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Lin C, Xin S, Huang X, Zhang F. PTPRA facilitates cancer growth and migration via the TNF-α-mediated PTPRA-NF-κB pathway in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:131. [PMID: 32934700 PMCID: PMC7471670 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type A (PTPRA), one of the classic protein tyrosine phosphatases, is crucial for modulating tumorigenesis and metastasis in breast cancer; however, its functional mechanism has not fully elucidated. The present study assessed PTPRA expression and estimated its clinical impact on survival using the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis database (GEPIA). Growth curves, colony formations and Transwell assays were utilized to examine cell proliferation and migration. Additionally, luciferase reporter assays were used to examine the potential tumor signaling pathways targeted by PTPRA in HEK293T cells. Furthermore, quantitative PCR (qPCR) was utilized to confirm the transcriptional regulation of PTPRA expression. Bioinformatic analyses of data from GEPIA identified PTPRA overexpression in patients with breast cancer. The growth curve, colony formation and transwell experiments demonstrated that PTPRA upregulation significantly promoted the cell proliferation and migration of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. In contrast, PTPRA knockdown significantly attenuated cell proliferation and migration. Mechanistic experiments revealed that the transcriptional activity of NF-κB was higher compared with other classic tumor pathways when they were activated by PTPRA in HEK293T cells. Furthermore, the transcriptional activity of NF-κB was altered in a PTPRA-dose-dependent manner. Additionally, following exposure to TNF-α, PTPRA-deficient MCF-7 cells exhibited lower NF-κB transcriptional activity compared with normal control cells. The results of the present study demonstrate that PTPRA overexpression accelerates inflammatory tumor phenotypes in breast cancer and that the TNF-α-mediated PTPRA-NF-κB pathway may offer novel insight into early diagnosis and optimum treatment for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canfeng Lin
- Department of Oncology, Shantou Central Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Shubo Xin
- Department of Pharmacy, Shantou Central Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoguang Huang
- Department of Oncology, Shantou Central Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
| | - Feiran Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Feiran Zhang, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China, E-mail:
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2
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PTPRA Phosphatase Regulates GDNF-Dependent RET Signaling and Inhibits the RET Mutant MEN2A Oncogenic Potential. iScience 2020; 23:100871. [PMID: 32062451 PMCID: PMC7021549 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The RET proto-oncogene encodes receptor tyrosine kinase, expressed primarily in tissues of neural crest origin. De-regulation of RET signaling is implicated in several human cancers. Recent phosphatome interactome analysis identified PTPRA interacting with the neurotrophic factor (GDNF)-dependent RET-Ras-MAPK signaling-axis. Here, by identifying comprehensive interactomes of PTPRA and RET, we reveal their close physical and functional association. The PTPRA directly interacts with RET, and using the phosphoproteomic approach, we identify RET as a direct dephosphorylation substrate of PTPRA both in vivo and in vitro. The protein phosphatase domain-1 is indispensable for the PTPRA inhibitory role on RET activity and downstream Ras-MAPK signaling, whereas domain-2 has only minor effect. Furthermore, PTPRA also regulates the RET oncogenic mutant variant MEN2A activity and invasion capacity, whereas the MEN2B is insensitive to PTPRA. In sum, we discern PTPRA as a novel regulator of RET signaling in both health and cancer. PTPRA inhibits ligand (GDNF-GFRα1)-mediated RET activity on Ras-MAPK signaling axis PTPRA dephosphorylate RET on key functional phosphotyrosine sites PTPRA catalytic (PTPase) domain 1 regulates RET-driven signaling PTPRA suppresses RET oncogenic mutant MEN2A in both Ras-MAPK and cell invasion models
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3
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Roth L, Wakim J, Wasserman E, Shalev M, Arman E, Stein M, Brumfeld V, Sagum CA, Bedford MT, Tuckermann J, Elson A. Phosphorylation of the phosphatase PTPROt at Tyr 399 is a molecular switch that controls osteoclast activity and bone mass in vivo. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/563/eaau0240. [PMID: 30622194 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aau0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bone resorption by osteoclasts is essential for bone homeostasis. The kinase Src promotes osteoclast activity and is activated in osteoclasts by the receptor-type tyrosine phosphatase PTPROt. In other contexts, however, PTPROt can inhibit Src activity. Through in vivo and in vitro experiments, we show that PTPROt is bifunctional and can dephosphorylate Src both at its inhibitory residue Tyr527 and its activating residue Tyr416 Whereas wild-type and PTPROt knockout mice exhibited similar bone masses, mice in which a putative C-terminal phosphorylation site, Tyr399, in endogenous PTPROt was replaced with phenylalanine had increased bone mass and reduced osteoclast activity. Osteoclasts from the knock-in mice also showed reduced Src activity. Experiments in cultured cells and in osteoclasts derived from both mouse strains demonstrated that the absence of phosphorylation at Tyr399 caused PTPROt to dephosphorylate Src at the activating site pTyr416 In contrast, phosphorylation of PTPROt at Tyr399 enabled PTPROt to recruit Src through Grb2 and to dephosphorylate Src at the inhibitory site Tyr527, thus stimulating Src activity. We conclude that reversible phosphorylation of PTPROt at Tyr399 is a molecular switch that selects between its opposing activities toward Src and maintains a coherent signaling output, and that blocking this phosphorylation event can induce physiological effects in vivo. Because most receptor-type tyrosine phosphatases contain potential phosphorylation sites at their C termini, we propose that preventing phosphorylation at these sites or its consequences may offer an alternative to inhibiting their catalytic activity to achieve therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Roth
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jean Wakim
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Elad Wasserman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Moran Shalev
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Esther Arman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Merle Stein
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Vlad Brumfeld
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Cari A Sagum
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Mark T Bedford
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Ari Elson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Nawata CM, Pannabecker TL. Mammalian urine concentration: a review of renal medullary architecture and membrane transporters. J Comp Physiol B 2018; 188:899-918. [PMID: 29797052 PMCID: PMC6186196 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-018-1164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian kidneys play an essential role in balancing internal water and salt concentrations. When water needs to be conserved, the renal medulla produces concentrated urine. Central to this process of urine concentration is an osmotic gradient that increases from the corticomedullary boundary to the inner medullary tip. How this gradient is generated and maintained has been the subject of study since the 1940s. While it is generally accepted that the outer medulla contributes to the gradient by means of an active process involving countercurrent multiplication, the source of the gradient in the inner medulla is unclear. The last two decades have witnessed advances in our understanding of the urine-concentrating mechanism. Details of medullary architecture and permeability properties of the tubules and vessels suggest that the functional and anatomic relationships of these structures may contribute to the osmotic gradient necessary to concentrate urine. Additionally, we are learning more about the membrane transporters involved and their regulatory mechanisms. The role of medullary architecture and membrane transporters in the mammalian urine-concentrating mechanism are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Michele Nawata
- Department of Physiology, Banner University Medical Center, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5051, USA.
| | - Thomas L Pannabecker
- Department of Physiology, Banner University Medical Center, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5051, USA
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5
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Regulation of receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases by their C-terminal tail domains. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 44:1295-1303. [PMID: 27911712 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) perform specific functions in vivo, despite being vastly outnumbered by their substrates. Because of this and due to the central roles PTPs play in regulating cellular function, PTP activity is regulated by a large variety of molecular mechanisms. We review evidence that indicates that the divergent C-terminal tail sequences (C-terminal domains, CTDs) of receptor-type PTPs (RPTPs) help regulate RPTP function by controlling intermolecular associations in a way that is itself subject to physiological regulation. We propose that the CTD of each RPTP defines an 'interaction code' that helps determine molecules it will interact with under various physiological conditions, thus helping to regulate and diversify PTP function.
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Fontanillo M, Köhn M. Phosphatases: Their Roles in Cancer and Their Chemical Modulators. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 917:209-40. [PMID: 27236558 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32805-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatases are involved in basically all cellular processes by dephosphorylating cellular components such as proteins, phospholipids and second messengers. They counteract kinases of which many are established oncogenes, and therefore kinases are one of the most important drug targets for targeted cancer therapy. Due to this relationship between kinases and phosphatases, phosphatases are traditionally assumed to be tumour suppressors. However, research findings over the last years prove that this simplification is incorrect, as bona-fide and putative phosphatase oncogenes have been identified. We describe here the role of phosphatases in cancer, tumour suppressors and oncogenes, and their chemical modulators, and discuss new approaches and opportunities for phosphatases as drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Fontanillo
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maja Köhn
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
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7
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Khanna RS, Le HT, Wang J, Fung TCH, Pallen CJ. The interaction of protein-tyrosine phosphatase α (PTPα) and RACK1 protein enables insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)-stimulated Abl-dependent and -independent tyrosine phosphorylation of PTPα. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:9886-95. [PMID: 25694432 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.624247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase α (PTPα) promotes integrin-stimulated cell migration in part through the role of Src-phosphorylated PTPα-Tyr(P)-789 in recruiting and localizing p130Cas to focal adhesions. The growth factor IGF-1 also stimulates PTPα-Tyr-789 phosphorylation to positively regulate cell movement. This is in contrast to integrin-induced PTPα phosphorylation, that induced by IGF-1 can occur in cells lacking Src family kinases (SFKs), indicating that an unknown kinase distinct from SFKs can target PTPα. We show that this IGF-1-stimulated tyrosine kinase is Abl. We found that PTPα binds to the scaffold protein RACK1 and that RACK1 coordinates the IGF-1 receptor, PTPα, and Abl in a complex to enable IGF-1-stimulated and Abl-dependent PTPα-Tyr-789 phosphorylation. In cells expressing SFKs, IGF-1-stimulated phosphorylation of PTPα is mediated by RACK1 but is Abl-independent. Furthermore, expressing the SFKs Src and Fyn in SFK-deficient cells switches IGF-1-induced PTPα phosphorylation to occur in an Abl-independent manner, suggesting that SFK activity dominantly regulates IGF-1/IGF-1 receptor signaling to PTPα. RACK1 is a molecular scaffold that integrates growth factor and integrin signaling, and our identification of PTPα as a RACK1 binding protein suggests that RACK1 may coordinate PTPα-Tyr-789 phosphorylation in these signaling networks to promote cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranvikram S Khanna
- From the Departments of Medicine and the Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Hoa T Le
- the Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada Pediatrics and
| | - Jing Wang
- the Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada Pediatrics and
| | - Thomas C H Fung
- the Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Catherine J Pallen
- the Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada Pediatrics and
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Aschner Y, Khalifah AP, Briones N, Yamashita C, Dolgonos L, Young SK, Campbell MN, Riches DWH, Redente EF, Janssen WJ, Henson PM, Sap J, Vacaresse N, Kapus A, McCulloch CAG, Zemans RL, Downey GP. Protein tyrosine phosphatase α mediates profibrotic signaling in lung fibroblasts through TGF-β responsiveness. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:1489-502. [PMID: 24650563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrotic lung diseases represent a diverse group of progressive and often fatal disorders with limited treatment options. Although the pathogenesis of these conditions remains incompletely understood, receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatase α (PTP-α encoded by PTPRA) has emerged as a key regulator of fibroblast signaling. We previously reported that PTP-α regulates cellular responses to cytokines and growth factors through integrin-mediated signaling and that PTP-α promotes fibroblast expression of matrix metalloproteinase 3, a matrix-degrading proteinase linked to pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we sought to determine more directly the role of PTP-α in pulmonary fibrosis. Mice genetically deficient in PTP-α (Ptpra(-/-)) were protected from pulmonary fibrosis induced by intratracheal bleomycin, with minimal alterations in the early inflammatory response or production of TGF-β. Ptpra(-/-) mice were also protected from pulmonary fibrosis induced by adenoviral-mediated expression of active TGF-β1. In reciprocal bone marrow chimera experiments, the protective phenotype tracked with lung parenchymal cells but not bone marrow-derived cells. Because fibroblasts are key contributors to tissue fibrosis, we compared profibrotic responses in wild-type and Ptpra(-/-) mouse embryonic and lung fibroblasts. Ptpra(-/-) fibroblasts exhibited hyporesponsiveness to TGF-β, manifested by diminished expression of αSMA, EDA-fibronectin, collagen 1A, and CTGF. Ptpra(-/-) fibroblasts exhibited markedly attenuated TGF-β-induced Smad2/3 transcriptional activity. We conclude that PTP-α promotes profibrotic signaling pathways in fibroblasts through control of cellular responsiveness to TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Aschner
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Anthony P Khalifah
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Natalie Briones
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Cory Yamashita
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lior Dolgonos
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Scott K Young
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Megan N Campbell
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - David W H Riches
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | | | - William J Janssen
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Peter M Henson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jan Sap
- Unit of Epigenetics and Cell Fate, UMR7216, University of Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Vacaresse
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andras Kapus
- Keenan Research Center, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute-St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Rachel L Zemans
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Gregory P Downey
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado; Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.
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Benz S, Nötzli S, Siegel JS, Eberli D, Jessen HJ. Controlled Oxygen Release from Pyridone Endoperoxides Promotes Cell Survival under Anoxic Conditions. J Med Chem 2013; 56:10171-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4016137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Benz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Nötzli
- Department of Urology, University of Zürich, University Hospital, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jay S. Siegel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Eberli
- Department of Urology, University of Zürich, University Hospital, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Henning J. Jessen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Popov D. Vascular PTPs: current developments and challenges for exploitation in Type 2 diabetes-associated vascular dysfunction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 389:1-4. [PMID: 19715673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.08.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases (PTPs) are important contributors to vascular cells normal function, by balancing signaling proteins activation exerted by phosphorylating kinases. Type 2 diabetes related insults, such as hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance disturb the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation equilibrium towards an abnormal augmented phosphorylation of signaling proteins associated with changes in PTPs expression, enzymatic activity and interaction with cellular substrates. We briefly review here: (i) the new findings on receptor and non-receptor PTPs and their role in vascular cells, (ii) several data on oxidation and phosphorylation of these molecules in endothelial and smooth muscle cells, (iii) vascular PTPs intrinsic activity and dysregulation under the insults of diabetic milieu, and (iv) the potential use of PTPs and their inhibitors as therapeutic targets in Type 2 diabetes-associated vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doina Popov
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology N. Simionescu, 050568 Bucharest, Romania.
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