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Tian H, You S, Xiong T, Ji M, Zhang K, Jiang L, Du T, Li Y, Liu W, Lin S, Chen X, Xu H. Discovery of a Novel Photocaged PI3K Inhibitor Capable of Real-Time Reporting of Drug Release. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:1100-1107. [PMID: 37583818 PMCID: PMC10424311 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel photocaged PI3K inhibitor 2 was designed and synthesized by introducing a cascade photocaging group to block its key interaction with the kinase. Upon UV light irradiation, the photocaged compound released a highly potent PI3K inhibitor to recover its anticancer properties and a fluorescent dye for real-time reporting of drug release, providing a new approach for studying the PI3K signaling transduction pathway as well as developing precisely controlled cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Tian
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Key
Laboratory of Small Molecule Immuno-Oncology Drug Discovery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union
Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shen You
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Key
Laboratory of Small Molecule Immuno-Oncology Drug Discovery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union
Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Tianning Xiong
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Key
Laboratory of Small Molecule Immuno-Oncology Drug Discovery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union
Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ming Ji
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Key
Laboratory of Small Molecule Immuno-Oncology Drug Discovery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union
Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Kehui Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Key
Laboratory of Small Molecule Immuno-Oncology Drug Discovery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union
Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Key
Laboratory of Small Molecule Immuno-Oncology Drug Discovery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union
Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Tingting Du
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Key
Laboratory of Small Molecule Immuno-Oncology Drug Discovery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union
Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ying Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Key
Laboratory of Small Molecule Immuno-Oncology Drug Discovery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union
Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wenqian Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Key
Laboratory of Small Molecule Immuno-Oncology Drug Discovery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union
Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Songwen Lin
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Key
Laboratory of Small Molecule Immuno-Oncology Drug Discovery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union
Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Key
Laboratory of Small Molecule Immuno-Oncology Drug Discovery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union
Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Heng Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical
Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Key
Laboratory of Small Molecule Immuno-Oncology Drug Discovery, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union
Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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2
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Yang H, Chen L, Zhang S, Wang G, Chen T, Xu J, Peng T, Wang L, Hu L. Synthesis and Application of a Thiol Photolabile Protecting Group. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongpeng Yang
- Faculty of Environment & Life Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124, P. R. of China
| | - Lei Chen
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District Beijing 100850, P. R. of China
| | - Shouguo Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District Beijing 100850, P. R. of China
| | - Gang Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District Beijing 100850, P. R. of China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District Beijing 100850, P. R. of China
| | - Jing Xu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District Beijing 100850, P. R. of China
| | - Tao Peng
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District Beijing 100850, P. R. of China
| | - Lin Wang
- Faculty of Environment & Life Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124, P. R. of China
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District Beijing 100850, P. R. of China
| | - Liming Hu
- Faculty of Environment & Life Beijing University of Technology Beijing 100124, P. R. of China
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3
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Spears RJ, McMahon C, Chudasama V. Cysteine protecting groups: applications in peptide and protein science. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11098-11155. [PMID: 34605832 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00271f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protecting group chemistry for the cysteine thiol group has enabled a vast array of peptide and protein chemistry over the last several decades. Increasingly sophisticated strategies for the protection, and subsequent deprotection, of cysteine have been developed, facilitating synthesis of complex disulfide-rich peptides, semisynthesis of proteins, and peptide/protein labelling in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we analyse and discuss the 60+ individual protecting groups reported for cysteine, highlighting their applications in peptide synthesis and protein science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clíona McMahon
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.
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4
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Mangubat-Medina AE, Ball ZT. Triggering biological processes: methods and applications of photocaged peptides and proteins. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10403-10421. [PMID: 34320043 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01434f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There has been a significant push in recent years to deploy fundamental knowledge and methods of photochemistry toward biological ends. Photoreactive groups have enabled chemists to activate biological function using the concept of photocaging. By granting spatiotemporal control over protein activation, these photocaging methods are fundamental in understanding biological processes. Peptides and proteins are an important group of photocaging targets that present conceptual and technical challenges, requiring precise chemoselectivity in complex polyfunctional environments. This review focuses on recent advances in photocaging techniques and methodologies, as well as their use in living systems. Photocaging methods include genetic and chemical approaches that require a deep understanding of structure-function relationships based on subtle changes in primary structure. Successful implementation of these ideas can shed light on important spatiotemporal aspects of living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zachary T Ball
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
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5
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Paoletti P, Ellis-Davies GCR, Mourot A. Optical control of neuronal ion channels and receptors. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 20:514-532. [PMID: 31289380 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-019-0197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Light-controllable tools provide powerful means to manipulate and interrogate brain function with relatively low invasiveness and high spatiotemporal precision. Although optogenetic approaches permit neuronal excitation or inhibition at the network level, other technologies, such as optopharmacology (also known as photopharmacology) have emerged that provide molecular-level control by endowing light sensitivity to endogenous biomolecules. In this Review, we discuss the challenges and opportunities of photocontrolling native neuronal signalling pathways, focusing on ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors. We describe existing strategies for rendering receptors and channels light sensitive and provide an overview of the neuroscientific insights gained from such approaches. At the crossroads of chemistry, protein engineering and neuroscience, optopharmacology offers great potential for understanding the molecular basis of brain function and behaviour, with promises for future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSL, Paris, France.
| | | | - Alexandre Mourot
- Neuroscience Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
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6
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Light-triggered release of photocaged therapeutics - Where are we now? J Control Release 2019; 298:154-176. [PMID: 30742854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The current available therapeutics face several challenges such as the development of ideal drug delivery systems towards the goal of personalized treatments for patients benefit. The application of light as an exogenous activation mechanism has shown promising outcomes, owning to the spatiotemporal confinement of the treatment in the vicinity of the diseased tissue, which offers many intriguing possibilities. Engineering therapeutics with light responsive moieties have been explored to enhance the bioavailability, and drug efficacy either in vitro or in vivo. The tailor-made character turns the so-called photocaged compounds highly desirable to reduce the side effects of drugs and, therefore, have received wide research attention. Herein, we seek to highlight the potential of photocaged compounds to obtain a clear understanding of the mechanisms behind its use in therapeutic delivery. A deep overview on the progress achieved in the design, fabrication as well as current and possible future applications in therapeutics of photocaged compounds is provided, so that novel formulations for biomedical field can be designed.
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7
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Klippenstein V, Mony L, Paoletti P. Probing Ion Channel Structure and Function Using Light-Sensitive Amino Acids. Trends Biochem Sci 2018; 43:436-451. [PMID: 29650383 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Approaches to remotely control and monitor ion channel operation with light are expanding rapidly in the biophysics and neuroscience fields. A recent development directly introduces light sensitivity into proteins by utilizing photosensitive unnatural amino acids (UAAs) incorporated using the genetic code expansion technique. The introduction of UAAs results in unique molecular level control and, when combined with the maximal spatiotemporal resolution and poor invasiveness of light, enables direct manipulation and interrogation of ion channel functionality. Here, we review the diverse applications of light-sensitive UAAs in two superfamilies of ion channels (voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels; VGICs and LGICs) and summarize existing UAA tools, their mode of action, potential, caveats, and technical considerations to their use in illuminating ion channel structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Klippenstein
- Institut de Biologie de I'ENS (IBENS), CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Laetitia Mony
- Institut de Biologie de I'ENS (IBENS), CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Pierre Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie de I'ENS (IBENS), CNRS UMR8197, INSERM U1024, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France.
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8
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Mahmoodi MM, Fisher SA, Tam RY, Goff PC, Anderson RB, Wissinger JE, Blank DA, Shoichet MS, Distefano MD. 6-Bromo-7-hydroxy-3-methylcoumarin (mBhc) is an efficient multi-photon labile protecting group for thiol caging and three-dimensional chemical patterning. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:8289-300. [PMID: 27529405 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01045h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photochemical release of chemical reagents and bioactive molecules provides a useful tool for spatio-temporal control of biological processes. However, achieving this goal requires the development of highly efficient one- and two-photon sensitive photo-cleavable protecting groups. Thiol-containing compounds play critical roles in biological systems and bioengineering applications. While potentially useful for sulfhydryl protection, the 6-bromo-7-hydroxy coumarin-4-ylmethyl (Bhc) group can undergo an undesired photoisomerization reaction upon irradiation that limits its uncaging efficiency. To address this issue, here we describe the development of 6-bromo-7-hydroxy-3-methylcoumarin-4-ylmethyl (mBhc) as an improved group for thiol-protection. One- and two-photon photolysis reactions demonstrate that a peptide containing a mBhc-caged thiol undergoes clean and efficient photo-cleavage upon irradiation without detectable photoisomer production. To test its utility for biological studies, a K-Ras-derived peptide containing an mBhc-protected thiol was prepared by solid phase peptide synthesis using Fmoc-Cys(mBhc)-OH for the introduction of the caged thiol. Irradiation of that peptide using either UV or near IR light in presence of protein farnesyltransferase (PFTase), resulted in generation of the free peptide which was then recognized by the enzyme and became farnesylated. To show the utility of this caging group in biomaterial applications, we covalently modified hydrogels with mBhc-protected cysteamine. Using multi-photon confocal microscopy, highly defined volumes of free thiols were generated inside the hydrogels and visualized via reaction with a sulfhydryl-reactive fluorophore. The simple synthesis of mBhc and its efficient removal by one- and two-photon processes make it an attractive protecting group for thiol caging in a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mohsen Mahmoodi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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9
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Mahmoodi MM, Abate-Pella D, Pundsack TJ, Palsuledesai CC, Goff PC, Blank DA, Distefano MD. Nitrodibenzofuran: A One- and Two-Photon Sensitive Protecting Group That Is Superior to Brominated Hydroxycoumarin for Thiol Caging in Peptides. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:5848-59. [PMID: 27027927 PMCID: PMC5026405 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b11759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photoremovable protecting groups are important for a wide range of applications in peptide chemistry. Using Fmoc-Cys(Bhc-MOM)-OH, peptides containing a Bhc-protected cysteine residue can be easily prepared. However, such protected thiols can undergo isomerization to a dead-end product (a 4-methylcoumarin-3-yl thioether) upon photolysis. To circumvent that photoisomerization problem, we explored the use of nitrodibenzofuran (NDBF) for thiol protection by preparing cysteine-containing peptides where the thiol is masked with an NDBF group. This was accomplished by synthesizing Fmoc-Cys(NDBF)-OH and incorporating that residue into peptides by standard solid-phase peptide synthesis procedures. Irradiation with 365 nm light or two-photon excitation with 800 nm light resulted in efficient deprotection. To probe biological utility, thiol group uncaging was carried out using a peptide derived from the protein K-Ras4B to yield a sequence that is a known substrate for protein farnesyltransferase; irradiation of the NDBF-caged peptide in the presence of the enzyme resulted in the formation of the farnesylated product. Additionally, incubation of human ovarian carcinoma (SKOV3) cells with an NDBF-caged version of a farnesylated peptide followed by UV irradiation resulted in migration of the peptide from the cytosol/Golgi to the plasma membrane due to enzymatic palmitoylation. Overall, the high cleavage efficiency devoid of side reactions and significant two-photon cross-section of NDBF render it superior to Bhc for thiol group caging. This protecting group should be useful for a plethora of applications ranging from the development of light-activatable cysteine-containing peptides to the development of light-sensitive biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Mohsen Mahmoodi
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Daniel Abate-Pella
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Tom J. Pundsack
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Charuta C. Palsuledesai
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Philip C. Goff
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - David A. Blank
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mark D. Distefano
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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10
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Incorporation of non-canonical amino acids into proteins in yeast. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 89:137-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Kang JY, Kawaguchi D, Wang L. Optical Control of a Neuronal Protein Using a Genetically Encoded Unnatural Amino Acid in Neurons. J Vis Exp 2016:e53818. [PMID: 27078635 DOI: 10.3791/53818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Photostimulation is a noninvasive way to control biological events with excellent spatial and temporal resolution. New methods are desired to photo-regulate endogenous proteins expressed in their native environment. Here, we present an approach to optically control the function of a neuronal protein directly in neurons using a genetically encoded unnatural amino acid (Uaa). By using an orthogonal tRNA/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase pair to suppress the amber codon, a photo-reactive Uaa 4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzyl-cysteine (Cmn) is site-specifically incorporated in the pore of a neuronal protein Kir2.1, an inwardly rectifying potassium channel. The bulky Cmn physically blocks the channel pore, rendering Kir2.1 non-conducting. Light illumination instantaneously converts Cmn into a smaller natural amino acid Cys, activating Kir2.1 channel function. We express these photo-inducible inwardly rectifying potassium (PIRK) channels in rat hippocampal primary neurons, and demonstrate that light-activation of PIRK ceases the neuronal firing due to the outflux of K(+) current through the activated Kir2.1 channels. Using in utero electroporation, we also express PIRK in the embryonic mouse neocortex in vivo, showing the light-activation of PIRK in neocortical neurons. Genetically encoding Uaa imposes no restrictions on target protein type or cellular location, and a family of photoreactive Uaas is available for modulating different natural amino acid residues. This technique thus has the potential to be generally applied to many neuronal proteins to achieve optical regulation of different processes in brains. The current protocol presents an accessible procedure for intricate Uaa incorporation in neurons in vitro and in vivo to achieve photo control of neuronal protein activity on the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yong Kang
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Tufts University
| | - Daichi Kawaguchi
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco;
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12
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Dougherty DA, Van Arnam EB. In vivo incorporation of non-canonical amino acids by using the chemical aminoacylation strategy: a broadly applicable mechanistic tool. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1710-20. [PMID: 24990307 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We describe a strategy for incorporating non-canonical amino acids site-specifically into proteins expressed in living cells, involving organic synthesis to chemically aminoacylate a suppressor tRNA, protein expression in Xenopus oocytes, and monitoring protein function, primarily by electrophysiology. With this protocol, a very wide range of non-canonical amino acids can be employed, allowing both systematic structure-function studies and the incorporation of reactive functionalities. Here, we present an overview of the methodology and examples meant to illustrate the versatility and power of the method as a tool for investigating protein structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis A Dougherty
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125 (USA).
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13
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Karas JA, Scanlon DB, Forbes BE, Vetter I, Lewis RJ, Gardiner J, Separovic F, Wade JD, Hossain MA. 2-Nitroveratryl as a Photocleavable Thiol-Protecting Group for Directed Disulfide Bond Formation in the Chemical Synthesis of Insulin. Chemistry 2014; 20:9549-52. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Kang JY, Kawaguchi D, Coin I, Xiang Z, O'Leary DDM, Slesinger PA, Wang L. In vivo expression of a light-activatable potassium channel using unnatural amino acids. Neuron 2014; 80:358-70. [PMID: 24139041 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Optical control of protein function provides excellent spatial-temporal resolution for studying proteins in situ. Although light-sensitive exogenous proteins and ligands have been used to manipulate neuronal activity, a method for optical control of neuronal proteins using unnatural amino acids (Uaa) in vivo is lacking. Here, we describe the genetic incorporation of a photoreactive Uaa into the pore of an inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir2.1. The Uaa occluded the pore, rendering the channel nonconducting, and, on brief light illumination, was released to permit outward K(+) current. Expression of this photoinducible inwardly rectifying potassium (PIRK) channel in rat hippocampal neurons created a light-activatable PIRK switch for suppressing neuronal firing. We also expanded the genetic code of mammals to express PIRK channels in embryonic mouse neocortex in vivo and demonstrated a light-activated PIRK current in cortical neurons. These principles could be generally expanded to other proteins expressed in the brain to enable optical regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yong Kang
- The Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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15
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Butterfield S, Hejjaoui M, Fauvet B, Awad L, Lashuel HA. Chemical strategies for controlling protein folding and elucidating the molecular mechanisms of amyloid formation and toxicity. J Mol Biol 2012; 421:204-36. [PMID: 22342932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It has been more than a century since the first evidence linking the process of amyloid formation to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. During the last three decades in particular, increasing evidence from various sources (pathology, genetics, cell culture studies, biochemistry, and biophysics) continues to point to a central role for the pathogenesis of several incurable neurodegenerative and systemic diseases. This is in part driven by our improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms of protein misfolding and aggregation and the structural properties of the different aggregates in the amyloid pathway and the emergence of new tools and experimental approaches that permit better characterization of amyloid formation in vivo. Despite these advances, detailed mechanistic understanding of protein aggregation and amyloid formation in vitro and in vivo presents several challenges that remain to be addressed and several fundamental questions about the molecular and structural determinants of amyloid formation and toxicity and the mechanisms of amyloid-induced toxicity remain unanswered. To address this knowledge gap and technical challenges, there is a critical need for developing novel tools and experimental approaches that will not only permit the detection and monitoring of molecular events that underlie this process but also allow for the manipulation of these events in a spatial and temporal fashion both in and out of the cell. This review is primarily dedicated in highlighting recent results that illustrate how advances in chemistry and chemical biology have been and can be used to address some of the questions and technical challenges mentioned above. We believe that combining recent advances in the development of new fluorescent probes, imaging tools that enabled the visualization and tracking of molecular events with advances in organic synthesis, and novel approaches for protein synthesis and engineering provide unique opportunities to gain a molecular-level understanding of the process of amyloid formation. We hope that this review will stimulate further research in this area and catalyze increased collaboration at the interface of chemistry and biology to decipher the mechanisms and roles of protein folding, misfolding, and aggregation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Butterfield
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Russell AG, Sadler MJ, Laidlaw HJ, Gutiérrez-Loriente A, Wharton CW, Carteau D, Bassani DM, Snaith JS. Photorelease of tyrosine from α-carboxy-6-nitroveratryl (αCNV) derivatives. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:556-63. [PMID: 22249211 DOI: 10.1039/c2pp05320a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of photolabile tyrosine derivatives protected on the phenolic oxygen by the α-carboxy-6-nitroveratryl (αCNV) protecting group is described. The compounds undergo rapid photolysis at wavelengths longer than 300 nm to liberate the corresponding phenol in excellent yield (quantum yield for the deprotection of tyrosine = 0.19). Further protection of caged tyrosine is possible, yielding N-Fmoc protected derivatives suitable for direct incorporation of caged tyrosine in solid-phase peptide synthesis.
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17
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Groff D, Chen PR, Peters FB, Schultz PG. A genetically encoded epsilon-N-methyl lysine in mammalian cells. Chembiochem 2010; 11:1066-8. [PMID: 20422671 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Groff
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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18
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Riggsbee CW, Deiters A. Recent advances in the photochemical control of protein function. Trends Biotechnol 2010; 28:468-75. [PMID: 20667607 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biological processes are regulated with a high level of spatial and temporal resolution. To understand and manipulate these processes, scientists need to be able to regulate them with Nature's level of precision. In this context, light is a unique regulatory element because it can be precisely controlled in terms of location, timing and amplitude. Moreover, most biological laboratories have a wide range of light sources as standard equipment. This review article summarizes the most recent advances in light-mediated regulation of protein function and its application in a cellular context. Specifically, the photocaging of small-molecule modulators of protein function and of specific amino acid residues in proteins is discussed. In addition, examples of the photochemical control of protein function through the application of genetically engineered natural-light receptors are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad W Riggsbee
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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19
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Kotzur N, Briand B, Beyermann M, Hagen V. Wavelength-Selective Photoactivatable Protecting Groups for Thiols. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:16927-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ja907287n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Kotzur
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Benoît Briand
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Beyermann
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Hagen
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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20
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Deiters A. Light activation as a method of regulating and studying gene expression. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2009; 13:678-86. [PMID: 19857985 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recently, several advances have been made in the activation and deactivation of gene expression using light. These developments are based on the application of small molecule inducers of gene expression, antisense- or RNA interference-mediated gene silencing, and the photochemical control of proteins regulating gene function. The majority of the examples employ a classical 'caging technology', through the chemical installation of a light-removable protecting group on the biological molecule (small molecule, oligonucleotide, or protein) of interest and rendering it inactive. UV light irradiation then removes the caging group and activates the molecule, enabling control over gene activity with high spatial and temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Deiters
- North Carolina State University, Department of Chemistry, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA.
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21
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Lee HM, Larson DR, Lawrence DS. Illuminating the chemistry of life: design, synthesis, and applications of "caged" and related photoresponsive compounds. ACS Chem Biol 2009; 4:409-27. [PMID: 19298086 DOI: 10.1021/cb900036s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Biological systems are characterized by a level of spatial and temporal organization that often lies beyond the grasp of present day methods. Light-modulated bioreagents, including analogs of low molecular weight compounds, peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids, represent a compelling strategy to probe, perturb, or sample biological phenomena with the requisite control to address many of these organizational complexities. Although this technology has created considerable excitement in the chemical community, its application to biological questions has been relatively limited. We describe the challenges associated with the design, synthesis, and use of light-responsive bioreagents; the scope and limitations associated with the instrumentation required for their application; and recent chemical and biological advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Ming Lee
- Departments of Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry & Natural Products, and Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
| | - Daniel R. Larson
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - David S. Lawrence
- Departments of Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry & Natural Products, and Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290
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22
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Miller DS, Chirayil S, Ball HL, Luebke KJ. Manipulating cell migration and proliferation with a light-activated polypeptide. Chembiochem 2009; 10:577-84. [PMID: 19165838 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Remote control of cells: A polypeptide has been made that stimulates proliferation and migration of cells upon photochemical activation. This light-activated polypeptide enables spatially defined control of cell populations at the scale of tissue organization; this is accomplished without physically contacting the cells or modifying their substrate. Polypeptide growth and differentiation factors modulate a wide variety of cell behaviors and can be used to manipulate cells in vitro for tissue engineering and basic studies of cell biology. To emulate in vitro the spatial aspect of growth factor function, new methods are needed to generate defined spatial gradients of activity. Polypeptide factors that are engineered to be activated with light provide a method for creating concentration gradients with the fine precision in space and time with which light can be directed. As a first test of this approach, we have chemically synthesized a polypeptide with the sequence of epidermal growth factor in which a critical glutamate is "caged" with a photoremovable group. Photolysis of this polypeptide afforded maximal mitogenic and chemokinetic activity at concentrations at which the caged factor was inactive. Spatially resolved photolysis of the factor resulted in spatial patterning of fibroblasts. This system will be useful for ex vivo tissue engineering and for investigating the interactions of cells with their matrix and the role of chemical gradients in biological pattern formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle S Miller
- Division of Translational Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9185, USA
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23
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Young DD, Lusic H, Lively MO, Yoder JA, Deiters A. Gene silencing in mammalian cells with light-activated antisense agents. Chembiochem 2009; 9:2937-40. [PMID: 19021142 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas D Young
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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24
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Abstract
A caged molecule is an inert but photosensitive molecule that is transformed by photolysis into a biologically active molecule at high speed (typically 1 msec). The process is referred to as photorelease. The spatial resolution of photorelease is limited by the properties of light; submicrometer resolution is potentially achievable. Therefore, focal photorelease of caged molecules enables one to control biological processes with high spatio-temporal precision. The principles underlying caged molecules as well as practical considerations for their use are discussed in this unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Y Kao
- University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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25
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Schultz C. Molecular tools for cell and systems biology. HFSP JOURNAL 2007; 1:230-48. [PMID: 19404424 DOI: 10.2976/1.2812442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The sequencing of the genomes of key organisms and the subsequent identification of genes merely leads us to the next real challenge in modern biology-revealing the precise functions of these genes. Further, detailed knowledge of how the products of these genes behave in space and time is required, including their interactions with other molecules. In order to tackle these considerable tasks, a large and continuously expanding toolbox is required to probe the functions of proteins on a cellular level. Here, the currently available tools are described and future developments are projected. There is no doubt that only the close interplay between the life science disciplines in addition to advances in engineering will be able to meet the challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schultz
- Gene Expression Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Young DD, Edwards WF, Lusic H, Lively MO, Deiters A. Light-triggered polymerase chain reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:462-4. [PMID: 18188468 DOI: 10.1039/b715152g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical control of the polymerase chain reaction has been achieved through the incorporation of light-triggered nucleotides into DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas D Young
- North Carolina State University, Department of Chemistry, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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27
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Gorostiza P, Isacoff E. Optical switches and triggers for the manipulation of ion channels and pores. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2007; 3:686-704. [PMID: 17882331 DOI: 10.1039/b710287a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Like fluorescence sensing techniques, methods to manipulate proteins with light have produced great advances in recent years. Ion channels have been one of the principal protein targets of photoswitched manipulation. In combination with fluorescence detection of cell signaling, this has enabled non-invasive, all-optical experiments on cell and tissue function, both in vitro and in vivo. Optical manipulation of channels has also provided insights into the mechanism of channel function. Optical control elements can be classified according to their molecular reversibility as non-reversible phototriggers where light breaks a chemical bond (e.g. caged ligands) and as photoswitches that reversibly photoisomerize. Synthetic photoswitches constitute nanoscale actuators that can alter channel function using three different strategies. These include (1) nanotoggles, which are tethered photoswitchable ligands that either activate channels (agonists) or inhibit them (blockers or antagonists), (2) nanokeys, which are untethered (freely diffusing) photoswitchable ligands, and (3) nanotweezers, which are photoswitchable crosslinkers. The properties of such photoswitches are discussed here, with a focus on tethered photoswitchable ligands. The recent literature on optical manipulation of ion channels is reviewed for the different channel families, with special emphasis on the understanding of ligand binding and gating processes, applications in nanobiotechnology, and with attention to future prospects in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Gorostiza
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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28
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Deiters A, Groff D, Ryu Y, Xie J, Schultz PG. A genetically encoded photocaged tyrosine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 45:2728-31. [PMID: 16548032 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200600264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Deiters
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
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29
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Abstract
Biologically active compounds which are light-responsive offer experimental possibilities which are otherwise very difficult to achieve. Since light can be manipulated very precisely, for example, with lasers and microscopes rapid jumps in concentration of the active form of molecules are possible with exact control of the area, time, and dosage. The development of such strategies started in the 1970s. This review summarizes new developments of the last five years and deals with "small molecules", proteins, and nucleic acids which can either be irreversibly activated with light (these compounds are referred to as "caged compounds") or reversibly switched between an active and an inactive state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Mayer
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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30
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Horenstein NA, McCormack TJ, Stokes C, Ren K, Papke RL. Reversal of agonist selectivity by mutations of conserved amino acids in the binding site of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:5899-909. [PMID: 17189260 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609202200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Homomeric alpha7 and heteromeric alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) can be distinguished by their pharmacological properties, including agonist specificity. We introduced point mutations of conserved amino acids within the C loop, a region of the receptor critical for agonist binding, and we examined the expression of the mutant receptors in Xenopus oocytes. Mutation of either a conserved C loop tyrosine (188) to phenylalanine or a nearby conserved aspartate (197) to alanine resulted in alpha7 receptors for which the alpha7-selective agonist 3-(4-hydroxy, 2-methoxybenzylidene) anabaseine (4OH-GTS-21) had roughly the same potency as for wild-type receptors, whereas the physiologic agonist acetylcholine (ACh) showed drastically reduced potency for these mutant receptors. Corresponding mutations in alpha4 receptors co-expressed with beta2 resulted in alpha4beta2 receptors for which ACh potency was relatively unchanged, although the efficacy of the alpha7-selective agonist 4OH-GTS-21 was increased greatly relative to that of ACh. We also investigated the significance of a conserved lysine (145 in alpha7), proposed to form a stable salt bridge with Asp-197 in the resting state of the receptor. Mutations of this residue in both alpha7 and alpha4 resulted in receptors that were largely unresponsive to both ACh and 4OH-GTS-21. Our results suggest that initiation of gating depends both on specific interactions between residues in the C loop domain and, depending on receptor subtype, the physiochemical properties of the agonist, so that in the altered environment of the alpha4Y190F-binding site, large hydrophobic benzylidene anabaseines may close the C loop and initiate channel gating more effectively than the polar agonist ACh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Horenstein
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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31
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Abstract
Photochemical regulation of biological processes offers a high level of control to study intracellular mechanisms with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. This report summarizes the advances made in recent years, focusing predominantly on the in vivo regulation of gene function using irradiation with UV light. The majority of the described applications entail the utilization of photocaging groups installed either on a small molecule modulator of biomolecular function or directly on a biological macromolecule itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas D Young
- North Carolina State University, Department of Chemistry, Campus Box 8204, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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32
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33
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Deiters A, Groff D, Ryu Y, Xie J, Schultz PG. A Genetically Encoded Photocaged Tyrosine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200600264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Pellois JP, Muir TW. A Ligation and Photorelease Strategy for the Temporal and Spatial Control of Protein Function in Living Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:5713-7. [PMID: 16059958 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200501244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Pellois
- The Laboratory of Synthetic Protein Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, Box 223, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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35
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Pellois JP, Muir TW. A Ligation and Photorelease Strategy for the Temporal and Spatial Control of Protein Function in Living Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200501244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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36
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Abstract
We have developed a second orthogonal tRNA/synthetase pair for use in yeast based on the Escherichia coli tRNALeu/leucyl tRNA-synthetase pair. Using a novel genetic selection, we have identified a series of synthetase mutants that selectively charge the amber suppresor tRNA with the C8 amino acid, alpha-aminocaprylic acid, and the photocaged amino acid, o-nitrobenzyl cysteine, allowing them to be inserted into proteins in yeast in response to the amber nonsense codon, TAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wu
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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37
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Abdrakhmanova G, Cleemann L, Lindstrom J, Morad M. Differential modulation of beta2 and beta4 subunits of human neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by acidification. Mol Pharmacol 2004; 66:347-55. [PMID: 15266026 DOI: 10.1124/mol.66.2.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously that acidification increases the affinity of agonists to rat alpha3beta4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) and accelerates both the activation and decay kinetics of agonist-induced currents recorded from human embryonic kidney 293 cells stably expressing the receptor (Abdrakhmanova et al., 2002b). Here, we report on experiments examining the effect of rapid acidification on four different subtypes (alpha3beta4alpha5, alpha4beta2, alpha3beta2, and alpha3beta2alpha5) of human neuronal nAChRs stably expressed in tsA201 cells using a piezoelectric device for rapid (<5 ms) solution application. Application of ACh, at its EC(50) concentration for each nAChR subtype, at pH values 7.4 and 6.0, showed that acidification, similarly to that reported for rat alpha3beta4 acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), increased the amplitude and accelerated the activation and decay kinetics of the currents in human alpha3beta4alpha5 AChRs by increasing their affinity to the agonist. In sharp contrast, acidification reduced the amplitude but accelerated the decay kinetics of the current in all human beta2-containing nAChR subtypes (alpha3beta2, alpha3alpha5beta2, alpha4beta2) examined in this study. Brief application of ACh at saturating concentration (1 mM) on alpha3beta4alpha5 AChRs induced a "rebound current" upon rapid washout of the agonist at pH 7.4, but no "rebound current" was observed in alpha3beta2 AChRs. Surprisingly, acidification, pH 6.0, applied only during the agonist pulse also accelerated the decay kinetics of the "rebound current". Our data provide evidence for the specificity of proton-induced modulation of neuronal nAChRs based on their beta subunit composition. Furthermore, in alpha3beta4alpha5 AChR, we find that protonation effects may persist, after washout of acidic solutions, consistent with proton-induced conformational changes of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galya Abdrakhmanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 4000 Reservoir Road Building D, Washington DC 20007, USA
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38
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Strømgaard A, Jensen AA, Strømgaard K. Site-Specific Incorporation of Unnatural Amino Acids into Proteins. Chembiochem 2004; 5:909-16. [PMID: 15239046 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200400060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Strømgaard
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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39
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Akabas MH. GABAA Receptor Structure–Function Studies: A Reexamination in Light of New Acetylcholine Receptor Structures. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2004; 62:1-43. [PMID: 15530567 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(04)62001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myles H Akabas
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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40
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Beene DL, Dougherty DA, Lester HA. Unnatural amino acid mutagenesis in mapping ion channel function. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2003; 13:264-70. [PMID: 12850209 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-4388(03)00068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Unnatural amino acid mutagenesis makes possible the site-specific incorporation of synthetic amino acids, enabling detailed structure-function studies as well as the incorporation of biophysical probes. This method has been adapted for use with heterologous expression in Xenopus oocytes, allowing experiments on ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren L Beene
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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41
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Petersson EJ, Brandt GS, Zacharias NM, Dougherty DA, Lester HA. Caging proteins through unnatural amino acid mutagenesis. Methods Enzymol 2003; 360:258-73. [PMID: 12622154 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)60114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The caging of specific residues of proteins is a powerful tool. This discussion attempts to alert the reader to the considerations that must be made in preparing and analyzing a caged protein through nonsense suppression. Although the suppression methodology is conceptually straightforward, it not possible to provide a failsafe "cook book" method for using caged unnaturals. We have emphasized the preparation of caged receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes, but these approaches can clearly be adapted to many other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- E James Petersson
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125, USA
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42
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Abstract
Chemical and biological diversity of protein structures and functions can be widely expanded by position-specific incorporation of non-natural amino acids carrying a variety of specialty side groups. After the pioneering works of Schultz's group and Chamberlin's group in 1989, noticeable progress has been made in expanding types of amino acids, in finding novel methods of tRNA aminoacylation and in extending genetic codes for directing the positions. Aminoacylation of tRNA with non-natural amino acids has been achieved by directed evolution of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases or some ribozymes. Codons have been extended to include four-base codons or non-natural base pairs. Multiple incorporation of different non-natural amino acids has been achieved by the use of a different four-base codon for each tRNA. The combination of these novel techniques has opened the possibility of synthesising non-natural mutant proteins in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hohsaka
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, 700-8530, Okayama, Japan
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43
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Smith AB, Savinov SN, Manjappara UV, Chaiken IM. Peptide-small molecule hybrids via orthogonal deprotection-chemoselective conjugation to cysteine-anchored scaffolds. A model study. Org Lett 2002; 4:4041-4. [PMID: 12423081 DOI: 10.1021/ol026736d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of an orthogonal deprotection-conjugation protocol, holding the promise of libraries of functionally diverse chemical probes attached to cysteine-anchored peptide scaffolds, has been explored with a model system. The necessary tools for assembly of the hybrid libraries have been prepared and the tandem procedure optimized. S-alkylation and S-sulfenylation are featured as the chemoselective ligation reactions. [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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44
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Zou K, Cheley S, Givens RS, Bayley H. Catalytic subunit of protein kinase A caged at the activating phosphothreonine. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:8220-9. [PMID: 12105899 DOI: 10.1021/ja020405e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Caged reagents are photoactivatable molecules with applications in biological research. While a great deal of work has been carried out on small caged molecules, less has been done on caged macromolecules, such as proteins. Caged proteins would be especially useful in signal transduction research. Since most proteins involved in cell signaling are regulated by phosphorylation, a means to cage phosphorylated proteins would be generally applicable. Here we show that the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A can be activated by thiophosphorylation at Thr-197. The modified protein can then be caged with 4-hydroxyphenacyl bromide to yield a derivative with a specific catalytic activity that is reduced by approximately 17-fold. Upon photolysis at near UV wavelengths, an approximately 15-fold increase in activity is observed, representing an approximately 85-90% yield of uncaged product with a quantum yield phi(P) = 0.21. Because protein kinases belong to a superfamily with structurally related catalytic domains, the protein chemistry demonstrated here should be applicable to a wide range of signaling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyong Zou
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, The Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843-1114, USA
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Abdrakhmanova G, Dorfman J, Xiao Y, Morad M. Protons enhance the gating kinetics of the alpha3/beta4 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor by increasing its apparent affinity to agonists. Mol Pharmacol 2002; 61:369-78. [PMID: 11809862 DOI: 10.1124/mol.61.2.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are widely distributed in the nervous system. Although there is a vast literature on the molecular, structural and pharmacological properties of neuronal nAChR, little is known of their pH regulation. Here we report that rapid acidification (pH 6.0) enhances the current through the alpha3/beta4 recombinant nAChRs expressed stably in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and accelerates its activation kinetics without altering selectivity. Acidification also strongly accelerates the decay kinetics ("desensitization") of cytisine- and nicotine-evoked currents (pK(a) approximately 6.1), but the effect is somewhat smaller with acetylcholine and carbachol (undetermined pK(a) values), suggesting that protonation of the agonist contributes to the relaxation of the current. Transient increases of [H(+)](o) from pH 7.4 to 6.0, during the time course of decay of the current, enhances the current and accelerates its decay kinetics in a manner similar to reactivation of current by higher concentrations of agonists. We suggest that protons interact with multiple extracellular sites on alpha3/beta4 nAChRs, decreasing the effective EC(50) values of the agonist and accelerating gating kinetics, in part by promoting agonist-induced block. We speculate that corelease of protons with ACh from the secretory vesicles may induce rapid and reversible conformational changes in the slowly "desensitizing" alpha3/beta4 nAChRs, leading to accelerated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galya Abdrakhmanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington DC 20007, USA
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