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Kurt Gök D, İsmailoğulları S, Aldemir R, Tokmakçı M, Firat ST, Karaca Z, Keleştemur F, Zararsiz G. The effects of hypercortisolism on the frequency and magnitude of sleep EEG waves in patients with Cushing syndrome: A spectral analysis study. Neurophysiol Clin 2023; 53:102893. [PMID: 37657229 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2023.102893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aim was to investigate the effects of endogenous chronic hypercortisolism on sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) and differences between the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-dependent and independent Cushing Syndrome (CS) patients through a sleep spectral analysis program. METHODS A total of 32 patients diagnosed as having endogenous CS (12 ACTH-dependent and 20 ACTH-independent) and a control group comprising 16 healthy individuals were included in the study. Polysomnographic analysis was performed. Blood samples were collected at 08:00 AM for analysis of ACTH and basal cortisol, and at 00:00 AM for midnight cortisol levels. The frequency and power of the slow wave activity (SWA), theta, alpha, and beta waves of the first and last non-rapid eye movement (NREM) cycles were measured with a spectral analysis program. RESULTS The CS patient group had higher SWA power, especially in the first NREM cycle. In the ACTH-dependent group, SWA maximum and mean power values were higher in the frontal channels in the first NREM, compared to the last NREM sleep stage (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Cortisol has been found to be associated with SWA waves, making these waves higher in power, especially in the first NREM phase. This difference was much less pronounced in the final NREM sleep stage. The difference between the first and last NREM sleep stages with respect to the power of SWA in the frontal channel in the ACTH-dependent group suggests that not only cortisol but also high levels of ACTH affect the power of slow waves during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Kurt Gök
- Department of Neurology, Kayseri City Education and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Sevda İsmailoğulları
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Aldemir
- Department of Electronics and Automation, Biomedical Device Technology, Kayseri Vocational School of Higher Education, Kayseri University, City Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Tokmakçı
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Sedat Tarik Firat
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kayseri City Education and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Züleyha Karaca
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Fahrettin Keleştemur
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gökmen Zararsiz
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Thompson KI, Chau M, Lorenzetti MS, Hill LD, Fins AI, Tartar JL. Acute sleep deprivation disrupts emotion, cognition, inflammation, and cortisol in young healthy adults. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:945661. [PMID: 36212194 PMCID: PMC9538963 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.945661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic sleep deprivation has been demonstrated to diminish cognitive performance, alter mood states, and concomitantly dysregulate inflammation and stress hormones. At present, however, there is little understanding of how an acute sleep deprivation may collectively affect these factors and alter functioning. The present study aimed to determine the extent to which 24-h of sleep deprivation influences inflammatory cytokines, stress hormones, cognitive processing across domains, and emotion states. To that end, 23 participants (mean age = 20.78 years, SD = 2.87) filled out clinical health questionnaires measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Morningness Eveningness Questionnaire, and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Actigraph was worn for seven days across testing to record sleep duration. At each session participants underwent a series of measures, including saliva and blood samples for quantification of leptin, ghrelin, IL-1β, IL-6, CRP, and cortisol levels, they completed a cognitive battery using an iPad, and an emotion battery. We found that an acute sleep deprivation, limited to a 24 h period, increases negative emotion states such as anxiety, fatigue, confusion, and depression. In conjunction, sleep deprivation results in increased inflammation and decreased cortisol levels in the morning, that are accompanied by deficits in vigilance and impulsivity. Combined, these results suggest that individuals who undergo 24 h sleep deprivation will induce systemic alterations to inflammation and endocrine functioning, while concomitantly increasing negative emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla I. Thompson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, United States
- Department of Clinical and School Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, United States
| | - Minh Chau
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, United States
| | | | - Lauren D. Hill
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Ana I. Fins
- Department of Clinical and School Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, United States
| | - Jaime L. Tartar
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Jaime L. Tartar
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Raghazli R, Othman AH, Kaka U, Abubakar AA, Imlan JC, Hamzah H, Sazili AQ, Goh YM. Physiological and electroencephalogram responses in goats subjected to pre-and during slaughter stress. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:6396-6407. [PMID: 34764757 PMCID: PMC8568806 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive stress assessment is vital in understanding the impact of the pre-slaughter procedure on animal welfare. The transportation and handling process was commonly reported to cause stress in animals. This research utilises electroencephalography (EEG) as an alternative stress indicator to non-painful acute stress measurement. EEG has been proved to be instantaneous and sensitive with specific results. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the stress level of goats subjected to two different transportation duration and the effect of lairage based on their EEG activities and blood parameters changes. Eighteen adult male goats were divided into two transportation stress groups based on the transport duration: the two-hour (TS2) and six-hour (TS6) groups. Then, each group was then again divided into three smaller groups according to the lairage duration, which was three-hour (L3), six-hour (L6), and overnight (L12) groups. Blood was sampled before transport, after transport, and during slaughter while EEG was recorded before transport, after transport, after lairage, and during slaughter. Results revealed that there was a significant decrease in beta wave activity compared to baseline in TS2 goats (P < 0.05) after transportation, whereas no significant difference was detected in the TS6 goats. At the same time, goats from the TS2 group showed increase in creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) compared to that in TS6 goats. Together with the observed cortisol concentration, these findings showed that the TS6 goats were fully adapted to the transportation stress while the TS2 goats were still under stress. As for the lairage duration, it was observed that the TS2L3 goats showed lower EEG activities than the values obtained after two-hour transportation, while lower EEG activities were found from the TS6L6 goats after six-hour transportation. Therefore, it can be concluded that three-hour lairage was adequate to lower the impact of two hours transportation stress, whereas six-hour lairage was required to reduce the impact of six hours transportation stress. Finally, it was also found that the TS6L3, TS6L6, and TS6L12 groups took a long time to die after slaughter than the TS2L3, TS2L6, and TS2L12 goats based on the time their EEG activity reached isoelectric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razlina Raghazli
- Department of Veterinary Services, Wisma Tani, Presint 4, 62630 Putrajaya, Malaysia.,Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Services, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azalea-Hani Othman
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ubedullah Kaka
- Department of Companion Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed A Abubakar
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jurhamid C Imlan
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, University of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan 9407, North Cotabato, Philippines
| | - Hazilawati Hamzah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Awis Q Sazili
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yong-Meng Goh
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Services, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Rahman SA, Wright KP, Lockley SW, Czeisler CA, Gronfier C. Characterizing the temporal Dynamics of Melatonin and Cortisol Changes in Response to Nocturnal Light Exposure. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19720. [PMID: 31873098 PMCID: PMC6928018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54806-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the dynamics of melatonin suppression and changes in cortisol levels in humans in response to light exposure at night using high-frequency blood sampling. Twenty-one young healthy participants were randomized to receive either intermittent bright (~9,500 lux) light (IBL), continuous bright light (CBL) or continuous dim (~1 lux) light (VDL) for 6.5 h during the biological night (n = 7 per condition). Melatonin suppression occurred rapidly within the first 5 min and continued until the end of each IBL stimuli (t1/2 = ~13 min). Melatonin recovery occurred more slowly between IBL stimuli (half-maximal recovery rate of ~46 min). Mean melatonin suppression (~40%) and recovery (~50%) were similar across IBL stimuli. Suppression dynamics under CBL were also rapid (t1/2 = ~18 min), with no recovery until the light exposure ended. There was a significant linear increase of cortisol levels between the start and end of each IBL stimulus. Under CBL conditions cortisol showed trimodal changes with an initial linear activating phase, followed by an exponential inhibitory phase, and a final exponential recovery phase. These results show that light exposure at night affects circadian driven hormones differently and that outcomes are influenced by the duration and pattern of light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadab A Rahman
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Kenneth P Wright
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Steven W Lockley
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles A Czeisler
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claude Gronfier
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Waking team, Inserm UMRS 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France
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5
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Vargas I, Vgontzas AN, Abelson JL, Faghih RT, Morales KH, Perlis ML. Altered ultradian cortisol rhythmicity as a potential neurobiologic substrate for chronic insomnia. Sleep Med Rev 2018; 41:234-243. [PMID: 29678398 PMCID: PMC6524148 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic insomnia is highly prevalent and associated with significant morbidity (i.e., confers risk for multiple psychiatric and medical disorders, such as depression and hypertension). Therefore, it is essential to identify factors that perpetuate this disorder. One candidate factor in the neurobiology of chronic insomnia is hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis dysregulation, and in particular, alterations in circadian cortisol rhythmicity. Cortisol secretory patterns, however, fluctuate with both a circadian and an ultradian rhythm (i.e., pulses every 60-120 min). Ultradian cortisol pulses are thought to be involved in the maintenance of wakefulness during the day and their relative absence at night may allow for the consolidation of sleep and/or shorter nocturnal awakenings. It is possible that the wakefulness that occurs in chronic insomnia may be associated with the aberrant occurrence of cortisol pulses at night. While cortisol pulses naturally occur with transient awakenings, it may also be the case that cortisol pulsatility becomes a conditioned phenomenon that predisposes one to awaken and/or experience prolonged nocturnal awakenings. The current review summarizes the literature on cortisol rhythmicity in subjects with chronic insomnia, and proffers the suggestion that it may be abnormalities in the ultradian rather than circadian cortisol that is associated with the pathophysiology of insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Vargas
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Behavioral Sleep Medicine Program, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Alexandros N Vgontzas
- Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - James L Abelson
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rose T Faghih
- Computational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Knashawn H Morales
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael L Perlis
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Behavioral Sleep Medicine Program, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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6
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Faraut B, Andrillon T, Vecchierini MF, Leger D. Napping: A public health issue. From epidemiological to laboratory studies. Sleep Med Rev 2016; 35:85-100. [PMID: 27751677 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sleep specialists have proposed measures to counteract the negative short- and long-term consequences of sleep debt, and some have suggested the nap as a potential and powerful "public health tool". Here, we address this countermeasure aspect of napping viewed as an action against sleep deprivation rather than an action associated with poor health. We review the physiological functions that have been associated positively with napping in both public health and clinical settings (sleep-related accidents, work and school, and cardiovascular risk) and in laboratory-based studies with potential public health issues (cognitive performance, stress, immune function and pain sensitivity). We also discuss the circumstances in which napping-depending on several factors, including nap duration, frequency, and age-could be a potential public health tool and a countermeasure for sleep loss in terms of reducing accidents and cardiovascular events and improving sleep-restriction-sensitive working performance. However, the impact of napping and the nature of the sleep stage(s) involved still need to be evaluated, especially from the perspective of coping strategies in populations with chronic sleep debt, such as night and shift workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Faraut
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, APHP, Hôtel Dieu de Paris, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, EA 7330 VIFASOM, Paris, France.
| | - Thomas Andrillon
- École Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique (UMR8554, ENS, EHESS, CNRS), Paris, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Vecchierini
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, APHP, Hôtel Dieu de Paris, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, EA 7330 VIFASOM, Paris, France
| | - Damien Leger
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, APHP, Hôtel Dieu de Paris, Centre du Sommeil et de la Vigilance, EA 7330 VIFASOM, Paris, France.
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Wright KP, Drake AL, Frey DJ, Fleshner M, Desouza CA, Gronfier C, Czeisler CA. Influence of sleep deprivation and circadian misalignment on cortisol, inflammatory markers, and cytokine balance. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 47:24-34. [PMID: 25640603 PMCID: PMC5401766 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortisol and inflammatory proteins are released into the blood in response to stressors and chronic elevations of blood cortisol and inflammatory proteins may contribute to ongoing disease processes and could be useful biomarkers of disease. How chronic circadian misalignment influences cortisol and inflammatory proteins, however, is largely unknown and this was the focus of the current study. Specifically, we examined the influence of weeks of chronic circadian misalignment on cortisol, stress ratings, and pro- and anti-inflammatory proteins in humans. We also compared the effects of acute total sleep deprivation and chronic circadian misalignment on cortisol levels. Healthy, drug free females and males (N=17) aged 20-41 participated. After 3weeks of maintaining consistent sleep-wake schedules at home, six laboratory baseline days and nights, a 40-h constant routine (CR, total sleep deprivation) to examine circadian rhythms for melatonin and cortisol, participants were scheduled to a 25-day laboratory entrainment protocol that resulted in sleep and circadian disruption for eight of the participants. A second constant routine was conducted to reassess melatonin and cortisol rhythms on days 34-35. Plasma cortisol levels were also measured during sampling windows every week and trapezoidal area under the curve (AUC) was used to estimate 24-h cortisol levels. Inflammatory proteins were assessed at baseline and near the end of the entrainment protocol. Acute total sleep deprivation significantly increased cortisol levels (p<0.0001), whereas chronic circadian misalignment significantly reduced cortisol levels (p<0.05). Participants who exhibited normal circadian phase relationships with the wakefulness-sleep schedule showed little change in cortisol levels. Stress ratings increased during acute sleep deprivation (p<0.0001), whereas stress ratings remained low across weeks of study for both the misaligned and synchronized control group. Circadian misalignment significantly increased plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 10 (IL-10) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (p<0.05). Little change was observed for the TNF-α/IL-10 ratio during circadian misalignment, whereas the TNF-α/IL-10 ratio and CRP levels decreased in the synchronized control group across weeks of circadian entrainment. The current findings demonstrate that total sleep deprivation and chronic circadian misalignment modulate cortisol levels and that chronic circadian misalignment increases plasma concentrations of pro- and anti-inflammatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth P. Wright
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO. 80309 USA,Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA,Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO. 80309 USA,to whom correspondence should be sent. 1725 Pleasant Street, Clare Small 114, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 80309-0354, Phone 303-735-6409
| | - Amanda L. Drake
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO. 80309 USA
| | - Danielle J. Frey
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO. 80309 USA,Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO. 80309 USA
| | - Monika Fleshner
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO. 80309 USA,Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO. 80309 USA
| | - Christopher A. Desouza
- Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO. 80309 USA
| | - Claude Gronfier
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA,Department of Chronobiology, Inserm U846, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Bron, France ; University of Lyon, Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Charles A. Czeisler
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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Faraut B, Bayon V, Léger D. Neuroendocrine, immune and oxidative stress in shift workers. Sleep Med Rev 2013; 17:433-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Thorsley D, Leproult R, Spiegel K, Reifman J. A phenomenological model for circadian and sleep allostatic modulation of plasma cortisol concentration. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E1190-201. [PMID: 23011061 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00271.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Both circadian rhythmicity and sleep play significant roles in the regulation of plasma cortisol concentration by the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Numerous studies have found links between sleep and changes in cortisol concentration, but the implications of these results have remained largely qualitative. In this article, we present a quantitative phenomenological model to describe the effects of different sleep durations on cortisol concentration. We constructed the proposed model by incorporating the circadian and sleep allostatic effects on cortisol concentration, the pulsatile nature of cortisol secretion, and cortisol's negative autoregulation of its own production and validated its performance on three study groups that experienced four distinct sleep durations. The model captured many disparate effects of sleep on cortisol dynamics, such as the inhibition of cortisol secretion after the wake-to-sleep transition and the rapid rise of cortisol concentration before morning awakening. Notably, the model reconciled the seemingly contradictory findings between studies that report an increase in cortisol concentration following total sleep deprivation and studies that report no change in concentration. This work provides a biomathematical approach to combine the results on the effects of sleep on cortisol concentration into a unified framework and predict the impact of varying sleep durations on the cortisol profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Thorsley
- Dept. of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
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Yonezawa T, Mogi K, Li JY, Sako R, Manabe N, Yamanouchi K, Nishihara M. Effects of estrogen on growth hormone pulsatility in peripheral blood and neuropeptide profiles in the cerebrospinal fluid of goats. J Reprod Dev 2011; 57:280-7. [PMID: 21242654 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.10-118s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that growth hormone (GH) pulses were negatively associated with neuropeptide Y (NPY) profiles in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the third ventricle of Shiba goats. In addition, while most GH pulses were coincident with GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) pulses, there was no correlation between GH and somatostatin (SRIF) levels. The present study was performed to elucidate the relationship between GH pulses and these neuropeptide levels in CSF when estradiol (1.0 mg/head) was subcutaneously administered to ovariectomized goats. CSF and plasma samples were collected every 15 min for 18 h (from 6 h before to 12 h after injection). GH levels in peripheral blood and GHRH, SRIF and NPY levels in CSF were measured by radioimmunoassay. Pulse/trough characteristics and correlations were assessed by the ULTRA algorithm and cross-correlation analysis. Before estradiol was injected, significant coincidence was found between GHRH pulses and GH pulses, and negative coincidence was found between NPY troughs and GH pulses. Six to 12 h after estradiol injection, the amplitude and area under the curve (AUC) of the GH pulses were markedly increased. The duration and AUC of the GHRH pulses in the CSF were also increased, and stronger synchrony of GHRH with GH was observed. In contrast, the baseline of NPY was significantly decreased, and the negative correlation between the GH pulses and NPY troughs disappeared. The parameters of SRIF troughs were not clearly changed. These observations suggest that estrogen enhances the pattern of secretion of GH in the goat via enhancement of GHRH pulses and decrease of NPY levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Yonezawa
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Veterinary Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Hurwitz S, Cohen RJ, Williams GH. Diurnal variation of aldosterone and plasma renin activity: timing relation to melatonin and cortisol and consistency after prolonged bed rest. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003; 96:1406-14. [PMID: 14660513 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00611.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to prolonged bed rest is known to induce changes in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) by way of posture, sodium and potassium balance, and stress, which may have serious consequences for patients. We focused on the diurnal variation of the RAAS by investigating changes in the levels of plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone; for comparison to markers of the intrinsic pacemaker and to stress, we measured melatonin and cortisol. PRA, aldosterone, melatonin, and cortisol were measured hourly in 10 normal subjects with standardized sleep patterns, posture, and diet at baseline and after 11 days of prolonged bed rest conducted under a light-dark cycle. Circadian characteristics of hormone secretion patterns were estimated by multiple harmonic regression with excellent goodness-of-fit measures. Variability in the melatonin and cortisol patterns across subjects was minimal. Even for pulsatile hormones, this technique successfully estimated the acrophase, which was the salient feature. Baseline hormone peak times started with melatonin near the middle of the sleep period, followed by PRA, then aldosterone, and then cortisol around wake time. Prolonged bed rest did not induce significant changes in any timing characteristic of the secretion patterns. Baseline and prolonged bed rest peak times for melatonin and cortisol and amplitude characteristics for all hormones were highly correlated, indicating consistency within individuals. These data provide strong evidence that prolonged bed rest of 11 days' duration does not disrupt either the timing characteristics of the RAAS or the intrinsic pacemaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Hurwitz
- Division of Endocrinology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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