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Fernandes RO, Bernardi JR, da Fonseca JD, Gomes da Silva F, Procianoy RS, Silveira RC. The impact of an early intervention home-based program on body composition in preterm-born preschoolers with very low birth weight. Front Nutr 2022; 9:981818. [PMID: 36337669 PMCID: PMC9631204 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.981818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Early child interventions focused on the family prevented neurodevelopmental and behavioral delays and can provide more knowledge regarding responsive feeding, thus creating learning opportunities to promote better quality nutrition and preventing failure to thrive. The aim is to verify the impact of a continuous program of early home-based intervention on the body composition of preschool infants who were born preterm with very low birth weight (VLBW). Methods This is a longitudinal analysis from a randomized controlled trial, including VLBW preterm children, born in a tertiary hospital in Southern Brazil and followed up at the high-risk institutional ambulatory clinic. Participants were divided into the intervention group (IG): skin-to-skin care with the mother (kangaroo care), breastfeeding policy, and tactile-kinesthetic stimulation by mothers until hospital discharge. Subsequently, they received a program of early intervention with orientation and a total of 10 home visits, independently from the standard evaluation and care that was performed following the 18 months after birth; conventional group (CG): standard care according to the routine of the newborn intensive care unit (NICU), which includes kangaroo care, and attending to their needs in the follow-up program. Body composition estimation was performed using bioelectrical impedance analyses (BIA), and physical activity and feeding practices questionnaires were evaluated at preschool age, as well as anthropometric measurements and biochemical analysis. Results Data of 41 children at 4.6 ± 0.5 years old were evaluated (CG n = 21 and IG n = 20). Body weight, height, body mass index, waist and arm circumferences, and triceps and subscapular skinfold did not differ between groups. The IG presented higher segmented fat-free mass (FFM) when compared to the CG (right arm FFM: 0.74 vs. 0.65 kg, p = 0.040; trunk FFM: 6.86 vs. 6.09 kg, p = 0.04; right leg FFM: 1.91 vs. 1.73 kg, p = 0.063). Interaction analyses showed that segmented FFM and FFM Index were associated with higher iron content in the IG. In the CG, interaction analyses showed that increased visceral fat area was associated with higher insulin resistance index. Conclusion An early intervention protocol from NICU to a home-based program performed by the mothers of VLBW preterm children of low-income families presents a small effect on FFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Oliveira Fernandes
- Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health (PPGSCA), Medical School of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Rafael Oliveira Fernandes,
| | - Juliana Rombaldi Bernardi
- Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health (PPGSCA), Medical School of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Food, Nutrition and Health, Medical School of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Juliana Rombaldi Bernardi,
| | - Júlia Delgado da Fonseca
- Graduate Program in Food, Nutrition and Health, Medical School of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Franciéle Gomes da Silva
- Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health (PPGSCA), Medical School of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Renato Soibelmann Procianoy
- Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health (PPGSCA), Medical School of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rita C. Silveira
- Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health (PPGSCA), Medical School of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Potter AW, Tharion WJ, Holden LD, Pazmino A, Looney DP, Friedl KE. Circumference-Based Predictions of Body Fat Revisited: Preliminary Results From a US Marine Corps Body Composition Survey. Front Physiol 2022; 13:868627. [PMID: 35432005 PMCID: PMC9008774 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.868627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Body composition assessment methods are dependent on their underlying principles, and assumptions of each method may be affected by age and sex. This study compared an abdominal circumference-focused method of percent body fat estimation (AC %BF) to a criterion method of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and a comparative assessment with bioelectrical impedance (BIA), in younger (≤30 years) and older (>age 30 years) physically fit (meeting/exceeding annual US Marine Corps fitness testing requirements) men and women. Methods: Fit healthy US Marines (430 men, 179 women; 18–57 years) were assessed for body composition by DXA (iDXA, GE Lunar), anthropometry, and BIA (Quantum IV, RJL Systems). Results: Compared to DXA %BF, male AC %BF underestimated for both ≤30 and >30 years age groups (bias, -2.6 ± 3.7 and -2.5 ± 3.7%); while female AC %BF overestimated for both ≤30 and >30 years age groups (2.3 ± 4.3 and 1.3 ± 4.8%). On an individual basis, lean men and women were overestimated and higher %BF individuals were underestimated. Predictions from BIA were more accurate and reflected less relationship to adiposity for each age and sex group (males: ≤30, 0.4 ± 3.2, >30 years, -0.5 ± 3.5; women: ≤30, 1.4 ± 3.1, >30 years, 0.0 ± 3.3). Total body water (hydration) and bone mineral content (BMC) as a proportion of fat-free mass (FFM) remained consistent across the age range; however, women had a higher proportion of %BMC/FFM than men. Older men and women (>age 30 years) were larger and carried more fat but had similar FFM compared to younger men and women. Conclusion: The AC %BF provides a field expedient method for the US Marine Corps to classify individuals for obesity prevention, but does not provide research-grade quantitative body composition data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W. Potter
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Adam W. Potter,
| | - William J. Tharion
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Lucas D. Holden
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Angie Pazmino
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Human Performance Branch, US Marine Corps Training and Education Command, Quantico, VA, United States
| | - David P. Looney
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Karl E. Friedl
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
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Takae R, Hatamoto Y, Yasukata J, Kose Y, Komiyama T, Ikenaga M, Yoshimura E, Yamada Y, Ebine N, Higaki Y, Tanaka H. Association of Lower-Extremity Muscle Performance and Physical Activity Level and Intensity in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Doubly Labeled Water and Accelerometer Study. J Nutr Health Aging 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12603-020-1514-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sagayama H, Yamada Y, Ichikawa M, Kondo E, Yasukata J, Tanabe Y, Higaki Y, Takahashi H. Evaluation of fat-free mass hydration in athletes and non-athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1179-1188. [PMID: 32239309 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04356-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the hydration of fat-free mass (FFM) in athletes and non-athletes. METHODS We analyzed the data of 128 healthy young adults (athletes: 61 men, 36 women; non-athletes: 19 men, 12 women) using the two-component (2C), 3C and 4C models. Under-water weighing or air-displacement plethysmography and deuterium dilution methods were used for estimating body density and total body water, respectively. The bone mineral content (BMC) was determined using whole-body scans by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS There was no significant difference in FFM hydration between the athletes (men, 72.3 ± 1.3%; women, 71.8 ± 1.3%) and non-athletes (men, 72.1 ± 1.2%; women, 72.2% ± 1.0%) in the 3C model. The total mean FFM hydration (72.1% ± 1.3%) was similar to the corresponding value in the literature (~ 73%). The estimation error of the percentage fat by the 2C vs the 4C model was significantly and highly correlated with hydration (r = 0.96), BMC (r = - 0.70), and total body protein (r = - 0.86) in the 4C model FFM. CONCLUSION Although FFM hydration was similar in athletes and non-athletes, it would be underestimated or overestimated when the 2C model is used for evaluation, and the biological FFM hydration value deviates from the 73% value inter-individually. Despite that this inter-individual variation in FFM hydration is low in terms of between-individual standard deviation (1.3%), the BMC and total body protein differ greatly in athletes, and when it affects FFM hydration, it may also affect the percentage fat measurement in the 2C model. Thus, FFM hydration would not be affected by FFM, percent body fat, or the athletic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sagayama
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Yamada
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamiko Ichikawa
- Institute of Sports Science and Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Kondo
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Yasukata
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoko Tanabe
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yasuki Higaki
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Takae R, Hatamoto Y, Yasukata J, Kose Y, Komiyama T, Ikenaga M, Yoshimura E, Yamada Y, Ebine N, Higaki Y, Tanaka H. Physical Activity and/or High Protein Intake Maintains Fat-Free Mass in Older People with Mild Disability; the Fukuoka Island City Study: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112595. [PMID: 31671741 PMCID: PMC6893506 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Body composition changes with age, with fat mass (FM) increasing and fat-free mass (FFM) decreasing. Higher physical activity and high or adequate protein intake are thought to be beneficial in preventing the loss of skeletal muscle mass in the elderly. We aimed to investigate the relationships between physical activity, protein intake, and FFM in older people with mild disability. Total energy expenditure (TEE) under free-living conditions was assessed using the doubly-labelled water (DLW) method, and physical activity was measured using a triaxial accelerometer. Dietary intake was assessed using a self-recorded food intake diary during the DLW period. Percent FFM was significantly positively correlated with protein intake and physical activity level (PAL) after adjustment for age and sex (protein intake r = 0.652, p < 0.001, PAL r = 0.345, p = 0.011). In multiple linear regression analysis, when PAL, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), or protein intake were included, 31%, 32%, and 55%, respectively, of the variation in %FFM was explained. Moreover, the addition of both PAL/MVPA and protein intake explained 61%/60%, respectively, of the variation in %FFM. Either protein intake above the currently recommended level or higher levels of physical activity would be beneficial for the maintenance of high %FFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Takae
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Yoichi Hatamoto
- Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan.
| | - Jun Yasukata
- Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, 8-19-1 Nanakuma Jonan-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Yujiro Kose
- Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, 8-19-1 Nanakuma Jonan-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Komiyama
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
- Center for Education in Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka University, 1-17 Machikaneyamachou, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Ikenaga
- Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Eiichi Yoshimura
- Department of Food and Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, 3-1-100 Tsukide, Higashi-ku, Kumamoto 862-8502, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Yamada
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan.
| | - Naoyuki Ebine
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Miyakodani Tatara, Kyotanabe-shi, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan.
| | - Yasuki Higaki
- Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, 8-19-1 Nanakuma Jonan-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, 8-19-1 Nanakuma Jonan-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
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Most J, Vallo PM, Gilmore LA, St Amant M, Hsia DS, Altazan AD, Beyl RA, Ravussin E, Redman LM. Energy Expenditure in Pregnant Women with Obesity Does Not Support Energy Intake Recommendations. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:992-999. [PMID: 29797559 PMCID: PMC5978753 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify factors that may predispose women to excess gestational weight gain (GWG). METHODS Seventy-two healthy women with obesity (30 class I, 24 class II, 18 class III) expecting a singleton pregnancy were studied at 13 to 16 weeks gestation. Energy expenditure (EE) was measured during sleep (SleepEE, average EE from 0200-0500 hours) in a whole-room calorimeter, and total daily EE (TDEE) over 7 days using doubly labeled water. Glucose, insulin, thyroid hormones, and catecholamines were measured. RESULTS Body composition explained 70% variability in SleepEE, and SleepEE accounted for 67% to 73% of TDEE. Though there was no evidence of consistent low metabolism, there was considerable variability. Low SleepEE was associated with insulin resistance and low triiodothyronine concentrations (both P = 0.01). Physical activity level was 1.47 ± 0.02. For women with SleepEE within 100 kcal/d of their predicted EE, TDEE was significantly less than the estimate (2,530 ± 91 vs. 2,939 kcal/d; P < 0.001) provided from the most recent gestational energy requirement model. CONCLUSIONS Pregnant women with obesity are inactive, possibly predisposing them to excess GWG. Current energy requirement models overestimate activity and may promote excess GWG in women with obesity. Furthermore, the observed large interindividual variability in basal metabolism may be important to consider when assessing the risk for excess GWG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Most
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Porsha M Vallo
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - L Anne Gilmore
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Marshall St Amant
- LSU Health Sciences Center, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Woman's Hospital, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Daniel S Hsia
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Abby D Altazan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Robbie A Beyl
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Leanne M Redman
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Sagayama H, Yamada Y, Racine NM, Shriver TC, Schoeller DA. Dilution space ratio of 2H and 18O of doubly labeled water method in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:1349-54. [PMID: 26989221 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01037.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Variation of the dilution space ratio (Nd/No) between deuterium ((2)H) and oxygen-18 ((18)O) impacts the calculation of total energy expenditure (TEE) by doubly labeled water (DLW). Our aim was to examine the physiological and methodological sources of variation of Nd/No in humans. We analyzed data from 2,297 humans (0.25-89 yr old). This included the variables Nd/No, total body water, TEE, body mass index (BMI), and percent body fat (%fat). To differentiate between physiologic and methodologic sources of variation, the urine samples from 54 subjects were divided and blinded and analyzed separately, and repeated DLW dosing was performed in an additional 55 participants after 6 mo. Sex, BMI, and %fat did not significantly affect Nd/No, for which the interindividual SD was 0.017. The measurement error from the duplicate urine sample sets was 0.010, and intraindividual SD of Nd/No in repeats experiments was 0.013. An additional SD of 0.008 was contributed by calibration of the DLW dose water. The variation of measured Nd/No in humans was distributed within a small range and measurement error accounted for 68% of this variation. There was no evidence that Nd/No differed with respect to sex, BMI, and age between 1 and 80 yr, and thus use of a constant value is suggested to minimize the effect of stable isotope analysis error on calculation of TEE in the DLW studies in humans. Based on a review of 103 publications, the average dilution space ratio is 1.036 for individuals between 1 and 80 yr of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Sagayama
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan; and
| | - Yosuke Yamada
- Department of Nutritional Science, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natalie M Racine
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Timothy C Shriver
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Dale A Schoeller
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin;
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Langer RD, Borges JH, Pascoa MA, Cirolini VX, Guerra-Júnior G, Gonçalves EM. Validity of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis to Estimation Fat-Free Mass in the Army Cadets. Nutrients 2016; 8:121. [PMID: 26978397 PMCID: PMC4808851 DOI: 10.3390/nu8030121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) is a fast, practical, non-invasive, and frequently used method for fat-free mass (FFM) estimation. The aims of this study were to validate predictive equations of BIA to FFM estimation in Army cadets and to develop and validate a specific BIA equation for this population. Methods: A total of 396 males, Brazilian Army cadets, aged 17–24 years were included. The study used eight published predictive BIA equations, a specific equation in FFM estimation, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as a reference method. Student’s t-test (for paired sample), linear regression analysis, and Bland–Altman method were used to test the validity of the BIA equations. Results: Predictive BIA equations showed significant differences in FFM compared to DXA (p < 0.05) and large limits of agreement by Bland–Altman. Predictive BIA equations explained 68% to 88% of FFM variance. Specific BIA equations showed no significant differences in FFM, compared to DXA values. Conclusion: Published BIA predictive equations showed poor accuracy in this sample. The specific BIA equations, developed in this study, demonstrated validity for this sample, although should be used with caution in samples with a large range of FFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel D Langer
- Growth and Development Laboratory, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP 13083-887, Brazil.
| | - Juliano H Borges
- Growth and Development Laboratory, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP 13083-887, Brazil.
| | - Mauro A Pascoa
- Growth and Development Laboratory, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP 13083-887, Brazil.
| | - Vagner X Cirolini
- Growth and Development Laboratory, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP 13083-887, Brazil.
| | - Gil Guerra-Júnior
- Growth and Development Laboratory, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP 13083-887, Brazil.
| | - Ezequiel M Gonçalves
- Growth and Development Laboratory, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas-SP 13083-887, Brazil.
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Franco-Villoria M, Wright CM, McColl JH, Sherriff A, Pearce MS. Assessment of adult body composition using bioelectrical impedance: comparison of researcher calculated to machine outputted values. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e008922. [PMID: 26743700 PMCID: PMC4716172 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the usefulness of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) for general use by identifying best-evidenced formulae to calculate lean and fat mass, comparing these to historical gold standard data and comparing these results with machine-generated output. In addition, we explored how to best to adjust lean and fat estimates for height and how these overlapped with body mass index (BMI). DESIGN Cross-sectional observational study within population representative cohort study. SETTING Urban community, North East England PARTICIPANTS Sample of 506 mothers of children aged 7-8 years, mean age 36.3 years. METHODS Participants were measured at a home visit using a portable height measure and leg-to-leg BIA machine (Tanita TBF-300MA). MEASURES Height, weight, bioelectrical impedance (BIA). OUTCOME MEASURES Lean and fat mass calculated using best-evidenced published formulae as well as machine-calculated lean and fat mass data. RESULTS Estimates of lean mass were similar to historical results using gold standard methods. When compared with the machine-generated values, there were wide limits of agreement for fat mass and a large relative bias for lean that varied with size. Lean and fat residuals adjusted for height differed little from indices of lean (or fat)/height(2). Of 112 women with BMI >30 kg/m(2), 100 (91%) also had high fat, but of the 16 with low BMI (<19 kg/m(2)) only 5 (31%) also had low fat. CONCLUSIONS Lean and fat mass calculated from BIA using published formulae produces plausible values and demonstrate good concordance between high BMI and high fat, but these differ substantially from the machine-generated values. Bioelectrical impedance can supply a robust and useful field measure of body composition, so long as the machine-generated output is not used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John H McColl
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrea Sherriff
- PEACH Unit, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark S Pearce
- Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Bhutani S, Racine N, Shriver T, Schoeller DA. Special Considerations for Measuring Energy Expenditure with Doubly Labeled Water under Atypical Conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 5. [PMID: 26962472 PMCID: PMC4780846 DOI: 10.4172/2165-7904.s5-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The global increase in the prevalence of obesity has dramatically increased interest in understanding the factors that influence human total energy expenditure (TEE). This in turn has increased interest in the doubly labeled water (DLW) method, a technique for measurement of total energy expenditure in free-living humans. The increasing use of this method is attributed to its portability, objectivity, minimal invasiveness, high accuracy and good precision. Although a relatively standard protocol for the method has emerged, the new generation of users often is unfamiliar with rationale behind aspects of the protocol as well as the approaches to avoid or correct for in situations that are not covered by the standard protocol procedure. The primary uncommon situations like introduction of isotopically different diet and fluids with or without geographical relocation, seasonal and temperature variations, activity level of participants etc. during or prior to the DLW measurements can lead to shift in baseline abundance of 2H and 18O or tracer elimination, resulting in moderate to large errors in the measured TEE. These unique situations call for special modifications to the conventional protocol to minimize errors. The objective of the present review was to assemble a list of frequently asked questions and the issues they represent, and then examine the available literature to describe and explain the modifications to the standard DLW protocol to maintain the method's accuracy. This discussion of DLW protocol modification can be an excellent resource for investigators who intend to use this measurement technique for interesting and uncommon study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Bhutani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Natalie Racine
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Tim Shriver
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Dale A Schoeller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
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11
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Zinkel SRJ, Moe M, Stern EA, Hubbard VS, Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA, Schoeller DA. Comparison of total energy expenditure between school and summer months. Pediatr Obes 2013; 8:404-10. [PMID: 23637099 PMCID: PMC3740056 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT Childhood obesity has increased 3 to 4 fold. Some children gain excess weight in summer. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS Total energy expenditure increases almost linearly with fat-free mass. A lower total energy expenditure was not detected in summer. OBJECTIVE Recent data report that the youth experience greater weight gain during summer than during school months. We tested the hypothesis that a difference in total energy expenditure (TEE) between school and summer months exists and may contribute to summer weight gain. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A secondary analysis was performed on cross-sectional TEE data from school-age, sedentary African-American and Caucasian youth based in or near the District of Columbia who were at-risk for adult obesity because they had body mass index (BMI) ≥ 85th percentile or had overweight parents. TEE was estimated from 18-O and deuterium measurements during 1-week intervals using urine samples collected after ingestion of doubly labelled water. Differences in summer- and school-time TEE were assessed using analysis of covariance. The data were adjusted for fat-free mass (FFM) as determined by deuterium dilution to adjust for the effect of body size on TEE. RESULTS Data were collected from 162 youth (average age 10 ± 2 years, BMI 28 ± 8 kg m(-2) and BMI z-score 1.96 + 0.96). Of these, 96 youth had TEE measured during the school year (September-June); 66 different youths had TEE measured during summer months (June-August). After adjustment for FFM, average summertime TEE was 2450 ± 270 kcal d(-1) and average school-time TEE was 2510 ± 350 kcal d(-1) (P = 0.26). CONCLUSION No difference in TEE was detected between the school year and the summer months. These data suggest that seasonal differences in youth weight gain are not necessarily due to differences in energy expenditures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R. J. Zinkel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1415 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Martin Moe
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1415 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Elizabeth A. Stern
- Section on Growth and Obesity, PREGEN, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Hatfield Clinical Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Van S. Hubbard
- Division of Nutrition Research Coordination, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, 6707 Democracy Blvd., Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Susan Z. Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity, PREGEN, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Hatfield Clinical Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892,Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, 6707 Democracy Blvd., Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jack A. Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity, PREGEN, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Hatfield Clinical Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Dale A. Schoeller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 1415 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706
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12
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Lustgarten MS, Fielding RA. Assessment of analytical methods used to measure changes in body composition in the elderly and recommendations for their use in phase II clinical trials. J Nutr Health Aging 2011; 15:368-75. [PMID: 21528163 PMCID: PMC3376910 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-011-0049-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated that in the next 20 years, the amount of people greater than 65 years of age will rise from 40 to 70 million, and will account for 19% of the total population. Age-related decreases in muscle mass and function, known as sarcopenia, have been shown to be related to functional limitation, frailty and an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Therefore, with an increasing elderly population, interventions that can improve muscle mass content and/or function are essential. However, analytical techniques used for measurement of muscle mass in young subjects may not be valid for use in the elderly. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to examine the applied specificity and accuracy of methods that are commonly used for measurement of muscle mass in aged subjects, and, to propose specific recommendations for the use of body composition measures in phase II clinical trials of function-promoting anabolic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Lustgarten
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111-1524, USA
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13
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Hoffman DJ, Sawaya AL, Martins PA, McCrory MA, Roberts SB. Comparison of techniques to evaluate adiposity in stunted and nonstunted children. Pediatrics 2006; 117:e725-32. [PMID: 16585285 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2005-0779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The use of anthropometric measures (eg, skinfold thicknesses, BMI) to assess obesity is not without controversy and has not been explored with respect to the use among groups of children with growth retardation (ie, stunting). Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether growth retardation affects the accuracy of field methods for assessing body composition in children. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in 30 stunted children and 30 nonstunted children who were matched for age- and weight-for-height z score and living in the shantytowns of São Paulo, Brazil. Body composition (fat mass, fat-free mass, and percentage of body fat [%BF]) was measured by H2(18)O dilution (reference technique) using group-specific values for the hydration of fat-free mass and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. BMI and body composition that were calculated from 3 pediatric skinfold prediction equations were evaluated for accuracy of %BF in comparison with the reference technique. RESULTS Stunted children were shorter and weighed less than nonstunted children, but BMI did not differ significantly between groups. All 3 skinfold equations tested resulted in a calculated %BF that was significantly lower than that measured by H2(18)O dilution for both stunted and nonstunted groups, and %BF as calculated by any of the skinfold equations tested did not significantly predict %BF by H2(18)O dilution. In contrast, BMI significantly predicted %BF in both stunted and nonstunted children, and this relationship did not differ by growth status. CONCLUSION BMI but not skinfolds significantly predicted %BF measured by H2(18)O dilution. The relationship between BMI and %BF did not differ between stunted and nonstunted children; this indicates that BMI can be used in field studies of obesity and stunting. However, the prediction of %BF by BMI is relatively poor in both groups of children, and continued investigation of more accurate field methods for measuring %BF is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hoffman
- Department of Nutritional Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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14
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Bossingham MJ, Carnell NS, Campbell WW. Water balance, hydration status, and fat-free mass hydration in younger and older adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81:1342-50. [PMID: 15941885 PMCID: PMC2495085 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/81.6.1342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older adults are at increased risk of dehydration, yet water balance is understudied in this population. OBJECTIVE This controlled diet study assessed the effect of age on water input, output, and balance in healthy adults. Hydration status (plasma osmolality and urine specific gravity) and body composition were also measured. DESIGN Eleven men and 14 women aged 23-46 y and 10 men and 11 women aged 63-81 y were subjects. Water balance was assessed during days 7-10 of three 18-d controlled feeding trials with protein intakes of 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 g . kg(-1) . d(-1). Total water input included water from the provided foods and beverages, ad libitum intake, and metabolic production. Water output included the losses in urine and stool and the insensible losses from respiration and nonsweating perspiration. RESULTS Ad libitum water consumption, total water intake, water output through urine, total water output, and net water balance were not different in the older subjects than in the younger subjects. Markers of hydration status were within the range of clinical normalcy for all groups. Total body water (TBW) was not significantly different, fat-free mass (FFM) was significantly lower (P < 0.05), and FFM hydration (TBW:FFM) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the older subjects than in the younger subjects. Dietary protein intake did not influence any of these results. CONCLUSIONS These results show that healthy older adults maintain water input, output, and balance comparable to those of younger adults and have no apparent changes in hydration status. The results support that the hydration of FFM is increased in older men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandi J Bossingham
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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15
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Abstract
There is increasing interest in body composition in paediatric research, as distinct from growth and nutritional status, as almost all diseases have adverse effects on either fatness or the fat-free mass. However, the approaches used to assess growth and nutritional status are not appropriate for separate evaluations of body fatness and lean mass. Traditional measurements such as body mass index and skinfold thickness do not measure fat in accurate quantitative terms. Various techniques have been used in recent years which divide body weight into fat mass and fat-free mass; however, the data tend not to be appropriately expressed. Body fatness is generally expressed as a percentage of weight, while fat-free mass typically remains unadjusted for size. A more appropriate approach is to normalise both body fatness and fat-free mass for height. This recommendation is relevant both to studies comparing patients with controls and to the expression of new reference data on body composition which are needed to allow informative comparisons. The same approach is appropriate for the classification of childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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16
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van Mil EG, Westerterp KR, Kester AD, Saris WH. Energy metabolism in relation to body composition and gender in adolescents. Arch Dis Child 2001; 85:73-8. [PMID: 11420210 PMCID: PMC1718837 DOI: 10.1136/adc.85.1.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of body composition on average daily metabolic rate (ADMR) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) in adolescence, and to examine current BMR prediction equations. STUDY Dutch adolescents were pooled with previously reported American and British subjects (n = 90 overall). BMR and ADMR were analysed by multiple regression. RESULTS Fat-free mass, BMR, and ADMR were higher in the obese than in the non-obese group (mean (SD): 53.2 (10.7) kg, 8.35 (1.57) MJ/d, and 13.64 (2.78) MJ/d, compared with 41.0 (8.1) kg, 6.42 (0.94) MJ/d, and 11.16 (2.21) MJ/d, respectively). BMR remained higher when adjusted for fat-free mass, age, and sex. ADMR adjusted for BMR was similar in the two groups. WHO equations overestimated BMR in obese boys and underestimated BMR in non-obese boys. CONCLUSIONS BMR, but not activity, is increased in obese adolescents and in male adolescents. The WHO BMR equations for adults are recommended for obese adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G van Mil
- Departments of Human Biology and Paediatrics, Nutrition Toxicology and Environment Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, Maastricht 6200 MD, Netherlands.
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17
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Fields DA, Goran MI. Body composition techniques and the four-compartment model in children. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2000; 89:613-20. [PMID: 10926645 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2000.89.2.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy, precision, and bias of fat mass (FM) as assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), hydrostatic weighing (HW), air-displacement plethysmography (PM) using the BOD POD body composition system and total body water (TBW) against the four-compartment (4C) model in 25 children (11.4 +/- 1.4 yr). The regression between FM by the 4C model and by DXA deviated significantly from the line of identity (FM by 4C model = 0.84 x FM by DXA + 0.95 kg; R(2) = 0.95), as did the regression between FM by 4C model and by TBW (FM by 4C model = 0. 85 x FM by TBW - 0.89 kg; R(2) = 0.98). The regression between FM by the 4C model and by HW did not significantly deviate from the line of identity (FM by 4C model = 1.09 x FM by HW + 0.94 kg; R(2) = 0. 95) and neither did the regression between FM by 4C (using density assessed by PM) and by PM (FM by 4C model = 1.03 x FM by PM + 0.88; R(2) = 0.97). DXA, HW, and TBW all showed a bias in the estimate of FM, but there was no bias for PM. In conclusion, PM was the only technique that could accurately, precisely, and without bias estimate FM in 9- to 14-yr-old children.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Fields
- Division of Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Nutrition Sciences, and The Clinical Nutrition Research Unit, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
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18
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Salamone LM, Fuerst T, Visser M, Kern M, Lang T, Dockrell M, Cauley JA, Nevitt M, Tylavsky F, Lohman TG. Measurement of fat mass using DEXA: a validation study in elderly adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2000; 89:345-52. [PMID: 10904070 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2000.89.1.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The accuracy of total body fat mass and leg fat mass measurements by fan-beam dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was assessed in 60 healthy elderly subjects (aged 70-79 yr). Total fat and leg fat mass at four leg regions (total leg, thigh, midthigh, and calf) were measured with the QDR 4500A (Hologic, Waltham, MA). The four-compartment model and multislice computed tomography scans were selected as criterion methods for total fat and leg fat mass, respectively. Total fat mass from DEXA was positively associated with fat mass from the four-compartment model with a standard error of the estimate ranging from 1.4 to 1.6 kg. DEXA fan-beam tended to overestimate fat mass for total leg and total thigh fat mass, whereas only marginal differences in fat mass measurements at the midthigh and calf were demonstrated (</=0.08 kg, P < 0.0005). Although there were significant differences between DEXA fan beam and the criterion methods, these differences were of small magnitude, suggesting that DEXA is an accurate method for measurement of fat mass for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Salamone
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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19
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De Lorenzo A, Bertini I, Candeloro N, Iacopino L, Andreoli A, Van Loan MD. Comparison of different techniques to measure body composition in moderately active adolescents. Br J Sports Med 1998; 32:215-9. [PMID: 9773169 PMCID: PMC1756100 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.32.3.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the differences in the estimate of body fat percentage (%FM) and the amount (kg) of fat free mass (FFM) by different methods in 26 moderately active adolescents very similar in age, body fatness, and training status. METHODS Mean (SD) age was 16.7 (0.9) years, height was 177.0 (5.1) cm, and weight 68.0 (5.2) kg. %FM was assessed using dual-energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA) and two skinfold prediction equations: that of Slaughter et al (%FM Sla) and that of Deurenberg et al (%FM Deu). In the same way, FFM was measured using DXA and different impedance equations: those of Suprasongsin et al (FFM Sup), Schaefer et al (FFM Sch), Houtkooper et al (FFM Hou), and Deurenberg et al (FFM Deu). To determine the interchangeability of the different methods of measuring %FM and FFM, one way analysis of variance, standard error (SE), and coefficient of variation (CV%) ((SD/mean) x 100) were used. RESULTS On average, no significant statistical differences were observed between the values determined for %FM: DXA value, 11.7 (5.4%); %FM Sla, 10.9 (4.0)%; %FM Deu, 11.5 (2.3)%. On the other hand, SE and CV% between each pair of the three methods used showed very large variability. With regard to the measurement or prediction of FFM, the mean value measured by DXA was significantly higher than that predicted by the equation of Sch (+7.2 kg, p < 0.001), Deu (+3.2 kg, p < 0.001), and Hou (+2.6 kg, p < 0.001), whereas it was lower than that predicted by the equation of Sup (-1.6 kg, p < 0.05). The Hou and Deu values were the only two that, on average, did not differ in a statistically significant way, although they showed the highest CV%. CONCLUSIONS In our sample of moderately active adolescents the estimated values for %FM and FFM appear to be highly dependent on method.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Scienze Biochimiche, Università di Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
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20
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Van Loan MD. Multicompartment model of body composition assessment in Chinese-American adults. Am J Hum Biol 1997; 9:21-27. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6300(1997)9:1<21::aid-ajhb4>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/1995] [Accepted: 02/24/1996] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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21
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Reilly JJ, Wilson J, Durnin JV. Determination of body composition from skinfold thickness: a validation study. Arch Dis Child 1995; 73:305-10. [PMID: 7492193 PMCID: PMC1511327 DOI: 10.1136/adc.73.4.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of body composition is proving increasingly important in clinical nutrition and research. Skinfold thickness is a simple means of estimating body composition which is widely used in children, but there is little information on its validity. There has been a proliferation of equations for estimation of body composition from skinfolds, but some doubt as to their general applicability. The aim of the present study was to validate five currently used equations for this purpose in a sample of 98 healthy prepubertal children (64 boys, 34 girls), mean (SD) age 9.1 (1.7) years by comparison of estimates from each equation with measurements of fatness derived from hydrodensitometry. Differences between methods were determined by calculation of biases and limits of agreement. Limits of agreement between predicted and measured fatness were wide, particularly in the girls, and some distinct biases were apparent. Choice of prediction equation therefore has a substantial influence on the estimate of fatness obtained when using skinfolds in children. The existing published equations are associated with large random errors or significant systematic errors. For the time being skinfolds might best be regarded as indices (rather than measures) of body fatness in individuals, or means of estimating body fatness of groups. Estimating the total body fatness of individual prepubertal children using skinfolds, on the basis of this evidence, is not advisable at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Reilly
- University of Glasgow, Department of Human Nutrition, Yorkhill Hospitals
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22
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Goran MI, Figueroa R, McGloin A, Nguyen V, Treuth MS, Nagy TR. Obesity in children: recent advances in energy metabolism and body composition. OBESITY RESEARCH 1995; 3:277-89. [PMID: 7627777 DOI: 10.1002/j.1550-8528.1995.tb00150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we review recent advances in energy metabolism and body composition studies in prepubescent children and the relationship to childhood obesity. Our review on energy expenditure focusses on studies of total energy expenditure using doubly labeled water, the role of energy expenditure in the development of obesity, and the determinants of resting energy expenditure in children. The relatively few studies that have examined the regulation of energy and macronutrient intake in children are also reviewed. In terms of body composition, we focus on recent methodological studies that have developed existing techniques for application to the pediatric population, including dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and bioelectrical resistance. Lastly, we review existing information relating to measurement and alteration of body fat distribution in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Goran
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham 35294, USA
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23
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Reilly JJ, Workman P. Is body composition an important variable in the pharmacokinetics of anticancer drugs? A review and suggestions for further research. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1994; 34:3-13. [PMID: 8174199 DOI: 10.1007/bf00686105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J J Reilly
- University of Glasgow Department of Human Nutrition, Yorkhill Hospitals, UK
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