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Coca M, Besançon L, Erblang M, Bourdon S, Gruel A, Lepetit B, Beauchamps V, Tavard B, Oustric P, Finlayson GS, Thivel D, Malgoyre A, Tardo-Dino PE, Bourrilhon C, Charlot K. Twenty four-hour passive heat and cold exposures did not modify energy intake and appetite but strongly modify food reward. Br J Nutr 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38634266 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114524000825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Effects of acute thermal exposures on appetite appear hypothetical in reason of very heterogeneous methodologies. The aim of this study was therefore to clearly define the effects of passive 24-h cold (16°C) and heat (32°C) exposures on appetitive responses compared with a thermoneutral condition (24°C). Twenty-three healthy, young and active male participants realised three sessions (from 13.00) in a laboratory conceived like an apartment dressed with the same outfit (Clo = 1). Three meals composed of three or four cold or warm dishes were served ad libitum to assess energy intake (EI). Leeds Food Preference Questionnaires were used before each meal to assess food reward. Subjective appetite was regularly assessed, and levels of appetitive hormones (acylated ghrelin, glucagon-like peptite-1, leptin and peptide YY) were assessed before and after the last meal (lunch). Contrary to the literature, total EI was not modified by cold or heat exposure (P = 0·120). Accordingly, hunger scores (P = 0·554) were not altered. Levels of acylated ghrelin and leptin were marginally higher during the 16 (P = 0·032) and 32°C (P < 0·023) sessions, respectively. Interestingly, implicit wanting for cold and low-fat foods at 32°C and for warm and high-fat foods at 16°C were increased during the whole exposure (P < 0·024). Moreover, cold entrées were more consumed at 32°C (P < 0·062) and warm main dishes more consumed at 16°C (P < 0·025). Thus, passive cold and hot exposures had limited effects on appetite, and it seems that offering some choice based on food temperature may help individuals to express their specific food preferences and maintain EI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Coca
- Unité de Physiologie des Exercices et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 1 Place Général Valérie André, 91223 Brétigny Cedex, France
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, Université Paris Saclay, 91025 Evry, France
| | - Louis Besançon
- Hôpital d'instruction des armées Percy, 92140 Clamart, France
| | - Mégane Erblang
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, Université Paris Saclay, 91025 Evry, France
| | - Stéphanie Bourdon
- Unité de Physiologie des Exercices et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 1 Place Général Valérie André, 91223 Brétigny Cedex, France
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, Université Paris Saclay, 91025 Evry, France
| | - Arnaud Gruel
- Unité de Physiologie des Exercices et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 1 Place Général Valérie André, 91223 Brétigny Cedex, France
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, Université Paris Saclay, 91025 Evry, France
| | - Benoît Lepetit
- Unité de Physiologie des Exercices et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 1 Place Général Valérie André, 91223 Brétigny Cedex, France
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, Université Paris Saclay, 91025 Evry, France
| | - Vincent Beauchamps
- Unité Fatigue et Vigilance, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 1 Place Général Valérie André, 91223 Brétigny Cedex, France
- EA 7330 VIFASOM, Université de Paris, 75004 Paris, France
| | - Blandine Tavard
- Centre Interarmées du Soutien « Equipements Commissariats », Service du commissariat des armées, 78120 Rambouillet, France
| | - Pauline Oustric
- Inserm, U1296 Unit, "Radiation: Defense, Health and Environment", Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laënnec, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Graham S Finlayson
- Appetite Control Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, UK
| | - David Thivel
- Laboratoire des adaptations Métaboliques à l'Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (EA 3533), Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alexandra Malgoyre
- Unité de Physiologie des Exercices et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 1 Place Général Valérie André, 91223 Brétigny Cedex, France
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, Université Paris Saclay, 91025 Evry, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Tardo-Dino
- Unité de Physiologie des Exercices et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 1 Place Général Valérie André, 91223 Brétigny Cedex, France
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, Université Paris Saclay, 91025 Evry, France
| | - Cyprien Bourrilhon
- Unité de Physiologie des Exercices et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 1 Place Général Valérie André, 91223 Brétigny Cedex, France
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, Université Paris Saclay, 91025 Evry, France
| | - Keyne Charlot
- Unité de Physiologie des Exercices et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 1 Place Général Valérie André, 91223 Brétigny Cedex, France
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, Université Paris Saclay, 91025 Evry, France
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2
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Scott MC, Fuller S. The Effects of Intermittent Cold Exposure on Adipose Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:46. [PMID: 38203217 PMCID: PMC10778965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Intermittent cold exposure (ICE) has garnered increased attention in popular culture, largely for its proposed effects on mood and immune function, but there are also suggestions that the energy-wasting mechanisms associated with thermogenesis may decrease body weight and fat mass. Considering the continued and worsening prevalence of obesity and type II diabetes, any protocol that can reduce body weight and/or improve metabolic health would be a substantial boon. Here, we present a narrative review exploring the research related to ICE and adipose tissue. Any publicly available original research examining the effects of repeated bouts of ICE on adipose-related outcomes was included. While ICE does not consistently lower body weight or fat mass, there does seem to be evidence for ICE as a positive modulator of the metabolic consequences of obesity, such as glucose tolerance and insulin signaling. Further, ICE consistently increases the activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and transitions white adipose tissue to a phenotype more in line with BAT. Lastly, the combined effects of ICE and exercise do not seem to provide any additional benefit, at least when exercising during ICE bouts. The majority of the current literature on ICE is based on rodent models where animals are housed in cold rooms, which does not reflect protocols likely to be implemented in humans such as cold water immersion. Future research could specifically characterize ICE via cold water immersion in combination with controlled calorie intake to clearly determine the effects of ICE as it would be implemented in humans looking to lower their body weight via reductions in fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Scott
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA;
| | - Scott Fuller
- School of Kinesiology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70506, USA
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3
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Huo DL, Bao MH, Cao J, Zhao ZJ. Cold exposure prevents fat accumulation in striped hamsters refed a high-fat diet following food restriction. BMC ZOOL 2022; 7:19. [PMID: 37170304 PMCID: PMC10127302 DOI: 10.1186/s40850-022-00122-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
In mammals, body mass lost during food restriction is often rapidly regained, and fat is accumulated when ad libitum feeding is resumed. Studies in small cold-acclimated mammals have demonstrated significant mobilization of fat deposits during cold exposure to meet the energy requirements of metabolic thermogenesis. However, no studies to our knowledge have examined the effect of cold exposure on fat accumulation during body mass recovery when refed ad libitum. In this study, striped hamsters restricted to 80% of their regular food intake were then refed ad libitum and exposed to one of three conditions: Intermittent cold temperature (5 °C) for 2 h per day (ICE-2 h/d), intermittent cold temperature (5 °C) for 12 h per day (ICE-12 h/d), or persistent cold exposure (PCE) for four weeks. We measured energy intake, fat deposit mass, serum thyroid hormone levels, and uncoupling protein 1 expression in brown adipose tissue.
Results
There was no significant effect of intermittent or persistent cold exposure on body mass regain, whereas energy intake increased significantly and total fat deposit decreased in the ICE-12 h/d and PCE groups compared to the ICE-2 h/d group and control group maintained at 23 °C (CON). In the ICE-12 h/d and PCE groups, hamsters had 39.6 and 38.3% higher serum 3,3′,5-triiodothyronine levels, respectively, and 81.6 and 71.3% up-regulated expression of uncoupling protein 1, respectively, in brown adipose tissue compared to their counterparts in the CON group. The rate of mitochondrial state III and state IV respiration O2 consumption and the activity of cytochrome c oxidase in BAT and liver were significantly higher in the ICE-12 h/d and PCE groups than in the ICE-2 h/d and CON groups.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest thyroid hormone-mediated heat production in brown adipose tissue and liver may be involved in preventing fat accumulation during refeeding in animals frequently or persistently exposed to cold conditions.
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4
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Presby DM, Rudolph MC, Sherk VD, Jackman MR, Foright RM, Jones KL, Houck JA, Johnson GC, Higgins JA, Neufer PD, Eckel RH, MacLean PS. Lipoprotein Lipase Overexpression in Skeletal Muscle Attenuates Weight Regain by Potentiating Energy Expenditure. Diabetes 2021; 70:867-877. [PMID: 33536195 PMCID: PMC7980196 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Moderate weight loss improves numerous risk factors for cardiometabolic disease; however, long-term weight loss maintenance (WLM) is often thwarted by metabolic adaptations that suppress energy expenditure and facilitate weight regain. Skeletal muscle has a prominent role in energy homeostasis; therefore, we investigated the effect of WLM and weight regain on skeletal muscle in rodents. In skeletal muscle of obesity-prone rats, WLM reduced fat oxidative capacity and downregulated genes involved in fat metabolism. Interestingly, even after weight was regained, genes involved in fat metabolism were also reduced. We then subjected mice with skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase overexpression (mCK-hLPL), which augments fat metabolism, to WLM and weight regain and found that mCK-hLPL attenuates weight regain by potentiating energy expenditure. Irrespective of genotype, weight regain suppressed dietary fat oxidation and downregulated genes involved in fat metabolism in skeletal muscle. However, mCK-hLPL mice oxidized more fat throughout weight regain and had greater expression of genes involved in fat metabolism and lower expression of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism during WLM and regain. In summary, these results suggest that skeletal muscle fat oxidation is reduced during WLM and regain, and therapies that improve skeletal muscle fat metabolism may attenuate rapid weight regain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Presby
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Michael C Rudolph
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Vanessa D Sherk
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Matthew R Jackman
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rebecca M Foright
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Julie A Houck
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Ginger C Johnson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Janine A Higgins
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - P Darrell Neufer
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute and the Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Robert H Eckel
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Paul S MacLean
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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5
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Perry RJ, Lyu K, Rabin-Court A, Dong J, Li X, Yang Y, Qing H, Wang A, Yang X, Shulman GI. Leptin mediates postprandial increases in body temperature through hypothalamus-adrenal medulla-adipose tissue crosstalk. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:2001-2016. [PMID: 32149734 DOI: 10.1172/jci134699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Meal ingestion increases body temperature in multiple species, an effect that is blunted by obesity. However, the mechanisms responsible for these phenomena remain incompletely understood. Here we show that refeeding increases plasma leptin concentrations approximately 8-fold in 48-hour-fasted lean rats, and this normalization of plasma leptin concentrations stimulates adrenomedullary catecholamine secretion. Increased adrenal medulla-derived plasma catecholamines were necessary and sufficient to increase body temperature postprandially, a process that required both fatty acids generated from adipose tissue lipolysis and β-adrenergic activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT). Diet-induced obese rats, which remained relatively hyperleptinemic while fasting, did not exhibit fasting-induced reductions in temperature. To examine the impact of feeding-induced increases in body temperature on energy balance, we compared rats fed chronically by either 2 carbohydrate-rich boluses daily or a continuous isocaloric intragastric infusion. Bolus feeding increased body temperature and reduced weight gain compared with continuous feeding, an effect abrogated by treatment with atenolol. In summary, these data demonstrate that leptin stimulates a hypothalamus-adrenal medulla-BAT axis, which is necessary and sufficient to induce lipolysis and, as a result, increase body temperature after refeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Perry
- Departments of Internal Medicine.,Cellular & Molecular Physiology
| | - Kun Lyu
- Departments of Internal Medicine.,Cellular & Molecular Physiology
| | | | | | - Xiruo Li
- Departments of Internal Medicine.,Cellular & Molecular Physiology
| | | | - Hua Qing
- Departments of Internal Medicine.,Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrew Wang
- Departments of Internal Medicine.,Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xiaoyong Yang
- Cellular & Molecular Physiology.,Comparative Medicine, and
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Departments of Internal Medicine.,Cellular & Molecular Physiology
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6
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McInnis K, Haman F, Doucet É. Humans in the cold: Regulating energy balance. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e12978. [PMID: 31863637 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For humans to maintain a stable core temperature in cold environments, an increase in energy expenditure (EE) is required. However, little is known about how cold stimulus impacts energy balance as a whole, as energy intake (EI) has been largely overlooked. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge regarding how cold exposure (CE) impacts both EE and EI, while highlighting key gaps and shortcomings in the literature. Animal models clearly reveal that CE produces large increases in EE, while decreasing environmental temperatures results in a significant negative dose-response effect in EI (r=-.787, P<.001), meaning animals eat more as temperature decreases. In humans, multiple methods are used to administer cold stimuli, which result in consistent yet quantitatively small increases in EE. However, only two studies have measured ad libitum food intake in combination with acute CE in humans. Chronic CE (i.e., cold acclimation) studies have been shown to produce minimal changes in body weight, with an average compensation of ~126%. Although more studies are required to investigate how cold impacts EI in humans, results presented in this review warrant caution before presenting or considering CE as a potential adjunct to weight loss strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt McInnis
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - François Haman
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Éric Doucet
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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7
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Chen KY, Brychta RJ, Abdul Sater Z, Cassimatis TM, Cero C, Fletcher LA, Israni NS, Johnson JW, Lea HJ, Linderman JD, O'Mara AE, Zhu KY, Cypess AM. Opportunities and challenges in the therapeutic activation of human energy expenditure and thermogenesis to manage obesity. J Biol Chem 2019; 295:1926-1942. [PMID: 31914415 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.007363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The current obesity pandemic results from a physiological imbalance in which energy intake chronically exceeds energy expenditure (EE), and prevention and treatment strategies remain generally ineffective. Approaches designed to increase EE have been informed by decades of experiments in rodent models designed to stimulate adaptive thermogenesis, a long-term increase in metabolism, primarily induced by chronic cold exposure. At the cellular level, thermogenesis is achieved through increased rates of futile cycling, which are observed in several systems, most notably the regulated uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation from ATP generation by uncoupling protein 1, a tissue-specific protein present in mitochondria of brown adipose tissue (BAT). Physiological activation of BAT and other organ thermogenesis occurs through β-adrenergic receptors (AR), and considerable effort over the past 5 decades has been directed toward developing AR agonists capable of safely achieving a net negative energy balance while avoiding unwanted cardiovascular side effects. Recent discoveries of other BAT futile cycles based on creatine and succinate have provided additional targets. Complicating the current and developing pharmacological-, cold-, and exercise-based methods to increase EE is the emerging evidence for strong physiological drives toward restoring lost weight over the long term. Future studies will need to address technical challenges such as how to accurately measure individual tissue thermogenesis in humans; how to safely activate BAT and other organ thermogenesis; and how to sustain a negative energy balance over many years of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kong Y Chen
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
| | - Robert J Brychta
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Zahraa Abdul Sater
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Thomas M Cassimatis
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Cheryl Cero
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Laura A Fletcher
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Nikita S Israni
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - James W Johnson
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Hannah J Lea
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Joyce D Linderman
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Alana E O'Mara
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Kenneth Y Zhu
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Aaron M Cypess
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
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8
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Presby DM, Checkley LA, Jackman MR, Higgins JA, Jones KL, Giles ED, Houck JA, Webb PG, Steig AJ, Johnson GC, Rudolph MC, MacLean PS. Regular exercise potentiates energetically expensive hepatic de novo lipogenesis during early weight regain. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 317:R684-R695. [PMID: 31553623 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00074.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is a potent facilitator of long-term weight loss maintenance (WLM), whereby it decreases appetite and increases energy expenditure beyond the cost of the exercise bout. We have previously shown that exercise may amplify energy expenditure through energetically expensive nutrient deposition. Therefore, we investigated the effect of exercise on hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) during WLM and relapse to obesity. Obese rats were calorically restricted with (EX) or without (SED) treadmill exercise (1 h/day, 6 days/wk, 15 m/min) to induce and maintain weight loss. After 6 wk of WLM, subsets of WLM-SED and WLM-EX rats were allowed ad libitum access to food for 1 day to promote relapse (REL). An energy gap-matched group of sedentary, relapsing rats (REL-GM) were provided a diet matched to the positive energy imbalance of the REL-EX rats. During relapse, exercise increased enrichment of hepatic DN-derived lipids and induced hepatic molecular adaptations favoring DNL compared with the gap-matched controls. In the liver, compared with both REL-SED and REL-GM rats, REL-EX rats had lower hepatic expression of genes required for cholesterol biosynthesis; greater hepatic expression of genes that mediate very low-density lipoprotein synthesis and secretion; and greater mRNA expression of Cyp27a1, which encodes an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of bile acids. Altogether, these data provide compelling evidence that the liver has an active role in exercise-mediated potentiation of energy expenditure during early relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Presby
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - L Allyson Checkley
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Matthew R Jackman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Janine A Higgins
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Erin D Giles
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Julie A Houck
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Patricia G Webb
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Amy J Steig
- Center for Human Nutrition at the University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ginger C Johnson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael C Rudolph
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Paul S MacLean
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Center for Human Nutrition at the University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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