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Xue Q, Huang Y, Cheng C, Wang Y, Liao F, Duan Q, Wang X, Miao C. Progress in epigenetic regulation of milk synthesis, with particular emphasis on mRNA regulation and DNA methylation. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:1675-1693. [PMID: 37409592 PMCID: PMC10446801 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2023.2225939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inadequate milk secretion and a lack of nutrients in humans and mammals are serious problems. It is of great significance to clarify the mechanisms of milk synthesis and treatment methods. Epigenetic modification, represented by RNA methylation, is an important way of gene expression regulation that profoundly affects human gene expression and participates in various physiological and pathological mechanisms. Epigenetic disorders also have an important impact on the production and secretion of milk. This review systematically summarized the research results of epigenetics in the process of lactation in PubMed, Web of Science, NSTL, and other databases and reviewed the effects of epigenetics on human and mammalian lactation, including miRNAs, circRNAs, lncRNAs, DNA methylations, and RNA methylations. The abnormal expression of miRNAs was closely related to the synthesis and secretion of milk fat, milk protein, and other nutrients in the milk of cattle, sheep, and other mammals. MiRNAs are also involved in the synthesis of human milk and the secretion of nutrients. CircRNAs and lncRNAs mainly target miRNAs and regulate the synthesis of nutrients in milk by ceRNA mechanisms. The abnormal expression of DNA and RNA methylation also has an important impact on milk synthesis. Epigenetic modification has the potential to regulate the milk synthesis of breast epithelial cells. Analyzing the mechanisms of human and mammalian milk secretion deficiency and nutrient deficiency from the perspective of epigenetics will provide a new perspective for the treatment of postpartum milk deficiency in pregnant women and mammalian milk secretion deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyun Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yurong Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Chenglong Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Faxue Liao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, China
| | - Qiangjun Duan
- Department of Experimental (Practical Training) Teaching Center, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Chenggui Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Rheumatism, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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Ito S. Opioids in Breast Milk: Pharmacokinetic Principles and Clinical Implications. J Clin Pharmacol 2019; 58 Suppl 10:S151-S163. [PMID: 30248201 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Safety of maternal drug therapy during breastfeeding may be assessed from estimated levels of drug exposure of the infant through milk. Pharmacokinetic (PK) principles predict that the lower the clearance is, the higher the infant dose via milk will be. Drugs with low clearance (<1 mL/[kg·min]) are likely to cause an infant exposure level greater than 10% of the weight-adjusted maternal dose even if the milk-to-plasma concentration ratio is 1. Most drugs cause relatively low-level exposure below 10% of the weight-adjusted maternal dose, but opioids require caution because of their potential for severe adverse effects. Furthermore, substantial individual variations of drug clearance exist in both mother and infant, potentially causing drug accumulation over time in some infants even if an estimated dose of the drug through milk is small. Such PK differences among individuals are known not only for codeine and tramadol through pharmacogenetic variants of CYP2D6 but also for non-CYP2D6 substrate opioids including oxycodone, indicating difficulties of eliminating PK uncertainty by simply replacing an opioid with another. Overall, opioid use for pain management during labor and delivery and subsequent short-term use for 2-3 days are compatible with breastfeeding. In contrast, newly initiated and prolonged maternal opioid therapy must follow a close monitoring program of the opioid-naive infants. Until more safety data become available, treatment duration of newly initiated opioids in the postpartum period should be limited to 2-3 days in unsupervised outpatient settings. Opioid addiction treatment with methadone and buprenorphine during pregnancy may continue into breastfeeding, but infant conditions must be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ito
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Ito S. Emerging Research Paradigm for Infant Drug Exposure Through Breast Milk. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:528-533. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190318165932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Information on drug secretion into milk is insufficient due to the exclusion of lactating
women from clinical trials and drug development processes. As a result, non-adherence to the necessary drug
therapy and discontinuation of breastfeeding occur, even if the predicted level of infant exposure is low. In contrast,
inadvertent infant exposure to drugs in breast milk continues to happen due to lack of rational risk assessment,
resulting in serious toxicity cases including death. This problem is multifactorial, but one of the key elements
is the lack of pharmacokinetic information on drug secretion into milk and resultant infant exposure levels,
the first line of evidence for risk assessment.
Methods:
Basic PK principles in drug excretion into milk were explained. The literature was scanned to identify
approaches for PK data acquisition in this challenging field.
Results:
This review describes the feasibility to develop such approaches, and the knowledge gaps that still exist.
A combination of population pharmacokinetics approach (to estimate averages and variations of drug concentration
profiles in milk) and physiologically-based pharmacokinetics modeling of infants (to predict the population
profiles of infant drug exposure levels) appears useful.
Conclusions:
In order to facilitate participant enrollment and PK data acquisition in a timely manner, networks of
investigators become crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ito
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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Arumugam A, Subramani R, Nandy SB, Terreros D, Dwivedi AK, Saltzstein E, Lakshmanaswamy R. Silencing growth hormone receptor inhibits estrogen receptor negative breast cancer through ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-13. [PMID: 30617282 PMCID: PMC6323053 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0197-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone receptor (GHR) plays a vital role in breast cancer chemoresistance and metastasis but the mechanism is not fully understood. We determined if GHR could be a potential therapeutic target for estrogen receptor negative (ER-ve) breast cancer, which are highly chemoresistant and metastatic. GHR was stably knocked down in ER-ve breast cancer cells and its effect on cell proliferation, metastatic behavior, and chemosensitivity to docetaxel (DT) was assessed. Microarray analysis was performed to identify potential GHR downstream targets involved in chemoresistance. GHR and ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 (ABCG2) overexpression and knockdown studies were performed to investigate the mechanism of GHR-induced chemoresistance. Patient-derived xenografts was used to study the effect of GHR and ABCG2. Immunohistochemical data was used to determine the correlation between GHR, pAKT, pmTOR, and ABCG2 expressions. GHR silencing drastically reduced the chemoresistant and metastatic behavior of ER-ve breast cancer cells and also inhibited AKT/mTOR pathway. In contrast, activation, or overexpression of GHR increased chemoresistance and metastasis by increasing the expression and promoter activity, of ABCG2. Inhibition of JAK2/STAT5 signaling repressed GHR-induced ABCG2 promoter activity and expression. Further, ABCG2 knockdown significantly increased the chemosensitivity. Finally, patient-derived xenograft studies revealed the role of GHR in chemoresistance. Overall, these findings demonstrate that targeting GHR could be a novel therapeutic approach to overcome chemoresistance and associated metastasis in aggressive ER-ve breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunkumar Arumugam
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Ramadevi Subramani
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Sushmita Bose Nandy
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Daniel Terreros
- Research Core Laboratory, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Alok Kumar Dwivedi
- Division of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Edward Saltzstein
- University Breast Care Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Rajkumar Lakshmanaswamy
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA. .,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA.
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Gillinder KR, Tuckey H, Bell CC, Magor GW, Huang S, Ilsley MD, Perkins AC. Direct targets of pSTAT5 signalling in erythropoiesis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180922. [PMID: 28732065 PMCID: PMC5521770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) acts through the dimeric erythropoietin receptor to stimulate proliferation, survival, differentiation and enucleation of erythroid progenitor cells. We undertook two complimentary approaches to find EPO-dependent pSTAT5 target genes in murine erythroid cells: RNA-seq of newly transcribed (4sU-labelled) RNA, and ChIP-seq for pSTAT5 30 minutes after EPO stimulation. We found 302 pSTAT5-occupied sites: ~15% of these reside in promoters while the rest reside within intronic enhancers or intergenic regions, some >100kb from the nearest TSS. The majority of pSTAT5 peaks contain a central palindromic GAS element, TTCYXRGAA. There was significant enrichment for GATA motifs and CACCC-box motifs within the neighbourhood of pSTAT5-bound peaks, and GATA1 and/or KLF1 co-occupancy at many sites. Using 4sU-RNA-seq we determined the EPO-induced transcriptome and validated differentially expressed genes using dynamic CAGE data and qRT-PCR. We identified known direct pSTAT5 target genes such as Bcl2l1, Pim1 and Cish, and many new targets likely to be involved in driving erythroid cell differentiation including those involved in mRNA splicing (Rbm25), epigenetic regulation (Suv420h2), and EpoR turnover (Clint1/EpsinR). Some of these new EpoR-JAK2-pSTAT5 target genes could be used as biomarkers for monitoring disease activity in polycythaemia vera, and for monitoring responses to JAK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R. Gillinder
- Cancer Genomics Group, Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hugh Tuckey
- Cancer Genomics Group, Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Charles C. Bell
- Cancer Genomics Group, Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Graham W. Magor
- Cancer Genomics Group, Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen Huang
- Cancer Genomics Group, Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melissa D. Ilsley
- Cancer Genomics Group, Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew C. Perkins
- Cancer Genomics Group, Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Wu AML, Dedina L, Dalvi P, Yang M, Leon-Cheon J, Earl B, Harper PA, Ito S. Riboflavin uptake transporter Slc52a2 (RFVT2) is upregulated in the mouse mammary gland during lactation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R578-85. [PMID: 26791833 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00507.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
While it is well recognized that riboflavin accumulates in breast milk as an essential vitamin for neonates, transport mechanisms for its milk excretion are not well characterized. The multidrug efflux transporter ABCG2 in the apical membrane of milk-producing mammary epithelial cells (MECs) is involved with riboflavin excretion. However, it is not clear whether MECs possess other riboflavin transport systems, which may facilitate its basolateral uptake into MECs. We report here that transcripts encoding the second (SLC52A2) and third (SLC52A3) member of the recently discovered family of SLC52A riboflavin uptake transporters are expressed in milk fat globules from human breast milk. Furthermore, Slc52a2 and Slc52a3 mRNA are upregulated in the mouse mammary gland during lactation. Importantly, the induction ofSlc52a2, which was the major Slc52a riboflavin transporter in the lactating mammary gland, was also observed at the protein level. Subcellular localization studies showed that green fluorescent protein-tagged mouse SLC52A2 mainly localized to the cell membrane, with no preferential distribution to the apical or basolateral membrane in polarized kidney MDCK cells. These results strongly implicate a potential role for SLC52A2 in riboflavin uptake by milk-producing MECs, a critical step in the transfer of riboflavin into breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Man Lai Wu
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Liana Dedina
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Pooja Dalvi
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Mingdong Yang
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - John Leon-Cheon
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Brian Earl
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Patricia A Harper
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Shinya Ito
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Boutinaud M, Herve L, Lollivier V. Mammary epithelial cells isolated from milk are a valuable, non-invasive source of mammary transcripts. Front Genet 2015; 6:323. [PMID: 26579195 PMCID: PMC4623414 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk is produced in the udder by mammary epithelial cells (MEC). Milk contains MEC, which are gradually exfoliated from the epithelium during lactation. Isolation of MEC from milk using immunomagnetic separation may be a useful non-invasive method to investigate transcriptional regulations in ruminants' udder. This review aims to describe the process of isolating MEC from milk, to provide an overview on the studies that use this method to analyze gene expression by qRT PCR and to evaluate the validity of this method by analyzing and comparing the results between studies. In several goat and cow studies, consistent reductions in alpha-lactalbumin mRNA levels during once-daily milking (ODM) and in SLC2A1 mRNA level during feed restriction are observed. The effect of ODM on alpha-lactalbumin mRNA level was similarly observed in milk isolated MEC and mammary biopsy. Moreover, we and others showed decreasing alpha-lactalbumin and increasing BAX mRNA levels with advanced stages of lactation in dairy cows and buffalo. The relevance of using the milk-isolated MEC method to analyze mammary gene expression is proven, as the transcript variations were also consistent with milk yield and composition variations under the effect of different factors such as prolactin inhibition or photoperiod. However, the RNA from milk-isolated MEC is particularly sensitive to degradation. This could explain the differences obtained between milk-isolated MEC and mammary biopsy in two studies where gene expression was compared using qRT-PCR or RNA Sequencing analyses. As a conclusion, when the RNA quality is conserved, MEC isolated from milk are a valuable, non-invasive source of mammary mRNA to study various factors that impact milk yield and composition (ODM, feeding level, endocrine status, photoperiod modulation, and stage of lactation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Boutinaud
- UMR 1348 PEGASE, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueSaint Gilles, France
- UMR 1348 PEGASE, AGROCAMPUS OUESTRennes, France
| | - Lucile Herve
- UMR 1348 PEGASE, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueSaint Gilles, France
- UMR 1348 PEGASE, AGROCAMPUS OUESTRennes, France
| | - Vanessa Lollivier
- UMR 1348 PEGASE, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueSaint Gilles, France
- UMR 1348 PEGASE, AGROCAMPUS OUESTRennes, France
- Université Européenne de BretagneRennes, France
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