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Tsutsui Y, Itoh S, Toshima T, Yoshio S, Yoshiya S, Izumi T, Iseda N, Toshida K, Nakayama Y, Ishikawa T, Kosai-Fujimoto Y, Takeishi K, Yoshizumi T. Impact of electrical muscle stimulation on serum myostatin level and maintenance of skeletal muscle mass in patients undergoing living-donor liver transplantation: Single-center controlled trial. Hepatol Res 2024; 54:827-837. [PMID: 38414147 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.14027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
AIM Sarcopenia is reportedly associated with a poor prognosis in patients who undergo living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT), most of whom are not able to tolerate muscle strengthening exercise training. Myostatin is one of the myokines and a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth. The clinical feasibility of an electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) system, which exercises muscle automatically by direct electrical stimulation, has been reported. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of perioperative application of SIXPAD, which is a type of EMS system, with reference to the serum myostatin and sarcopenia in LDLT patients. METHOD Thirty patients scheduled for LDLT were divided into a SIXPAD group (n = 16) and a control group (n = 14). In the SIXPAD group, EMS was applied to the thighs twice daily. The serum myostatin was measured in samples obtained before use of SIXPAD and immediately before LDLT. The psoas muscle index (PMI) at the level of the third lumbar vertebra and the quadriceps muscle area were compared on computed tomography images before use of SIXPAD and 1 month after LDLT. RESULTS The preoperative serum myostatin was found to be higher in LDLT patients than in healthy volunteers and EMS significantly reduced the serum myostatin. Electrical muscle stimulation prevented a postoperative reduction not only in the area of the quadriceps muscles but also in the PMI despite direct stimulation of the thigh muscles. CONCLUSION Stimulation of muscles by EMS decreases the serum myostatin and helps to maintain skeletal muscle in patients who have undergone LDLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Tsutsui
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Itoh
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeo Toshima
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Yoshio
- Department of Liver Diseases, The Research Center of Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shohei Yoshiya
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takuma Izumi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Norifumi Iseda
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuya Toshida
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakayama
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takuma Ishikawa
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kosai-Fujimoto
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuki Takeishi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Yoshizumi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Choi S, Jun HP. Effects of Rehabilitative Exercise and Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Muscle Morphology and Dynamic Balance in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:1187. [PMID: 39064616 PMCID: PMC11279363 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60071187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Muscle atrophy caused by chronic ankle instability (CAI) can incur muscle weakness, altered movement patterns, and increased risk of injury. Previous studies have investigated the effects of rehabilitative exercises and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on characteristics in CAI individuals, but few studies have examined their effects on foot and ankle muscle morphology. This study aimed to determine the effects of rehabilitative exercises and NMES on muscle morphology and dynamic balance in individuals with CAI. Materials and Methods: Participants with CAI (n = 47) were randomly divided into control (CG), rehabilitative exercise (REG), NMES (NG), and rehabilitative exercise and NMES combined (RNG) groups. The six-week intervention program consisting of rehabilitative exercises and NMES was applied to groups excluding CG. Muscle morphology and dynamic balance were evaluated using a portable wireless diagnostic ultrasound device and dynamic balance tests. For statistical analysis, an effect size with 95% confidence interval was calculated to assess mean differences according to intervention. Results: After six weeks, significant increases in morphology and dynamic balance were observed for all muscles except flexor hallucis longus (p > 0.05) in the intervention groups except for CG. However, no significant changes were observed in the CG (p > 0.05). Conclusions: These findings suggest that intervention programs may help prevent muscle atrophy and improve balance in CAI individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyung-pil Jun
- Department of Physical Education, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea;
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Harmon KK, Girts RM, Rodriguez G, Beausejour JP, Pagan JI, Carr JC, Garcia J, Roberts MD, Hahs‐Vaughn DL, Stout JR, Fukuda DH, Stock MS. Combined action observation and mental imagery versus neuromuscular electrical stimulation as novel therapeutics during short-term knee immobilization. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:1145-1162. [PMID: 38687158 PMCID: PMC11215482 DOI: 10.1113/ep091827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Limb immobilization causes rapid declines in muscle strength and mass. Given the role of the nervous system in immobilization-induced weakness, targeted interventions may be able to preserve muscle strength, but not mass, and vice versa. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of two distinct interventions during 1 week of knee joint immobilization on muscle strength (isometric and concentric isokinetic peak torque), mass (bioimpedance spectroscopy and ultrasonography), and neuromuscular function (transcranial magnetic stimulation and interpolated twitch technique). Thirty-nine healthy, college-aged adults (21 males, 18 females) were randomized into one of four groups: immobilization only (n = 9), immobilization + action observation/mental imagery (AOMI) (n = 10), immobilization + neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) (n = 12), or control group (n = 8). The AOMI group performed daily video observation and mental imagery of knee extensions. The NMES group performed twice daily stimulation of the quadriceps femoris. Based on observed effect sizes, it appears that AOMI shows promise as a means of preserving voluntary strength, which may be modulated by neural adaptations. Strength increased from PRE to POST in the AOMI group, with +7.2% (Cohen's d = 1.018) increase in concentric isokinetic peak torque at 30°/s. However, NMES did not preserve muscle mass. Though preliminary, our findings highlight the specific nature of clinical interventions and suggest that muscle strength can be independently targeted during rehabilitation. This study was prospectively registered: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05072652.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie K. Harmon
- Department of Exercise ScienceSyracuse UniversitySyracuseNew YorkUSA
| | - Ryan M. Girts
- Department of Natural and Health SciencesPfeiffer UniversityMisenheimerNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Gabriela Rodriguez
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Jonathan P. Beausejour
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Jason I. Pagan
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Joshua C. Carr
- Department of KinesiologyTexas Christian UniversityFort WorthTexasUSA
- Department of Medical EducationAnne Burnett Marion School of Medicine at Texas Christian UniversityFort WorthTexasUSA
| | - Jeanette Garcia
- School of Sport SciencesWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownWest VirginiaUSA
| | | | - Debbie L. Hahs‐Vaughn
- Department of Learning Sciences and Educational ResearchUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - David H. Fukuda
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Matt S. Stock
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
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Sanchez MJ, Mossayebi A, Sigaroodi S, Apaflo JN, Galvan MJ, Min K, Agullo FJ, Wagler A, Bajpeyi S. Effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on glycemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1222532. [PMID: 37583429 PMCID: PMC10424918 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1222532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Physical inactivity increases the risk for metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is an effective method to induce muscle contraction, particularly for populations with physical impairments and/or metabolic diseases. However, its effectiveness to improve glycemic control is unclear. This review aimed to determine the effectiveness of NMES on glycemic control. Methods Electronic search consisted of MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Web of Science to identify studies that investigated the effects of NMES on glycemic control for this systematic review. The meta-analysis consists of the studies designed as randomized controlled trials. Effect sizes were calculated as the standardized mean difference (SMD) and meta-analysis was conducted using a random-effects model. Results Thirty-five studies met the inclusion criteria for systematic review and of those, nine qualified for the meta-analysis. Existing evidence suggested that NMES effectively improves glycemic control predominantly in middle-aged and elderly population with type 2 diabetes, obesity, and spinal cord injury. The meta-analysis is comprised of 180 participants and reported that NMES intervention lowered fasting blood glucose (SMD: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.17 to 0.78; p=0.002; I²=0%). Additional analysis using the primary measures reported by each study to indicate glycemic control (i.e., OGTT, HOMA-IR, and fasting glucose) also confirmed a significant effect of NMES on improving glycemic control (SMD: 0.41; 95% CI, 0.09 to 0.72; p=0.01; I²=11%). NMES protocol varied across studies and requires standardization. Conclusion NMES could be considered as a therapeutic strategy to improve glycemic control in populations with physical impairments and/or metabolic disorders. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42020192491.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Sanchez
- Metabolic, Nutrition, and Exercise Research (MiNER) Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Ali Mossayebi
- Metabolic, Nutrition, and Exercise Research (MiNER) Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Solmaz Sigaroodi
- Metabolic, Nutrition, and Exercise Research (MiNER) Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Jehu N. Apaflo
- Metabolic, Nutrition, and Exercise Research (MiNER) Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Michelle J. Galvan
- Metabolic, Nutrition, and Exercise Research (MiNER) Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Kisuk Min
- Muscle Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | | | - Amy Wagler
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Sudip Bajpeyi
- Metabolic, Nutrition, and Exercise Research (MiNER) Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
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Maffiuletti NA, Dirks ML, Stevens-Lapsley J, McNeil CJ. Electrical stimulation for investigating and improving neuromuscular function in vivo: Historical perspective and major advances. J Biomech 2023; 152:111582. [PMID: 37088030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
This historical review summarizes the major advances - particularly from the last 50 years - in transcutaneous motor-level electrical stimulation, which can be used either as a tool to investigate neuromuscular function and its determinants (electrical stimulation for testing; EST) or as a therapeutic/training modality to improve neuromuscular and physical function (neuromuscular electrical stimulation; NMES). We focus on some of the most important applications of electrical stimulation in research and clinical settings, such as the investigation of acute changes, chronic adaptations and pathological alterations of neuromuscular function with EST, as well as the enhancement, preservation and restoration of muscle strength and mass with NMES treatment programs in various populations. For both EST and NMES, several major advances converge around understanding and optimizing motor unit recruitment during electrically-evoked contractions, also taking into account the influence of stimulation site (e.g., muscle belly vs nerve trunk) and type (e.g., pulse duration, frequency, and intensity). This information is equally important both in the context of mechanistic research of neuromuscular function as well as for clinicians who believe that improvements in neuromuscular function are required to provide health-related benefits to their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marlou L Dirks
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Stevens-Lapsley
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Chris J McNeil
- Integrated Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
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Thapa N, Yang JG, Bae S, Kim GM, Park HJ, Park H. Effect of Electrical Muscle Stimulation and Resistance Exercise Intervention on Physical and Brain Function in Middle-Aged and Older Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:101. [PMID: 36612423 PMCID: PMC9819342 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effectiveness of electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) with resistance exercise training (ERT) and resistance exercise training (RT) on physical and brain function in middle-aged and older women. Method: Forty-eight participants were randomly allocated into three groups: (i) ERT (n = 16), (ii) RT (n = 16), and (iii) control group (n = 16). The intervention session was 50 min long and performed three times/week for four weeks. The ERT group performed quadriceps setting, straight leg raises, and ankle pump exercises while constantly receiving EMS on their quadriceps muscle on both legs. The RT group performed the same exercise without EMS. Physical function was measured using skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), handgrip strength, gait speed, five times sit-to-stand test (FTSS) and timed up-and-go test (TUG). Brain function was assessed with electroencephalogram measurement of whole brain activity. Results: After four-week intervention, significant improvements were observed in SMI (p < 0.01), phase angle (p < 0.05), and gait speed (p < 0.05) in the ERT group compared to the control group. ERT also increased muscle strength (p < 0.05) and mobility in lower limbs as observed in FTSS and TUG tests (p < 0.05) at post-intervention compared to the baseline. In the ERT group, significant positive changes were observed in Beta1 band power, Theta band power, and Alpha1 band whole brain connectivity (p < 0.005) compared to the control group. Conclusions: Our findings showed that ERT can improve muscle and brain function in middle-aged and older adults during a four-week intervention program whereas significant improvements were not observed with RT. Therefore might be one of the feasible alternative intervention to RT for the prevention of muscle loss whilst improving brain function for middle-aged and older population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngeemasara Thapa
- Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Smart Healthcare, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Gyeong Yang
- Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Smart Healthcare, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongryu Bae
- Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Smart Healthcare, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwon-Min Kim
- Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Park
- Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Smart Healthcare, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuntae Park
- Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Smart Healthcare, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
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Martins F, França C, Henriques R, Ihle A, Przednowek K, Marques A, Lopes H, Sarmento H, Gouveia ÉR. Body composition variations between injured and non-injured professional soccer players. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20779. [PMID: 36456608 PMCID: PMC9715542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Professional soccer is characterized by its physical demands, making players' exposure to high injury risks a growing problem. It is crucial to study the factors associated with injuries in professional soccer. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between age, body composition, and others variables related with the injury profile of professional soccer players of a specific Portuguese team. Also, it analyzed the impact of the injury profile on soccer's variations in body fat (BF%), skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and total body water (TBW) throughout the season. The sample comprised 31 male professional soccer players competing in the First Portuguese Soccer League. Older players had a higher prevalence of muscular injuries. Midfielders and forwards showed the highest number of muscular injuries during the season being quadriceps the most affected zone. Considering players' BF% [Wilks' Lambda = 0.42, F (7, 23) = 4.61, p = 0.002, r = 0.58], SMM [Wilks' Lambda = 0.59, F (6, 23) = 2.70, p = 0.039, r = 0.41] and TBW [Wilks' Lambda = 0.54, F (7, 23) = 2.80, p = 0.029, r = 0.46] there was a substantial main effect for the assessments performed throughout the season and the injury status. Age assumes relevance in explaining the injury profile. The impact of the injury profile on soccer's variations in BF%, SMM and TBW throughout the season must be analyzed considering the clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Martins
- grid.26793.390000 0001 2155 1272Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal ,LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Cíntia França
- grid.26793.390000 0001 2155 1272Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal ,LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal ,grid.513237.1Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences, and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Andreas Ihle
- grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland ,grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland ,grid.425888.b0000 0001 1957 0992Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES—Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Krzysztof Przednowek
- grid.13856.390000 0001 2154 3176Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów University, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Adilson Marques
- grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263Centro Interdisciplinar de Estudo da Performance Humana, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Lisbon, Portugal ,grid.9983.b0000 0001 2181 4263ISAMB, University of Lisbon, 1649-020 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hélder Lopes
- grid.26793.390000 0001 2155 1272Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal ,grid.513237.1Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences, and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- grid.8051.c0000 0000 9511 4342Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physhical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Élvio Rúbio Gouveia
- grid.26793.390000 0001 2155 1272Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal ,LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal ,grid.425888.b0000 0001 1957 0992Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES—Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Takino K, Kameshima M, Asai C, Kawamura I, Tomita S, Sato H, Hirakawa A, Yamada S. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation after cardiovascular surgery mitigates muscle weakness in older individuals with diabetes. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2022; 66:101659. [PMID: 35272065 DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2022.101659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular surgery leads to postsurgical muscle weakness, probably because of muscle proteolysis and peripheral nerve dysfunction, which are augmented by aging and diabetes mellitus. OBJECTIVE We examined the effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on postsurgical muscle weakness in older individuals with diabetes mellitus. METHODS We conducted a multicentre, randomized, controlled trial, and screened consecutive patients with diabetes who underwent cardiovascular surgery for eligibility (age ≥ 65 years). Those included were randomly assigned to the NMES or the sham group. The primary outcome was the percent change in isometric knee extension strength (%ΔIKES) from preoperative to postoperative day 7. Secondary outcomes were the percent change in usual (%ΔUWS), maximum walking speed (%ΔMWS), and grip strength (%ΔGS). A statistician who was blinded to group allocation used intention-to-treat analysis (student t test). RESULTS Of 1151 participants screened for eligibility, 180 (NMES, n = 90; sham, n = 90) were included in the primary analysis. %ΔIKES was significantly lower in the NMES than sham group (NMES: mean -2%, 95% confidence interval [CI] -6 to 1; sham: -13%, 95% CI -17 to -9, p < 0.001). Among the secondary outcomes, %ΔMWS was significantly lower and %ΔUWS and %ΔGS were lower, although not significantly, in the NMES than sham group. CONCLUSIONS A short course of NMES (< 1 week) mitigated postsurgical muscle weakness and functional decline in older persons with diabetes mellitus. NMES could be recommended as a part of postsurgical rehabilitation in older people with diabetes mellitus, especially those with a low functional reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koya Takino
- Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Gifu Heart Center, 4-14-4, Yabuta-minami, Gifu, Japan; Program in Physical and Occupational Therapy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masataka Kameshima
- Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Nagoya Heart Center, 1-1-11, Sunadabashi, higasi-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chikako Asai
- Department of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Toyohashi Heart Center, 1-21, Gobudori, Oyamacho, Toyohasi, Japan
| | - Itta Kawamura
- Department of Cardiology, Gifu Heart Center, 4-14-4, Yabuta-minami, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shinji Tomita
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gifu Heart Center, 4-14-4, Yabuta-minami, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sato
- Division of Biostatistics and Data Science, Clinical Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital of Medicine, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hirakawa
- Division of Biostatistics and Data Science, Clinical Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital of Medicine, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumio Yamada
- Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daiko-Minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
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Tsurumi T, Tamura Y, Nakatani Y, Furuya T, Tamiya H, Terashima M, Tomoe T, Ueno A, Shimoyama M, Yasu T. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation during Hemodialysis Suppresses Postprandial Hyperglycemia in Patients with End-Stage Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Crossover Controlled Trial. J Clin Med 2022; 11:6239. [PMID: 36362467 PMCID: PMC9658571 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11216239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Hemodialysis patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) experience blood glucose fluctuations owing to insulin removal. We evaluated the effects of single and long-term application of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) during hemodialysis on glycemic control. This trial was conducted in two stages: Stage 1, following a crossover design and 4 week washout period, eleven outpatients with DKD either underwent a single bout of NMES for 30 min (NMES period) or rested (control period) after receiving nutritional support during hemodialysis; Stage 2, following a crossover design and 4 week washout period, each participant received the intervention for 12 weeks. NMES was administered for 30 min at the maximum tolerable intensity. The mean subcutaneous glucose concentration and mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE) were determined by flash glucose monitoring for 24 h. Changes in glycoalbumin and MAGE before and after NMES initiation were evaluated. The mean blood glucose level and MAGE after a single bout of NMES were significantly lower than those after rest. Glycoalbumin levels and echo intensity of the rectus femoris tended to decrease, but not significantly by ANOVA due to a lack in statistical power after the dropout of three patients. NMES in end-stage DKD decreased blood glucose levels during and after hemodialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Tsurumi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Dokkyo Medical University Nikko Medical Center, Nikko 321-2593, Japan
| | - Yuma Tamura
- Department of Rehabilitation, Dokkyo Medical University Nikko Medical Center, Nikko 321-2593, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakatani
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Dokkyo Medical University Nikko Medical Center, Nikko 321-2593, Japan
| | - Tomoki Furuya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Nephrology, Dokkyo Medical University Nikko Medical Center, Nikko 321-2593, Japan
- Social Participation and Community Health Research Team, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Igaku Academy, Kawagoe 350-0003, Japan
| | - Hajime Tamiya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Nephrology, Dokkyo Medical University Nikko Medical Center, Nikko 321-2593, Japan
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
| | - Masato Terashima
- Department of Rehabilitation, Dokkyo Medical University Nikko Medical Center, Nikko 321-2593, Japan
| | - Takashi Tomoe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Nephrology, Dokkyo Medical University Nikko Medical Center, Nikko 321-2593, Japan
| | - Asuka Ueno
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Nephrology, Dokkyo Medical University Nikko Medical Center, Nikko 321-2593, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shimoyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Nephrology, Dokkyo Medical University Nikko Medical Center, Nikko 321-2593, Japan
| | - Takanori Yasu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and Nephrology, Dokkyo Medical University Nikko Medical Center, Nikko 321-2593, Japan
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10
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Qin Y, Chen H, Liu X, Wu J, Zhang Y. Effects of whole-body electromyostimulation training on upper limb muscles strength and body composition in moderately trained males: A randomized controlled study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:982062. [PMID: 36159315 PMCID: PMC9501974 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.982062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance training has been known to have a positive effect on muscle performance in exercisers. Whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) is advertised as a smooth, time-efficient, and highly individualized resistance training technology. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of WB-EMS training on maximum isometric elbow muscle strength and body composition in moderately trained males in comparison to traditional resistance training. The study was a randomized controlled single-blind trial. Twenty, moderately trained, male participants (25.15 ± 3.84, years) were randomly assigned to the following groups: a WB-EMS training group (n = 11) and a traditional resistance training group (the control group [CG]: n = 9). Both training intervention programs consisted of 18 training sessions for six consecutive weeks. All subjects performed dynamic movements with the WB-EMS or external weights (CG). The primary outcome variables included maximum isometric elbow flexor strength (MIEFS), maximum isometric elbow extensor strength (MIEES) and surface electromyography amplitude (sEMGRMS). Secondary outcomes involved lean body mass, body fat content, arm fat mass, and arm lean mass. ANOVAs, Friedman test and post hoc t-tests were used (P = 0.05) to analyze the variables development after the 6-week intervention between the groups. Significant time × group interactions for MIEFS (η2 = 0.296, P Bonferroni = 0.013) were observed, the increase in the WB-EMS group were significantly superior to the CG [23.49 ± 6.48% vs. 17.01 ± 4.36%; MD (95% CI) = 6.48 (1.16, 11.80); d = 1.173, P = 0.020]. There were no significant differences were observed between interventions regarding MIEES, sEMGRMS and body composition. These findings indicate that in moderately trained males the effects of WB-EMS were similar to a traditional resistance training, with the only exception of a significantly greater increase in elbow flexor strength. WB-EMS can be considered as an effective exercise addition for moderately trained males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Qin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, China,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China,*Correspondence: Yin Qin
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, China,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, China,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiwei Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, China,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yinxin Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, China,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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11
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New Trend of Physical Activity and Exercise for Health Promotion and Functional Ability. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137939. [PMID: 35805597 PMCID: PMC9265872 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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12
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Changes in Muscle Thickness after 8 Weeks of Strength Training, Electromyostimulation, and Both Combined in Healthy Young Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063184. [PMID: 35328871 PMCID: PMC8955636 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify and compare the effects of electromyostimulation training (EMS), strength training (ST), and both combined (STEMS), through the analysis of the elbow flexors muscle thickness. Forty subjects (24.45 ± 3.53 years), were randomly divided equally in 4 groups: 3 experimental groups and 1 control group. Each experimental group was submitted to one of three interventions, either an ST protocol, an EMS protocol, or a STEMS protocol. The control group (CG) did not perform any type of physical activity. Ultrasonography (US) was used to measure muscle thickness (MT) at 50 and 60% of the distance between the acromion and the olecranon. The results showed a significant difference in the elbow flexors muscle thickness after 8 weeks, both in the STG, EMSG, and STEMSG, but not in the CG. However, no significant differences were observed between the intervention protocols. It seems that an increase in MT can be obtained using either with ST, EMS, or both combined, however, the results doesn’t support the overlap of one method in relation to the others. EMS can be another interesting tool to induce muscle hypertrophy, but not necessarily better.
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13
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Hughes L, Hackney KJ, Patterson SD. Optimization of Exercise Countermeasures to Spaceflight Using Blood Flow Restriction. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2022; 93:32-45. [PMID: 35063054 DOI: 10.3357/amhp.5855.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: During spaceflight missions, astronauts work in an extreme environment with several hazards to physical health and performance. Exposure to microgravity results in remarkable deconditioning of several physiological systems, leading to impaired physical condition and human performance, posing a major risk to overall mission success and crew safety. Physical exercise is the cornerstone of strategies to mitigate physical deconditioning during spaceflight. Decades of research have enabled development of more optimal exercise strategies and equipment onboard the International Space Station. However, the effects of microgravity cannot be completely ameliorated with current exercise countermeasures. Moreover, future spaceflight missions deeper into space require a new generation of spacecraft, which will place yet more constraints on the use of exercise by limiting the amount, size, and weight of exercise equipment and the time available for exercise. Space agencies are exploring ways to optimize exercise countermeasures for spaceflight, specifically exercise strategies that are more efficient, require less equipment, and are less time-consuming. Blood flow restriction exercise is a low intensity exercise strategy that requires minimal equipment and can elicit positive training benefits across multiple physiological systems. This method of exercise training has potential as a strategy to optimize exercise countermeasures during spaceflight and reconditioning in terrestrial and partial gravity environments. The possible applications of blood flow restriction exercise during spaceflight are discussed herein.Hughes L, Hackney KJ, Patterson SD. Optimization of exercise countermeasures to spaceflight using blood flow restriction. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 93(1):32-45.
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14
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van Meijel RLJ, Vogel MAA, Jocken JWE, Vliex LMM, Smeets JSJ, Hoebers N, Hoeks J, Essers Y, Schoffelen PFM, Sell H, Kersten S, M A Rouschop K, Blaak EE, Goossens GH. Mild intermittent hypoxia exposure induces metabolic and molecular adaptations in men with obesity. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101287. [PMID: 34224918 PMCID: PMC8355948 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies suggest that hypoxia exposure may improve glucose homeostasis, but well-controlled human studies are lacking. We hypothesized that mild intermittent hypoxia (MIH) exposure decreases tissue oxygen partial pressure (pO2) and induces metabolic improvements in people who are overweight/obese. METHODS In a randomized, controlled, single-blind crossover study, 12 men who were overweight/obese were exposed to MIH (15 % O2, 3 × 2 h/day) or normoxia (21 % O2) for 7 consecutive days. Adipose tissue (AT) and skeletal muscle (SM) pO2, fasting/postprandial substrate metabolism, tissue-specific insulin sensitivity, SM oxidative capacity, and AT and SM gene/protein expression were determined. Furthermore, primary human myotubes and adipocytes were exposed to oxygen levels mimicking the hypoxic and normoxic AT and SM microenvironments. RESULTS MIH decreased systemic oxygen saturation (92.0 ± 0.5 % vs 97.1 ± 0.3, p < 0.001, respectively), AT pO2 (21.0 ± 2.3 vs 36.5 ± 1.5 mmHg, p < 0.001, respectively), and SM pO2 (9.5 ± 2.2 vs 15.4 ± 2.4 mmHg, p = 0.002, respectively) compared to normoxia. In addition, MIH increased glycolytic metabolism compared to normoxia, reflected by enhanced fasting and postprandial carbohydrate oxidation (pAUC = 0.002) and elevated plasma lactate concentrations (pAUC = 0.005). Mechanistically, hypoxia exposure increased insulin-independent glucose uptake compared to standard laboratory conditions (~50 %, p < 0.001) and physiological normoxia (~25 %, p = 0.019) through AMP-activated protein kinase in primary human myotubes but not in primary human adipocytes. MIH upregulated inflammatory/metabolic pathways and downregulated extracellular matrix-related pathways in AT but did not alter systemic inflammatory markers and SM oxidative capacity. MIH exposure did not induce significant alterations in AT (p = 0.120), hepatic (p = 0.132) and SM (p = 0.722) insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate for the first time that 7-day MIH reduces AT and SM pO2, evokes a shift toward glycolytic metabolism, and induces adaptations in AT and SM but does not induce alterations in tissue-specific insulin sensitivity in men who are overweight/obese. Future studies are needed to investigate further whether oxygen signaling is a promising target to mitigate metabolic complications in obesity. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION This study is registered at the Netherlands Trial Register (NL7120/NTR7325).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rens L J van Meijel
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center(+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Max A A Vogel
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center(+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Johan W E Jocken
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center(+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lars M M Vliex
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center(+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joey S J Smeets
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center(+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole Hoebers
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center(+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center(+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Essers
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center(+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul F M Schoffelen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center(+), Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center(+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Henrike Sell
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kasper M A Rouschop
- Maastricht Radiation Oncology (MaastRO) Laboratory, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center(+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center(+), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs H Goossens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center(+), Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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15
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Moritani T. Electrical muscle stimulation: Application and potential role in aging society. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2021; 61:102598. [PMID: 34560440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2021.102598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases and sarcopenia become more prevalent as individuals age and, therefore, represent a serious issue for the healthcare system. Several studies have reported the relationship between physical activity and reduced incidence of dementia or cognitive deterioration. Thus, exercise and strength training are most recommended treatments, but it is proving difficult to engage individuals to initiate exercise and strength training. Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) may provide an alternative and more efficient solution. Although EMS has undergone a decline in use, mainly because of stimulation discomfort, new technologies allow painless application of strong contractions. Such activation can be applied in higher exercise dosages and more efficiently than people are likely to achieve with exercise. Unlike orderly recruitment of motor units (MUs) during low intensity voluntary exercise, EMS activates large fast-twitch MUs with glycolytic fibers preferentially and this could have benefit for prevention and treatment of diabetes and chronic diseases associated with muscle atrophy that ultimately lead to bed-ridden conditions. Recent evidence highlights the potential for EMS to make a major impact on these and other lifestyle related diseases and its role as a useful modality for orthopedic and cardiac rehabilitation. This paper will discuss the potential for EMS to break new ground in effective interventions in these frontiers of medical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Moritani
- Professor Emeritus, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto and Visiting Professor, Graduate School of Sports Science, Chukyo University, Toyota, Japan.
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16
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Teschler M, Heimer M, Schmitz B, Kemmler W, Mooren FC. Four weeks of electromyostimulation improves muscle function and strength in sarcopenic patients: a three-arm parallel randomized trial. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:843-854. [PMID: 34105256 PMCID: PMC8350212 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia, defined as loss of muscle mass, quality, and function, is associated with reduced quality of life and adverse health outcomes including disability and mortality. Electromyostimulation (EMS) has been suggested to attenuate the loss of muscle mass and function in elderly, sedentary individuals. This study aimed to investigate the effects of EMS on muscle strength and function during 4 weeks of inpatient medical rehabilitation. METHODS Patients receiving 4 weeks of inpatient medical rehabilitation diagnosed with sarcopenia using bioimpedance analysis were eligible to participate. One hundred and thirty-four patients (55.7 ± 7.9 years, 25.4% female) were randomly assigned to three groups: whole-body (WB) EMS (n = 48): stimulation of major muscle groups (pectoral muscles, latissimus, trapezius, abdominals, upper arm and leg, lower back muscles, gluteal muscles, and thighs); part-body (PB) EMS (n = 42): stimulation of leg muscles including gluteal muscles and thighs; and control group (CG, n = 44). All participants performed six 20 min training sessions including dynamic movements (squats, lunges, biceps curl, chest press, butterfly reverse, reverse lunges, standing diagonal crunches, etc.) with superimposed (WB-, PB-) EMS or without EMS (CG) in addition to the standard rehabilitation programme. Primary outcome variables included muscle function assessed by chair rise test and 6 min walking test as well as muscle strength (isometric grip strength, leg, arm, and back extension). RESULTS Primary outcome variables chair rise test and leg extension improved significantly (P = 0.001, η2 = 0.06 and P = 0.008, η2 = 0.06; EMS vs. CG) in that chair rise test results increased in WB-EMS from 5 (4; 7) to 7 (5; 9), in PB-EMS from 5 (5; 7) to 7 (6; 8), and in CG from 6 (4; 7) to 7 (5; 8) repetitions. Knee extension increased in WB-EMS from 692.3 ± 248.6 to 831.7 ± 298.7 N, in PB-EMS from 682.8 ± 257.8 to 790.2 ± 270.2 N, and in CG from 638.5 ± 236.9 to 703.2 ± 218.6 N. No adverse events or side effects occurred. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that EMS might be an additional training option to improve muscle function and strength in sarcopenic patients during a 4 week rehabilitation programme. EMS provides greater functional and strength improvements compared with standard treatment with additional potential health benefits for sarcopenic cardiac and orthopaedic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Teschler
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany.,Klinik Königsfeld der DRV, Department of Cardiology and Orthopedics Clinic, Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Ennepetal, Germany
| | - Melina Heimer
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany.,Klinik Königsfeld der DRV, Department of Cardiology and Orthopedics Clinic, Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Ennepetal, Germany
| | - Boris Schmitz
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany.,Klinik Königsfeld der DRV, Department of Cardiology and Orthopedics Clinic, Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Ennepetal, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kemmler
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank C Mooren
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany.,Klinik Königsfeld der DRV, Department of Cardiology and Orthopedics Clinic, Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Ennepetal, Germany
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17
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Marini ACB, Motobu RD, Freitas AT, Mota JF, Monteiro PA, Pichard C, Laviano A, Wall BT, Pimentel GD. Short-term intradialytic NMES targeting muscles of the legs improves the phase angle: A pilot randomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 43:111-116. [PMID: 34024502 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) elicits muscle contraction and has been shown to attenuate muscle atrophy when physical activity is not possible. Thus, we hypothesized that intradialytic NMES would attenuate the loss leg lean mass and improve the phase angle in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). METHODS A randomized controlled trial was performed with twenty-one adult HD patients (n = 8 F, n = 13 M; 45.8 ± 10.6 y) randomly assigned to usual care (control group, n = 11; 4F/7M) or to the NMES group (n = 10; 4F/6M). NMES was applied bilaterally at the origin and insertion points of the quadriceps or gastrocnemius muscles for 40 min during each HD session (3x/wk for one month). Pre-and post-intervention, we measured leg lean mass using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and phase angle using bioelectrical impedance analysis. RESULTS NMES did not change leg lean mass compared to the control group. Phase angle increased in the NMES compared to the control group (Δ: +0.71 ± 0.27° vs. -0.46 ± 0.23°, p = 0.004) with interaction time x treatment (ANOVA p = 0.004). CONCLUSION Short-term intradialytic NMES targeting muscles of the legs improved the phase angle but did not change leg lean mass. BRAZILIAN REGISTRY OF CLINICAL TRIALS UNDER THE CODE RBR-98wzgn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara B Marini
- Clinical and Sports Nutrition Research Laboratory (Labince), Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Reika D Motobu
- Clinical and Sports Nutrition Research Laboratory (Labince), Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Ana Tvs Freitas
- Clinical and Sports Nutrition Research Laboratory (Labince), Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - João F Mota
- Clinical and Sports Nutrition Research Laboratory (Labince), Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Paula A Monteiro
- Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Claude Pichard
- Clinical Nutrition, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Laviano
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Gustavo D Pimentel
- Clinical and Sports Nutrition Research Laboratory (Labince), Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil.
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18
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The Combined Effect of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation and Insulin Therapy on Glycated Hemoglobin Concentrations, Lipid Profiles and Hemodynamic Parameters in Patients with Type-2-Diabetes and Hemiplegia Related to Ischemic Stroke: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073433. [PMID: 33810235 PMCID: PMC8036261 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type-2-diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global problem of medical, social and economic consequences. Physical activity is a vital therapy in patients with T2DM, but some of them cannot exercise for various reasons. The purpose of our pilot study was to determine whether a combination of neuromuscular electrostimulation (NMES) and insulin therapy could improve the management of T2DM patients with hemiplegia caused by an ischemic stroke. Fifteen immobile patients with T2DM on insulin therapy were enrolled in the study. NMES was applied to their lower limbs for 60 min, 5 days a week, over a period of 12 weeks. The intervention caused statistically significant reductions in the blood concentrations of glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol and low-density cholesterol in the participants. Furthermore, systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels were significantly lower. More randomized clinical trials are needed to accurately measure the effect of NMES on T2DM treatment and to determine whether it can be an alternative for physical activity for immobile patients with T2DM.
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Park HK, Na SM, Choi SL, Seon JK, Do WH. Physiological Effect of Exercise Training with Whole Body Electric Muscle Stimulation Suit on Strength and Balance in Young Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Chonnam Med J 2021; 57:76-86. [PMID: 33537223 PMCID: PMC7840343 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2021.57.1.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies about Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) have been performed to determine the effectiveness of EMS. However, most studies enrolled only elderly patients. Moreover, only a few studies have verified the effect of a whole body (WB)-EMS suit on young healthy women. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to verify the physiological effects of exercise training with a WB-EMS suit in young women. During the study periods, 24 young women were randomly assigned into two groups: 1) the WB-EMS training group, and 2) the control. All participants in the two groups performed the same low-intensity resistance exercise three times a week for 6 weeks at a training center. Group 1 used an electric current for WB-EMS suit which was switched on during the exercise period. Outcome measures were body composition, body circumference of hips and abdomen, isokinetic muscle function of knees, balance functions, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)s, cardiopulmonary functions, and lipid profiles. All outcomes were measured before and after the exercise protocol over 6 weeks. A total of 23 young women (group 1, n=11; group 2, n=12) completed a 6-week exercise regimen. After exercise, we compared the differences before and after the exercise program in each group. There were significant differences (p≤0.05) in body circumference, cardiopulmonary function in group 1 and 2. In particular, group 1 that activated WB-EMS showed significant differences in the isokinetic muscle function on knee flexors and balance functions. The results of this study show that exercise with a WB-EMS suit can be considered as an effective exercise addition for young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeng-Kyu Park
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seung Min Na
- Center for Joint Diseases, Chonnam National Univerity Bitgoeul Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Se-Lin Choi
- Department of Clothing and Textiles, Healthcare Ware Research and Business Development Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jong-Keun Seon
- Center for Joint Diseases, Chonnam National Univerity Bitgoeul Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Wol-Hee Do
- Department of Clothing and Textiles, Healthcare Ware Research and Business Development Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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20
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Molecular and neural adaptations to neuromuscular electrical stimulation; Implications for ageing muscle. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 193:111402. [PMID: 33189759 PMCID: PMC7816160 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Muscle atrophy and functional declines observed with advancing age can be minimized via various NMES protocols. Animal models have shown that NMES induces motor axon regeneration and promotes axonal outgrowth and fibre reinnervation. The activation of BDNF-trkB contributes to promotion of nerve growth and survival and mediates neuroplasticity. NMES is able to regulate muscle protein homeostasis and elevate oxidative enzyme activity.
One of the most notable effects of ageing is an accelerated decline of skeletal muscle mass and function, resulting in various undesirable outcomes such as falls, frailty, and all-cause mortality. The loss of muscle mass directly leads to functional deficits and can be explained by the combined effects of individual fibre atrophy and fibre loss. The gradual degradation of fibre atrophy is attributed to impaired muscle protein homeostasis, while muscle fibre loss is a result of denervation and motor unit (MU) remodelling. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), a substitute for voluntary contractions, has been applied to reduce muscle mass and functional declines. However, the measurement of the effectiveness of NMES in terms of its mechanism of action on the peripheral motor nervous system and neuromuscular junction, and multiple molecular adaptations at the single fibre level is not well described. NMES mediates neuroplasticity and upregulates a number of neurotropic factors, manifested by increased axonal sprouting and newly formed neuromuscular junctions. Repeated involuntary contractions increase the activity levels of oxidative enzymes, increase fibre capillarisation and can influence fibre type conversion. Additionally, following NMES muscle protein synthesis is increased as well as functional capacity. This review will detail the neural, molecular, metabolic and functional adaptations to NMES in human and animal studies.
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21
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Badjatia N, Sanchez S, Judd G, Hausladen R, Hering D, Motta M, Parikh G, Chang W, Morris N, Simard JM, Sorkin J, Wittenberg GF, Ryan AS. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation and High-Protein Supplementation After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Single-Center Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial. Neurocrit Care 2020; 35:46-55. [PMID: 33150572 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-020-01138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) survivors live with long-term residual physical and cognitive disability. We studied whether neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and high-protein supplementation (HPRO) in the first 2 weeks after SAH could preserve neuromotor and cognitive function as compared to standard of care (SOC) for nutrition and mobilization. METHODS SAH subjects with a Hunt Hess (HH) grade > 1,modified Fisher score > 1 and BMI < 40 kg/m2 were randomly assigned to SOC or NMES + HPRO. NMES was delivered to bilateral quadricep muscles daily during two 30-min sessions along with HPRO (goal:1.8 g/kg/day) between post-bleed day (PBD) 0 and 14. Primary endpoint was atrophy in the quadricep muscle as measured by the percentage difference in the cross-sectional area from baseline to PBD14 on CT scan. All subjects underwent serial assessments of physical (short performance physical battery, SPPB) cognitive (Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale, MoCA) and global functional recovery (modified Rankin Scale, mRS) at PBD 14, 42, and 90. RESULTS Twenty-five patients (SOC = 13, NMES + HPRO = 12) enrolled between December 2017 and January 2019 with no between-group differences in baseline characteristics (58 years old, 68% women, 50% HH > 3). Median duration of interventions was 12 days (range 9-14) with completion of 98% of NMES sessions and 83% of goal HPRO, and no reported serious adverse events. There was no difference in caloric intake between groups, but HPRO + NMES group received more protein (1.5 ± 0.5 g/kg/d v 0.9 ± 0.4 g/kg/d, P < 0.01). Muscle atrophy was less in NMES + HPRO than the SOC group (6.5 ± 4.1% vs 12.5 ± 6.4%, P 0.01). Higher atrophy was correlated with lower daily protein intake (ρ = - 0.45, P = 0.03) and lower nitrogen balance (ρ = 0.47, P = 0.02); and worse 3 month SPPB (ρ = - 0.31, P = 0.1) and mRS (ρ = 0.4, P = 0.04). NMES + HPRO patients had a better median [25%,75] SPPB (12[10, 12] v. 9 [4, 12], P = 0.01) and mRS (1[0,2] v.2[1, 3], P = 0.04) than SOC at PBD 90. CONCLUSIONS NMES + HPRO appears to be feasible and safe acutely after SAH and may reduce acute quadriceps muscle wasting with a lasting benefit on recovery after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Badjatia
- Program in Trauma, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street G7K19, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Departments of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
| | - Stephanie Sanchez
- Departments of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Gabriella Judd
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, USA
| | - Rachel Hausladen
- Advanced Practice Provider Program, Neurocritical Care Unit, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, USA
| | - David Hering
- Advanced Practice Provider Program, Neurocritical Care Unit, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, USA
| | - Melissa Motta
- Program in Trauma, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street G7K19, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Departments of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Gunjan Parikh
- Program in Trauma, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street G7K19, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Departments of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Wendy Chang
- Program in Trauma, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street G7K19, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Nicholas Morris
- Program in Trauma, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street G7K19, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Departments of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - J Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - John Sorkin
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - George F Wittenberg
- Departments of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Alice S Ryan
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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22
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Mirzoev TM. Skeletal Muscle Recovery from Disuse Atrophy: Protein Turnover Signaling and Strategies for Accelerating Muscle Regrowth. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217940. [PMID: 33114683 PMCID: PMC7663166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle fibers have a unique capacity to adjust their metabolism and phenotype in response to alternations in mechanical loading. Indeed, chronic mechanical loading leads to an increase in skeletal muscle mass, while prolonged mechanical unloading results in a significant decrease in muscle mass (muscle atrophy). The maintenance of skeletal muscle mass is dependent on the balance between rates of muscle protein synthesis and breakdown. While molecular mechanisms regulating protein synthesis during mechanical unloading have been relatively well studied, signaling events implicated in protein turnover during skeletal muscle recovery from unloading are poorly defined. A better understanding of the molecular events that underpin muscle mass recovery following disuse-induced atrophy is of significant importance for both clinical and space medicine. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms that may be involved in the activation of protein synthesis and subsequent restoration of muscle mass after a period of mechanical unloading. In addition, the efficiency of strategies proposed to improve muscle protein gain during recovery is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur M Mirzoev
- Myology Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS, Moscow 123007, Russia
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23
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Muscle Hypertrophy and Architectural Changes in Response to Eight-Week Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Training in Healthy Older People. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10090184. [PMID: 32911678 PMCID: PMC7554879 DOI: 10.3390/life10090184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of muscle mass of the lower limbs and of the spine extensors markedly impairs locomotor ability and spine stability in old age. In this study, we investigated whether 8 w of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) improves size and architecture of the lumbar multifidus (LM) and vastus lateralis (VL) along with locomotor ability in healthy older individuals. Eight volunteers (aged 65 ≥ years) performed NMES 3 times/week. Eight sex- and age-matched individuals served as controls. Functional tests (Timed Up and Go test (TUG) and Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (FTSST)), VL muscle architecture (muscle thickness (MT), pennation angle (PA), and fiber length (FL)), along with VL cross-sectional area (CSA) and both sides of LM were measured before and after by ultrasound. By the end of the training period, MT and CSA of VL increased by 8.6% and 11.4%, respectively. No significant increases were observed in FL and PA. LM CSA increased by 5.6% (left) and 7.1% (right). Interestingly, all VL architectural parameters significantly decreased in the control group. The combined NMES had a large significant effect on TUG (r = 0.50, p = 0.046). These results extend previous findings on the hypertrophic effects of NMES training, suggesting to be a useful mean for combating age-related sarcopenia.
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24
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Ferrigno B, Bordett R, Duraisamy N, Moskow J, Arul MR, Rudraiah S, Nukavarapu SP, Vella AT, Kumbar SG. Bioactive polymeric materials and electrical stimulation strategies for musculoskeletal tissue repair and regeneration. Bioact Mater 2020; 5:468-485. [PMID: 32280836 PMCID: PMC7139146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical stimulation (ES) is predominantly used as a physical therapy modality to promote tissue healing and functional recovery. Research efforts in both laboratory and clinical settings have shown the beneficial effects of this technique for the repair and regeneration of damaged tissues, which include muscle, bone, skin, nerve, tendons, and ligaments. The collective findings of these studies suggest ES enhances cell proliferation, extracellular matrix (ECM) production, secretion of several cytokines, and vasculature development leading to better tissue regeneration in multiple tissues. However, there is still a gap in the clinical relevance for ES to better repair tissue interfaces, as ES applied clinically is ineffective on deeper tissue. The use of a conducting material can transmit the stimulation applied from skin electrodes to the desired tissue and lead to an increased function on the repair of that tissue. Ionically conductive (IC) polymeric scaffolds in conjunction with ES may provide solutions to utilize this approach effectively. Injectable IC formulations and their scaffolds may provide solutions for applying ES into difficult to reach tissue types to enable tissue repair and regeneration. A better understanding of ES-mediated cell differentiation and associated molecular mechanisms including the immune response will allow standardization of procedures applicable for the next generation of regenerative medicine. ES, along with the use of IC scaffolds is more than sufficient for use as a treatment option for single tissue healing and may fulfill a role in interfacing multiple tissue types during the repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Ferrigno
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Rosalie Bordett
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Nithyadevi Duraisamy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Joshua Moskow
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Michael R. Arul
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Swetha Rudraiah
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Saint Joseph, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Syam P. Nukavarapu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Anthony T. Vella
- Department of Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Sangamesh G. Kumbar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
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25
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Howard EE, Pasiakos SM, Fussell MA, Rodriguez NR. Skeletal Muscle Disuse Atrophy and the Rehabilitative Role of Protein in Recovery from Musculoskeletal Injury. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:989-1001. [PMID: 32167129 PMCID: PMC7360452 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle atrophy and weakness occur as a consequence of disuse after musculoskeletal injury (MSI). The slow recovery and persistence of these deficits even after physical rehabilitation efforts indicate that interventions designed to attenuate muscle atrophy and protect muscle function are necessary to accelerate and optimize recovery from MSI. Evidence suggests that manipulating protein intake via dietary protein or free amino acid-based supplementation diminishes muscle atrophy and/or preserves muscle function in experimental models of disuse (i.e., immobilization and bed rest in healthy populations). However, this concept has rarely been considered in the context of disuse following MSI, which often occurs with some muscle activation during postinjury physical rehabilitation. Given that exercise sensitizes skeletal muscle to the anabolic effect of protein ingestion, early rehabilitation may act synergistically with dietary protein to protect muscle mass and function during postinjury disuse conditions. This narrative review explores mechanisms of skeletal muscle disuse atrophy and recent advances delineating the role of protein intake as a potential countermeasure. The possible synergistic effect of protein-based interventions and postinjury rehabilitation in attenuating muscle atrophy and weakness following MSI is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Howard
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA,Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Maya A Fussell
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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26
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McKendry J, Thomas ACQ, Phillips SM. Muscle Mass Loss in the Older Critically Ill Population: Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Nutr Clin Pract 2020; 35:607-616. [PMID: 32578900 DOI: 10.1002/ncp.10540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plays a critical role in everyday life, and its age-associated reduction has severe health consequences. The pre-existing presence of sarcopenia, combined with anabolic resistance, protein undernutrition, and the pro-catabolic/anti-anabolic milieu induced by aging and exacerbated in critical care, may accelerate the rate at which skeletal muscle is lost in patients with critical illness. Advancements in intensive care unit (ICU)-care provision have drastically improved survival rates; therefore, attention can be redirected toward other significant issues affecting ICU patients (e.g., length of stay, days on ventilation, nosocomial disease development, etc.). Thus, strategies targeting muscle mass and function losses within an ICU setting are essential to improve patient-related outcomes. Notably, loading exercise and protein provision are the most compelling. Many older ICU patients seldom meet the recommended protein intake, and loading exercise is difficult to conduct in the ICU. Nevertheless, the incorporation of physical therapy (PT), neuromuscular electrical stimulation, and early mobilization strategies may be beneficial. Furthermore, a number of nutrition practices within the ICU have been shown to improve patient-related outcomes ((e.g., feeding strategy [i.e., oral, early enteral, or parenteral]), be hypocaloric (∼70%-80% energy requirements), and increase protein provision (∼1.2-2.5 g/kg/d)). The aim of this brief review is to discuss the dysregulation of muscle mass maintenance in an older ICU population and highlight the potential benefits of strategic nutrition practice, specifically protein, and PT within the ICU. Finally, we provide some general guidelines that may serve to counteract muscle mass loss in patients with critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- James McKendry
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron C Q Thomas
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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27
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Louis J, Vercruyssen F, Dupuy O, Bernard T. Nutrition for Master Athletes: Is There a Need for Specific Recommendations? J Aging Phys Act 2020; 28:489-498. [PMID: 31743086 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2019-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Master athletes are often considered exemplars of successful aging, thanks to their capacity to maintain a high sports performance during their entire life. A high training capacity, regular participation in sporting competitions, and delayed alterations in body composition and physiological capacities have been listed among the main factors contributing to impressive master athletes' performances. However, there is a paucity of data on the metabolism and dietary habits of master athletes, and the question of whether they need to adapt their nutrition to the aging process remains open. Herein, the authors presented a contemporary overview of the metabolic challenges associated with aging, including the risk of low energy availability, anabolic resistance, and periods of metabolic crisis due to forced immobilization. After assembling scientific evidence to show that master athletes must adapt their dietary intake, the authors proposed a summary of nutritional recommendations for master athletes and suggested the next stage of research.
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28
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Sanchis-Gomar F, Lopez-Lopez S, Romero-Morales C, Maffulli N, Lippi G, Pareja-Galeano H. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation: A New Therapeutic Option for Chronic Diseases Based on Contraction-Induced Myokine Secretion. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1463. [PMID: 31849710 PMCID: PMC6894042 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myokines are peptides known to modulate brain neuroplasticity, adipocyte metabolism, bone mineralization, endothelium repair and cell growth arrest in colon and breast cancer, among other processes. Repeated skeletal muscle contraction induces the production and secretion of myokines, which have a wide range of functions in different tissues and organs. This new role of skeletal muscle as a secretory organ means skeletal muscle contraction could be a key player in the prevention and/or management of chronic disease. However, some individuals are not capable of optimal physical exercise in terms of adequate duration, intensity or muscles involved, and therefore they may be virtually deprived of at least some of the physiological benefits induced by exercise. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is emerging as an effective physical exercise substitute for myokine induction. NMES is safe and efficient and has been shown to improve muscle strength, functional capacity, and quality of life. This alternative exercise modality elicits hypertrophy and neuromuscular adaptations of skeletal muscles. NMES stimulates circulating myokine secretion, promoting a cascade of endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine effects. We review the current evidence supporting NMES as an effective physical exercise substitute for inducing myokine production and its potential applications in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Sanchis-Gomar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergio Lopez-Lopez
- Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Guy Hilton Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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29
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Maffiuletti NA, Green DA, Vaz MA, Dirks ML. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation as a Potential Countermeasure for Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Weakness During Human Spaceflight. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1031. [PMID: 31456697 PMCID: PMC6700209 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human spaceflight is associated with a substantial loss of skeletal muscle mass and muscle strength. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) evokes involuntary muscle contractions, which have the potential to preserve or restore skeletal muscle mass and neuromuscular function during and/or post spaceflight. This assumption is largely based on evidence from terrestrial disuse/immobilization studies without the use of large exercise equipment that may not be available in spaceflight beyond the International Space Station. In this mini-review we provide an overview of the rationale and evidence for NMES based on the terrestrial state-of-the-art knowledge, compare this to that used in orbit, and in ground-based analogs in order to provide practical recommendations for implementation of NMES in future space missions. Emphasis will be placed on knee extensor and plantar flexor muscles known to be particularly susceptible to deconditioning in space missions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A Green
- Space Medicine Team, HRE-OM, European Astronaut Centre, European Space Agency, Cologne, Germany.,KBRwyle, Wyle Laboratories GmbH, Cologne, Germany.,King's College London, Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences (CHAPS), London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Aurelio Vaz
- Exercise Research Laboratory (LAPEX), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marlou L Dirks
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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30
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Snijders T, Trommelen J, Kouw IWK, Holwerda AM, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. The Impact of Pre-sleep Protein Ingestion on the Skeletal Muscle Adaptive Response to Exercise in Humans: An Update. Front Nutr 2019; 6:17. [PMID: 30895177 PMCID: PMC6415027 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an update on recent research assessing the effect of pre-sleep protein ingestion on muscle protein synthesis rates during overnight sleep and the skeletal muscle adaptive response to exercise training. Protein ingested prior to sleep is effectively digested and absorbed during overnight sleep, thereby increasing overnight muscle protein synthesis rates. Protein consumption prior to sleep does not appear to reduce appetite during breakfast the following day and does not change resting energy expenditure. When applied over a prolonged period of resistance-type exercise training, pre-sleep protein supplementation has a beneficial effect on the increase in muscle mass and strength. Protein ingestion before sleep is hypothesized to represent an effective nutritional strategy to preserve muscle mass in the elderly, especially when combined with physical activity or muscle contraction by means of neuromuscular electrical stimulation. In conclusion, protein ingestion prior to sleep is an effective interventional strategy to increase muscle protein synthesis rates during overnight sleep and can be applied to support the skeletal muscle adaptive response to resistance-type exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Snijders
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jorn Trommelen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Imre W K Kouw
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Andrew M Holwerda
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, Netherlands
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31
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West DWD, Marcotte GR, Chason CM, Juo N, Baehr LM, Bodine SC, Baar K. Normal Ribosomal Biogenesis but Shortened Protein Synthetic Response to Acute Eccentric Resistance Exercise in Old Skeletal Muscle. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1915. [PMID: 30692935 PMCID: PMC6339931 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anabolic resistance to feeding in aged muscle is well-characterized; however, whether old skeletal muscle is intrinsically resistant to acute mechanical loading is less clear. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of aging on muscle protein synthesis (MPS), ribosome biogenesis, and protein breakdown in skeletal muscle following a single bout of resistance exercise. Adult male F344/BN rats aged 10 (Adult) and 30 (Old) months underwent unilateral maximal eccentric contractions of the hindlimb. Precursor rRNA increased early post-exercise (6-18 h), preceding elevations in ribosomal mass at 48 h in Adult and Old; there were no age-related differences in these responses. MPS increased early post-exercise in both Adult and Old; however, at 48 h of recovery, MPS returned to baseline in Old but not Adult. This abbreviated protein synthesis response in Old was associated with decreased levels of IRS1 protein and increased BiP, CHOP and eIF2α levels. Other than these responses, anabolic signaling was similar in Adult and Old muscle in the acute recovery phase. Basal proteasome activity was lower in Old, and resistance exercise did not increase the activity of either the ATP-dependent or independent proteasome, or autophagy (Cathepsin L activity) in either Adult or Old muscle. We conclude that MPS and ribosome biogenesis in response to maximal resistance exercise in old skeletal muscle are initially intact; however, the MPS response is abbreviated in Old, which may be the result of ER stress and/or blunted exercise-induced potentiation of the MPS response to feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W D West
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - George R Marcotte
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Courtney M Chason
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Natalie Juo
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Leslie M Baehr
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sue C Bodine
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, United States
| | - Keith Baar
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, United States
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32
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Natsume T, Yoshihara T, Naito H. Electromyostimulation with blood flow restriction enhances activation of mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways in rat gastrocnemius muscles. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 44:637-644. [PMID: 30398900 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) combined with blood flow restriction (BFR) induces muscle hypertrophy. However, cellular mechanisms underlying the muscle hypertrophy induced by NMES combined with BFR remain unclear. We tested the hypothesis that NMES combined with BFR would enhance the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Age-matched male Wistar rats (6 months old, n = 7 per group) were assigned randomly to control, BFR alone (BFR), NMES alone (NMES), and NMES combined with BFR (NMES/BFR) groups. NMES induced 25 isometric contractions lasting 8 s with 4-s resting periods between contractions in the gastrocnemius muscle. Four sets in total were performed, with 1-min intervals between sets. A latex cuff was placed on the proximal portion of the hind limb and BFR at 200 mm Hg was conducted in 4 sets (each set 5 min) with 1-min rest intervals between sets. Venous blood was collected from the lateral tail vein to determine pH, H+ concentration, and lactate concentration before and immediately after the treatments. Expression levels of proteins related to muscle hypertrophy were determined by Western blot analysis. The application of NMES/BFR promoted muscle fatigue more than NMES alone. NMES/BFR induced greater changes in accumulation of metabolites and increase in gastrocnemius muscle weight. The phosphorylation of mTOR and MAPK signaling-related proteins was also enhanced following NMES/BFR, compared with other conditions. Thus, NMES enhanced the activation of mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways when combined with BFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Natsume
- a Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hirakagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695, Japan
| | - Toshinori Yoshihara
- b Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hirakagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695, Japan
| | - Hisashi Naito
- b Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hirakagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba 270-1695, Japan
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Mettler JA, Magee DM, Doucet BM. Low-frequency electrical stimulation with variable intensity preserves torque. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2018; 42:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Paillard T. Muscle plasticity of aged subjects in response to electrical stimulation training and inversion and/or limitation of the sarcopenic process. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 46:1-13. [PMID: 29742451 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses the possible structural and functional adaptations of the muscle function to neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) training in frail and/or aged (without advanced chronic disease) subjects. Evidence suggests that the sarcopenic process and its structural and functional effects would be limited and/or reversed through NMES training using excito-motor currents (or direct currents). From a structural viewpoint, NMES helps reduce muscle atrophy. From a functional viewpoint, NMES enables the improvement of motor output (i.e., muscle strength), gait, balance and activities of daily living which enhances the quality of life of aged subjects. Muscle plasticity of aged subjects in response to NMES training turns out to be undeniable, although many mechanisms are not yet explained and deserve to be explore further. Mechanistic explanations as well as conceptual models are proposed to explain how muscle plasticity operates in aged subjects through NMES training. NMES could be seen as a clinically applicable training technique, safe and efficient among aged subjects and could be used more often as part of prevention of sarcopenia. Therapists and physical conditioners/trainers could exploit this new knowledge in their professional practice to improve life conditions (including the risk of fall) of frail and/or aged subjects.
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Miyamoto T, Iwakura T, Matsuoka N, Iwamoto M, Takenaka M, Akamatsu Y, Moritani T. Impact of prolonged neuromuscular electrical stimulation on metabolic profile and cognition-related blood parameters in type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled cross-over trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2018; 142:37-45. [PMID: 29802953 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to examine the effect of prolonged neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on the metabolic profile and cognition-related blood parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS Fourteen patients with T2DM (63.2 ± 3.0 years, 76.1 ± 3.5 kg) participated in a randomized controlled cross-over study, in which 8-week-long NMES interventions were performed on both legs. The NMES training protocol consisted of 40-min sessions, 5 days per week, for 8 weeks. The relative changes in glucose and lipid profiles, and cognition-related blood parameters were evaluated. RESULTS NMES training induced significant changes in the fasting glucose concentration (p < 0.05) and percent body fat (p < 0.05), although there were no significant changes in HbA1c and blood lipid levels (p ≥ 0.05). The change in plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels was significantly higher in the NMES period than in the control period (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study showed that an 8-week NMES training program could induce greater changes in the blood glucose concentration, percent body fat, and plasma BDNF levels than the control intervention in patients with T2DM. NMES training might prove to be an alternative exercise method for patients who might have difficulties in performing adequate voluntary exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Miyamoto
- School of Rehabilitation, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Toshio Iwakura
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsuoka
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masako Iwamoto
- Nutrition Management Department, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mariko Takenaka
- Nutrition Management Department, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasunori Akamatsu
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshio Moritani
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Abstract
In recent years, electrical myostimulation (EMS) is becoming more and more popular to increase muscle function and muscle weight. Especially it is applied in healthy individual after injury to rebuild muscle mass and in severely atrophic patients who are not able or willing to perform conventional exercise training programs. Studies in experimental models as well as in human subjects confirmed that EMS can increase muscle mass by around 1% and improve muscle function by around 10-15% after 5-6 weeks of treatment. Despite a severe increase in circulating creatine kinase during the first session, EMS can be regarded as a safe therapeutic intervention. At the molecular level, EMS improves the anabolic/catabolic balance and stimulates the regenerative capacity of satellite cells. EMS intensity should be as high as individually tolerated, and a minimum of three sessions per week [large pulses (between 300-450 μs), high frequency (50-100 Hz in young and around 30 Hz in older individuals)] for at least 5-6 weeks should be performed. EMS improved functional performances more effectively than voluntary training and counteracted fast type muscle fibre atrophy, typically associated with sarcopenia. The effect of superimposing EMS on conventional exercise training to achieve more muscle mass and better function is still discussed controversially. Nevertheless, EMS should not be regarded as a replacement of exercise training per se, since the beneficial effect of exercise training is not just relying on building muscle mass but it also exerts positive effects on endothelial, myocardial, and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Adams
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, TU Dresden, Heart Center Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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The use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) for managing the complications of ageing related to reduced exercise participation. Maturitas 2018; 113:13-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Dirks ML, Stephens FB, Jackman SR, Galera Gordo J, Machin DJ, Pulsford RM, van Loon LJC, Wall BT. A single day of bed rest, irrespective of energy balance, does not affect skeletal muscle gene expression or insulin sensitivity. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:860-875. [DOI: 10.1113/ep086961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlou L. Dirks
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Exeter UK
| | - Francis B. Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Exeter UK
| | - Sarah R. Jackman
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Exeter UK
| | - Jesús Galera Gordo
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Exeter UK
| | - David J. Machin
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Exeter UK
| | - Richard M. Pulsford
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Exeter UK
| | - Luc J. C. van Loon
- Department of Human Biology; NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism; Maastricht University Medical Centre; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin T. Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Exeter UK
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Natsume T, Ozaki H, Kakigi R, Kobayashi H, Naito H. Effects of training intensity in electromyostimulation on human skeletal muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:1339-1347. [PMID: 29679248 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3866-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE High-intensity neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) training can induce muscle hypertrophy at the whole muscle and muscle fiber levels. However, whether low-intensity NMES training has a similar result is unknown. This study aimed to investigate whether low-intensity NMES training could elicit muscle hypertrophy at the whole muscle and muscle fiber levels in the human skeletal muscle. METHODS Eight untrained young males were subjected to 18 min of unilateral NMES training for 8 weeks. One leg received NMES at maximal tolerable intensity (HIGH); the other leg received NMES at an intensity half of that in the HIGH condition (LOW). Quadriceps muscle thickness (MT), muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA), and knee extension strength were measured before and after the training period. RESULTS The average training intensity throughout the intervention period in the HIGH and LOW conditions were 62.5 ± 4.6% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and 32.6 ± 2.6% MVC, respectively. MT, CSA, and muscle strength increased in both exercise conditions (p < 0.05); however, training effects in the LOW condition were lower than those in the HIGH condition (p < 0.05). The average training intensity showed a positive correlation with percent changes in muscle strength (r = 0.797, p = 0.001), MT (r = 0.876, p = 0.001), type I fiber CSA (r = 0.730, p = 0.01), and type II fiber CSA (r = 0.899, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Low-intensity NMES could increase MT, muscle fiber CSA, and muscle strength in healthy human skeletal muscles. However, the magnitude of increase is lower in low-intensity than in high-intensity NMES training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Natsume
- Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hirakagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan.
| | - Hayao Ozaki
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hirakagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Ryo Kakigi
- School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Department of General Medicine, Mito Medical Center, Tsukuba University Hospital, 3-2-7 Miyamachi, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-0015, Japan
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hirakagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hirakagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
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40
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Mosole S, Zampieri S, Furlan S, Carraro U, Löefler S, Kern H, Volpe P, Nori A. Effects of Electrical Stimulation on Skeletal Muscle of Old Sedentary People. Gerontol Geriatr Med 2018; 4:2333721418768998. [PMID: 29662923 PMCID: PMC5896842 DOI: 10.1177/2333721418768998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity plays an important role in preventing muscle atrophy and chronic diseases in adults and in the elderly. Calcium (Ca2+) cycling and activation of specific molecular pathways are essential in contraction-induced muscle adaptation. This study attains human muscle sections and total homogenates prepared from biopsies obtained before (control) and after 9 weeks of training by electrical stimulation (ES) on a group of volunteers. The aim of the study was to investigate about the molecular mechanisms that support functional muscle improvement by ES. Evidences of kinase/phosphatase pathways activation after ES were obtained. Moreover, expression of Sarcalumenin, Calsequestrin and sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (Serca) isoforms was regulated by training. In conclusion, this work shows that neuromuscular ES applied to vastus lateralis muscle of sedentary seniors combines fiber remodeling with activation of Ca2+-Calmodulin molecular pathways and modulation of key Ca2+-handling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Mosole
- University of Padova, Italy.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Electrical Stimulation and Physical Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Zampieri
- University of Padova, Italy.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Electrical Stimulation and Physical Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Furlan
- Institute of Neuroscience Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Padova, Italy
| | - Ugo Carraro
- IRRCS Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo, Venice, Italy
| | - Stefan Löefler
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Electrical Stimulation and Physical Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Kern
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Electrical Stimulation and Physical Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St. Pölten, Austria
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Mettler JA, Bennett SM, Doucet BM, Magee DM. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation and Anabolic Signaling in Patients with Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2017; 26:2954-2963. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Dirks ML, Wall BT, van Loon LJC. Interventional strategies to combat muscle disuse atrophy in humans: focus on neuromuscular electrical stimulation and dietary protein. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 125:850-861. [PMID: 28970205 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00985.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous situations, such as the recovery from illness or rehabilitation after injury, necessitate a period of muscle disuse in otherwise healthy individuals. Even a few days of immobilization or bed rest can lead to substantial loss of skeletal muscle tissue and compromise metabolic health. The decline in muscle mass is attributed largely to a decline in postabsorptive and postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates. Reintroduction of some level of muscle contraction by the application of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) can augment both postabsorptive and postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates and, as such, prevent or attenuate muscle loss during short-term disuse in various clinical populations. Whereas maintenance of habitual dietary protein consumption is a prerequisite for muscle mass maintenance, supplementing dietary protein above habitual intake levels does not prevent muscle loss during disuse in otherwise healthy humans. Combining the anabolic properties of physical activity (or surrogates) with appropriate nutritional support likely further increases the capacity to preserve skeletal muscle mass during a period of disuse. Therefore, effective interventional strategies to prevent or alleviate muscle disuse atrophy should include both exercise (mimetics) and appropriate nutritional support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlou L Dirks
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht , The Netherlands
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43
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Holwerda AM, Paulussen KJM, Overkamp M, Smeets JSJ, Gijsen AP, Goessens JPB, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Daily resistance-type exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis in vivo in young men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 124:66-75. [PMID: 28935828 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00610.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance-type exercise increases muscle protein synthesis rates during acute postexercise recovery. The impact of resistance-type exercise training on (local) muscle protein synthesis rates under free-living conditions on a day-to-day basis remains unclear. We determined the impact of daily unilateral resistance-type exercise on local myofibrillar protein synthesis rates during a 3-day period. Twelve healthy young men (22 ± 1 yr) were recruited to participate in this study where they performed daily, unilateral resistance-type exercise during a 3-day intervention period. Two days before the exercise training subjects ingested 400 ml deuterated water (2H2O). Additional 50-ml doses of deuterated water were ingested daily during the training period. Saliva and blood samples were collected daily to assess body water and amino acid precursor deuterium enrichments, respectively. Muscle tissue biopsies were collected before and after the 3 days of unilateral resistance-type exercise training from both the exercised and the nonexercised, control leg for the assessment of muscle protein synthesis rates. Deuterated water dosing resulted in a steady-state body water enrichment of 0.70 ± 0.03%. Intramuscular free [2H]alanine enrichment increased up to 1.84 ± 0.06 mole percent excess (MPE) before the exercise training and did not change in both the exercised and control leg during the 3 subsequent exercise training days (2.11 ± 0.11 and 2.19 ± 0.12 MPE, respectively; P > 0.05). Muscle protein synthesis rates averaged 1.984 ± 0.118 and 1.642 ± 0.089%/day in the exercised vs. nonexercised, control leg when assessed over the entire 3-day period ( P < 0.05). Daily resistance-type exercise stimulates (local) muscle protein synthesis in vivo in humans. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates that daily resistance-type exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis rates in vivo in humans over multiple days. Whereas acute studies have shown that resistance-type exercise increases muscle protein synthesis rates by 50-100%, we observed a lower impact of resistance-type exercise under free-living conditions. We also compared precursor tracer selection for the calculation of muscle protein synthesis rates and observed that saliva deuterium enrichment serves as an appropriate and practical choice of precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Holwerda
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+) , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Kevin J M Paulussen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+) , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Overkamp
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+) , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Joey S J Smeets
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+) , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Annemie P Gijsen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+) , Maastricht , The Netherlands.,Stable Isotope Research Center (SIRC), Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+) , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+) , Maastricht , The Netherlands.,Stable Isotope Research Center (SIRC), Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+) , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+) , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+) , Maastricht , The Netherlands
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Reidy PT, McKenzie AI, Brunker P, Nelson DS, Barrows KM, Supiano M, LaStayo PC, Drummond MJ. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Combined with Protein Ingestion Preserves Thigh Muscle Mass But Not Muscle Function in Healthy Older Adults During 5 Days of Bed Rest. Rejuvenation Res 2017; 20:449-461. [PMID: 28482746 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2017.1942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-term bed rest in older adults is characterized by significant loss in leg lean mass and strength posing significant health consequences. The purpose of this study was to determine in healthy older adults if the daily combination of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and protein supplementation (NMES+PRO) would protect muscle mass and function after 5 days of bed rest. Twenty healthy older adults (∼70 years) were subjected to 5 days of continuous bed rest and were randomized into one of two groups: NMES+PRO (n = 10) or control (CON) (n = 10). The NMES+PRO group received bilateral NMES to quadriceps (40 minutes/session, 3 × /day; morning, afternoon, and evening) followed by an interventional protein supplement (17 g). The CON group received an isocaloric equivalent beverage. Before and after bed rest, vastus lateralis biopsies occurred before and after acute essential amino acid (EAA) ingestion for purposes of acutely stimulating mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTORC1) signaling, a major regulator of muscle protein synthesis, in response to bed rest and NMES+PRO. Baseline (pre and post bed rest) muscle samples were also used to assess myofiber characteristics and gene expression of muscle atrophy markers. Thigh lean mass and muscle function were measured before and after bed rest. Five days of bed rest reduced thigh lean mass, muscle function, myofiber cross-sectional area, satellite cell content, blunted EAA-induced mTORC1 signaling, and increased myostatin and MAFbx mRNA expression. Interestingly, NMES+PRO during bed rest maintained thigh lean mass, but not muscle function. Thigh muscle preservation during bed rest with NMES+PRO may partly be explained by attenuation of myostatin and MAFbx mRNA expression rather than restoration of nutrient-induced mTORC1 signaling. We conclude that the combination of NMES and protein supplementation thrice a day may be an effective therapeutic tool to use to preserve thigh muscle mass during periods of short-term hospitalization in older adults. However this combined intervention was not effective to prevent the loss in muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Reidy
- 1 Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Alec I McKenzie
- 1 Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Preston Brunker
- 1 Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Daniel S Nelson
- 2 Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Katherine M Barrows
- 1 Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Mark Supiano
- 3 Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah.,4 VA Salt Lake City Geriatric Research , Education, and Clinical Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Paul C LaStayo
- 1 Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Micah J Drummond
- 1 Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah.,2 Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
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45
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Does neuromuscular electrical stimulation training of the lower limb have functional effects on the elderly?: A systematic review. Exp Gerontol 2017; 91:88-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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46
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Phillips SM, Dickerson RN, Moore FA, Paddon-Jones D, Weijs PJM. Protein Turnover and Metabolism in the Elderly Intensive Care Unit Patient. Nutr Clin Pract 2017; 32:112S-120S. [PMID: 28388378 DOI: 10.1177/0884533616686719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many intensive care unit (ICU) patients do not achieve target protein intakes particularly in the early days following admittance. This period of iatrogenic protein undernutrition contributes to a rapid loss of lean, in particular muscle, mass in the ICU. The loss of muscle in older (aged >60 years) patients in the ICU may be particularly rapid due to a perfect storm of increased catabolic factors, including systemic inflammation, disuse, protein malnutrition, and reduced anabolic stimuli. This loss of muscle mass has marked consequences. It is likely that the older patient is already experiencing muscle loss due to sarcopenia; however, the period of stay in the ICU represents a greatly accelerated period of muscle loss. Thus, on discharge, the older ICU patient is now on a steeper downward trajectory of muscle loss, more likely to have ICU-acquired muscle weakness, and at risk of becoming sarcopenic and/or frail. One practice that has been shown to have benefit during ICU stays is early ambulation and physical therapy (PT), and it is likely that both are potent stimuli to induce a sensitivity of protein anabolism. Thus, recommendations for the older ICU patient would be provision of at least 1.2-1.5 g protein/kg usual body weight/d, regular and early utilization of ambulation (if possible) and/or PT, and follow-up rehabilitation for the older discharged ICU patient that includes rehabilitation, physical activity, and higher habitual dietary protein to change the trajectory of ICU-mediated muscle mass loss and weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Phillips
- 1 McMaster University, Department of Kinesiology, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roland N Dickerson
- 2 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Frederick A Moore
- 3 Department of Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery, and Center for Sepsis and Critical Illness Research, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Douglas Paddon-Jones
- 4 Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Peter J M Weijs
- 5 Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Intensive Care Medicine, and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,6 Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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47
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Saitoh M, dos Santos MR, Anker M, Anker SD, von Haehling S, Springer J. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation for muscle wasting in heart failure patients. Int J Cardiol 2016; 225:200-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.09.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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48
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Dirks ML, Groen BBL, Franssen R, van Kranenburg J, van Loon LJC. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation prior to presleep protein feeding stimulates the use of protein-derived amino acids for overnight muscle protein synthesis. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 122:20-27. [PMID: 27789768 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00331.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Short periods of muscle disuse result in substantial skeletal muscle atrophy. Recently, we showed that both neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) as well as presleep dietary protein ingestion represent effective strategies to stimulate muscle protein synthesis rates. In this study, we test our hypothesis that NMES can augment the use of presleep protein-derived amino acids for overnight muscle protein synthesis in older men. Twenty healthy, older [69 ± 1 (SE) yr] men were subjected to 24 h of bed rest, starting at 8:00 AM. In the evening, volunteers were subjected to 70-min 1-legged NMES, while the other leg served as nonstimulated control (CON). Immediately following NMES, 40 g of intrinsically l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine labeled protein was ingested prior to sleep. Blood samples were taken throughout the night, and muscle biopsies were obtained from both legs in the evening and the following morning (8 h after protein ingestion) to assess dietary protein-derived l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine enrichments in myofibrillar protein. Plasma phenylalanine concentrations and plasma l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine enrichments increased significantly following protein ingestion and remained elevated for up to 6 h after protein ingestion (P < 0.05). During overnight sleep, myofibrillar protein-bound l-[1-13C]-phenylalanine enrichments (MPE) increased to a greater extent in the stimulated compared with the control leg (0.0344 ± 0.0019 vs. 0.0297 ± 0.0016 MPE, respectively; P < 0.01), representing 18 ± 6% greater incorporation of presleep protein-derived amino acids in the NMES compared with CON leg. In conclusion, application of NMES prior to presleep protein feeding stimulates the use of dietary protein-derived amino acids for overnight muscle protein synthesis in older men. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) as well as presleep dietary protein ingestion represent effective strategies to stimulate muscle protein synthesis rates. Here we demonstrate that in older men after a day of bed rest, the application of NMES prior to presleep protein feeding stimulates the use of dietary protein-derived amino acids for overnight muscle protein synthesis by 18% compared with presleep protein feeding only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlou L Dirks
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Bart B L Groen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Rinske Franssen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Janneau van Kranenburg
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
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49
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Rudrappa SS, Wilkinson DJ, Greenhaff PL, Smith K, Idris I, Atherton PJ. Human Skeletal Muscle Disuse Atrophy: Effects on Muscle Protein Synthesis, Breakdown, and Insulin Resistance-A Qualitative Review. Front Physiol 2016; 7:361. [PMID: 27610086 PMCID: PMC4997013 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ever increasing burden of an aging population and pandemic of metabolic syndrome worldwide demands further understanding of the modifiable risk factors in reducing disability and morbidity associated with these conditions. Disuse skeletal muscle atrophy (sometimes referred to as “simple” atrophy) and insulin resistance are “non-pathological” events resulting from sedentary behavior and periods of enforced immobilization e.g., due to fractures or elective orthopedic surgery. Yet, the processes and drivers regulating disuse atrophy and insulin resistance and the associated molecular events remain unclear—especially in humans. The aim of this review is to present current knowledge of relationships between muscle protein turnover, insulin resistance and muscle atrophy during disuse, principally in humans. Immobilization lowers fasted state muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and induces fed-state “anabolic resistance.” While a lack of dynamic measurements of muscle protein breakdown (MPB) precludes defining a definitive role for MPB in disuse atrophy, some proteolytic “marker” studies (e.g., MPB genes) suggest a potential early elevation. Immobilization also induces muscle insulin resistance (IR). Moreover, the trajectory of muscle atrophy appears to be accelerated in persistent IR states (e.g., Type II diabetes), suggesting IR may contribute to muscle disuse atrophy under these conditions. Nonetheless, the role of differences in insulin sensitivity across distinct muscle groups and its effects on rates of atrophy remains unclear. Multifaceted time-course studies into the collective role of insulin resistance and muscle protein turnover in the setting of disuse muscle atrophy, in humans, are needed to facilitate the development of appropriate countermeasures and efficacious rehabilitation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supreeth S Rudrappa
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham Derby, UK
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham Derby, UK
| | - Paul L Greenhaff
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham Derby, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham Derby, UK
| | - Iskandar Idris
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham Derby, UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham Derby, UK
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50
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Dirks ML, Wall BT, Kramer IF, Zorenc AH, Goessens JPB, Gijsen AP, van Loon LJC. A single session of neuromuscular electrical stimulation does not augment postprandial muscle protein accretion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E278-85. [PMID: 27279248 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00085.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The loss of muscle mass and strength that occurs with aging, termed sarcopenia, has been (at least partly) attributed to an impaired muscle protein synthetic response to food intake. Previously, we showed that neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) can stimulate fasting muscle protein synthesis rates and prevent muscle atrophy during disuse. We hypothesized that NMES prior to protein ingestion would increase postprandial muscle protein accretion. Eighteen healthy elderly (69 ± 1 yr) males participated in this study. After a 70-min unilateral NMES protocol was performed, subjects ingested 20 g of intrinsically l-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine-labeled casein. Plasma samples and muscle biopsies were collected to assess postprandial mixed muscle and myofibrillar protein accretion as well as associated myocellular signaling during a 4-h postprandial period in both the control (CON) and stimulated (NMES) leg. Protein ingestion resulted in rapid increases in both plasma phenylalanine concentrations and l-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine enrichments, which remained elevated during the entire 4-h postprandial period (P < 0.05). Mixed-muscle protein-bound l-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine enrichments increased significantly over time following protein ingestion, with no differences between the CON (0.0164 ± 0.0019 MPE) and NMES (0.0164 ± 0.0019 MPE) leg (P > 0.05). In agreement, no differences were observed in the postprandial rise in myofibrillar protein bound l-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine enrichments between the CON and NMES legs (0.0115 ± 0.0014 vs. 0.0133 ± 0.0013 MPE, respectively, P > 0.05). Significant increases in mTOR and P70S6K phosphorylation status were observed in the NMES-stimulated leg only (P < 0.05). We conclude that a single session of NMES prior to food intake does not augment postprandial muscle protein accretion in healthy older men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlou L Dirks
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Fleur Kramer
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine H Zorenc
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemie P Gijsen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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