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Arnold A, Dennison E, Kovacs CS, Mannstadt M, Rizzoli R, Brandi ML, Clarke B, Thakker RV. Hormonal regulation of biomineralization. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:261-275. [PMID: 33727709 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00477-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Biomineralization is the process by which organisms produce mineralized tissues. This crucial process makes possible the rigidity and flexibility that the skeleton needs for ambulation and protection of vital organs, and the hardness that teeth require to tear and grind food. The skeleton also serves as a source of mineral in times of short supply, and the intestines absorb and the kidneys reclaim or excrete minerals as needed. This Review focuses on physiological and pathological aspects of the hormonal regulation of biomineralization. We discuss the roles of calcium and inorganic phosphate, dietary intake of minerals and the delicate balance between activators and inhibitors of mineralization. We also highlight the importance of tight regulation of serum concentrations of calcium and phosphate, and the major regulators of biomineralization: parathyroid hormone (PTH), the vitamin D system, vitamin K, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and phosphatase enzymes. Finally, we summarize how developmental stresses in the fetus and neonate, and in the mother during pregnancy and lactation, invoke alternative hormonal regulatory pathways to control mineral delivery, skeletal metabolism and biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Arnold
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism and Center for Molecular Oncology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
| | - Elaine Dennison
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Christopher S Kovacs
- Faculty of Medicine - Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Michael Mannstadt
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - René Rizzoli
- Division of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- Department of Biochemical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Bart Clarke
- Mayo Clinic Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Dhawan P, Veldurthy V, Yehia G, Hsaio C, Porta A, Kim KI, Patel N, Lieben L, Verlinden L, Carmeliet G, Christakos S. Transgenic Expression of the Vitamin D Receptor Restricted to the Ileum, Cecum, and Colon of Vitamin D Receptor Knockout Mice Rescues Vitamin D Receptor-Dependent Rickets. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3792-3804. [PMID: 28938396 PMCID: PMC5695835 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although the intestine plays the major role in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] action on calcium homeostasis, the mechanisms involved remain incompletely understood. The established model of 1,25(OH)2D3-regulated intestinal calcium absorption postulates a critical role for the duodenum. However, the distal intestine is where 70% to 80% of ingested calcium is absorbed. To test directly the role of 1,25(OH)2D3 and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the distal intestine, three independent knockout (KO)/transgenic (TG) lines expressing VDR exclusively in the ileum, cecum, and colon were generated by breeding VDR KO mice with TG mice expressing human VDR (hVDR) under the control of the 9.5-kb caudal type homeobox 2 promoter. Mice from one TG line (KO/TG3) showed low VDR expression in the distal intestine (<50% of the levels observed in KO/TG1, KO/TG2, and wild-type mice). In the KO/TG mice, hVDR was not expressed in the duodenum, jejunum, kidney, or other tissues. Growth arrest, elevated parathyroid hormone level, and hypocalcemia of the VDR KO mice were prevented in mice from KO/TG lines 1 and 2. Microcomputed tomography analysis revealed that the expression of hVDR in the distal intestine of KO/TG1 and KO/TG2 mice rescued the bone defects associated with systemic VDR deficiency, including growth plate abnormalities and altered trabecular and cortical parameters. KO/TG3 mice showed rickets, but less severely than VDR KO mice. These findings show that expression of VDR exclusively in the distal intestine can prevent abnormalities in calcium homeostasis and bone mineralization associated with systemic VDR deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Vaishali Veldurthy
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Ghassan Yehia
- The Genome Editing Core Facility, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Connie Hsaio
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Angela Porta
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Ki-in Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Nishant Patel
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Liesbet Lieben
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Lieve Verlinden
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Geert Carmeliet
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Sylvia Christakos
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103
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Barger-Lux MJ, Heaney RP, Recker RR. Time course of calcium absorption in humans: evidence for a colonic component. Calcif Tissue Int 1989; 44:308-11. [PMID: 2496901 DOI: 10.1007/bf02556309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We examined the time course of calcium absorption (CaAbs) in 155 studies, using a double isotope technique. The subjects were 118 healthy peri-menopausal women (mean age 53.3 years), studied as inpatients under metabolic balance conditions. We measured the ratio of radiolabeled calcium (oral:IV) in serum and urine for 144 hours after the oral dose, and generated a composite CaAbs curve for all 155 studies using normalized data. Although CaAbs was 80.9% complete at 3 hours, it was still only 95.8% complete at 7 hours; the remaining 4.2% was absorbed in a slower late component, and did not reach completion until about 26 hours. The rapid initial component probably represents mainly small intestinal absorption and the late component, colonic. At the dietary intakes of our subjects, we estimate the size of the late component at about 6.8 mg/day. For fully accurate measurements of CaAbs, it is necessary to allow for this small late component.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Barger-Lux
- Center for Hard Tissue Research, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68131
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