bela Vista, São Paulo, SP 01308-050, Brazil (C.L., N.G., G.R.C., I.A., B.O., J.V.H., P.C.C.V., N.H.); and Department of Radiology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (M.N., S.K.J., J.V.H., P.C.C.V., N.H.)
| | - Públio Cesar Cavalcante Viana
- From the Department of Radiology, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Adma Jafet 91, Bela Vista, São Paulo, SP 01308-050, Brazil (C.L., N.G., G.R.C., I.A., B.O., J.V.H., P.C.C.V., N.H.); and Department of Radiology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (M.N., S.K.J., J.V.H., P.C.C.V., N.H.)
| | - Natally Horvat
- From the Department of Radiology, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Adma Jafet 91, Bela Vista, São Paulo, SP 01308-050, Brazil (C.L., N.G., G.R.C., I.A., B.O., J.V.H., P.C.C.V., N.H.); and Department of Radiology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (M.N., S.K.J., J.V.H., P.C.C.V., N.H.)
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22
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Isikbay M, Sugi MD, Bowman MS, Choi HH. Traumatic testicular rupture: Multimodality imaging with intraoperative correlate. Clin Imaging 2020; 71:13-16. [PMID: 33166897 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic testicular rupture is a rare yet serious condition most commonly seen in penetrating trauma victims (e.g. gunshot wounds or motorcycle collisions) that requires immediate surgical management given its potential complications of hypogonadism and infertility. While ultrasound is the most established modality for diagnosing testicular rupture, trauma patients are usually first evaluated with a trauma protocol computed tomography (CT) exam including the chest, abdomen, and pelvis upon presentation, so it is important to recognize CT findings of testicular injury. We present a novel case in which the suspicion for testicular injury was initially raised based upon CT findings of scrotal hematoma/fluid. These findings were then further characterized with ultrasound and confirmed at surgery. In this case, we provide intraoperative imaging that corresponds clearly to findings seen on both CT and ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masis Isikbay
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, M-396, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Mark D Sugi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, M-396, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Max S Bowman
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hailey H Choi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, M-396, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Radiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, CA 94110, USA
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23
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Ahmed F, Naji M, Al-Hitari A, Amer Q, Al-Sagheer M, Chowdhury U. Use of tunica vaginalis graft for repair of traumatic bilateral testicular rupture after gunshot: a case report. Pan Afr Med J 2020; 36:268. [PMID: 33088397 PMCID: PMC7545980 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2020.36.268.21988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilateral testicular injuries are rare. However, the incidence of these injuries has been increasing in wartime. We describe the case of gunshot wound of the both testicle caused by high velocity bullets. The patient was managed by surgical exploration, debridement and repaired of both testis using tunica vaginalis. During the follow up, the left testis was not viable and there was a need for orchiectomy; in a follow-up of 4 months, ultrasonography showed a viable right testis with minimal atrophic change and the patient reported to have normal erection with borderline hormonal function. We describe this case of bilateral testicular rupture, which was repaired using tunica vaginalis as graft, with attention to the management and outcome of this injury process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Ahmed
- Urology Research Center, Al-Thora Hospital, Department of Urology, Ibb University of Medical Since, Ibb, Yemen
| | - Mohammed Naji
- Department of Urology, Dar Alshefa Hospital, Ibb, Yemen
| | | | - Qais Amer
- Department of Urology, Dar Alshefa Hospital, Ibb, Yemen
| | | | - Umayir Chowdhury
- School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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24
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Sweet DE, Feldman MK, Remer EM. Imaging of the acute scrotum: keys to a rapid diagnosis of acute scrotal disorders. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2020; 45:2063-2081. [PMID: 31748822 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-019-02333-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Imaging of the scrotum in the setting of acute symptoms such as pain or swelling is commonly performed emergently to differentiate between patients who require immediate surgery and those that do not. Acute scrotal symptoms are generally caused by infectious, traumatic or vascular etiologies. Rapid diagnosis and initiation of treatment is vital for testicular salvage in cases of acute testicular torsion, testicular rupture, and Fournier gangrene. Epididymitis, epididymo-orchitis, torsed testicular appendage, segmental testicular infarction, scrotal hematomas, testicular neoplasms, and acute idiopathic scrotal edema can have similar clinical presentations, but these conditions do not require immediate surgery. Ultrasound is the well-established first-line imaging modality for the acute scrotum. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging can be useful as problem-solving tools when ultrasound studies are inconclusive or equivocal. This review describes normal scrotal anatomy and a wide range acute scrotal disorders, with emphasis on the imaging and clinical features that can minimize the risk of misdiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Sweet
- Section of Abdominal Imaging, Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Myra K Feldman
- Section of Abdominal Imaging, Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Erick M Remer
- Section of Abdominal Imaging, Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
- Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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25
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How common are traumatic injuries to the epididymis? A study of prevalence, imaging appearance, and management implications. Emerg Radiol 2020; 28:31-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s10140-020-01814-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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26
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Schwarze V, Marschner C, Rübenthaler J, Negrão de Figueiredo G, Clevert DA. Overview of ultrasound applications for assessing scrotal disorders. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2020; 39:1047-1056. [PMID: 31840876 DOI: 10.1002/jum.15197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The scrotum may be affected by a plethora of different disorders such as infections, vasculopathies, trauma, and manifestations of primary and secondary malignant masses. In addition to the patient's medical history and clinical examination, ultrasound represents the imaging modality of choice to assess scrotal disorders. Time-consuming contrast-enhanced ultrasound and elastography can provide further information to distinguish between benign and malignant testicular mass lesions. The following invited Special Communication gives a comprehensive overview of differential diagnoses of the scrotum and their corresponding sonomorphologic correlates based on representative cases of the Interdisciplinary Ultrasound Center of the University Hospital Munich.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Schwarze
- Department of Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Grosshadern Campus, Munich, Germany
| | - Constantin Marschner
- Department of Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Grosshadern Campus, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Rübenthaler
- Department of Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Grosshadern Campus, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Dirk-Andre Clevert
- Department of Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Grosshadern Campus, Munich, Germany
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27
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Huang DY, Pesapane F, Rafailidis V, Deganello A, Sellars ME, Sidhu PS. The role of multiparametric ultrasound in the diagnosis of paediatric scrotal pathology. Br J Radiol 2020; 93:20200063. [PMID: 32271626 PMCID: PMC10993215 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20200063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiparametric ultrasound (MPUS), combining conventional techniques (greyscale and colour Doppler ultrasound), ultrasound strain elastography, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), has been successfully used in the assessment of adult scrotal pathology. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound can confidently establish testicular tissue vascularity even in the small-volume paediatric testis. Elastography provides further assessment of tissue stiffness, potentially adding useful diagnostic information. In children, ultrasonography is particularly advantageous, being safe, radiation-free and negating the need for sedation or general anaesthesia during the imaging evaluation. In this review article, we aim to familiarise readers with the MPUS scanning protocol used for paediatric scrotal examination and provide an overview of scrotal MPUS features, with particular focus to clinical indications where MPUS may be advantageous over conventional ultrasonography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Y. Huang
- Department of Radiology, King’s College Hospital,
London. Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS
U.K, United Kingdom
| | - Filippo Pesapane
- Breast Imaging Division, IEO European Institute of Oncology
IRCCS, Via Giuseppe Ripamonti 435, 20141,
Milan, Italy
| | - Vasileios Rafailidis
- Department of Radiology, King’s College Hospital,
London. Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS
U.K, United Kingdom
| | - Annamaria Deganello
- Department of Radiology, King’s College Hospital,
London. Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS
U.K, United Kingdom
| | - Maria E. Sellars
- Department of Radiology, King’s College Hospital,
London. Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS
U.K, United Kingdom
| | - Paul S Sidhu
- Department of Radiology, King’s College Hospital,
London. Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS
U.K, United Kingdom
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28
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Yusuf GT, Rafailidis V, Moore S, Hawthorn B, Fang C, Huang DY, Sellars ME, Sidhu PS. The role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the evaluation of scrotal trauma: a review. Insights Imaging 2020; 11:68. [PMID: 32430792 PMCID: PMC7237587 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-020-00874-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular trauma is common, usually trivial and rarely requires hospital attendance, but if it does, then imaging becomes essential as scrotal assessment may be difficult due to pain and/or scrotal disruption. Ultrasound (US) assumes a crucial role as other cross-sectional modalities have a limited use in the acute presentation. Despite the acceptable accuracy of conventional US techniques, there are limitations which hinder a thorough evaluation, critically the assessment of tissue viability, crucial for clinical management and prognosis. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has been shown to offer improved flow visualisation and tissue perfusion compared with conventional Doppler techniques. CEUS can accurately and confidently demonstrate the viability of testicular parenchyma, delineate fracture lines and haematomas and guide treatment for testis-sparing surgery or orchidectomy. The purpose of this review is to present the literature, familiarise physicians with the principles of CEUS and findings of scrotal trauma and illustrate the main abnormalities through characteristic and educative cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibran T Yusuf
- Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Vasileios Rafailidis
- Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Stephen Moore
- Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Benjamin Hawthorn
- Department of Radiology, St Georges Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Cheng Fang
- Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Dean Y Huang
- Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Maria E Sellars
- Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Paul S Sidhu
- Department of Radiology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Leung LY, Seth J, Gonsalves M, Watkin N, Sharma D. Testicular rupture: Simplifying the diagnosis. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL UROLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2051415819887314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To review the use of ultrasound imaging in the diagnosis of testicular rupture and in relation to current guidelines. Methods: Data was retrospectively collected for all patients diagnosed with testicular rupture at a major trauma centre between 2011 and 2018. Data included patient demographics, mechanism of trauma, specific findings on ultrasound and outcomes. On review of ultrasound imaging, specific findings identified include a breach in the tunica albuginea (currently advised in guidelines), heterogenicity and contour loss. Results: Eight patients were identified with average age 37 years old, mechanism of trauma was 50%, 37.5% and 12.5% for motorcycle road traffic collision, sporting injury and workplace injury respectively. A breach of tunica albuginea was identified on ultrasound in 65% of cases, compared with 100% of cases showing contour loss and heterogenicity. Of the 87.5% patients who were managed surgically one needed orchidectomy (and later testosterone replacement). Conclusion: Guidelines have varied on how to use ultrasound imaging in diagnosing a clinically difficult condition. Our case series demonstrates that diagnosing testicular rupture by looking for more easily identifiable characteristics (heterogenicity and contour loss) than currently recommended in the guidelines (breech in the tunica albuginea) will aid diagnosis and patient pathway and improve outcomes. Level of evidence: 5
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Affiliation(s)
- Lap Yan Leung
- Department of Urology, St George’s University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jai Seth
- Department of Urology, St George’s University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael Gonsalves
- Department of Radiology, St George’s University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nick Watkin
- Department of Urology, St George’s University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Davendra Sharma
- Department of Urology, St George’s University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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31
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Ali A, Derar DR, Osman SA, Tharwat M, Al-Sobayil F, Elshahed M. Scrotal enlargement in rams and bucks in Qassim region, central of Saudi Arabia: clinical and ultrasonographic findings and seroprevalence of brucellosis. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:2109-2114. [PMID: 31161484 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01937-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the causes of scrotal enlargement in rams and bucks in Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. Enlarged scrotal contents of rams and bucks (n = 153) were examined by visual inspection, palpation, and ultrasonography. Blood samples were obtained and tested for Brucella sp. infection. Clinical and ultrasonographic findings showed that scrotal enlargement was mainly associated with orchitis, peri-orchitis, and epididymitis. Miscellaneous findings were scrotal hernia, scrotal hematoma, and hydrocele. The frequencies of orchitis, peri-orchitis, and epididymitis were 47.4, 21.1, and 14.1% in Awassi rams; 54.5, 21.7, and 8.7% in Najdi rams; 52.3, 20.5, and 9.1% in Ardi bucks; and 50, 16.7, and 16.7% in Damascus bucks, respectively. Orchitis was associated with no-abscess formation (23%), single-abscess formation (15.4%), and multiple-abscesses formation (61.6%). Peri-orchitis was characterized by hard consistency, atrophy of the testes, and extensive connective tissue formation. Epididymitis was observed mainly at the tail of the epididymis (82.4%) but rarely at the head (17.6%). Epididymitis was associated in many cases with abscessation (70.6%). Males with orchitis, peri-orchitis, and epididymitis were positive for Brucella melitensis and Brucella ovis in the frequency of 21.3% and 48.8%, respectively. In conclusion, scrotal enlargement in rams and bucks in Qassim region is caused mainly by inflammation of the testis and/or epididymis and associated tremendously with brucellosis seropositivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ali
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Derar R Derar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Salama A Osman
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Tharwat
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Fahd Al-Sobayil
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Elshahed
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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32
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Randhawa H, Blankstein U, Davies T. Scrotal trauma: A case report and review of the literature. Can Urol Assoc J 2019; 13:S67-S71. [PMID: 31194930 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.5981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harkanwal Randhawa
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Udi Blankstein
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Timothy Davies
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Abstract
Ultrasound is the imaging modality of choice to evaluate the scrotum because of its high resolution, Doppler capabilities, availability, and lack of ionizing radiation. Acute urologic emergencies diagnosed with ultrasound include testicular torsion, testicular rupture, and Fournier gangrene. The radiologist's knowledge of sonographic features of vascular, infectious, traumatic, and benign and malignant processes that occur in the scrotum coupled with the patient's presenting symptoms, age, and physical examination allows for the correct diagnosis of a wide spectrum of scrotal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Rebik
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Garrison Tower, Suite 4G4250, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Jason M Wagner
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Garrison Tower, Suite 4G4250, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - William Middleton
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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34
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Testicular Rupture or Testicular Fracture? A Case Report and Literature Review. Case Rep Urol 2018; 2018:1323780. [PMID: 30538883 PMCID: PMC6261066 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1323780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular trauma is relatively uncommon. However, severe injuries can result in many complications and should be carefully diagnosed and managed. We present a case of testicular fracture diagnosis made by ultrasonography. The surgical exploration revealed the fracture as well as complete rupture of the tunica albuginea. Testicular rupture is the disruption of the tunica albuginea, while testicular fracture is a “break” in the testicular parenchyma. Management could be conservative in mild fracture cases without rupture while suspected or confirmed fracture should be treated by surgical exploration.
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Lesions Without Borders: Scrotal Lesions That Involve Both the Intratesticular and Extratesticular Regions. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2018; 210:W70-W79. [PMID: 29355401 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.17.18369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Differentiation of scrotal lesions is often dictated by whether they are intraor extratesticular. However, these regions are not entirely isolated, and disease processes can span both spaces. We review a variety of lesions that can involve both regions, describe the relevant anatomy, and illustrate their imaging appearances. CONCLUSION Identification of involvement of both intra- and extratesticular regions by a single process can narrow the differential considerations and help arrive at the correct diagnosis.
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Abstract
Testicular ultrasound is typically the first-line imaging examination in evaluating scrotal pathology. However, MR imaging can often provide valuable additional information, especially when ultrasound and/or clinical examinations are inconclusive. This is particularly evident when encountering testicular or paratesticular lesions, where accurate localization and characterization are paramount for management and prognosis. After reviewing normal scrotal anatomy as seen on MR imaging and offering a sample imaging protocol, the article describes specific indications for scrotal MR imaging and highlights imaging findings unique to various benign and malignant causes.
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Choe J, Wortman JR, Sodickson AD, Khurana B, Uyeda JW. Imaging of Acute Conditions of the Perineum. Radiographics 2018; 38:1111-1130. [DOI: 10.1148/rg.2018170151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jihee Choe
- From the Department of Radiology, Division of Emergency Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jeremy R. Wortman
- From the Department of Radiology, Division of Emergency Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Aaron D. Sodickson
- From the Department of Radiology, Division of Emergency Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Bharti Khurana
- From the Department of Radiology, Division of Emergency Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jennifer W. Uyeda
- From the Department of Radiology, Division of Emergency Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115
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Usefulness of Preoperative Ultrasound for the Evaluation of Testicular Rupture in the Setting of Scrotal Gunshot Wounds. J Urol 2018; 199:1546-1551. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2018.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Fonseca EKUN, Peixoto MR, Cavalcante Júnior FDA, Rahal Júnior A, Francisco Neto MJ, Funari MBDG. Ultrasound evaluation of inguinoscrotal pain: an imaging-based review for the ultrasonographer. Radiol Bras 2018; 51:193-199. [PMID: 29991842 PMCID: PMC6034721 DOI: 10.1590/0100-3984.2016.0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergencies involving the inguinal region and scrotum are common and can be
caused by a plethora of different causes. In most cases, such conditions have
nonspecific symptoms and are quite painful. Some inguinoscrotal conditions have
high complication rates. Early and accurate diagnosis is therefore imperative.
Ultrasound is the method of choice for the initial evaluation of this vast range
of conditions, because it is a rapid, ionizing radiation-free, low-cost method.
Despite the practicality and accuracy of the method, which make it ideal for use
in emergency care, the examiner should be experienced and should be familiarized
with the ultrasound findings of the most common inguinoscrotal diseases. On the
basis of that knowledge, the examiner should also be able to make an accurate,
direct, precise report, helping the emergency room physician make decisions
regarding the proper (clinical or surgical) management of each case. Here, we
review most of the inguinoscrotal conditions, focusing on the imaging findings
and discussing the critical points for the appropriate characterization of each
condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Milena Rocha Peixoto
- MD, Resident in the Imaging Department of the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Rahal Júnior
- MD, Radiologist in the Imaging Department of the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Miguel José Francisco Neto
- MD, PhD, Radiologist and Coordinator of the Ultrasound Group in the Imaging Department of the Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Mittal PK, Abdalla AS, Chatterjee A, Baumgarten DA, Harri PA, Patel J, Moreno CC, Gabriel H, Miller FH. Spectrum of Extratesticular and Testicular Pathologic Conditions at Scrotal MR Imaging. Radiographics 2018; 38:806-830. [DOI: 10.1148/rg.2018170150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pardeep K. Mittal
- From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 (P.K.M., D.A.B., P.A.H., J.P., C.C.M.); Department of Clinical Imaging, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (A.S.A.); and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (A.C., H.G., F.H.M.)
| | - Ahmed S. Abdalla
- From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 (P.K.M., D.A.B., P.A.H., J.P., C.C.M.); Department of Clinical Imaging, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (A.S.A.); and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (A.C., H.G., F.H.M.)
| | - Argha Chatterjee
- From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 (P.K.M., D.A.B., P.A.H., J.P., C.C.M.); Department of Clinical Imaging, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (A.S.A.); and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (A.C., H.G., F.H.M.)
| | - Deborah A. Baumgarten
- From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 (P.K.M., D.A.B., P.A.H., J.P., C.C.M.); Department of Clinical Imaging, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (A.S.A.); and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (A.C., H.G., F.H.M.)
| | - Peter A. Harri
- From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 (P.K.M., D.A.B., P.A.H., J.P., C.C.M.); Department of Clinical Imaging, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (A.S.A.); and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (A.C., H.G., F.H.M.)
| | - Jay Patel
- From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 (P.K.M., D.A.B., P.A.H., J.P., C.C.M.); Department of Clinical Imaging, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (A.S.A.); and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (A.C., H.G., F.H.M.)
| | - Courtney C. Moreno
- From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 (P.K.M., D.A.B., P.A.H., J.P., C.C.M.); Department of Clinical Imaging, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (A.S.A.); and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (A.C., H.G., F.H.M.)
| | - Helena Gabriel
- From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 (P.K.M., D.A.B., P.A.H., J.P., C.C.M.); Department of Clinical Imaging, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (A.S.A.); and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (A.C., H.G., F.H.M.)
| | - Frank H. Miller
- From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 (P.K.M., D.A.B., P.A.H., J.P., C.C.M.); Department of Clinical Imaging, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar (A.S.A.); and Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (A.C., H.G., F.H.M.)
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McAdams CR, Del Gaizo AJ. The utility of scrotal ultrasonography in the emergent setting: beyond epididymitis versus torsion. Emerg Radiol 2018; 25:341-348. [PMID: 29679169 DOI: 10.1007/s10140-018-1606-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Scrotal pain is a common acute presentation for medical care. Testicular torsion and epididymo-orchitis are two diagnoses for which early detection is critical and their sonographic imaging features have been thoroughly described in the radiologic literature. Other important conditions for which radiologists must be aware have received less attention. This article will highlight key traumatic and non-traumatic causes of acute scrotal pain other than testicular torsion and epididymo-orchitis that may present in the emergency department setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R McAdams
- Department of Radiologic Sciences, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.,Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Andrew J Del Gaizo
- Department of Radiologic Sciences, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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Ufuk F, Herek D, Herek Ö, Akbulut M. Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and Color Doppler Ultrasound in Evaluation of Partial Testicular Torsion in Rat Model. Pol J Radiol 2018; 82:542-546. [PMID: 29657618 PMCID: PMC5894047 DOI: 10.12659/pjr.902613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate the utility of histogram analysis of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in the diagnosis of incomplete testicular torsion. Material/Methods Fourteen Wistar albino rats were randomly allocated into two groups. In group 1 (control), left testicles were kept outside for 45 seconds and then replaced, whereas left testicles were twisted by 360° in group 2. Four hours later, DWI was performed. After that, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and testicular color Doppler ultrasound (CDU) were performed by two radiologists who looked for the presence or absence of blood flow. ADC measurements were carried out by two radiologists who were blinded to each other's measurements. After CDU, testes were surgically removed and a pathological examination was performed after four hours of torsion. Comparisons of minimum, mean, and maximum ADC values in testicles were performed with the Wilcoxon test. P value of 0.05 or less was considered as statistically significant. Inter-observer agreement was also analyzed. Results In the torsion group, minimum ADC values for left testicles were significantly lower than for the control group (p<0.05), regardless of the observer. Inter-observer agreement for measurements of ADCmin and ADCmax values was substantial, with an ICC score of 0.751 and 0.774, respectively (95% CI). Inter-observer agreement for the measurement of ADCmean value was excellent, with an ICC score of 0.844 (95% CI). The pathological examination revealed mild interstitial edema and closely packed seminiferous tubules in the left testes, indicating reversible damage in the torsion group. Conclusions On the pathological examination, all left testes in the torsion group were recoverable after four hours of torsion. Minimum ADC values can be used as an auxiliary method in the diagnosis of partial testicular torsion. Comparing minimum ADC values between the affected and non-affected testicles can be a useful tool in the early diagnosis of incomplete testicular torsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furkan Ufuk
- Department of Radiology, University of Pamukkale, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Duygu Herek
- Department of Radiology, University of Pamukkale, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Özkan Herek
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Pamukkale, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Metin Akbulut
- Department of Pathology, University of Pamukkale, Denizli, Turkey
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MRI of the scrotum: Recommendations of the ESUR Scrotal and Penile Imaging Working Group. Eur Radiol 2017; 28:31-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-017-4944-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Indra S, Kannikeswaran N, Arora R. A Case of Testicular Rupture Diagnosed by Point-of-Care-Ultrasound. Pediatr Emerg Care 2017; 33:516-518. [PMID: 28665898 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000001192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Point-of-care ultrasound is an expanding diagnostic tool in the pediatric emergency department. We describe a case of testicular rupture diagnosed by ultrasound at the bedside, which led to prompt surgical intervention and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Indra
- From the Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI
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46
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Mathur M, Mills I, Spektor M. Magnetic resonance imaging of the scrotum: pictorial review with ultrasound correlation. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2017; 42:1929-1955. [PMID: 28401283 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-017-1127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to showcase the added value of scrotal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the workup of neoplastic and non-neoplastic entities. While ultrasound (US) remains the first-line imaging modality for evaluating scrotal pathology, MRI may add valuable information, particularly when US findings are equivocal. The inherent soft tissue resolution characteristics of MRI, as well as the ability to detect subtle enhancement and provide wider field-of-view imaging, can prove useful in evaluating inconclusive US findings. The added value of MR in these instances is critical as it may have a significant impact on patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahan Mathur
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, Room TE-2, PO Box 208042, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Ian Mills
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, Room TE-2, PO Box 208042, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Michael Spektor
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, Room TE-2, PO Box 208042, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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47
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Bedayat A, Chen BY, Hayim M, Zheng L, Gagne SM, Mcintosh LJ, Deng AC, Lo HS. A Private Investigation: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation of Testicular Tumors. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2017; 46:242-256. [DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Mittal PK, Little B, Harri PA, Miller FH, Alexander LF, Kalb B, Camacho JC, Master V, Hartman M, Moreno CC. Role of Imaging in the Evaluation of Male Infertility. Radiographics 2017; 37:837-854. [DOI: 10.1148/rg.2017160125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pardeep K. Mittal
- From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (P.K.M., B.L., P.A.H., L.F.A., J.C.C., C.C.M.) and Department of Urology (V.M.), Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322; Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (F.H.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona School of Medicine, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); and Department of Radiology, West Penn Allegheny Health System, Pittsburgh, Pa (M.H.)
| | - Brent Little
- From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (P.K.M., B.L., P.A.H., L.F.A., J.C.C., C.C.M.) and Department of Urology (V.M.), Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322; Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (F.H.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona School of Medicine, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); and Department of Radiology, West Penn Allegheny Health System, Pittsburgh, Pa (M.H.)
| | - Peter A. Harri
- From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (P.K.M., B.L., P.A.H., L.F.A., J.C.C., C.C.M.) and Department of Urology (V.M.), Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322; Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (F.H.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona School of Medicine, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); and Department of Radiology, West Penn Allegheny Health System, Pittsburgh, Pa (M.H.)
| | - Frank H. Miller
- From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (P.K.M., B.L., P.A.H., L.F.A., J.C.C., C.C.M.) and Department of Urology (V.M.), Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322; Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (F.H.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona School of Medicine, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); and Department of Radiology, West Penn Allegheny Health System, Pittsburgh, Pa (M.H.)
| | - Lauren F. Alexander
- From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (P.K.M., B.L., P.A.H., L.F.A., J.C.C., C.C.M.) and Department of Urology (V.M.), Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322; Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (F.H.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona School of Medicine, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); and Department of Radiology, West Penn Allegheny Health System, Pittsburgh, Pa (M.H.)
| | - Bobby Kalb
- From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (P.K.M., B.L., P.A.H., L.F.A., J.C.C., C.C.M.) and Department of Urology (V.M.), Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322; Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (F.H.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona School of Medicine, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); and Department of Radiology, West Penn Allegheny Health System, Pittsburgh, Pa (M.H.)
| | - Juan C. Camacho
- From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (P.K.M., B.L., P.A.H., L.F.A., J.C.C., C.C.M.) and Department of Urology (V.M.), Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322; Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (F.H.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona School of Medicine, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); and Department of Radiology, West Penn Allegheny Health System, Pittsburgh, Pa (M.H.)
| | - Viraj Master
- From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (P.K.M., B.L., P.A.H., L.F.A., J.C.C., C.C.M.) and Department of Urology (V.M.), Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322; Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (F.H.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona School of Medicine, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); and Department of Radiology, West Penn Allegheny Health System, Pittsburgh, Pa (M.H.)
| | - Matthew Hartman
- From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (P.K.M., B.L., P.A.H., L.F.A., J.C.C., C.C.M.) and Department of Urology (V.M.), Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322; Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (F.H.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona School of Medicine, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); and Department of Radiology, West Penn Allegheny Health System, Pittsburgh, Pa (M.H.)
| | - Courtney C. Moreno
- From the Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (P.K.M., B.L., P.A.H., L.F.A., J.C.C., C.C.M.) and Department of Urology (V.M.), Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322; Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (F.H.M.); Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona School of Medicine, Tucson, Ariz (B.K.); and Department of Radiology, West Penn Allegheny Health System, Pittsburgh, Pa (M.H.)
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Weatherspoon K, Polansky S, Catanzano T. Ultrasound Emergencies of the Male Pelvis. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2017; 38:327-344. [PMID: 28865524 DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Male pelvic emergencies are uncommon, and symptoms typically include scrotal pain, scrotal enlargement, or a palpable scrotal mass or all of these. Ultrasound is often the first-line modality for evaluation of male pelvic emergencies, which may be stratified into vascular, infectious, or traumatic causes. Entities such as testicular torsion, Fournier gangrene, and testicular dislocation are surgical emergencies and should not be missed or misdiagnosed, as this may cause a significant delay in urgently necessary treatment. Radiologists need to be familiar with the role of imaging as well as the key characteristic imaging findings of these injuries to direct the appropriate management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Weatherspoon
- Department of Radiology, Radiology resident Baystate Medical Center, University of Massachusetts, Springfield, MA.
| | - Stanley Polansky
- Department of Radiology, Assistant Professor Baystate Medical Center, University of Massachusetts, Springfield, MA
| | - Tara Catanzano
- Department of Radiology, Program Director Radiology Residency Program, Baystate Medical Center, University of Massachusetts, Springfield, MA
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Abstract
The paratesticular scrotal contents consist of the spermatic cord, epididymis, and fascia, which originate from the embryologic descent of the testis through the abdominal wall. Historically, the primary diagnostic modality has been high-resolution ultrasound. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an alternative imaging option. Both contrast MRI and diffusion weighted imaging can assist in differentiating between benign and malignant lesions. Unlike the testis which most disease processes are malignant, a wide spectrum of benign disease processes affects the paratesticular region either in isolation or as part of a contiguous disease process from adjacent organs. The familiarity with the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and imaging features can aid the radiologic diagnoses and guide appropriate clinical management. In this article, we review the ultrasound and MR characteristics of various paratesticular pathologies.
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