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Alessio HM, Ballard KD, Reidy PT, Hayward KM, Bagg AM, Cooley RA, O'Connell MJ, Montoye AHK, Timmerman KL. Short term e-bicycle riding results in favorable cardiometabolic shifts in moderately active adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05418-1. [PMID: 38300319 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05418-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Electric bikes (EB) are a form of active transportation with demonstrated health benefits. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of riding an EB for one week on indices of cardiometabolic health in middle-aged adults. METHODS Adults (n = 22; age = 57.1 ± 11.3 year; BMI = 27.7 ± 4.9) participated in a 2 week study. During Week 1, participants were instructed to continue regular activities. Starting Week 2 participants were provided an EB to ride at least 3 days for a minimum of 30 min·day-1. Physical activity (PA) and glucose were measured continuously. Body composition, blood lipids, glucose, insulin, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), plasma endothelin-1 (ET-1), and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV) were measured on days 1 and 14.Data and Statistical analyses or Statistics. Each participant served as their own control. Paired t-tests compared dependent variables between week 1 (without EB) and week 2 (with EB). RESULTS When provided an EB for one week, moderate to vigorous PA increased by 6-9 min·day-1 (P < 0.05) and sedentary time decreased by ~ 77 min·day-1 (P < 0.05). Data from 24 h continuous glucose monitoring showed the percentage of time in healthy range (70-120 mg·dl-1 glucose) increased (P < 0.05) from week 1 to week 2. Compared to day 1, cf-PWV was lower at day 14 (P < 0.05) following one week of riding an EB. CONCLUSION Moderately-active, middleaged adults showed improved continuous glucose regulation and lower central arterial stiffness following one week of riding an EB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helaine M Alessio
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health, Miami University, Oxford, USA.
| | - Kevin D Ballard
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health, Miami University, Oxford, USA
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health, Miami University, Oxford, USA
| | - Katie M Hayward
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health, Miami University, Oxford, USA
| | - Alexandra M Bagg
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health, Miami University, Oxford, USA
| | - Rachel A Cooley
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health, Miami University, Oxford, USA
| | | | | | - Kyle L Timmerman
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health, Miami University, Oxford, USA
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2
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Canter DJ, Canter DJ, Reidy PT, Finucan TP, Timmerman KL. A comparison of energy expenditure and perceived exertion between standard axillary crutches, knee scooters, and a hands-free crutch. PM R 2023. [PMID: 37950663 DOI: 10.1002/pmrj.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambulation using standard axillary crutches (SACs) is associated with increased energy expenditure (EE) and decreased ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs). Using a hands-free crutch (HFC) displays potential for easier completion of ADLs and reduction in energy requirements. OBJECTIVES To determine if a HFC elicits lower EE and heart rate (HR), improvement in performance of ADLs, and decreased rating of perceived exertion (RPE) compared to common ambulatory devices. DESIGN A randomized crossover-controlled trial. SETTING University community. PARTICIPANTS Twenty healthy college students. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Participants completed a 6-minute walk test at 50 m/min, an ADLs course, and a two-flight stair climb with SACs, HFC, knee scooter (KS), and unassisted ambulation (UA). The order of trial conditions was randomized. EE, HR, time to complete ADLs course and stair climb, and RPE during each condition were obtained. One-way analyses of variance were performed to compare EE, HR response, and RPE between the assistive devices and UA. RESULTS In all outcomes UA resulted in lower EE, HR, and RPE compared to all the assistive devices (p < .05). For the ADLs course, EE was the same for the three assistive devices, whereas HR was significantly lower for HFC compared to SACs and KS (p < .05). RPE for HFC and KS was lower than SACs (p < .05). For the 6MWT, each device significantly differed from the other devices for EE, HR, and RPE, with KS eliciting the lowest values, followed by HFC. For the stair climbing task, HFC elicited lower EE, HR, and RPE than SACs. Fourteen participants indicated their overall preference for HFCs. CONCLUSIONS In individuals prescribed weight-bearing restrictions, using a HFC may offer an easier and more preferred alternative to more commonly used SACs during ambulation, stair climbing, and other ADLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon J Canter
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel J Canter
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy P Finucan
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Kyle L Timmerman
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
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3
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Petrocelli JJ, McKenzie AI, de Hart NMMP, Reidy PT, Mahmassani ZS, Keeble AR, Kaput KL, Wahl MP, Rondina MT, Marcus RL, Welt CK, Holland WL, Funai K, Fry CS, Drummond MJ. Disuse-induced muscle fibrosis, cellular senescence, and senescence-associated secretory phenotype in older adults are alleviated during re-ambulation with metformin pre-treatment. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13936. [PMID: 37486024 PMCID: PMC10652302 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle inflammation and fibrosis underlie disuse-related complications and may contribute to impaired muscle recovery in aging. Cellular senescence is an emerging link between inflammation, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and poor muscle recovery after disuse. In rodents, metformin has been shown to prevent cellular senescence/senescent associated secretory phenotype (SASP), inflammation, and fibrosis making it a potentially practical therapeutic solution. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine in older adults if metformin monotherapy during bed rest could reduce muscle fibrosis and cellular senescence/SASP during the re-ambulation period. A two-arm controlled trial was utilized in healthy male and female older adults (n = 20; BMI: <30, age: 60 years+) randomized into either placebo or metformin treatment during a two-week run-in and 5 days of bedrest followed by metformin withdrawal during 7 days of recovery. We found that metformin-treated individuals had less type-I myofiber atrophy during disuse, reduced pro-inflammatory transcriptional profiles, and lower muscle collagen deposition during recovery. Collagen content and myofiber size corresponded to reduced whole muscle cellular senescence and SASP markers. Moreover, metformin treatment reduced primary muscle resident fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) senescent markers and promoted a shift in fibroblast fate to be less myofibroblast-like. Together, these results suggest that metformin pre-treatment improved ECM remodeling after disuse in older adults by possibly altering cellular senescence and SASP in skeletal muscle and in FAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Petrocelli
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Alec I McKenzie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Naomi M M P de Hart
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Ziad S Mahmassani
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Alexander R Keeble
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Katie L Kaput
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Matthew P Wahl
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Matthew T Rondina
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Robin L Marcus
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Corrine K Welt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - William L Holland
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Funai
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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4
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Roberts MD, McCarthy JJ, Hornberger TA, Phillips SM, Mackey AL, Nader GA, Boppart MD, Kavazis AN, Reidy PT, Ogasawara R, Libardi CA, Ugrinowitsch C, Booth FW, Esser KA. Mechanisms of mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy: current understanding and future directions. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2679-2757. [PMID: 37382939 PMCID: PMC10625844 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy have been extensively researched since the landmark report by Morpurgo (1897) of "work-induced hypertrophy" in dogs that were treadmill trained. Much of the preclinical rodent and human resistance training research to date supports that involved mechanisms include enhanced mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, an expansion in translational capacity through ribosome biogenesis, increased satellite cell abundance and myonuclear accretion, and postexercise elevations in muscle protein synthesis rates. However, several lines of past and emerging evidence suggest that additional mechanisms that feed into or are independent of these processes are also involved. This review first provides a historical account of how mechanistic research into skeletal muscle hypertrophy has progressed. A comprehensive list of mechanisms associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy is then outlined, and areas of disagreement involving these mechanisms are presented. Finally, future research directions involving many of the discussed mechanisms are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Troy A Hornberger
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abigail L Mackey
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gustavo A Nader
- Department of Kinesiology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Marni D Boppart
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Andreas N Kavazis
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Riki Ogasawara
- Healthy Food Science Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- MUSCULAB-Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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5
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Reidy PT, Borack MS, Dickinson JM, Carroll CC, Burd NA, Drummond MJ, Fry CS, Lambert BS, Gundermann DM, Glynn EL, Markofski MM, Timmerman KL, Moro T, Volpi E, Trappe S, Trappe TA, Harber MP, Rasmussen BB. Postabsorptive muscle protein synthesis is higher in outpatients as compared to inpatients. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E113-E118. [PMID: 37315157 PMCID: PMC10393319 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00144.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Several factors affect muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in the postabsorptive state. Extreme physical inactivity (e.g., bedrest) may reduce basal MPS, whereas walking may augment basal MPS. We hypothesized that outpatients would have a higher postabsorptive MPS than inpatients. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a retrospective analysis. We compared 152 outpatient participants who arrived at the research site the morning of the MPS assessment with 350 Inpatient participants who had an overnight stay in the hospital unit before the MPS assessment the following morning. We used stable isotopic methods and collected vastus lateralis biopsies ∼2 to 3 h apart to assess mixed MPS. MPS was ∼12% higher (P < 0.05) for outpatients than inpatients. Within a subset of participants, we discovered that after instruction to limit activity, outpatients (n = 13) took 800 to 900 steps in the morning to arrive at the unit, seven times more steps than inpatients (n = 12). We concluded that an overnight stay in the hospital as an inpatient is characterized by reduced morning activity and causes a slight but significant reduction in MPS compared with participants studied as outpatients. Researchers should be aware of physical activity status when designing and interpreting MPS results.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The postabsorptive muscle protein synthesis rate is lower in the morning after an overnight inpatient hospital stay compared with an outpatient visit. Although only a minimal amount of steps was conducted by outpatients (∼900), this was enough to increase postabsorptive muscle protein synthesis rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Reidy
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Michael S Borack
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Jared M Dickinson
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Chad C Carroll
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Bradley S Lambert
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - David M Gundermann
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Erin L Glynn
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Melissa M Markofski
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Kyle L Timmerman
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Tatiana Moro
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Elena Volpi
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Scott Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Todd A Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Matthew P Harber
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, United States
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Center for Metabolic Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
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6
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Ferrara PJ, Reidy PT, Petrocelli JJ, Yee EM, Fix DK, Mahmassani ZS, Montgomery JA, McKenzie AI, de Hart NMMP, Drummond MJ. Global deletion of CCL2 has adverse impacts on recovery of skeletal muscle fiber size and function and is muscle specific. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:923-932. [PMID: 36861669 PMCID: PMC10069960 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00444.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Timely and complete recovery of muscle mass and function following a bout of physical disuse are critical components of returning to normal activities of daily living and lifestyle. Proper cross talk between the muscle tissue and myeloid cells (e.g., macrophages) throughout the recovery period from disuse atrophy plays a significant role in the complete resolution of muscle size and function. Chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2) has a critical function of recruiting macrophages during the early phase of muscle damage. However, the importance of CCL2 has not been defined in the context of disuse and recovery. Here, we utilized a mouse model of whole body CCL2 deletion (CCL2KO) and subjected them to a period of hindlimb unloading followed by reloading to investigate the importance of CCL2 on the regrowth of muscle following disuse atrophy using ex vivo muscle tests, immunohistochemistry, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting approaches. We show mice that lack CCL2 display an incomplete recovery of gastrocnemius muscle mass, myofiber cross-sectional area, and EDL muscle contractile characteristics during the recovery from disuse atrophy. The soleus and plantaris had limited impact as a result of CCL2 deficiency suggesting a muscle-specific effect. Mice that lack CCL2 have decreased skeletal muscle collagen turnover, which may be related to defects in muscle function and stiffness. In addition, we show that the recruitment of macrophages to gastrocnemius muscle was dramatically reduced in CCL2KO mice during the recovery from disuse atrophy, which likely precipitated poor recovery of muscle size and function and aberrant collagen remodeling.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We provide evidence that the whole body loss of CCL2 in mice has adverse impacts on whole body function and skeletal muscle-specific contractile characteristics and collagen content. These defects in muscle function worsened during the recovery from disuse atrophy and corresponded with decreased recovery of muscle mass. We conclude that the absence of CCL2 decreased recruitment of proinflammatory macrophages to the muscle during the regrowth phase following disuse atrophy resulting in impaired collagen remodeling events and full resolution of muscle morphology and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Ferrara
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Jonathan J Petrocelli
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Elena M Yee
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Dennis K Fix
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Ziad S Mahmassani
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Jessie A Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Alec I McKenzie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Naomi M M P de Hart
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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7
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Reidy PT, Smith AD, Jevnikar BE, Doctor AK, Williams RW, Kachulkin AA, Monnig JM, Fix DK, Petrocelli JJ, Mahmassani ZS, McKenzie AI, de Hart NMMP, Drummond MJ. Muscle disuse as hindlimb unloading in early postnatal mice negatively impacts grip strength in adult mice: a pilot study. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:787-798. [PMID: 36759163 PMCID: PMC10042595 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00681.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity has many detrimental effects on health, yet the impact of physical inactivity in early life on muscle health in adulthood remains unknown. Early postnatal malnutrition has prolonged effects into adulthood and we propose that early postnatal (P) physical inactivity would have similar negative effects. To test this hypothesis, we exposed postnatal mice (∼P28, C57BL/6J) to 14 days of physical inactivity (shortly after weaning, from ∼P28 to P42 days of age) in the form of muscle disuse with hindlimb unloading (HU). After this early-life physical inactivity, they were allowed to normally ambulate until 5 mo of age (P140, adulthood) when they underwent 14 days of HU with and without 7-day recovery. They were then tested for physical function (grip strength) and muscles were extracted and weighed. Immunofluorescence was carried out on these muscle cross sections for analysis of myofiber cross-sectional area (fCSA), macrophage density (CD68+ cells), and extracellular matrix (ECM) area. Muscle weights and fCSA and myofiber diameter were used to quantify changes in muscle and fiber size. Compared with age-matched controls, no notable effects of early-life physical inactivity (HU) on skeletal muscle and myofiber size were observed. However, a significant reduction in adult grip strength was observed in those exposed to HU early in life. This was associated with reduced muscle macrophages and increased ECM area. Exposure to a short period of early life disuse has negative enduring effects into adulthood impacting grip strength, muscle macrophages, and muscle composition as low muscle quality.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that early life disuse resulted in less grip strength in adulthood. Analysis of muscle composition demonstrated no loss of whole muscle or myofiber size indicating lower muscle quality akin to premature aging. This poor muscle quality was characterized by altered muscle macrophages and extracellular matrix area. We demonstrate intriguing correlations between this loss of grip strength and muscle macrophages and also area of noncontractile tissue in the muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Austin D Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Benjamin E Jevnikar
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Abbas K Doctor
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Ryan W Williams
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Anthony A Kachulkin
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Jackie M Monnig
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Dennis K Fix
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Jonathan J Petrocelli
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Ziad S Mahmassani
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Alec I McKenzie
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Naomi M M P de Hart
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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8
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Ferrara PJ, Yee EM, Petrocelli JJ, Fix DK, Hauser CT, de Hart NMMP, Mahmassani ZS, Reidy PT, O'Connell RM, Drummond MJ. Macrophage immunomodulation accelerates skeletal muscle functional recovery in aged mice following disuse atrophy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:919-931. [PMID: 36049060 PMCID: PMC9550586 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00374.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor recovery of muscle size and strength with aging coincides with a dysregulated macrophage response during the early stages of regrowth. Immunomodulation in the form of ex vivo cytokine (macrophage-colony stimulating factor) or polarized macrophage delivery has been demonstrated to improve skeletal muscle regeneration. However, it is unclear if these macrophage-promoting approaches would be effective to improve skeletal muscle recovery following disuse in aged animals. Here, we isolated bone marrow-derived macrophages from donor mice of different ages under various experimental conditions and polarized them into proinflammatory macrophages. Macrophages were delivered intramuscularly into young adult or aged recipient mice during the early recovery period following a period of hindlimb unloading (HU). Delivery of proinflammatory macrophages from donor young adults or aged mice was sufficient to increase muscle function of aged mice during the recovery period. Moreover, proinflammatory macrophages derived from aged donor mice collected during recovery were similarly able to increase muscle function of aged mice following disuse. In addition to the delivery of macrophages, we showed that the intramuscular injection of the cytokine, macrophage-colony stimulating factor, to the muscle of aged mice following HU was able to increase muscle macrophage content and muscle force production during recovery. Together, these results suggest that macrophage immunomodulation approaches in the form of ex vivo proinflammatory macrophage or macrophage-colony stimulating factor delivery during the early recovery phase following disuse atrophy were sufficient to restore the loss of aged skeletal muscle function.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A single intramuscular administration of polarized macrophages into muscles of aged mice following a bout of disuse atrophy was sufficient to improve functional recover similarly to young adults after disuse atrophy regardless of the age or experimental condition of the donor mice. Additionally, intramuscular delivery of macrophage-colony stimulating factor into aged mice was similarly effective. Targeting macrophage function early during the regrowth phase may be a novel tool to bolster muscle recovery in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Ferrara
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Elena M Yee
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jonathan J Petrocelli
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Dennis K Fix
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Carson T Hauser
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Naomi M M P de Hart
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ziad S Mahmassani
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio
| | - Ryan M O'Connell
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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9
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Smith AD, Jevnikar BE, Bagg AM, Richards KE, Schaab TD, Reidy PT. Physical Inactivity Forms Negatively Impact Grip Strength And Body Composition In Early Postnatal Mice. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000879936.38389.a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Canter DJ, Canter DJ, Finucan TP, Reidy PT, Timmerman KL. METABOLIC ENERGY EXPENDITURE DURING AMBULATION USING AXILLARY CRUTCHES AND A HANDS-FREE CRUTCH. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000882380.60145.2e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Alessio HM, Ballard KD, Reidy PT, Timmerman KL, Bagg AM, Fellman CL, Garcia G, Hayward KM, Maish M, Sandrik JM, Montoye AH. CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS DURING E-BIKE VS STANDARD COMMUTING. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000878172.84715.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Petrocelli JJ, Mahmassani ZS, Fix DK, Montgomery JA, Reidy PT, McKenzie AI, de Hart NM, Ferrara PJ, Kelley JJ, Eshima H, Funai K, Drummond MJ. Metformin and leucine increase satellite cells and collagen remodeling during disuse and recovery in aged muscle. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21862. [PMID: 34416035 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100883r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Loss of muscle mass and strength after disuse followed by impaired muscle recovery commonly occurs with aging. Metformin (MET) and leucine (LEU) individually have shown positive effects in skeletal muscle during atrophy conditions but have not been evaluated in combination nor tested as a remedy to enhance muscle recovery following disuse atrophy in aging. The purpose of this study was to determine if a dual treatment of metformin and leucine (MET + LEU) would prevent disuse-induced atrophy and/or promote muscle recovery in aged mice and if these muscle responses correspond to changes in satellite cells and collagen remodeling. Aged mice (22-24 months) underwent 14 days of hindlimb unloading (HU) followed by 7 or 14 days of reloading (7 or 14 days RL). MET, LEU, or MET + LEU was administered via drinking water and were compared to Vehicle (standard drinking water) and ambulatory baseline. We observed that during HU, MET + LEU resolved whole body grip strength and soleus muscle specific force decrements caused by HU. Gastrocnemius satellite cell abundance was increased with MET + LEU treatment but did not alter muscle size during disuse or recovery conditions. Moreover, MET + LEU treatment alleviated gastrocnemius collagen accumulation caused by HU and increased collagen turnover during 7 and 14 days RL driven by a decrease in collagen IV content. Transcriptional pathway analysis revealed that MET + LEU altered muscle hallmark pathways related to inflammation and myogenesis during HU. Together, the dual treatment of MET and LEU was able to increase muscle function, satellite cell content, and reduce collagen accumulation, thus improving muscle quality during disuse and recovery in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Petrocelli
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Ziad S Mahmassani
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Dennis K Fix
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - Alec I McKenzie
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Naomi M de Hart
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Patrick J Ferrara
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Joshua J Kelley
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Hiroaki Eshima
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Funai
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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13
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Borack MS, Dickinson JM, Fry CS, Reidy PT, Markofski MM, Deer RR, Jennings K, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Effect of the lysosomotropic agent chloroquine on mTORC1 activation and protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021; 18:61. [PMID: 34118944 PMCID: PMC8199655 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-021-00585-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous work in HEK-293 cells demonstrated the importance of amino acid-induced mTORC1 translocation to the lysosomal surface for stimulating mTORC1 kinase activity and protein synthesis. This study tested the conservation of this amino acid sensing mechanism in human skeletal muscle by treating subjects with chloroquine—a lysosomotropic agent that induces in vitro and in vivo lysosome dysfunction. Methods mTORC1 signaling and muscle protein synthesis (MPS) were determined in vivo in a randomized controlled trial of 14 subjects (10 M, 4 F; 26 ± 4 year) that ingested 10 g of essential amino acids (EAA) after receiving 750 mg of chloroquine (CHQ, n = 7) or serving as controls (CON, n = 7; no chloroquine). Additionally, differentiated C2C12 cells were used to assess mTORC1 signaling and myotube protein synthesis (MyPS) in the presence and absence of leucine and the lysosomotropic agent chloroquine. Results mTORC1, S6K1, 4E-BP1 and rpS6 phosphorylation increased in both CON and CHQ 1 h post EAA ingestion (P < 0.05). MPS increased similarly in both groups (CON, P = 0.06; CHQ, P < 0.05). In contrast, in C2C12 cells, 1 mM leucine increased mTORC1 and S6K1 phosphorylation (P < 0.05), which was inhibited by 2 mg/ml chloroquine. Chloroquine (2 mg/ml) was sufficient to disrupt mTORC1 signaling, and MyPS. Conclusions Chloroquine did not inhibit amino acid-induced activation of mTORC1 signaling and skeletal MPS in humans as it does in C2C12 muscle cells. Therefore, different in vivo experimental approaches are required for confirming the precise role of the lysosome and amino acid sensing in human skeletal muscle. Trial registration NCT00891696. Registered 29 April 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Borack
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA.,Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jared M Dickinson
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA.,Sealy Center On Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA.,Department of Health Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, USA
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA.,Sealy Center On Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA.,Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami of Ohio University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - Melissa M Markofski
- Sealy Center On Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA.,Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rachel R Deer
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA.,Sealy Center On Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA
| | - Kristofer Jennings
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Population Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elena Volpi
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA.,Sealy Center On Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA. .,Sealy Center On Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555-1124, USA.
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14
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de Hart NM, Mahmassani ZS, Reidy PT, Kelley JJ, McKenzie AI, Petrocelli JJ, Bridge MJ, Baird LM, Bastian ED, Ward LS, Howard MT, Drummond MJ. Acute Effects of Cheddar Cheese Consumption on Circulating Amino Acids and Human Skeletal Muscle. Nutrients 2021; 13:614. [PMID: 33668674 PMCID: PMC7917914 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cheddar cheese is a protein-dense whole food and high in leucine content. However, no information is known about the acute blood amino acid kinetics and protein anabolic effects in skeletal muscle in healthy adults. Therefore, we conducted a crossover study in which men and women (n = 24; ~27 years, ~23 kg/m2) consumed cheese (20 g protein) or an isonitrogenous amount of milk. Blood and skeletal muscle biopsies were taken before and during the post absorptive period following ingestion. We evaluated circulating essential and non-essential amino acids, insulin, and free fatty acids and examined skeletal muscle anabolism by mTORC1 cellular localization, intracellular signaling, and ribosomal profiling. We found that cheese ingestion had a slower yet more sustained branched-chain amino acid circulation appearance over the postprandial period peaking at ~120 min. Cheese also modestly stimulated mTORC1 signaling and increased membrane localization. Using ribosomal profiling we found that, though both milk and cheese stimulated a muscle anabolic program associated with mTORC1 signaling that was more evident with milk, mTORC1 signaling persisted with cheese while also inducing a lower insulinogenic response. We conclude that Cheddar cheese induced a sustained blood amino acid and moderate muscle mTORC1 response yet had a lower glycemic profile compared to milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi M.M.P. de Hart
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, 250 S 1850 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Ziad S. Mahmassani
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; (Z.S.M.); (J.J.K.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Paul T. Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, 420 S Oak St., Oxford, OH 45056, USA;
| | - Joshua J. Kelley
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; (Z.S.M.); (J.J.K.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Alec I. McKenzie
- Geoge E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, 500 Foothill Dr., Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA;
| | - Jonathan J. Petrocelli
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; (Z.S.M.); (J.J.K.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Michael J. Bridge
- Cell Imaging Facility, University of Utah, 30 N 2030 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Lisa M. Baird
- Department of Human Genetics, 15 N 2030 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (L.M.B.); (M.T.H.)
| | - Eric D. Bastian
- Dairy West Innovation Partnerships, 195 River Vista Place #306, Twin Falls, ID 83301, USA;
| | - Loren S. Ward
- Glanbia Nutritionals Research, 450 Falls Avenue #255, Twin Falls, ID 83301, USA;
| | - Michael T. Howard
- Department of Human Genetics, 15 N 2030 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (L.M.B.); (M.T.H.)
| | - Micah J. Drummond
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, 250 S 1850 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; (Z.S.M.); (J.J.K.); (J.J.P.)
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15
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Petrocelli JJ, McKenzie AI, Mahmassani ZS, Reidy PT, Stoddard GJ, Poss AM, Holland WL, Summers SA, Drummond MJ. Ceramide Biomarkers Predictive of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Increase in Healthy Older Adults After Bed Rest. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 75:1663-1670. [PMID: 32215553 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute bed rest places older adults at risk for health complications by disrupting homeostasis in many organ systems, including the cardiovascular system. Circulating ceramides are emerging biomarkers predictive of cardiovascular and metabolic health and have recently been shown to be sensitive indices of cardiovascular (CV) risk. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterize the time course of changes in circulating ceramides in healthy younger and older adults after 5 days of bed rest and to determine whether short-term bed rest alters CV-related circulating ceramides. We hypothesized that circulating ceramides predictive of poor cardiometabolic outcomes would increase following 5 days of bed rest. Thirty-five healthy younger and older men and women (young: n = 13, old: n = 22) underwent 5 days of controlled bed rest. Fasting blood samples collected daily during the course of bed rest were used to measure circulating ceramides, lipoproteins, adiponectin, and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels. The primary findings were that circulating ceramides decreased while ceramide ratios and the cardiac event risk test 1 score were increased primarily in older adults, and these findings were independent of changes in circulating lipoprotein levels. Additionally, we found that changes in circulating adiponectin, FGF21 and the 6-minute walk test (6MW) inversely correlated with CV-related circulating ceramides after bed rest. The results of this study highlight the sensitivity of circulating ceramides to detect potential CV dysfunction that may occur with acute physical disuse in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Petrocelli
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Alec I McKenzie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Ziad S Mahmassani
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Gregory J Stoddard
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Annelise M Poss
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - William L Holland
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Scott A Summers
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
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16
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Mahmassani ZS, McKenzie AI, Petrocelli JJ, de Hart NM, Reidy PT, Fix DK, Ferrara PJ, Funai K, Drummond MJ. Short-term metformin ingestion by healthy older adults improves myoblast function. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C566-C576. [PMID: 33406027 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00469.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Muscle progenitor cells (MPCs) in aged muscle exhibit impaired activation into proliferating myoblasts, thereby impairing fusion and changes in secreted factors. The antihyperglycemic drug metformin, currently studied as a candidate antiaging therapy, may have potential to promote function of aged MPCs. We evaluated the impact of 2 wk of metformin ingestion on primary myoblast function measured in vitro after being extracted from muscle biopsies of older adult participants. MPCs were isolated from muscle biopsies of community-dwelling older (4 male/4 female, ∼69 yr) adult participants before (pre) and after (post) the metformin ingestion period and studied in vitro. Cells were extracted from Young participants (4 male/4 female, ∼27 yr) to serve as a "youthful" comparator. MPCs from Old subjects had lower fusion index and myoblast-endothelial cell homing compared with Young, while Old MPCs, extracted after short-term metformin ingestion, performed better at both tasks. Transcriptomic analyses of Old MPCs (vs. Young) revealed decreased histone expression and increased myogenic pathway activity, yet this phenotype was partially restored by metformin. However, metformin ingestion exacerbated pathways related to inflammation signaling. Together, this study demonstrated that 2 wk of metformin ingestion induced persistent effects on Old MPCs that improved function in vitro and altered their transcriptional signature including histone and chromatin remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad S Mahmassani
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Alec I McKenzie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jonathan J Petrocelli
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Naomi M de Hart
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, University of Miami Ohio, Oxford, Ohio
| | - Dennis K Fix
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Patrick J Ferrara
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Katsuhiko Funai
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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17
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Reidy PT, Monnig JM, Pickering CE, Funai K, Drummond MJ. Preclinical rodent models of physical inactivity-induced muscle insulin resistance: challenges and solutions. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 130:537-544. [PMID: 33356986 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00954.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity influences the development of muscle insulin resistance yet is far less understood than diet-induced muscle insulin resistance. Progress in understanding the mechanisms of physical inactivity-induced insulin resistance is limited by a lack of an appropriate preclinical model of muscle insulin resistance. Here, we discuss differences between diet and physical inactivity-induced insulin resistance, the advantages and disadvantages of the available rodent inactivity models to study insulin resistance, and our current understanding of the mechanisms of muscle insulin resistance derived from such preclinical inactivity designs. The burgeoning rise of health complications emanating from metabolic disease presents an alarming issue with mounting costs for health care and a reduced quality of life. There exists a pressing need for more complete understanding of mechanisms behind the development and progression of metabolic dysfunction. Since lifestyle modifications such as poor diet and lack of physical activity are primary catalysts of metabolic dysfunction, rodent models have been formed to explore mechanisms behind these issues. Particularly, the use of a high-fat diet has been pervasive and has been an instrumental model to gain insight into mechanisms underlying diet-induced insulin resistance (IR). However, physical inactivity (and to some extent muscle disuse) is an often overlooked and much less frequently studied lifestyle modification, which some have contended is the primary contributor in the initial development of muscle IR. In this mini-review we highlight some of the key differences between diet- and physical inactivity-induced development of muscle IR and propose reasons for the sparse volume of academic research into physical inactivity-induced IR including infrequent use of clearly translatable rodent physical inactivity models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio
| | - Jackie M Monnig
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio
| | | | - Katsuhiko Funai
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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18
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Reidy PT, Edvalson LT, McKenzie AI, Petrocelli JJ, Mahmassani ZS, Drummond MJ. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation and protein during bed rest increases CD11b + skeletal muscle macrophages but does not correspond to muscle size or insulin sensitivity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:1261-1269. [PMID: 32470312 PMCID: PMC9236569 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
With this cohort, we previously demonstrated preservation of thigh lean tissue with neuromuscular electrical stimulation combined with protein supplementation (NMES+PRO) treatment during bed rest in healthy older adults. Because macrophage polarization plays a significant role in the repair and maintenance of muscle size and insulin sensitivity, we hypothesized that muscle macrophages would be induced by NMES+PRO and would correspond to an increase in lean mass and an attenuated insulin resistance response altered by bed rest. Older adults (60-80 years old; body mass index < 30 kg/m2) underwent 5 days of bed rest and were randomized to either thrice daily treatment of NMES+PRO (n = 8) or CON (n = 8). Lean mass, insulin sensitivity, and markers of muscle macrophages, inflammation, and connective tissue were determined before and after bed rest. Glucose intolerance and insulin resistance occurred after bed rest but there was not a treatment effect (p > 0.10). Proinflammatory-like macrophages (CD11b+, CD206-) increased (p < 0.05) with NMES+PRO treatment and was different than CON. Minor changes in noncontractile tissue were observed. However, changes in muscle macrophages or extracellular matrix were not related to the preservation of thigh lean mass or insulin resistance. Daily NMES+PRO treatment during bed rest induced a muscle proinflammatory-like macrophage response and was unrelated to muscle size or metabolic function. This study is listed as clinical trial NCT02566590. Novelty Neuromuscular electrical stimulation combined with protein supplementation (NMES+PRO) increased proinflammatory-like macrophages and extracellular matrix content in older adults after bed rest. NMES+PRO changes in macrophages and noncontractile tissue macrophages were not related to muscle size preservation or insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Reidy
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84018, USA
| | - Logan T Edvalson
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84018, USA
| | - Alec I McKenzie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84018, USA
| | - Jonathan J Petrocelli
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84018, USA
| | - Ziad S Mahmassani
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84018, USA
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84018, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, 250 S. 1850 E, Room 214, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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19
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Moro T, Graber TG, Reidy PT, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Aging Induces A Differential Muscle Transcriptome Profile Following Resistance Exercise Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000677548.03141.9d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Reidy PT, Perlman E, Schmidt R, Doctor A, Monnig J, Mahmassani Z, Fix D, McKenzie A, Petrocelli J, de Hart N, Drummond M. Early Life Muscle Disuse Causes Premature Dynapenia In Adulthood. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000678156.83735.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Markofski MM, Jennings K, Timmerman KL, Dickinson JM, Fry CS, Borack MS, Reidy PT, Deer RR, Randolph A, Rasmussen BB, Volpi E. Effect of Aerobic Exercise Training and Essential Amino Acid Supplementation for 24 Weeks on Physical Function, Body Composition, and Muscle Metabolism in Healthy, Independent Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 74:1598-1604. [PMID: 29750251 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Essential amino acids (EAA) and aerobic exercise (AE) acutely and independently stimulate skeletal muscle protein anabolism in older adults. OBJECTIVE In this Phase 1, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial, we determined if chronic EAA supplementation, AE training, or a combination of the two interventions could improve muscle mass and function by stimulating muscle protein synthesis. METHODS We phone-screened 971, enrolled 109, and randomized 50 independent, low-active, nonfrail, and nondiabetic older adults (age 72 ± 1 years). We used a 2 × 2 factorial design. The interventions were: daily nutritional supplementation (15 g EAA or placebo) and physical activity (supervised AE training 3 days/week or monitored habitual activity) for 24 weeks. Muscle strength, physical function, body composition, and muscle protein synthesis were measured before and after the 24-week intervention. RESULTS Forty-five subjects completed the 24-week intervention. VO2peak and walking speed increased (p < .05) in both AE groups, irrespective of supplementation type, but muscle strength increased only in the EAA + AE group (p < .05). EAA supplementation acutely increased (p < .05) muscle protein synthesis from basal both before and after the intervention, with a larger increase in the EAA + AE group after the intervention. Total and regional lean body mass did not change significantly with any intervention. CONCLUSIONS In nonfrail, independent, healthy older adults AE training increased walking speed and aerobic fitness, and, when combined with EAA supplementation, it also increased muscle strength and EAA-stimulated muscle protein synthesis. These increases occurred without improvements in muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristofer Jennings
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Kyle L Timmerman
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Jared M Dickinson
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Michael S Borack
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Rachel R Deer
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Amanda Randolph
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Elena Volpi
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
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22
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Mahmassani ZS, Reidy PT, McKenzie AI, Petrocelli JJ, Matthews O, de Hart NM, Ferrara PJ, O'Connell RM, Funai K, Drummond MJ. Absence of MyD88 from Skeletal Muscle Protects Female Mice from Inactivity-Induced Adiposity and Insulin Resistance. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:772-782. [PMID: 32108446 PMCID: PMC7093260 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inactivity and inflammation are linked to obesity and insulin resistance. It was hypothesized that MyD88 (mediates inflammation) knockout from muscle (MusMyD88-/- ) would prevent, whereas miR146a-/- (MyD88 inhibitor) would exacerbate, inactivity-induced metabolic disturbances. METHODS Cre-control, MusMyD88-/- , and miR146a-/- mice were given running wheels for 5 weeks to model an active phenotype. Afterward, half were placed into a small mouse cage (SMC) to restrict movement for 8 days. Body composition, muscle (3 H)2-deoxyglucose uptake, visceral fat histology, and tissue weight (hind limb muscles, visceral fat, and liver) were assessed. In skeletal muscle and visceral fat, RNA sequencing and mitochondrial function were performed on female MusMyD88-/- and Cre-control SMC mice. RESULTS The SMC induced adiposity, hyperinsulinemia, and muscle insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, which was worsened in miR146a-/- mice. In females, MusMyD88-/- mice were protected. Female MusMyD88-/- mice during the SMC period (vs. Cre-control) exhibited higher Igf1 and decreased Ip6k3 and Trim63 muscle expression. Visceral fat transcript changes corresponded to improved lipid metabolism, decreased adipose expansion (Gulp1↑, Anxa2↓, Ehd1↓) and meta-inflammation (Hmox1↓), and increased beiging (Fgf10↑). Ralgapa2, negative regulator of GLUT4 translocation, and inflammation-related gene 993011J21Rik2 were decreased in both muscle and fat. CONCLUSIONS Whole-body miR146a-/- exacerbated inactivity-induced fat gain and muscle insulin resistance, whereas MusMyD88-/- prevented insulin resistance in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad S Mahmassani
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Alec I McKenzie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jonathan J Petrocelli
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - O'Connor Matthews
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Naomi M de Hart
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Patrick J Ferrara
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Ryan M O'Connell
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Funai
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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23
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Reidy PT. Muscle or Nothing! Where Is the Excess Protein Going in Men with High Protein Intakes Engaged in Strength Training? J Nutr 2020; 150:421-422. [PMID: 31897480 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Suite 106, Philips Hall, Miami University, 420 East Oak Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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24
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McKenzie AI, Reidy PT, Nelson DS, Mulvey JL, Yonemura NM, Petrocelli JJ, Mahmassani ZS, Tippetts TS, Summers SA, Funai K, Drummond MJ. Pharmacological inhibition of TLR4 ameliorates muscle and liver ceramide content after disuse in previously physically active mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R503-R511. [PMID: 31994900 PMCID: PMC7099462 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00330.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a proposed mediator of ceramide accumulation, muscle atrophy, and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. It is currently unknown whether pharmacological inhibition of TLR4, using the TLR4-specific inhibitor TAK-242 during muscle disuse, is able to prevent changes in intracellular ceramide species and consequently preserve muscle size and insulin sensitivity in physically active mice. To address this question, we subjected running wheel-conditioned C57BL/6 male mice (13 wk old; ∼10/group) to 7 days of hindlimb suspension (HS), 7 days of continued wheel running (WR), or daily injections of TAK-242 during HS (HS + TAK242) for 7 days. We measured hindlimb muscle morphology, intramuscular and liver ceramide content, HOMA-IR, mRNA proxies of ceramide turnover and lipid trafficking, and muscle fatty acid and glycerolipid content. As a result, soleus and liver ceramide abundance was greater (P < 0.05) in HS vs. WR but was reduced with TLR4 inhibition (HS + TAK-242 vs. HS). Muscle mass declined (P < 0.01) with HS (vs. WR), but TLR4 inhibition did not prevent this loss (soleus: P = 0.08; HS vs. HS + TAK-242). HOMA-IR was impaired (P < 0.01) in HS versus WR mice, but only fasting blood glucose was reduced with TLR4 inhibition (HS + TAK-242 vs HS, P < 0.05). Robust decreases in muscle Spt2 and Cd36 mRNA and muscle lipidomic trafficking may partially explain reductions in ceramides with TLR4 inhibition. In conclusion, pharmacological TLR4 inhibition in wheel-conditioned mice prevented ceramide accumulation during the early phase of hindlimb suspension (7 days) but had little effect on muscle size and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec I McKenzie
- University of Utah Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Paul T Reidy
- University of Utah Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Daniel S Nelson
- University of Utah Department of Nutrition and Integrated Physiology, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jade L Mulvey
- University of Utah Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Nikol M Yonemura
- University of Utah Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jonathan J Petrocelli
- University of Utah Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ziad S Mahmassani
- University of Utah Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Trevor S Tippetts
- University of Utah Department of Nutrition and Integrated Physiology, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Scott A Summers
- University of Utah Department of Nutrition and Integrated Physiology, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Katsuhiko Funai
- University of Utah Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Micah J Drummond
- University of Utah Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Salt Lake City, Utah
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25
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Reidy PT, Mahmassani ZS, McKenzie AI, Petrocelli JJ, Summers SA, Drummond MJ. Influence of Exercise Training on Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance in Aging: Spotlight on Muscle Ceramides. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041514. [PMID: 32098447 PMCID: PMC7073171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramuscular lipid accumulation has been associated with insulin resistance (IR), aging, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity. A substantial body of evidence has implicated ceramides, a sphingolipid intermediate, as potent antagonists of insulin action that drive insulin resistance. Indeed, genetic mouse studies that lower ceramides are potently insulin sensitizing. Surprisingly less is known about how physical activity (skeletal muscle contraction) regulates ceramides, especially in light that muscle contraction regulates insulin sensitivity. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate studies (rodent and human) concerning the relationship between skeletal muscle ceramides and IR in response to increased physical activity. Our review of the literature indicates that chronic exercise reduces ceramide levels in individuals with obesity, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia. However, metabolically healthy individuals engaged in increased physical activity can improve insulin sensitivity independent of changes in skeletal muscle ceramide content. Herein we discuss these studies and provide context regarding the technical limitations (e.g., difficulty assessing the myriad ceramide species, the challenge of obtaining information on subcellular compartmentalization, and the paucity of flux measurements) and a lack of mechanistic studies that prevent a more sophisticated assessment of the ceramide pathway during increased contractile activity that lead to divergences in skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Miami University, 420 S Oak St, Oxford, OH 45056, USA;
| | - Ziad S. Mahmassani
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84018, USA; (Z.S.M.); (A.I.M.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Alec I. McKenzie
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84018, USA; (Z.S.M.); (A.I.M.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Jonathan J. Petrocelli
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84018, USA; (Z.S.M.); (A.I.M.); (J.J.P.)
| | - Scott A. Summers
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, 250 1850 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Micah J. Drummond
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84018, USA; (Z.S.M.); (A.I.M.); (J.J.P.)
- Correspondence:
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26
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Heden TD, Johnson JM, Ferrara PJ, Eshima H, Verkerke ARP, Wentzler EJ, Siripoksup P, Narowski TM, Coleman CB, Lin CT, Ryan TE, Reidy PT, de Castro Brás LE, Karner CM, Burant CF, Maschek JA, Cox JE, Mashek DG, Kardon G, Boudina S, Zeczycki TN, Rutter J, Shaikh SR, Vance JE, Drummond MJ, Neufer PD, Funai K. Mitochondrial PE potentiates respiratory enzymes to amplify skeletal muscle aerobic capacity. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaax8352. [PMID: 31535029 PMCID: PMC6739096 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax8352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Exercise capacity is a strong predictor of all-cause mortality. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity, its biggest contributor, adapts robustly to changes in energy demands induced by contractile activity. While transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial enzymes has been extensively studied, there is limited information on how mitochondrial membrane lipids are regulated. Here, we show that exercise training or muscle disuse alters mitochondrial membrane phospholipids including phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Addition of PE promoted, whereas removal of PE diminished, mitochondrial respiratory capacity. Unexpectedly, skeletal muscle-specific inhibition of mitochondria-autonomous synthesis of PE caused respiratory failure because of metabolic insults in the diaphragm muscle. While mitochondrial PE deficiency coincided with increased oxidative stress, neutralization of the latter did not rescue lethality. These findings highlight the previously underappreciated role of mitochondrial membrane phospholipids in dynamically controlling skeletal muscle energetics and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Heden
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jordan M. Johnson
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Patrick J. Ferrara
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hiroaki Eshima
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Anthony R. P. Verkerke
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Edward J. Wentzler
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Piyarat Siripoksup
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Tara M. Narowski
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Chanel B. Coleman
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Chien-Te Lin
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Terence E. Ryan
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Paul T. Reidy
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Courtney M. Karner
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery & Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Charles F. Burant
- Michigan Regional Comprehensive Metabolomics Resource Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J. Alan Maschek
- Metabolomics Core Research Facility, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - James E. Cox
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Metabolomics Core Research Facility, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Douglas G. Mashek
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Gabrielle Kardon
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sihem Boudina
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Tonya N. Zeczycki
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Jared Rutter
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jean E. Vance
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Micah J. Drummond
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - P. Darrell Neufer
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Funai
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Diabetes & Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Reidy PT, McKenzie AI, Mahmassani ZS, Petrocelli JJ, Nelson DB, Lindsay CC, Gardner JE, Morrow VR, Keefe AC, Huffaker TB, Stoddard GJ, Kardon G, O'Connell RM, Drummond MJ. Aging impairs mouse skeletal muscle macrophage polarization and muscle-specific abundance during recovery from disuse. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E85-E98. [PMID: 30964703 PMCID: PMC6689737 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00422.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Impaired recovery of aged muscle following a disuse event is an unresolved issue facing the older adult population. Although investigations in young animals have suggested that rapid regrowth of skeletal muscle following a disuse event entails a coordinated involvement of skeletal muscle macrophages, this phenomenon has not yet been thoroughly tested as an explanation for impaired muscle recovery in aging. To examine this hypothesis, young (4-5 mo) and old (24-26 mo) male mice were examined as controls following 2 wk of hindlimb unloading (HU) and following 4 (RL4) and 7 (RL7) days of reloading after HU. Muscles were harvested to assess muscle weight, myofiber-specifc cross-sectional area, and skeletal muscle macrophages via immunofluorescence. Flow cytometry was used on gastrocnemius and soleus muscle (at RL4) single-cell suspensions to immunophenotype skeletal muscle macrophages. Our data demonstrated impaired muscle regrowth in aged compared with young mice following disuse, which was characterized by divergent muscle macrophage polarization patterns and muscle-specifc macrophage abundance. During reloading, young mice exhibited the classical increase in M1-like (MHC II+CD206-) macrophages that preceeded the increase in percentage of M2-like macrophages (MHC II-CD206+); however, old mice did not demonstrate this pattern. Also, at RL4, the soleus demonstrated reduced macrophage abundance with aging. Together, these data suggest that dysregulated macrophage phenotype patterns in aged muscle during recovery from disuse may be related to impaired muscle growth. Further investigation is needed to determine whether the dysregulated macrophage response in the old during regrowth from disuse is related to a reduced ability to recruit or activate specific immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Reidy
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Alec I McKenzie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ziad S Mahmassani
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jonathan J Petrocelli
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Daniel B Nelson
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - James E Gardner
- School of Medicine, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Vincent R Morrow
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | | | - Greg J Stoddard
- Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah, School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - Ryan M O'Connell
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
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29
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Reidy PT, Yonemura NM, Madsen JH, McKenzie AI, Mahmassani ZS, Rondina MT, Lin YK, Kaput K, Drummond MJ. An accumulation of muscle macrophages is accompanied by altered insulin sensitivity after reduced activity and recovery. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 226:e13251. [PMID: 30632274 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanisms underlying physical inactivity-induced insulin resistance are not well understood. In addition to a role in muscle repair, immune cell populations such as macrophages may regulate insulin sensitivity. AIM The aim of this study was to examine if the dynamic changes in insulin sensitivity during and after recovery from reduced physical activity corresponded to changes in skeletal muscle macrophages. METHODS In this prospective clinical study, we collected muscle biopsies from healthy older adults (70 ± 2 years, n = 12) before and during a hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp and this occurred before (PRE) and after 2-week reduced physical activity (RA), and following 2-week of recovery (REC). Insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp), skeletal muscle mRNA expression of inflammatory markers, and immunofluorescent quantification of skeletal muscle macrophages, myofibre-specific satellite cell and capillary content were assessed. RESULTS Insulin sensitivity was decreased following reduced activity and rebounded following recovery above PRE levels. We observed an increase (P < 0.01) in muscle macrophages (CD68+ CD206+ : 190 [55, 324]; CD11b+ CD206+ : 117 [28, 205]% change from PRE) and CD68 (2.4 [1.4, 3.4]-fold) and CCL2 (1.9 [1.3, 2.5]-fold) mRNA following RA concurrent with increased (P < 0.03) satellite cells (55 [6, 104]%) in slow-twitch myofibres. Moreover, the distance of satellite cells to the nearest capillary was increased 7.7 (1.7, 13.7) µm in fast-twitch myofibres at RA (P = 0.007). Changes in macrophages were positively associated with increased insulin sensitivity following RA (R > 0.57, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These findings suggested that a dynamic response of skeletal muscle macrophages following acute changes in physical activity in healthy older adults is related to insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Reidy
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Nikol M. Yonemura
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah
| | | | - Alec I. McKenzie
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Ziad S. Mahmassani
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Matthew T. Rondina
- Department of Internal Medicine University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Yu Kuei Lin
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Katie Kaput
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Utah
| | - Micah J. Drummond
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah
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Mahmassani ZS, Reidy PT, McKenzie AI, Stubben C, Howard MT, Drummond MJ. Disuse-induced insulin resistance susceptibility coincides with a dysregulated skeletal muscle metabolic transcriptome. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1419-1429. [PMID: 30763167 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01093.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-term muscle disuse is characterized by skeletal muscle insulin resistance, although this response is divergent across subjects. The mechanisms regulating inactivity-induced insulin resistance between populations that are more or less susceptible to disuse-induced insulin resistance are not known. RNA sequencing was conducted on vastus lateralis muscle biopsies from subjects before and after bed rest (n = 26) to describe the transcriptome of inactivity-induced insulin resistance. Subjects were separated into Low (n = 14) or High (n = 12) Susceptibility Groups based on the magnitude of change in insulin sensitivity after 5 days of bed rest. Both groups became insulin-resistant after bed rest, and there were no differences between groups in nonmetabolic characteristics (body mass, body mass index, fat mass, and lean mass). The High Susceptibility Group had more genes altered >1.5-fold (426 high versus 391 low) and more than twofold (73 high versus 55 low). Twenty-four genes were altered more than twofold in the High Susceptibility Group that did not change in the Low Susceptibility Group. 95 gene changes correlated with the changes in insulin sensitivity; 6 of these genes changed more than twofold in the High Susceptibility Group. Participants in the High Susceptibility Group were uniquely characterized with muscle gene responses described by a decrease in pathways responsible for lipid uptake and oxidation, decreased capacity for triglyceride export (APOB), increased lipogenesis (i.e., PFKFB3, FASN), and increased amino acid export (SLC43A1). These transcriptomic data provide a comprehensive examination of pathways and genes that may be useful biomarkers, or novel targets to offset muscle disuse-induced insulin resistance. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Short-term muscle disuse results in skeletal muscle insulin resistance through mechanisms that are not fully understood. Following a 5-day bed rest intervention, subjects were divided into High and Low Susceptibility Groups to inactivity-induced insulin resistance. This was followed by a genome-wide transcriptional analysis on muscle biopsy samples to gain insight on divergent insulin sensitivity responses. Our primary finding was that the skeletal muscle of subjects who experienced the most inactivity-induced insulin resistance (high susceptibility) was characterized by a decreased preference for lipid oxidation, increased lipogenesis, and increased amino acid export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad S Mahmassani
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Alec I McKenzie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Chris Stubben
- Bioinformatics Shared Resource at the Huntsman Cancer Institute , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Michael T Howard
- Department of Genetics, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
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Mahmassani ZS, Reidy PT, McKenzie AI, Stubben C, Howard MT, Drummond MJ. Age-dependent skeletal muscle transcriptome response to bed rest-induced atrophy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:894-902. [PMID: 30605403 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00811.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-term muscle disuse induces significant muscle loss in older adults and in some reports may be more accelerated with aging. Identifying muscle transcriptional events in response to bed rest may help identify therapeutic targets to offset muscle loss. Therefore, we compared the muscle transcriptome between young and older adults after bed rest and identified candidate targets related to changes in muscle loss. RNA was sequenced (HiSeq, Illumina; DESeq, R) from muscle biopsies obtained from young [ n = 9; 23 yr (SD 3)] and older [ n = 18; 68 yr (SD 6)] adults before and after 5-day bed rest. Significantly altered pathways in both young and old subjects relating to mechanosensing and cell adhesion (Actin Cytoskeleton Signaling, ILK Signaling, RhoA Signaling, and Integrin Signaling) were altered (activation z score) to a greater extent in old subjects. Hepatic Fibrosis/Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation was the top regulated pathway significantly altered only in the old. Fifty-one differentially regulated genes were only altered in the young after bed rest and resembled a gene expression profile like that in the old at baseline. Inflammation and muscle wasting genes (CXCL2, GADD45A) were uniquely increased in the old after bed rest, and the macrophage gene MAFB decreased in the old and correlated with the change in leg lean mass. In summary, skeletal muscle dysregulation during bed rest in the old may be driven by alterations in molecules related to fibrosis, inflammation, and cell adhesion. This information may aid in the development of mechanistic-based therapies to combat muscle atrophy during short-term disuse. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using RNA sequencing and bioinformatics approaches, we identified that older adult skeletal muscle was characterized by dysregulated pathways associated with fibrosis, inflammation (upregulated), and cell adhesion and mechanosensing (downregulated) pathways, with a subset of genes differentially regulated in old and young muscle after bed rest that may describe predisposition to muscle loss. Unique upregulated genes only expressed in old muscle after bed rest indicated increased inflammation and muscle wasting (CXCL2, GADD45A) and decreased MAFB correlated with the change in leg lean mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad S Mahmassani
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Alec I McKenzie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Chris Stubben
- Bioinformatics Shared Resource at the Huntsman Cancer Institute , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Michael T Howard
- Department of Genetics, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
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Reidy PT, McKenzie AI, Mahmassani Z, Morrow VR, Yonemura NM, Hopkins PN, Marcus RL, Rondina MT, Lin YK, Drummond MJ. Skeletal muscle ceramides and relationship with insulin sensitivity after 2 weeks of simulated sedentary behaviour and recovery in healthy older adults. J Physiol 2018; 596:5217-5236. [PMID: 30194727 PMCID: PMC6209761 DOI: 10.1113/jp276798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Insulin sensitivity (as determined by a hyperinsulinaemic-euglyceamic clamp) decreased 15% after reduced activity. Despite not fully returning to baseline physical activity levels, insulin sensitivity unexpectedly, rebounded above that recorded before 2 weeks of reduced physical activity by 14% after the recovery period. Changes in insulin sensitivity in response to reduced activity were primarily driven by men but, not women. There were modest changes in ceramides (nuclear/myofibrillar fraction and serum) following reduced activity and recovery but, in the absence of major changes to body composition (i.e. fat mass), ceramides were not related to changes in inactivity-induced insulin sensitivity in healthy older adults. ABSTRACT Older adults are at risk of physical inactivity as they encounter debilitating life events. It is not known how insulin sensitivity is affected by modest short-term physical inactivity and recovery in healthy older adults, nor how insulin sensitivity is related to changes in serum and muscle ceramide content. Healthy older adults (aged 64-82 years, five females, seven males) were assessed before (PRE), after 2 weeks of reduced physical activity (RA) and following 2 weeks of recovery (REC). Insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinaemic-euglyceamic clamp), lean mass, muscle function, skeletal muscle subfraction, fibre-specific, and serum ceramide content and indices of skeletal muscle inflammation were assessed. Insulin sensitivity decreased by 15 ± 6% at RA (driven by men) but rebounded above PRE by 14 ± 5% at REC. Mid-plantar flexor muscle area and leg strength decreased with RA, although only muscle size returned to baseline levels following REC. Body fat did not change and only minimal changes in muscle inflammation were noted across the intervention. Serum and intramuscular ceramides (nuclear/myofibrillar fraction) were modestly increased at RA and REC. However, ceramides were not related to changes in inactivity-induced insulin sensitivity in healthy older adults. Short-term inactivity induced insulin resistance in older adults in the absence of significant changes in body composition (i.e. fat mass) are not related to changes in ceramides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Reidy
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic TrainingUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Alec I. McKenzie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic TrainingUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Ziad Mahmassani
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic TrainingUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Vincent R. Morrow
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic TrainingUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Nikol M. Yonemura
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic TrainingUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Paul N. Hopkins
- Cardiovascular GeneticsDepartment of Internal MedicineUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Robin L. Marcus
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic TrainingUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Matthew T. Rondina
- Department of Internal Medicine & Molecular Medicine ProgramUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Yu Kuei Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of EndocrinologyMetabolism and DiabetesUniversity of Utah School of MedicineSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Micah J. Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic TrainingUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
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Reidy PT, Mckenzie A, Mahmassani Z, Yonemura N, Morrow V, Marcus R, Hopkins P, Lin YK, Drummond M. Plasticity Of Insulin Sensitivity And Muscle Mass In Healthy Older Adults Following Inactivity And Re-ambulation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000536299.95166.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mahmassani ZS, Reidy PT, McKenzie AI, Stubben C, Marcus R, LaStayo P, Supiano M, Howard M, Drummond MJ. Utilizing Next Generation Sequencing to Describe Age-Related Skeletal Muscle Changes with Bed Rest. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000536302.79919.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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McKenzie AI, Reidy PT, Mulvey JL, Yonemura NM, Tippets TS, Johnson AF, Drummond MJ. Ceramide Accumulation and Insulin Resistance During Hindlimb Suspension In Wheel-Running Mice Is TLR4 Dependent. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000536683.15605.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Reidy PT, Fry CS, Dickinson JM, Drummond MJ, Rasmussen BB. Postexercise essential amino acid supplementation amplifies skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation in older men 24 hours postexercise. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/11/e13269. [PMID: 28596299 PMCID: PMC5471431 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aged skeletal muscle has an attenuated and delayed ability to proliferate satellite cells in response to resistance exercise. The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway is a focal point for cell growth, however, the effect of postexercise mTORC1 activation on human skeletal muscle satellite cell (SC) proliferation is unknown. To test the proliferative capacity of skeletal muscle SC in aging muscle to a potent mTORC1 activator (i.e., EAA; essential amino acids) we recruited older (~72y) men to conduct leg resistance exercise (8setsx10reps) without (−EAA; n = 8) and with (+EAA: n = 11) ingestion of 10 g of EAA 1 h postexercise. Muscle biopsies were taken before exercise (Pre) and 24 h postexercise (Post) for assessment of expression and fiber type‐specific Pax7+SC, Ki67+Pax7+SC and MyoD+SC. −EAA did not show an increase in Pax7+ satellite cells at Post(P > 0.82). Although statistical significance for an increase in Pax7 + SC at 24 h post‐RE was not observed in +EAA versus −EAA, we observed trends for a treatment difference (P < 0.1). When examining the change from Pre to Post trends were demonstrated (#/myofiber: P = 0.076; and %/myonuclei: P = 0.065) for a greater increase in +EAA versus −EAA. Notably, we found an increase SC proliferation in +EAA, but not −EAA with increase in Ki67+SC and MyoD+ cells (P < 0.05). Ki67+SC also exhibited a significant group difference Post (P < 0.010). Pax7+SC in fast twitch myofibers did not change and were not different between groups (P > 0.10). CDK2, MEF2C, RB1 mRNA only increased in +EAA (P < 0.05). Acute muscle satellite cell proliferative capacity may be partially rescued with postexercise EAA ingestion in older men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Reidy
- Center for Recovery, Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Jared M Dickinson
- Center for Recovery, Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Center for Recovery, Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas .,Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Reidy PT, Fry CS, Igbinigie S, Deer RR, Jennings K, Cope MB, Mukherjea R, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Protein Supplementation Does Not Affect Myogenic Adaptations to Resistance Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:1197-1208. [PMID: 28346813 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that protein supplementation during resistance exercise training enhances muscle hypertrophy. The degree of hypertrophy during training is controlled in part through the activation of satellite cells and myonuclear accretion. PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the efficacy of protein supplementation (and the type of protein) during traditional resistance training on myofiber cross-sectional area, satellite cell content, and myonuclear addition. METHODS Healthy young men participated in supervised whole-body progressive resistance training 3 d·wk for 12 wk. Participants were randomized to one of three groups ingesting a daily 22-g macronutrient dose of soy-dairy protein blend (PB, n = 22), whey protein isolate (WP, n = 15), or an isocaloric maltodextrin placebo (MDP, n = 17). Lean mass, vastus lateralis myofiber-type-specific cross-sectional area, satellite cell content, and myonuclear addition were assessed before and after resistance training. RESULTS PB and the pooled protein treatments (PB + WP = PRO) exhibited a greater whole-body lean mass %change compared with MDP (P = 0.057 for PB) and (P = 0.050 for PRO), respectively. All treatments demonstrated similar leg muscle hypertrophy and vastus lateralis myofiber-type-specific cross-sectional area (P < 0.05). Increases in myosin heavy chain I and II myofiber satellite cell content and myonuclei content were also detected after exercise training (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Protein supplementation during resistance training has a modest effect on whole-body lean mass as compared with exercise training without protein supplementation, and there was no effect on any outcome between protein supplement types (blend vs whey). However, protein supplementation did not enhance resistance exercise-induced increases in myofiber hypertrophy, satellite cell content, or myonuclear addition in young healthy men. We propose that as long as protein intake is adequate during muscle overload, the adaptations in muscle growth and function will not be influenced by protein supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Reidy
- 1Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; 2Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; 3School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; 4Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; 5Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; 6DuPont Nutrition and Health, St. Louis, MO
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Drummond MJ, Reidy PT, Baird LM, Dalley BK, Howard MT. Leucine Differentially Regulates Gene-Specific Translation in Mouse Skeletal Muscle. J Nutr 2017; 147:1616-1623. [PMID: 28615380 PMCID: PMC5572492 DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.251181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Amino acids, especially leucine, are particularly effective in promoting protein synthesis. Leucine is known to increase the rate of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle through the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1-dependent, as well as -independent, signaling pathways. However, the overall translation program is poorly defined, and it is unknown how the activation of these pathways differentially controls the translation of specific mRNAs.Objective: Ribosome profiling and RNA sequencing were used to precisely define the translational program activated by an acute oral dose of leucine.Methods: Adult male C57BL/6 mice were deprived of food overnight before the delivery of an acute dose of l-leucine (9.4 mg) (n = 6) or vehicle (n = 5) and tissues collected 30 min later. Ribosome footprints and total RNA were isolated and subjected to deep sequencing. Changes in gene-specific mRNA abundance and ribosome occupancy were determined between the leucine-treated and control groups by aligning sequence reads to Reference Sequence database mRNAs and applying statistical features of the Bioconductor package edgeR.Results: Our data revealed mRNA features that confer translational control of skeletal muscle mRNAs in response to an acute dose of leucine. The subset of skeletal muscle mRNAs that are activated consists largely of terminal oligopyrimidine mRNAs (false discovery rate: <0.05), whereas those with reduced translation had 5' untranslated regions with increased length. Only the small nuclear RNAs, which are required for ribosome biogenesis, were significantly altered in RNA abundance. The inferred functional translational program activated by dietary leucine includes increased protein synthesis capacity and energy metabolism, upregulation of sarcomere-binding proteins, modulation of circadian rhythm, and suppression of select immune components.Conclusions: These results clarify the translation program acutely stimulated by leucine in mouse skeletal muscle and establish new methodologies for use in future studies of skeletal muscle disease or aging and further examination of downstream effects of leucine on gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brian K Dalley
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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Reidy PT, Lindsay CC, McKenzie AI, Fry CS, Supiano MA, Marcus RL, LaStayo PC, Drummond MJ. Aging-related effects of bed rest followed by eccentric exercise rehabilitation on skeletal muscle macrophages and insulin sensitivity. Exp Gerontol 2017; 107:37-49. [PMID: 28705613 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages are associated with insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle regeneration. Infiltrating macrophages in skeletal muscle during a period of physical inactivity and subsequent reloading/rehabilitation in older adults is unknown, but may provide insight into mechanisms related to the development of metabolic disease and changes in muscle cell size. The purpose of this study was to determine if skeletal muscle macrophage infiltration is modulated differently between young and older adults after bed rest and exercise rehabilitation and if these responses are related to muscle and insulin sensitivity changes. 14 young and 9 older adults underwent 5-days of bed rest followed by 8-weeks of lower limb eccentric exercise rehabilitation (REHAB). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, magnetic resonance imaging and myofiber analysis were used to identify muscle morphology and CLIX-IR and CLIX-β were used to assess insulin sensitivity. Skeletal muscle macrophages, CD68 (pan), CD11b (M1), CD163 (M2), CD206 (M2), were characterized using immunohistochemistry and gene expression. Insulin sensitivity, independent of age, decreased ~38% following bed rest and was restored following REHAB. We found robust age-related differences in muscle atrophy during bed rest, yet older and younger adults equally hypertrophied during REHAB. Interestingly, there were age-related differences in macrophage content (CD68+CD11b+ and CD68+CD11b- cells) but both young and old similarly increased macrophages with REHAB. Satellite cell changes during rehab corresponded to macrophage content changes. Muscle tissue resident macrophages and gene expression, were not associated with changes in insulin sensitivity following bed rest and REHAB. These data suggest that muscle macrophages are modulated as a result of exercise rehabilitation following bed rest and may more associated with muscle regrowth/hypertrophy rather than insulin sensitivity in young or older adults. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01669590.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Reidy
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84018, USA
| | - Catherine C Lindsay
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, 30 N. 1900 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Alec I McKenzie
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84018, USA
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Mark A Supiano
- Division of Geriatrics, 30 N 1900 E, Room 4B120, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; VA Salt Lake City Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA
| | - Robin L Marcus
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84018, USA
| | - Paul C LaStayo
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84018, USA
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, 520 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84018, USA; Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, 250 S. 1850 E, RM 214, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Reidy PT, McKenzie AI, Brunker P, Nelson DS, Barrows KM, Supiano M, LaStayo PC, Drummond MJ. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Combined with Protein Ingestion Preserves Thigh Muscle Mass But Not Muscle Function in Healthy Older Adults During 5 Days of Bed Rest. Rejuvenation Res 2017; 20:449-461. [PMID: 28482746 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2017.1942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-term bed rest in older adults is characterized by significant loss in leg lean mass and strength posing significant health consequences. The purpose of this study was to determine in healthy older adults if the daily combination of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and protein supplementation (NMES+PRO) would protect muscle mass and function after 5 days of bed rest. Twenty healthy older adults (∼70 years) were subjected to 5 days of continuous bed rest and were randomized into one of two groups: NMES+PRO (n = 10) or control (CON) (n = 10). The NMES+PRO group received bilateral NMES to quadriceps (40 minutes/session, 3 × /day; morning, afternoon, and evening) followed by an interventional protein supplement (17 g). The CON group received an isocaloric equivalent beverage. Before and after bed rest, vastus lateralis biopsies occurred before and after acute essential amino acid (EAA) ingestion for purposes of acutely stimulating mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTORC1) signaling, a major regulator of muscle protein synthesis, in response to bed rest and NMES+PRO. Baseline (pre and post bed rest) muscle samples were also used to assess myofiber characteristics and gene expression of muscle atrophy markers. Thigh lean mass and muscle function were measured before and after bed rest. Five days of bed rest reduced thigh lean mass, muscle function, myofiber cross-sectional area, satellite cell content, blunted EAA-induced mTORC1 signaling, and increased myostatin and MAFbx mRNA expression. Interestingly, NMES+PRO during bed rest maintained thigh lean mass, but not muscle function. Thigh muscle preservation during bed rest with NMES+PRO may partly be explained by attenuation of myostatin and MAFbx mRNA expression rather than restoration of nutrient-induced mTORC1 signaling. We conclude that the combination of NMES and protein supplementation thrice a day may be an effective therapeutic tool to use to preserve thigh muscle mass during periods of short-term hospitalization in older adults. However this combined intervention was not effective to prevent the loss in muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Reidy
- 1 Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Alec I McKenzie
- 1 Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Preston Brunker
- 1 Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Daniel S Nelson
- 2 Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Katherine M Barrows
- 1 Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Mark Supiano
- 3 Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah.,4 VA Salt Lake City Geriatric Research , Education, and Clinical Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Paul C LaStayo
- 1 Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Micah J Drummond
- 1 Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah.,2 Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah
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Graber TG, Borack MS, Reidy PT, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Essential amino acid ingestion alters expression of genes associated with amino acid sensing, transport, and mTORC1 regulation in human skeletal muscle. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:35. [PMID: 28503190 PMCID: PMC5426042 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-017-0187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amino acid availability stimulates protein synthesis via the mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1) signaling pathway. In response to an increase in cellular amino acid availability, translocation of cytosolic mTORC1 to the lysosomal surface is required to stimulate mTORC1 kinase activity. However, research elucidating the amino acid responsive mechanisms have thus far only been conducted in in vitro models. Our primary objective was to determine whether an increase in amino acid availability within human skeletal muscle in vivo would alter the expression of genes associated with amino acid sensing, transport and mTORC1 regulation. Our secondary objective was to determine whether an acute perturbation in lysosomal function would disrupt the normal pattern of muscle amino acid responsive gene expression. METHODS We recruited 13 young adults into one of two groups: The first group ingested 10 g of essential amino acids (EAA). The second group ingested 10 g of EAA in the presence of chloroquine (CQ), a lysosomotropic agent. The subjects from each group had biopsies of the vastus lateralis taken before and after EAA ingestion. We determined the relative mRNA expression of 51 potential amino acid responsive genes using RT-qPCR. RESULTS There was a differential mRNA expression for 22 genes, with 15 mRNAs significantly changing (P < 0.05) in response to EAA ingestion (e.g., REDD1: +209 ± 35%; SLC38A9: +31 ± 9%; SLC38A10: +57 ± 15%). In the CQ group, EAA ingestion resulted in a differential expression as compared to EAA alone (i.e., 11 out of the 22 genes were different (P < 0.05) between the two groups.). CONCLUSIONS Expression of several amino acid sensing, transport, and mTORC1 regulatory genes in human skeletal muscle are responsive to an increase in amino acid availability. Furthermore, potential acute disruption of lysosomal function by ingestion of chloroquine interferes with the normal pattern of gene expression following feeding. Our in vivo data in humans provide preliminary support for the in vitro work linking amino acid sensing pathways to mTORC1 translocation to the lysosome. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT00891696. Registered 29 April 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted G. Graber
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555-1124 USA
| | - Michael S. Borack
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555-1124 USA
| | - Paul T. Reidy
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555-1124 USA
- Present Address: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah USA
| | - Elena Volpi
- Department of Internal Medicine – Geriatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555-1124 USA
| | - Blake B. Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555-1124 USA
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Borack MS, Reidy PT, Husaini SH, Markofski MM, Deer RR, Richison AB, Lambert BS, Cope MB, Mukherjea R, Jennings K, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Soy-Dairy Protein Blend or Whey Protein Isolate Ingestion Induces Similar Postexercise Muscle Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Signaling and Protein Synthesis Responses in Older Men. J Nutr 2016; 146:2468-2475. [PMID: 27798330 PMCID: PMC5118761 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.231159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous work demonstrated that a soy-dairy protein blend (PB) prolongs hyperaminoacidemia and muscle protein synthesis in young adults after resistance exercise. Objective: We investigated the effect of PB in older adults. We hypothesized that PB would prolong hyperaminoacidemia, enhancing mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling and muscle protein anabolism compared with a whey protein isolate (WPI). Methods: This double-blind, randomized controlled trial studied men 55–75 y of age. Subjects consumed 30 g protein from WPI or PB (25% soy, 25% whey, and 50% casein) 1 h after leg extension exercise (8 sets of 10 repetitions at 70% one-repetition maximum). Blood and muscle amino acid concentrations and basal and postexercise muscle protein turnover were measured by using stable isotopic methods. Muscle mTORC1 signaling was assessed by immunoblotting. Results: Both groups increased amino acid concentrations (P < 0.05) and mTORC1 signaling after protein ingestion (P < 0.05). Postexercise fractional synthesis rate (FSR; P ≥ 0.05), fractional breakdown rate (FBR; P ≥ 0.05), and net balance (P = 0.08) did not differ between groups. WPI increased FSR by 67% (mean ± SEM: rest: 0.05% ± 0.01%; postexercise: 0.09% ± 0.01%; P < 0.05), decreased FBR by 46% (rest: 0.17% ± 0.01%; postexercise: 0.09% ± 0.03%; P < 0.05), and made net balance less negative (P < 0.05). PB ingestion did not increase FSR (rest: 0.07% ± 0.03%; postexercise: 0.09% ± 0.01%; P ≥ 0.05), tended to decrease FBR by 42% (rest: 0.25% ± 0.08%; postexercise: 0.15% ± 0.08%; P = 0.08), and made net balance less negative (P < 0.05). Within-group percentage of change differences were not different between groups for FSR, FBR, or net balance (P ≥ 0.05). Conclusions: WPI and PB ingestion after exercise in older men induced similar responses in hyperaminoacidemia, mTORC1 signaling, muscle protein synthesis, and breakdown. These data add new evidence for the use of whey or soy-dairy PBs as targeted nutritional interventions to counteract sarcopenia. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01847261.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kristofer Jennings
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; and
| | - Elena Volpi
- Sealy Center on Aging.,Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, and
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, .,Department of Nutrition and Metabolism.,Sealy Center on Aging
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Reidy PT, Borack MS, Markofski MM, Dickinson JM, Deer RR, Husaini SH, Walker DK, Igbinigie S, Robertson SM, Cope MB, Mukherjea R, Hall-Porter JM, Jennings K, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Protein Supplementation Has Minimal Effects on Muscle Adaptations during Resistance Exercise Training in Young Men: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. J Nutr 2016; 146:1660-9. [PMID: 27466602 PMCID: PMC4997282 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.231803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To our knowledge the efficacy of soy-dairy protein blend (PB) supplementation with resistance exercise training (RET) has not been evaluated in a longitudinal study. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to determine the effect of PB supplementation during RET on muscle adaptation. METHODS In this double-blind randomized clinical trial, healthy young men [18-30 y; BMI (in kg/m(2)): 25 ± 0.5] participated in supervised whole-body RET at 60-80% 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) for 3 d/wk for 12 wk with random assignment to daily receive 22 g PB (n = 23), whey protein (WP) isolate (n = 22), or an isocaloric maltodextrin (carbohydrate) placebo [(MDP) n = 23]. Serum testosterone, muscle strength, thigh muscle thickness (MT), myofiber cross-sectional area (mCSA), and lean body mass (LBM) were assessed before and after 6 and 12 wk of RET. RESULTS All treatments increased LBM (P < 0.001). ANCOVA did not identify an overall treatment effect at 12 wk (P = 0.11). There tended to be a greater change in LBM from baseline to 12 wk in the PB group than in the MDP group (0.92 kg; 95% CI: -0.12, 1.95 kg; P = 0.09); however, changes in the WP and MDP groups did not differ. Pooling data from combined PB and WP treatments showed a trend for greater change in LBM from baseline to 12 wk compared with MDP treatment (0.69 kg; 95% CI: -0.08, 1.46 kg; P = 0.08). Muscle strength, mCSA, and MT increased (P < 0.05) similarly for all treatments and were not different (P > 0.10) between treatments. Testosterone was not altered. CONCLUSIONS PB supplementation during 3 mo of RET tended to slightly enhance gains in whole-body and arm LBM, but not leg muscle mass, compared with RET without protein supplementation. Although protein supplementation minimally enhanced gains in LBM of healthy young men, there was no enhancement of gains in strength. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01749189.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Reidy
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences;,Departments of Nutrition and Metabolism
| | - Michael S Borack
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences;,Departments of Nutrition and Metabolism
| | | | - Jared M Dickinson
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences;,Departments of Nutrition and Metabolism
| | | | | | - Dillon K Walker
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences;,Departments of Nutrition and Metabolism
| | - Sherry Igbinigie
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; and
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elena Volpi
- Internal Medicine/Geriatrics;,Sealy Center on Aging; and
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences; Departments of Nutrition and Metabolism, Sealy Center on Aging; and
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Dickinson JM, Reidy PT, Gundermann DM, Borack MS, Walker DK, D'Lugos AC, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. The impact of postexercise essential amino acid ingestion on the ubiquitin proteasome and autophagosomal-lysosomal systems in skeletal muscle of older men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 122:620-630. [PMID: 27586837 PMCID: PMC5401961 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00632.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential amino acid (EAA) ingestion enhances postexercise muscle protein synthesis, and, in particular, the anabolic response of older adults appears sensitive to the quantity of ingested leucine. The effect of leucine ingestion on muscle breakdown following resistance exercise (RE) is less understood. The purpose of this study was to identify the impact of postexercise leucine ingestion on the ubiquitin proteasome and autophagosomal-lysosomal systems following acute RE in older men. Subjects (72 ± 2 yr) performed RE and 1 h postexercise ingested 10 g of EAA containing a leucine quantity similar to quality protein (control, 1.8 g leucine, n = 7) or enriched in leucine (leucine, 3.5 g leucine, n = 8). Stable isotope infusion and muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) obtained at rest and 2, 5, and 24 h postexercise were used to examine protein content (Western blot), mRNA expression (RT-quantitative PCR), and muscle protein fractional breakdown rate (FBR). Muscle-specific RING finger 1 mRNA increased in both groups at 2 and 5 h (P < 0.05). LC3 mRNA increased, and the LC3BII-to-LC3BI ratio decreased at all postexercise time points in control (P < 0.05). Conversely, LC3 mRNA only increased at 2 h, and the LC3BII-to-LC3BI ratio only decreased at 2 and 5 h in leucine (P < 0.05). Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-6 mRNA increased (P < 0.05) in control at 5 h. FBR was not statistically different between groups or from basal 24 h postexercise (P > 0.05). These data indicate that ingesting a larger quantity of leucine following RE may further reduce postexercise skeletal muscle autophagy in older men; however, it does not appear to influence the acute postexercise elevation in markers of the ubiquitin proteasome system or the breakdown of intact proteins.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The impact of postexercise leucine ingestion on processes of skeletal muscle breakdown in older adults is not well understood. Additional postexercise leucine ingestion appears to further reduce autophagy, but it does not interfere with the increase in ubiquitin proteasome system markers or the breakdown of intact proteins in skeletal muscle of older men. Postexercise leucine ingestion may promote a healthier protein pool and favorable muscle adaptations in older adults through greater accretion of myofibrillar proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared M Dickinson
- School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Healthy Lifestyles Research Center, Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona; .,Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and
| | - David M Gundermann
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and
| | - Michael S Borack
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and
| | - Dillon K Walker
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Andrew C D'Lugos
- School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Healthy Lifestyles Research Center, Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Elena Volpi
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and.,Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.,Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and
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Porter C, Herndon DN, Chondronikola M, Chao T, Annamalai P, Bhattarai N, Saraf MK, Capek KD, Reidy PT, Daquinag AC, Kolonin MG, Rasmussen BB, Borsheim E, Toliver-Kinsky T, Sidossis LS. Human and Mouse Brown Adipose Tissue Mitochondria Have Comparable UCP1 Function. Cell Metab 2016; 24:246-55. [PMID: 27508873 PMCID: PMC5201422 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays an important role in mammalian thermoregulation. The component of BAT mitochondria that permits this function is the inner membrane carrier protein uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). To the best of our knowledge, no studies have directly quantified UCP1 function in human BAT. Further, whether human and rodent BAT have comparable thermogenic function remains unknown. We employed high-resolution respirometry to determine the respiratory capacity, coupling control, and, most importantly, UCP1 function of human supraclavicular BAT and rodent interscapular BAT. Human BAT was sensitive to the purine nucleotide GDP, providing the first direct evidence that human BAT mitochondria have thermogenically functional UCP1. Further, our data demonstrate that human and rodent BAT have similar UCP1 function per mitochondrion. These data indicate that human and rodent BAT are qualitatively similar in terms of UCP1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Porter
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Galveston, TX 77550, USA.
| | - David N Herndon
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Maria Chondronikola
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Tony Chao
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Palam Annamalai
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Nisha Bhattarai
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Manish K Saraf
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Karel D Capek
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Alexes C Daquinag
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mikhail G Kolonin
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Elisabet Borsheim
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Tracy Toliver-Kinsky
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Labros S Sidossis
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
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Ogunbileje JO, Porter C, Herndon DN, Chao T, Abdelrahman DR, Papadimitriou A, Chondronikola M, Zimmers TA, Reidy PT, Rasmussen BB, Sidossis LS. Hypermetabolism and hypercatabolism of skeletal muscle accompany mitochondrial stress following severe burn trauma. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E436-48. [PMID: 27382037 PMCID: PMC5005969 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00535.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Burn trauma results in prolonged hypermetabolism and skeletal muscle wasting. How hypermetabolism contributes to muscle wasting in burn patients remains unknown. We hypothesized that oxidative stress, cytosolic protein degradation, and mitochondrial stress as a result of hypermetabolism contribute to muscle cachexia postburn. Patients (n = 14) with burns covering >30% of their total body surface area were studied. Controls (n = 13) were young healthy adults. We found that burn patients were profoundly hypermetabolic at both the skeletal muscle and systemic levels, indicating increased oxygen consumption by mitochondria. In skeletal muscle of burn patients, concurrent activation of mTORC1 signaling and elevation in the fractional synthetic rate paralleled increased levels of proteasomes and elevated fractional breakdown rate. Burn patients had greater levels of oxidative stress markers as well as higher expression of mtUPR-related genes and proteins, suggesting that burns increased mitochondrial stress and protein damage. Indeed, upregulation of cytoprotective genes suggests hypermetabolism-induced oxidative stress postburn. In parallel to mtUPR activation postburn, mitochondrial-specific proteases (LONP1 and CLPP) and mitochondrial translocases (TIM23, TIM17B, and TOM40) were upregulated, suggesting increased mitochondrial protein degradation and transport of preprotein, respectively. Our data demonstrate that proteolysis occurs in both the cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments of skeletal muscle in severely burned patients. Increased mitochondrial protein turnover may be associated with increased protein damage due to hypermetabolism-induced oxidative stress and activation of mtUPR. Our results suggest a novel role for the mitochondria in burn-induced cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Ogunbileje
- Metabolism Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas;
| | - Craig Porter
- Metabolism Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - David N Herndon
- Metabolism Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Tony Chao
- Metabolism Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Metabolism Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Anastasia Papadimitriou
- Metabolism Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas; Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | | | - Teresa A Zimmers
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Labros S Sidossis
- Metabolism Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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Fry CS, Porter C, Sidossis LS, Nieten C, Reidy PT, Hundeshagen G, Mlcak R, Rasmussen BB, Lee JO, Suman OE, Herndon DN, Finnerty CC. Satellite cell activation and apoptosis in skeletal muscle from severely burned children. J Physiol 2016; 594:5223-36. [PMID: 27350317 PMCID: PMC5023709 DOI: 10.1113/jp272520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Severe burns result in profound skeletal muscle atrophy that hampers recovery. The activity of skeletal muscle stem cells, satellite cells, acutely following a severe burn is unknown and may contribute to the recovery of lean muscle. Severe burn injury induces skeletal muscle regeneration and myonuclear apoptosis. Satellite cells undergo concurrent apoptosis and activation acutely following a burn, with a net reduction in satellite cell content compared to healthy controls. The activation and apoptosis of satellite cells probably impacts the recovery of lean tissue following a severe burn, contributing to prolonged frailty in burn survivors. ABSTRACT Severe burns result in profound skeletal muscle atrophy; persistent muscle loss and weakness are major complications that hamper recovery from burn injury. Many factors contribute to the erosion of muscle mass following burn trauma and we propose that an impaired muscle satellite cell response is key in the aetiology of burn-induced cachexia. Muscle biopsies from the m. vastus lateralis were obtained from 12 male pediatric burn patients (>30% total body surface area burn) and 12 young, healthy male subjects. Satellite cell content, activation and apoptosis were determined via immunohistochemistry, as were muscle fibre regeneration and myonuclear apoptosis. Embryonic myosin heavy chain expression and central nucleation, indices of skeletal muscle regeneration, were elevated in burn patients (P < 0.05). Myonuclear apoptosis, quantified by TUNEL positive myonuclei and cleaved caspase-3 positive myonuclei, was also elevated in burn patients (P < 0.05). Satellite cell content was reduced in burn patients, with approximately 20% of satellite cells positive for TUNEL staining, indicating DNA damage associated with apoptosis (P < 0.05). Additionally, a significant percentage of satellite cells in burn patients expressed Ki67, a marker for cellular proliferation (P < 0.05). Satellite cell activation was also observed in burn patients with increased expression of MyoD compared to healthy controls (P < 0.05). Robust skeletal muscle atrophy occurs after burn injury, even in muscles located distally to the site of injury. The activation and apoptosis of satellite cells probably impacts the recovery of lean tissue following a severe burn, contributing to prolonged frailty in burn survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Fry
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Craig Porter
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Labros S Sidossis
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher Nieten
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Gabriel Hundeshagen
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ronald Mlcak
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jong O Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Oscar E Suman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - David N Herndon
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Celeste C Finnerty
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. .,Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. .,Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX, USA.
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48
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Porter C, Reidy PT, Bhattarai N, Sidossis LS, Rasmussen BB. Resistance Exercise Training Alters Mitochondrial Function in Human Skeletal Muscle. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:1922-31. [PMID: 25539479 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Loss of mitochondrial competency is associated with several chronic illnesses. Therefore, strategies that maintain or increase mitochondrial function will likely be of benefit in numerous clinical settings. Endurance exercise has long been known to increase mitochondrial function in the skeletal muscle. Comparatively little is known regarding the effect of resistance exercise training (RET) on skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory function. PURPOSE The purpose of the current study was to determine the effect of chronic resistance training on skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity and function. METHODS Here, we studied the effect of a 12-wk RET program on skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in 11 young healthy men. Muscle biopsies were collected before and after the 12-wk training program, and mitochondrial respiratory capacity was determined in permeabilized myofibers by high-resolution respirometry. RESULTS RET increased lean body mass and quadriceps muscle strength by 4% and 15%, respectively (P < 0.001). Coupled mitochondrial respiration supported by complex I, and complex I and II substrates increased by 2- and 1.4-fold, respectively (P < 0.01). The ratio of coupled complex I-supported respiration to maximal respiration increased with RET (P < 0.05), as did complex I protein abundance (P < 0.05), whereas the substrate control ratio for succinate was reduced after RET (P < 0.001). Transcripts responsible for proteins critical to electron transfer and NAD production increased with training (P < 0.05), whereas transcripts involved in mitochondrial biogenesis were unaltered. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, 12 wk of RET resulted in qualitative and quantitative changes in skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration. This adaptation was accompanied by modest changes in mitochondrial proteins and transcript expression. RET seems to be a means to augment the respiratory capacity and intrinsic function of skeletal muscle mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Porter
- 1Metabolism Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX; 2Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; 3Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; 4Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; and 5Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
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Reidy PT, Rasmussen BB. Role of Ingested Amino Acids and Protein in the Promotion of Resistance Exercise-Induced Muscle Protein Anabolism. J Nutr 2016; 146:155-83. [PMID: 26764320 PMCID: PMC4725426 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.203208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this critical review is to comprehensively assess the evidence for the molecular, physiologic, and phenotypic skeletal muscle responses to resistance exercise (RE) combined with the nutritional intervention of protein and/or amino acid (AA) ingestion in young adults. We gathered the literature regarding the translational response in human skeletal muscle to acute exposure to RE and protein/AA supplements and the literature describing the phenotypic skeletal muscle adaptation to RE and nutritional interventions. Supplementation of protein/AAs with RE exhibited clear protein dose-dependent effects on translational regulation (protein synthesis) through mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, which was most apparent through increases in p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) phosphorylation, compared with postexercise recovery in the fasted or carbohydrate-fed state. These acute findings were critically tested via long-term exposure to RE training (RET) and protein/AA supplementation, and it was determined that a diminishing protein/AA supplement effect occurs over a prolonged exposure stimulus after exercise training. Furthermore, we found that protein/AA supplements, combined with RET, produced a positive, albeit minor, effect on the promotion of lean mass growth (when assessed in >20 participants/treatment); a negligible effect on muscle mass; and a negligible to no additional effect on strength. A potential concern we discovered was that the majority of the exercise training studies were underpowered in their ability to discern effects of protein/AA supplementation. Regardless, even when using optimal methodology and large sample sizes, it is clear that the effect size for protein/AA supplementation is low and likely limited to a subset of individuals because the individual variability is high. With regard to nutritional intakes, total protein intake per day, rather than protein timing or quality, appears to be more of a factor on this effect during long-term exercise interventions. There were no differences in strength or mass/muscle mass on RET outcomes between protein types when a leucine threshold (>2 g/dose) was reached. Future research with larger sample sizes and more homogeneity in design is necessary to understand the underlying adaptations and to better evaluate the individual variability in the muscle-adaptive response to protein/AA supplementation during RET.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
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Porter C, Hurren NM, Cotter MV, Bhattarai N, Reidy PT, Dillon EL, Durham WJ, Tuvdendorj D, Sheffield-Moore M, Volpi E, Sidossis LS, Rasmussen BB, Børsheim E. Mitochondrial respiratory capacity and coupling control decline with age in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E224-32. [PMID: 26037248 PMCID: PMC4525111 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00125.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial health is critical to physiological function, particularly in tissues with high ATP turnover, such as striated muscle. It has been postulated that derangements in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function contribute to impaired physical function in older adults. Here, we determined mitochondrial respiratory capacity and coupling control in skeletal muscle biopsies obtained from young and older adults. Twenty-four young (28 ± 7 yr) and thirty-one older (62 ± 8 yr) adults were studied. Mitochondrial respiration was determined in permeabilized myofibers from the vastus lateralis after the addition of substrates oligomycin and CCCP. Thereafter, mitochondrial coupling control was calculated. Maximal coupled respiration (respiration linked to ATP production) was lower in muscle from older vs. young subjects (P < 0.01), as was maximal uncoupled respiration (P = 0.06). Coupling control in response to the ATP synthase inhibitor oligomycin was lower in older adults (P < 0.05), as was the mitochondria flux control ratio, coupled respiration normalized to maximal uncoupled respiration (P < 0.05). Calculation of respiratory function revealed lower respiration linked to ATP production (P < 0.001) and greater reserve respiration (P < 0.01); i.e., respiratory capacity not used for phosphorylation in muscle from older adults. We conclude that skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity and coupling control decline with age. Lower respiratory capacity and coupling efficiency result in a reduced capacity for ATP production in skeletal muscle of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Porter
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas;
| | - Nicholas M Hurren
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas; Departments of Pediatrics and Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, and Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Matthew V Cotter
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Departments of Pediatrics and Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, and Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Nisha Bhattarai
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and
| | - Edgar L Dillon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - William J Durham
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Demidmaa Tuvdendorj
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | | | - Elena Volpi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Labros S Sidossis
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and
| | - Elisabet Børsheim
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas; Departments of Pediatrics and Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, and Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, Arkansas
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