1
|
Cooper BL, Gloschat C, Swift LM, Prudencio T, McCullough D, Jaimes R, Posnack NG. KairoSight: Open-Source Software for the Analysis of Cardiac Optical Data Collected From Multiple Species. Front Physiol 2021; 12:752940. [PMID: 34777017 PMCID: PMC8586513 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.752940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac optical mapping, also known as optocardiography, employs parameter-sensitive fluorescence dye(s) to image cardiac tissue and resolve the electrical and calcium oscillations that underly cardiac function. This technique is increasingly being used in conjunction with, or even as a replacement for, traditional electrocardiography. Over the last several decades, optical mapping has matured into a “gold standard” for cardiac research applications, yet the analysis of optical signals can be challenging. Despite the refinement of software tools and algorithms, significant programming expertise is often required to analyze large optical data sets, and data analysis can be laborious and time-consuming. To address this challenge, we developed an accessible, open-source software script that is untethered from any subscription-based programming language. The described software, written in python, is aptly named “KairoSight” in reference to the Greek word for “opportune time” (Kairos) and the ability to “see” voltage and calcium signals acquired from cardiac tissue. To demonstrate analysis features and highlight species differences, we employed experimental datasets collected from mammalian hearts (Langendorff-perfused rat, guinea pig, and swine) dyed with RH237 (transmembrane voltage) and Rhod-2, AM (intracellular calcium), as well as human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) dyed with FluoVolt (membrane potential), and Fluo-4, AM (calcium indicator). We also demonstrate cardiac responsiveness to ryanodine (ryanodine receptor modulator) and isoproterenol (beta-adrenergic agonist) and highlight regional differences after an ablation injury. KairoSight can be employed by both basic and clinical scientists to analyze complex cardiac optical mapping datasets without requiring dedicated computer science expertise or proprietary software.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blake L Cooper
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Chris Gloschat
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Luther M Swift
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Tomas Prudencio
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Damon McCullough
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Rafael Jaimes
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Nikki G Posnack
- Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,Children's National Heart Institute, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lindsey ML, Bolli R, Canty JM, Du XJ, Frangogiannis NG, Frantz S, Gourdie RG, Holmes JW, Jones SP, Kloner RA, Lefer DJ, Liao R, Murphy E, Ping P, Przyklenk K, Recchia FA, Schwartz Longacre L, Ripplinger CM, Van Eyk JE, Heusch G. Guidelines for experimental models of myocardial ischemia and infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H812-H838. [PMID: 29351451 PMCID: PMC5966768 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00335.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction is a prevalent major cardiovascular event that arises from myocardial ischemia with or without reperfusion, and basic and translational research is needed to better understand its underlying mechanisms and consequences for cardiac structure and function. Ischemia underlies a broad range of clinical scenarios ranging from angina to hibernation to permanent occlusion, and while reperfusion is mandatory for salvage from ischemic injury, reperfusion also inflicts injury on its own. In this consensus statement, we present recommendations for animal models of myocardial ischemia and infarction. With increasing awareness of the need for rigor and reproducibility in designing and performing scientific research to ensure validation of results, the goal of this review is to provide best practice information regarding myocardial ischemia-reperfusion and infarction models. Listen to this article’s corresponding podcast at ajpheart.podbean.com/e/guidelines-for-experimental-models-of-myocardial-ischemia-and-infarction/.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merry L Lindsey
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Research Service, G. V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Roberto Bolli
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - John M Canty
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physiology and Biophysics, The Veterans Affairs Western New York Health Care System and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo , Buffalo, New York
| | - Xiao-Jun Du
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne, Victoria , Australia
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Stefan Frantz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital , Würzburg , Germany
| | - Robert G Gourdie
- Center for Heart and Regenerative Medicine Research, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute , Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Jeffrey W Holmes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia Health System , Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Steven P Jones
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Robert A Kloner
- HMRI Cardiovascular Research Institute, Huntington Medical Research Institutes , Pasadena, California.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - David J Lefer
- Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Science Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Ronglih Liao
- Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Genetics and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth Murphy
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Peipei Ping
- National Institutes of Health BD2KBig Data to Knowledge (BD2K) Center of Excellence and Department of Physiology, Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Karin Przyklenk
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Departments of Physiology and Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan
| | - Fabio A Recchia
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Fondazione G. Monasterio, Pisa , Italy.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lisa Schwartz Longacre
- Heart Failure and Arrhythmias Branch, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Crystal M Ripplinger
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Jennifer E Van Eyk
- The Smidt Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles, California
| | - Gerd Heusch
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Essen Medical School , Essen , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
The role of GILZ in modulation of adaptive immunity in a murine model of myocardial infarction. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 102:408-414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
4
|
Weigand K, Witte R, Moukabary T, Chinyere I, Lancaster J, Pierce MK, Goldman S, Juneman E. In vivo Electrophysiological Study of Induced Ventricular Tachycardia in Intact Rat Model of Chronic Ischemic Heart Failure. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2016; 64:1393-1399. [PMID: 27608446 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2016.2605578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to define the clinical relevance of in vivo electrophysiologic (EP) studies in a rat model of chronic ischemic heart failure (CHF). METHODS Electrical activation sequences, voltage amplitudes, and monophasic action potentials (MAPs) were recorded from adult male Sprague-Dawley rats six weeks after left coronary artery ligation. Programmed electrical stimulation (PES) sequences were developed to induce sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT). The inducibility of sustained VT was defined by PES and the recorded tissue MAPs. RESULTS Rats in CHF were defined ( 0.05) by elevated left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure (5 ± 1 versus 18 ± 2 mmHg), decreased LV + d P/dt (7496 ± 225 versus 5502 [Formula: see text] s), LV - dP/dt (7723 ± 208 versus 3819 [Formula: see text]), LV ejection fraction (79 ± 3 versus [Formula: see text]), peak developed pressure (176 ± 4 versus 145 ± 9 mmHg), and prolonged time constant of LV relaxation Tau (18 ± 1 versus 29 ± 2 ms). The EP data showed decreased ( 0.05) electrogram amplitude in border and infarct zones (Healthy zone (H): 8.7 ± 2.1 mV, Border zone (B): 5.3 ± 1.6 mV, and Infarct zone (I): 2.3 ± 1.2 mV), decreased MAP amplitude in the border zone (H: [Formula: see text] 1.0 mV, B: 9.7 ± 0.5 mV), and increased repolarization heterogeneity in the border zone (H: 8.1 ± 1.5 ms, B: 20.2 ± 3.1 ms). With PES we induced sustained VT (>15 consecutive PVCs) in rats with CHF (10/14) versus Sham (0/8). CONCLUSIONS These EP studies establish a clinically relevant protocol for studying genesis of VT in CHF. SIGNIFICANCE The in vivo rat model of CHF combined with EP analysis could be used to determine the arrhythmogenic potential of new treatments for CHF.
Collapse
|
5
|
Mesenchymal stem cells suppress cardiac alternans by activation of PI3K mediated nitroso-redox pathway. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 98:138-45. [PMID: 27238412 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The paracrine action of non-cardiac progenitor cells is robust, but not well understood. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been shown to enhance calcium (Ca(++)) cycling in myocytes. Therefore, we hypothesized that MSCs can suppress cardiac alternans, an important arrhythmia substrate, by paracrine action on Ca(++) cycling. METHODS AND RESULTS Human cardiac myocyte monolayers derived from iPS cells (hCM) were cultured without or with human MSCs (hMSC) directly or plated on a transwell insert. Ca(++) transient alternans (Ca(++) ALT) and Ca(++) transient duration (CaD) were measured from hCM monolayers following application of 200μM H2O2. Ca(++) ALT in hCM was significantly decreased when cultured with hMSCs directly (97%, p<0.0001) and when cultured with hMSC in the transwell insert (80%, p<0.0001). When hCM with hMSCs were pretreated with PI3K or eNOS inhibitors, Ca(++) ALT was larger than baseline by 20% (p<0.0001) and 36% (p<0.0001), respectively. In contrast, Ca(++) ALT was reduced by 89% compared to baseline (p<0.0001) when hCM monolayers without hMSCs were pretreated with 20μM GSNO. In all experiments, changes in Ca(++) ALT were mirrored by changes in CaD. Finally, real time quantitative PCR revealed no significant differences in mRNA expression of RyR2, SERCA2a, and phospholamban between hCM cultured with or without hMSCs. CONCLUSION Ca(++) ALT is suppressed by hMSCs in a paracrine fashion due to activation of a PI3K-mediated nitroso-redox pathway. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, how stem cell therapy might be antiarrhythmic by suppressing cardiac alternans through paracrine action on Ca(++) cycling.
Collapse
|
6
|
Hou L, Kim JJ, Woo YJ, Huang NF. Stem cell-based therapies to promote angiogenesis in ischemic cardiovascular disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 310:H455-65. [PMID: 26683902 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00726.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy is a promising approach for the treatment of tissue ischemia associated with myocardial infarction and peripheral arterial disease. Stem and progenitor cells derived from bone marrow or from pluripotent stem cells have shown therapeutic benefit in boosting angiogenesis as well as restoring tissue function. Notably, adult stem and progenitor cells including mononuclear cells, endothelial progenitor cells, and mesenchymal stem cells have progressed into clinical trials and have shown positive benefits. In this review, we overview the major classes of stem and progenitor cells, including pluripotent stem cells, and summarize the state of the art in applying these cell types for treating myocardial infarction and peripheral arterial disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luqia Hou
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California; and
| | - Joseph J Kim
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California; and
| | - Y Joseph Woo
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California; and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Ngan F Huang
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California; and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mayorga M, Kiedrowski M, Shamhart P, Forudi F, Weber K, Chilian WM, Penn MS, Dong F. Early upregulation of myocardial CXCR4 expression is critical for dimethyloxalylglycine-induced cardiac improvement in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 310:H20-8. [PMID: 26519029 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00449.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1):CXCR4 is important in myocardial repair. In this study we tested the hypothesis that early upregulation of cardiomyocyte CXCR4 (CM-CXCR4) at a time of high myocardial SDF-1 expression could be a strategy to engage the SDF-1:CXCR4 axis and improve cardiac repair. The effects of the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) hydroxylase inhibitor dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) on CXCR4 expression was tested on H9c2 cells. In mice a myocardial infarction (MI) was produced in CM-CXCR4 null and wild-type controls. Mice were randomized to receive injection of DMOG (DMOG group) or saline (Saline group) into the border zone after MI. Protein and mRNA expression of CM-CXCR4 were quantified. Echocardiography was used to assess cardiac function. During hypoxia, DMOG treatment increased CXCR4 expression of H9c2 cells by 29 and 42% at 15 and 24 h, respectively. In vivo DMOG treatment increased CM-CXCR4 expression at 15 h post-MI in control mice but not in CM-CXCR4 null mice. DMOG resulted in increased ejection fraction in control mice but not in CM-CXCR4 null mice 21 days after MI. Consistent with greater cardiomyocyte survival with DMOG treatment, we observed a significant increase in cardiac myosin-positive area within the infarct zone after DMOG treatment in control mice, but no increase in CM-CXCR4 null mice. Inhibition of cardiomyocyte death in MI through the stabilization of HIF-1α requires downstream CM-CXCR4 expression. These data suggest that engagement of the SDF-1:CXCR4 axis through the early upregulation of CM-CXCR4 is a strategy for improving cardiac repair after MI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Mayorga
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, and
| | - Matthew Kiedrowski
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, and
| | - Patricia Shamhart
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, and
| | - Farhad Forudi
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, and
| | - Kristal Weber
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, and
| | - William M Chilian
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, and
| | - Marc S Penn
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, and Summa Cardiovascular Institute, Summa Health System, Akron, Ohio
| | - Feng Dong
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, and
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Suarez SL, Rane AA, Muñoz A, Wright AT, Zhang SX, Braden RL, Almutairi A, McCulloch AD, Christman KL. Intramyocardial injection of hydrogel with high interstitial spread does not impact action potential propagation. Acta Biomater 2015; 26:13-22. [PMID: 26265060 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Injectable biomaterials have been evaluated as potential new therapies for myocardial infarction (MI) and heart failure. These materials have improved left ventricular (LV) geometry and ejection fraction, yet there remain concerns that biomaterial injection may create a substrate for arrhythmia. Since studies of this risk are lacking, we utilized optical mapping to assess the effects of biomaterial injection and interstitial spread on cardiac electrophysiology. Healthy and infarcted rat hearts were injected with a model poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel with varying degrees of interstitial spread. Activation maps demonstrated delayed propagation of action potentials across the LV epicardium in the hydrogel-injected group when compared to saline and no-injection groups. However, the degree of the electrophysiological changes depended on the spread characteristics of the hydrogel, such that hearts injected with highly spread hydrogels showed no conduction abnormalities. Conversely, the results of this study indicate that injection of a hydrogel exhibiting minimal interstitial spread may create a substrate for arrhythmia shortly after injection by causing LV activation delays and reducing gap junction density at the site of injection. Thus, this work establishes site of delivery and interstitial spread characteristics as important factors in the future design and use of biomaterial therapies for MI treatment. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Biomaterials for treating myocardial infarction have become an increasingly popular area of research. Within the past few years, this work has transitioned to some large animals models, and Phase I & II clinical trials. While these materials have preserved/improved cardiac function the effect of these materials on arrhythmogenesis, which is of considerable concern when injecting anything into the heart, has yet to be understood. Our manuscript is therefore a first of its kind in that it directly examines the potential of an injectable material to create a substrate for arrhythmias. This work suggests that site of delivery and distribution in the tissue are important criteria in the design and development of future biomaterial therapies for myocardial infarction treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia L Suarez
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Aboli A Rane
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adam Muñoz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adam T Wright
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shirley X Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rebecca L Braden
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Adah Almutairi
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Andrew D McCulloch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Karen L Christman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Panda NC, Zuckerman ST, Mesubi OO, Rosenbaum DS, Penn MS, Donahue JK, Alsberg E, Laurita KR. Improved conduction and increased cell retention in healed MI using mesenchymal stem cells suspended in alginate hydrogel. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2014; 41:117-27. [PMID: 25234602 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-014-9940-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been associated with reduced arrhythmias; however, the mechanism of this action is unknown. In addition, limited retention and survival of MSCs can significantly reduce efficacy. We hypothesized that MSCs can improve impulse conduction and that alginate hydrogel will enhance retention of MSCs in a model of healed myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS AND RESULTS Four weeks after temporary occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD), pigs (n = 13) underwent a sternotomy to access the infarct and then were divided into two studies. In study 1, designed to investigate impulse conduction, animals were administered, by border zone injection, 9-15 million MSCs (n = 7) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (control MI, n = 5). Electrogram width measured in the border zone 2 weeks after injections was significantly decreased with MSCs (-30 ± 8 ms, p < 0.008) but not in shams (4 ± 10 ms, p = NS). Optical mapping from border zone tissue demonstrated that conduction velocity was higher in regions with MSCs (0.49 ± 0.03 m/s) compared to regions without MSCs (0.39 ± 0.03 m/s, p < 0.03). In study 2, designed to investigate MSC retention, animals were administered an equal number of MSCs suspended in either alginate (2 or 1 % w/v) or PBS (n = 6/group) by border zone injection. Greater MSC retention and survival were observed with 2% alginate compared to PBS or 1% alginate. Confocal immunofluorescence demonstrated that MSCs survive and are associated with expression of connexin-43 (Cx43) for either PBS (control), 1%, or 2% alginate. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we are able to directly associate MSCs with improved impulse conduction and increased retention and survival using an alginate scaffold in a clinically relevant model of healed MI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil C Panda
- Heart & Vascular Research Center, MetroHealth Campus of Case Western Reserve University, 2500, MetroHealth Drive, Rammelkamp, 6th floor, Cleveland, OH, 44109-1998, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mesenchymal stem cells for cardiac therapy: practical challenges and potential mechanisms. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 9:254-65. [PMID: 22577007 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-012-9375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell based treatments for myocardial infarction have demonstrated efficacy in the laboratory and in phase I clinical trials, but the understanding of such therapies remains incomplete. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are classically defined as maintaining the ability to generate mesenchyme-derived cell types, namely adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteocytes. Recent evidence suggests these cells may in fact harbor much greater potency than originally realized, as several groups have found that MSCs can form cardiac lineage cells in vitro. Additionally, experimental coculture of MSCs with cardiomyocytes appears to improve contractile function of the latter. Bolstered by such findings, several clinical trials have begun to test MSC transplantation for improving post-infarct cardiac function in human patients. The results of these trials have been mixed, underscoring the need to develop a deeper understanding of the underlying stem cell biology. To help synthesize the breadth of studies on the topic, this paper discusses current challenges in the field of MSC cellular therapies for cardiac repair, including methods of cell delivery and the identification of molecular markers that accurately specify the therapeutically relevant mesenchymal cell types. The various possible mechanisms of MSC mediated cardiac improvement, including somatic reprogramming, transdifferentiation, paracrine signaling, and direct electrophysiological coupling are also reviewed. Finally, we consider the traditional cell culture microenvironment, and the promise of cardiac tissue engineering to provide biomimetic in vitro model systems to more faithfully investigate MSC biology, helping to safely and effectively translate exciting discoveries in the laboratory to meaningful therapies in the clinic.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhu WZ, Filice D, Palpant NJ, Laflamme MA. Methods for assessing the electromechanical integration of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte grafts. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1181:229-47. [PMID: 25070341 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1047-2_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells show tremendous promise for the replacement of myocardium and contractile function lost to infarction. However, until recently, no methods were available to directly determine whether these stem cell-derived grafts actually couple with host myocardium and fire synchronously following transplantation in either intact or injured hearts. To resolve this uncertainty, our group has developed techniques for the intravital imaging of hearts engrafted with stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes that have been modified to express the genetically encoded protein calcium sensor, GCaMP. When combined with the simultaneously recorded electrocardiogram, this protocol allows one to make quantitative assessments as to the presence and extent of host-graft electrical coupling as well as the timing and pattern of graft activation. As described here, this system has been employed to investigate the electromechanical integration of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes in a guinea pig model of cardiac injury, but analogous approaches should be applicable to other human graft cell types and animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Zhong Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kim YS, Kwon JS, Hong MH, Kang WS, Jeong HY, Kang HJ, Jeong MH, Ahn Y. Restoration of angiogenic capacity of diabetes-insulted mesenchymal stem cells by oxytocin. BMC Cell Biol 2013; 14:38. [PMID: 24024790 PMCID: PMC3827832 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-14-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Angiogenesis is the main therapeutic mechanism of cell therapy for cardiovascular diseases, but diabetes is reported to reduce the function and number of progenitor cells. Therefore, we studied the effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on the bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) function, and examined whether diabetes-impaired MSC could be rescued by pretreatment with oxytocin. Results MSCs were isolated and cultured from diabetic (DM) or non-diabetic (non-DM) rat, and proliferation rate was compared. DM-MSC was pretreated with oxytocin and compared with non-DM-MSC. Angiogenic capacity was estimated by tube formation and Matrigel plug assay, and therapeutic efficacy was studied in rat myocardial infarction (MI) model. The proliferation and angiogenic activity of DM-MSC were severely impaired but significantly improved by pretreatment with oxytocin. Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), a critical angiogenic factor, was dramatically reduced in DM-MSC and significantly restored by oxytocin. In the Matrigel plug assay, vessel formation of DM-BMSCs was attenuated but was recovered by oxytocin. In rat MI model, DM-MSC injection did not ameliorate cardiac injury, whereas oxytocin-pretreated DM-MSC improved cardiac function and reduced fibrosis. Conclusions Our results show that diabetes influenced MSC by reducing angiogenic capacity and therapeutic potential. We demonstrate the striking effect of oxytocin on stem cell dysfunction and suggest the use of oxytocin as a priming reagent in autologous stem cell therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sook Kim
- Heart Research Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, 42 Jebong-Ro, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 501-757, South Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Current world literature. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2013; 18:111-30. [PMID: 23299306 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e32835daf68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
14
|
Trophic actions of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells for muscle repair/regeneration. Cells 2012; 1:832-50. [PMID: 24710532 PMCID: PMC3901134 DOI: 10.3390/cells1040832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) represent the leading candidate cell in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. These cells can be easily isolated, expanded in vitro and are capable of providing significant functional benefits after implantation in the damaged muscle tissues. Despite their plasticity, the participation of BM-MSCs to new muscle fiber formation is controversial; in fact, emerging evidence indicates that their therapeutic effects occur without signs of long-term tissue engraftment and involve the paracrine secretion of cytokines and growth factors with multiple effects on the injured tissue, including modulation of inflammation and immune reaction, positive extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, angiogenesis and protection from apoptosis. Recently, a new role for BM-MSCs in the stimulation of muscle progenitor cells proliferation has been demonstrated, suggesting the potential ability of these cells to influence the fate of local stem cells and augment the endogenous mechanisms of repair/regeneration in the damaged tissues.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Stem cell therapy for the prevention and treatment of cardiac dysfunction holds significant promise for patients with ischemic heart disease. Excitingly early clinical studies have demonstrated safety and some clinical feasibility, while at the same time studies in the laboratory have investigated mechanisms of action and strategies to optimize the effects of regenerative cardiac therapies. One of the key pathways that has been demonstrated critical in stem cell-based cardiac repair is (stromal cell-derived factor-1) SDF-1:CXCR4. SDF-1:CXCR4 has been shown to affect stem cell homing, cardiac myocyte survival and ventricular remodeling in animal studies of acute myocardial infarction and chronic heart failure. Recently released clinical data suggest that SDF-1 alone is sufficient to induce cardiac repair. Most importantly, studies like those on the SDF-1:CXCR4 axis have suggested mechanisms critical for cardiac regenerative therapies that if clinical investigators continue to ignore will result in poorly designed studies that will continue to yield negative results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Penn
- Summa Cardiovascular Institute, Summa Health System, Akron, OH, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|