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Ikuta K, Fukuda A, Ogawa S, Masuo K, Goto N, Hiramatsu Y, Tsuda M, Kimura Y, Matsumoto Y, Kimura Y, Maruno T, Kanda K, Nishi K, Takaori K, Uemoto S, Takaishi S, Chiba T, Nishi E, Seno H. Nardilysin inhibits pancreatitis and suppresses pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma initiation in mice. Gut 2019; 68:882-892. [PMID: 29798841 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nardilysin (NRDC), a zinc peptidase, exhibits multiple localisation-dependent functions including as an enhancer of ectodomain shedding in the extracellular space and a transcriptional coregulator in the nucleus. In this study, we investigated its functional role in exocrine pancreatic development, homeostasis and the formation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). DESIGN We analysed Ptf1a-Cre; Nrdcflox/flox mice to investigate the impact of Nrdc deletion. Pancreatic acinar cells were isolated from Nrdcflox/flox mice and infected with adenovirus expressing Cre recombinase to examine the impact of Nrdc inactivation. Global gene expression in Nrdc-cKO pancreas was analysed compared with wild-type pancreas by microarray analysis. We also analysed Ptf1a-Cre; KrasG12D; Nrdcflox/flox mice to investigate the impact of Nrdc deletion in the context of oncogenic Kras. A total of 51 human samples of pancreatic intraepithelial lesions (PanIN) and PDA were examined by immunohistochemistry for NRDC. RESULTS We found that pancreatic deletion of Nrdc leads to spontaneous chronic pancreatitis concomitant with acinar-to-ductal conversion, increased apoptosis and atrophic pancreas in mice. Acinar-to-ductal conversion was observed mainly through a non-cell autonomous mechanism, and the expression of several chemokines was significantly increased in Nrdc-null pancreatic acinar cells. Furthermore, pancreatic deletion of Nrdc dramatically accelerated KrasG12D -driven PanIN and subsequent PDA formation in mice. These data demonstrate a previously unappreciated anti-inflammatory and tumour suppressive functions of Nrdc in the pancreas in mice. Finally, absence of NRDC expression was observed in a subset of human PanIN and PDA. CONCLUSION Nrdc inhibits pancreatitis and suppresses PDA initiation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozo Ikuta
- Department of Gastoenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihisa Fukuda
- Department of Gastoenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogawa
- Department of Gastoenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Masuo
- Department of Gastoenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norihiro Goto
- Department of Gastoenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hiramatsu
- Department of Gastoenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Tsuda
- Department of Gastoenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kimura
- Department of Gastoenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Matsumoto
- Department of Gastoenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuto Kimura
- Department of Gastoenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahisa Maruno
- Department of Gastoenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keitaro Kanda
- Department of Gastoenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Nishi
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Takaori
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Uemoto
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigeo Takaishi
- Laboratory for Malignancy Control Research (DSK project), Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Eiichiro Nishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Seno
- Department of Gastoenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Williams JA. Cholecystokinin (CCK) Regulation of Pancreatic Acinar Cells: Physiological Actions and Signal Transduction Mechanisms. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:535-564. [PMID: 30873601 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic acinar cells synthesize and secrete about 20 digestive enzymes and ancillary proteins with the processes that match the supply of these enzymes to their need in digestion being regulated by a number of hormones (CCK, secretin and insulin), neurotransmitters (acetylcholine and VIP) and growth factors (EGF and IGF). Of these regulators, one of the most important and best studied is the gastrointestinal hormone, cholecystokinin (CCK). Furthermore, the acinar cell has become a model for seven transmembrane, heterotrimeric G protein coupled receptors to regulate multiple processes by distinct signal transduction cascades. In this review, we briefly describe the chemistry and physiology of CCK and then consider the major physiological effects of CCK on pancreatic acinar cells. The majority of the review is devoted to the physiologic signaling pathways activated by CCK receptors and heterotrimeric G proteins and the functions they affect. The pathways covered include the traditional second messenger pathways PLC-IP3-Ca2+ , DAG-PKC, and AC-cAMP-PKA/EPAC that primarily relate to secretion. Then there are the protein-protein interaction pathways Akt-mTOR-S6K, the three major MAPK pathways (ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPK), and Ca2+ -calcineurin-NFAT pathways that primarily regulate non-secretory processes including biosynthesis and growth, and several miscellaneous pathways that include the Rho family small G proteins, PKD, FAK, and Src that may regulate both secretory and nonsecretory processes but are not as well understood. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:535-564, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Williams
- University of Michigan, Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine (Gastroenterology), Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Ramos-Alvarez I, Jensen RT. P21-activated kinase 4 in pancreatic acinar cells is activated by numerous gastrointestinal hormones/neurotransmitters and growth factors by novel signaling, and its activation stimulates secretory/growth cascades. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G302-G317. [PMID: 29672153 PMCID: PMC6139648 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00005.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinases, which are divided into two groups: group-I (PAKs1-3) and group-II (PAKs4-6). In various tissues, Group-II PAKs play important roles in cytoskeletal dynamics and cell growth as well as neoplastic development/progression. However, little is known about Group-II PAK's role in a number of physiological events, including their ability to be activated by gastrointestinal (GI) hormones/neurotransmitters/growth factors (GFs). We used rat pancreatic acini to explore the ability of GI hormones/neurotransmitters/GFs to activate Group-II-PAKs and the signaling cascades involved. Only PAK4 was detected in pancreatic acini. PAK4 was activated by endothelin, secretagogues-stimulating phospholipase C (bombesin, CCK-8, and carbachol), by pancreatic GFs (insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1, hepatocyte growth factor, epidermal growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor), and by postreceptor stimulants (12-O-tetradecanoylphobol-13-acetate and A23187 ). CCK-8 activation of PAK4 required both high- and low-affinity CCK1-receptor state activation. It was reduced by PKC-, Src-, p44/42-, or p38-inhibition but not with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-inhibitors and only minimally by thapsigargin. A protein kinase D (PKD)-inhibitor completely inhibited CCK-8-stimulated PKD-activation; however, stimulated PAK4 phosphorylation was only inhibited by 60%, demonstrating that it is both PKD-dependent and PKD-independent. PF-3758309 and LCH-7749944, inhibitors of PAK4, decreased CCK-8-stimulated PAK4 activation but not PAK2 activation. Each inhibited ERK1/2 activation and amylase release induced by CCK-8 or bombesin. These results show that PAK4 has an important role in modulating signal cascades activated by a number of GI hormones/neurotransmitters/GFs that have been shown to mediate both physiological/pathological responses in acinar cells. Therefore, in addition to the extensive studies on PAK4 in pancreatic cancer, PAK4 should also be considered an important signaling molecule for pancreatic acinar physiological responses and, in the future, should be investigated for a possible role in pancreatic acinar pathophysiological responses, such as in pancreatitis. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates that the only Group-II p21-activated kinase (PAK) in rat pancreatic acinar cells is PAK4, and thus differs from islets/pancreatic cancer. Both gastrointestinal hormones/neurotransmitters stimulating PLC and pancreatic growth factors activate PAK4. With cholecystokinin (CCK), activation is PKC-dependent/-independent, requires both CCK1-R affinity states, Src, p42/44, and p38 activation. PAK4 activation is required for CCK-mediated p42/44 activation/amylase release. These results show PAK4 plays an important role in mediating CCK physiological signal cascades and suggest it may be a target in pancreatic acinar diseases besides cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ramos-Alvarez
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - R T Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
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Zhang Y, Yan W, Mathew E, Kane KT, Brannon A, Adoumie M, Vinta A, Crawford HC, Pasca di Magliano M. Epithelial-Myeloid cell crosstalk regulates acinar cell plasticity and pancreatic remodeling in mice. eLife 2017; 6:27388. [PMID: 28980940 PMCID: PMC5690281 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dedifferentiation of acini to duct-like cells occurs during the physiologic damage response in the pancreas, but this process can be co-opted by oncogenic Kras to drive carcinogenesis. Myeloid cells infiltrate the pancreas during the onset of pancreatic cancer, and promote carcinogenesis. Here, we show that the function of infiltrating myeloid cells is regulated by oncogenic Kras expressed in epithelial cells. In the presence of oncogenic Kras, myeloid cells promote acinar dedifferentiation and carcinogenesis. Upon inactivation of oncogenic Kras, myeloid cells promote re-differentiation of acinar cells, remodeling of the fibrotic stroma and tissue repair. Intriguingly, both aspects of myeloid cell activity depend, at least in part, on activation of EGFR/MAPK signaling, with different subsets of ligands and receptors in different target cells promoting carcinogenesis or repair, respectively. Thus, the cross-talk between epithelial cells and infiltrating myeloid cells determines the balance between tissue repair and carcinogenesis in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.,Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Esha Mathew
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Kevin T Kane
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Arthur Brannon
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Maeva Adoumie
- College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Alekya Vinta
- College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Howard C Crawford
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Marina Pasca di Magliano
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
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Halbrook CJ, Wen HJ, Ruggeri JM, Takeuchi KK, Zhang Y, Pasca di Magliano M, Crawford HC. Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Kinase Activity Maintains Acinar-to-Ductal Metaplasia and Is Required for Organ Regeneration in Pancreatitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 3:99-118. [PMID: 28090569 PMCID: PMC5235341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in the exocrine pancreas has been extensively studied in the context of pancreatic cancer, where its potential as a therapeutic target is limited by acquired drug resistance. However, its role in pancreatitis is less understood. We investigated the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)-initiated MAPK signaling in pancreatitis to determine the potential for MEK inhibition in treating pancreatitis patients. METHODS To examine the role of MEK signaling in pancreatitis, we used both genetic and pharmacologic approaches to inhibit the MAPK signaling pathway in a murine model of cerulein-induced pancreatitis. We generated mice harboring inducible short hairpins targeting the MEK isoforms Map2k1 and/or Map2k2 specifically in the pancreatic epithelium. We also used the MEK inhibitor trametinib to determine the efficacy of systemic inhibition in mice with pancreatitis. RESULTS We demonstrated an essential role for MEK signaling in the initiation of pancreatitis. We showed that both systemic and parenchyma-specific MEK inhibition in established pancreatitis induces epithelial differentiation and stromal remodeling. However, systemic MEK inhibition also leads to a loss of the proliferative capacity of the pancreas, preventing the restoration of organ mass. CONCLUSIONS MEK activity is required for the initiation and maintenance of pancreatitis. MEK inhibition may be useful in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis to interrupt the vicious cycle of destruction and repair but at the expense of organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Halbrook
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hui-Ju Wen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jeanine M. Ruggeri
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kenneth K. Takeuchi
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yaqing Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Howard C. Crawford
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Reprint requests Address requests for reprints to: Howard Crawford, PhD, NCRC Building 520, Room 1347, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1600. fax: (734) 647-6977.NCRC Building 520Room 1347, 1600 Huron ParkwayAnn ArborMichigan 48109-1600
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Miller LJ, Desai AJ. Metabolic Actions of the Type 1 Cholecystokinin Receptor: Its Potential as a Therapeutic Target. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:609-619. [PMID: 27156041 PMCID: PMC4992613 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) regulates appetite and reduces food intake by activating the type 1 CCK receptor (CCK1R). Attempts to develop CCK1R agonists for obesity have yielded active agents that have not reached clinical practice. Here we discuss why, along with new strategies to target CCK1R more effectively. We examine signaling events and the possibility of developing agents that exhibit ligand-directed bias, to dissociate satiety activity from undesirable side effects. Potential allosteric sites of modulation are also discussed, along with desired properties of a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) without intrinsic agonist action as another strategy to treat obesity. These new types of CCK1R-active drugs could be useful as standalone agents or as part of a rational drug combination for management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA.
| | - Aditya J Desai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
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Abstract
The genetic landscape of pancreatic cancer shows nearly ubiquitous mutations of K-RAS. However, oncogenic K-Rasmt alone is not sufficient to lead to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in either human or in genetically modified adult mouse models. Many stimulants, such as high fat diet, CCK, LPS, PGE2 and others, have physiological effects at low concentrations that are mediated in part through modest increases in K-Ras activity. However, at high concentrations, they induce inflammation that, in the presence of oncogenic K-Ras expression, substantially accelerates PDAC formation. The mechanism involves increased activity of oncogenic K-Rasmt. Unlike what has been proposed in the standard paradigm for the role of Ras in oncogenesis, oncogenic K-Rasmt is now known to not be constitutively active. Rather, it can be activated by standard mechanisms similar to wild-type K-Ras, but its activity is sustained for a prolonged period. Furthermore, if the level of K-Ras activity exceeds a threshold at which it begins to generate its own activators, then a feed-forward loop is formed between K-Ras activity and inflammation and pathological processes including oncogenesis are initiated. Oncogenic K-Rasmt activation, a key event in PDAC initiation and development, is subject to complex regulatory mechanisms. Reagents which inhibit inflammation, such as the Cox2 inhibitor celecoxib, block the feed-forward loop and prevent induction of PDAC in models with endogenous oncogenic K-Rasmt. Increased understanding of the role of activating and inhibitory mechanisms on oncogenic K-Rasmt activity is of paramount importance for the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies to fight against this lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig D Logsdon
- 1. Department of GI Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX 77030, USA; 2. Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX 77030, USA
| | - Weiqin Lu
- 1. Department of GI Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX 77030, USA
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Gastrointestinal hormones/neurotransmitters and growth factors can activate P21 activated kinase 2 in pancreatic acinar cells by novel mechanisms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:2371-82. [PMID: 25979836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
P-21-activated kinases (PAKs) are serine/threonine kinases comprising six isoforms divided in two groups, group-I (PAK1-3)/group-II (PAK4-6) which play important roles in cell cytoskeletal dynamics, survival, secretion and proliferation and are activated by diverse stimuli. However, little is known about PAKs ability to be activated by gastrointestinal (GI) hormones/neurotransmitters/growth-factors. We used rat pancreatic acini to explore the ability of GI-hormones/neurotransmitters/growth-factors to activate Group-I-PAKs and the signaling cascades involved. Only PAK2 was present in acini. PAK2 was activated by some pancreatic growth-factors [EGF, PDGF, bFGF], by secretagogues activating phospholipase-C (PLC) [CCK, carbachol, bombesin] and by post-receptor stimulants activating PKC [TPA], but not agents only mobilizing cellular calcium or increasing cyclic AMP. CCK-activation of PAK2 required both high- and low-affinity-CCK1-receptor-state activation. It was partially reduced by PKC- or Src-inhibition, but not with PI3K-inhibitors (wortmannin, LY294002) or thapsigargin. IPA-3, which prevents PAK2 binding to small-GTPases partially inhibited PAK2-activation, as well as reduced CCK-induced ERK1/2 activation and amylase release induced by CCK or bombesin. This study demonstrates pancreatic acini, possess only one Group-I-PAK, PAK2. CCK and other GI-hormones/neurotransmitters/growth-factors activate PAK2 via small GTPases (CDC42/Rac1), PKC and SFK but not cytosolic calcium or PI3K. CCK-activation of PAK2 showed several novel features being dependent on both receptor-activation states, having PLC- and PKC-dependent/independent components and small-GTPase-dependent/independent components. These results show that PAK2 is important in signaling cascades activated by numerous pancreatic stimuli which mediate their various physiological/pathophysiological responses and thus could be a promising target for the development of therapies in some pancreatic disorders such as pancreatitis.
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