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Şaylık F, Çınar T, Sarıkaya R, Akbulut T, Selçuk M, Özbek E, Tanboğa Hİ. The association of serum uric acid/albumin ratio with the development of coronary collateral circulation in patients with chronic total occluded coronary arteries. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2023; 15:14-21. [PMID: 37342660 PMCID: PMC10278190 DOI: 10.34172/jcvtr.2023.31627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Coronary collateral circulation (CCC) develops in chronic total occluded (CTO) vessels and protects the myocardium against ischemia in addition to the improvement of cardiac functions. Poor CCC is related to adverse cardiac events as well as poor prognosis. Serum uric acid/albumin ratio (UAR) has emerged as a novel marker associated with poor cardiovascular outcomes. We aimed to investigate whether there was an association between UAR and poor CCC in CTO patients. Methods: This study was comprised of 212 patients with CTO (92 with poor CCC and 120 with good CCC). All patients were graded based on Rentrop scores to poor CCC (Rentrop scores 0 and 1) and good CCC (Rentrop scores 2 and 3). Results: Poor CCC patients had higher frequencies of diabetes mellitus, triglyceride levels, Syntax and Gensini scores, uric acid, and UAR and lower lymphocyte, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and ejection fraction when compared to good CCC patients. UAR was an independent predictor of poor CCC in CTO patients. Furthermore, UAR had a better discriminative ability for patients with poor CCC from good CCC compared to serum uric acid and albumin. Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, the UAR could be used to detect poor CCC in CTO patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faysal Şaylık
- Department of Cardiology, Van Education and Research Hospital, Van, Turkey
| | - Tufan Çınar
- Department of Cardiology, Sultan Abdulhamid Han Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Remzi Sarıkaya
- Department of Cardiology, Van Education and Research Hospital, Van, Turkey
| | - Tayyar Akbulut
- Department of Cardiology, Van Education and Research Hospital, Van, Turkey
| | - Murat Selçuk
- Department of Cardiology, Sultan Abdulhamid Han Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emrah Özbek
- Department of Cardiology, Van Education and Research Hospital, Van, Turkey
| | - Halil İbrahim Tanboğa
- Department of Cardiology and Biostatistics, Istanbul Nisantasi University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Qin C, Zan Y, Xie L, Liu H. Ataxia telangiectasia mutated: The potential negative regulator in platelet-derived growth factor-BB promoted proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:942251. [PMID: 35990964 PMCID: PMC9382100 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.942251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To study the role of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) in the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-induced proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) through reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Methods Primary cultures of PASMCs were treated with different concentrations of PDGF-BB or exogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The activation level of ATM and the proliferation level of PASMCs were measured by immunofluorescence staining and Cell Counting Kit-8, respectively. Moreover, NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) and intracellular H2O2 were detected under the stimulation of different levels of PDGF-BB by Western blot and dihydroethidium staining. Results Both the control group and 50 ng/ml of the PDGF-BB group showed significantly higher levels of phosphorylation ATM compared to other groups (P < 0.05). With the ATM inhibitor, 50 ng/ml of the PDGF-BB group showed further increased proliferative level compared to the 10 ng/ml (P < 0.05). Both the levels of NOX2 and H2O2 showed dose-dependent manners under PDGF-BB stimulation (P < 0.05). ATM could be activated by H2O2 upon a dose-dependent way, except for the 500 μM H2O2 group. Under 200 μM H2O2 stimulation, proliferation level decreased significantly (P < 0.05), while no significant difference was shown with the addition of ATM inhibitor (P > 0.05). Conclusion Our study first established ROS-induced ATM activation in PDGF-BB-stimulated proliferation of PASMCs. Inhibition of ATM had promoted effects on the proliferation of PASMCs under the excessive levels of PDGF-BB and H2O2. Our study might provide a novel promising target for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyi Qin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiheng Zan
- Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling Research Unit, West China Institute of Women's and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Disease, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Xie
- Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling Research Unit, West China Institute of Women's and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Disease, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanmin Liu
- Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling Research Unit, West China Institute of Women's and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Disease, Chengdu, China
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Hanmin Liu
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Zhou Y, Wang X, Guo L, Chen L, Zhang M, Chen X, Li J, Zhang L. TRPV1 activation inhibits phenotypic switching and oxidative stress in vascular smooth muscle cells by upregulating PPARα. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 545:157-163. [PMID: 33550097 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is one of main reasons of vascular remodeling and is the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and other vascular diseases. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is the specific receptor of capsaicin. TRPV1 has been previously reported to inhibit proliferation, migration and phenotypic switching, but the regulatory mechanisms and relevant signalling pathways are not clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of capsaicin-activated TRPV1 on VSMC phenotypic switching. In this study, oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) was used to induce the proliferation and migration of VSMCs. Our data showed that the VSMC proliferation induced by ox-LDL was dependent on the concentration of ox-LDL. Nevertheless, the data showed that capsaicin activated TRPV1 significantly decreased ox-LDL-induced superoxide anion generation. Phenotypic switching of VSMCs was inhibited by the activation of TRPV1. Furthermore, capsaicin decreased ox-LDL-induced superoxide anion generation by activating peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα). TRPV1 inhibited VSMC phenotypic switching via upregulated expression of PPARα. It may be considered a useful target for the treatment of vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Department of Neurology, 980 Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Forces, 398 ZhongShan Xi Road, QiaoXi District, ShiJiaZhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xueli Wang
- Department of Neurology, 980 Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Forces, 398 ZhongShan Xi Road, QiaoXi District, ShiJiaZhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Lu Guo
- Department of Neurology, Army Medical University Daping Hospital, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, PR China
| | - Lizhao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Army Medical University Daping Hospital, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, PR China
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, 270 Tianhuan Road, Rongdu Avenue, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Neurology, Ya 'an People's Hospital, 358 Chenghou Road, Ya 'an City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jingcheng Li
- Department of Neurology, Army Medical University Daping Hospital, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, PR China.
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Army Medical University Daping Hospital, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, PR China.
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Recruitment and maturation of the coronary collateral circulation: Current understanding and perspectives in arteriogenesis. Microvasc Res 2020; 132:104058. [PMID: 32798552 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2020.104058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The coronary collateral circulation is a rich anastomotic network of primitive vessels which have the ability to augment in size and function through the process of arteriogenesis. In this review, we evaluate the current understandings of the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which this process occurs, specifically focussing on elevated fluid shear stress (FSS), inflammation, the redox state and gene expression along with the integrative, parallel and simultaneous process by which this occurs. The initiating step of arteriogenesis occurs following occlusion of an epicardial coronary artery, with an increase in FSS detected by mechanoreceptors within the endothelium. This must occur within a 'redox window' where an equilibrium of oxidative and reductive factors are present. These factors initially result in an inflammatory milieu, mediated by neutrophils as well as lymphocytes, with resultant activation of a number of downstream molecular pathways resulting in increased expression of proteins involved in monocyte attraction and adherence; namely vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). Once monocytes and other inflammatory cells adhere to the endothelium they enter the extracellular matrix and differentiate into macrophages in an effort to create a favourable environment for vessel growth and development. Activated macrophages secrete inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), growth factors such as fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and matrix metalloproteinases. Finally, vascular smooth muscle cells proliferate and switch to a contractile phenotype, resulting in an increased diameter and functionality of the collateral vessel, thereby allowing improved perfusion of the distal myocardium subtended by the occluded vessel. This simultaneously reduces FSS within the collateral vessel, inhibiting further vessel growth.
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Chen X, Lin Y, Tian L, Wang Z. Correlation between ischemia-modified albumin level and coronary collateral circulation. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2020; 20:326. [PMID: 32641068 PMCID: PMC7341651 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-020-01543-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation between ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) levels and coronary collateral circulation (CCC) in patients with chronic total occlusive (CTO). METHODS Coronary angiography was performed in the Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University from 2017 to 08 to 2019-02 to identify 128 patients with CTO lesions in at least one major coronary artery. According to the Rentrop evaluation criteria, the degree of CCC formation was divided into the poor CCC formation group (Rentrop0-1 grade,n = 69) and the good CCC formation group (Rentrop2-3 grade,n = 59). The IMA level of the patients was measured using an albumin-cobalt binding assay. The general data, routine blood panel, total bilirubin (TBIL), blood lipids, uric acid (UA), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and other indicators of the patients were recorded and analyzed while assessing the patients' blood vessel occlusion. RESULTS The proportion of platelet count and diabetes in the poor CCC group was higher than that in the good CCC group (P < 0.05). The ratio of ischemia-modified albumin and total bilirubin in the poor CCC group was lower than that in the good CCC group (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that ischemia-modified albumin was positively correlated with CCC formation [OR = 1.190,95% CI (1.092-1.297),P < 0.001], while diabetes was negatively correlated with CCC formation [OR = 0.285,95% CI (0.094-0.864), P < 0.05]. Ischemic modified albumin predicted good formation of CCC according to the ROC curve, and the area under the ROC curve was 0.769(95% CI,0.686-0.851, P<0.001); the optimal cut-off value was 63.35 KU/L, and the sensitivity was 71.2%,specificity is 71%. CONCLUSION The IMA level is closely related to good formation of CCC. Higher IMA levels can be used as an effective predictor of good CCC formation in patients with CTO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Lihua Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiquan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.
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Yang J. The role of reactive oxygen species in angiogenesis and preventing tissue injury after brain ischemia. Microvasc Res 2018; 123:62-67. [PMID: 30594490 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, which is defined as an imbalance between proxidant and antioxidant systems, is the essential mechanism involving in the ischemic process. During the early stage of brain ischemia, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are increased. Increased ROS are thought of a consequence of brain ischemia and exacerbating disease due to inducing cell death, apoptosis and senescence by oxidative stress. During brain tissue repair, ROS are act as signaling molecules and may be benefical for regulating angiogenesis and preventing tissue injury. New blood vessel formation is essentially required for rescuing tissue from brain ischemia. In ischemic conditions, ROS promotes angiogenesis, either directly or via the generation of active oxidation products. ROS-induced angiogenesis involves several signaling pathways. This paper reviewed current understanding of the role of ROS as a mediator and modulator of angiogenesis in brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Yang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 West Heping Road, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China.
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Zhang L, Wang X, Wu Y, Lu X, Chidiac P, Wang G, Feng Q. Maternal diabetes up-regulates NOX2 and enhances myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury in adult offspring. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:2200-2209. [PMID: 29377505 PMCID: PMC5867143 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Offspring of diabetic mothers are at risk of cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not clear. We hypothesize that prenatal exposure to maternal diabetes up‐regulates myocardial NOX2 expression and enhances ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the adult offspring. Maternal diabetes was induced in C57BL/6 mice by streptozotocin. Glucose‐tolerant adult offspring of diabetic mothers and normal controls were subjected to myocardial I/R injury. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, ROS generation, myocardial apoptosis and infarct size were assessed. The VEGF‐Akt (protein kinase B)‐mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)‐NOX2 signalling pathway was also studied in cultured cardiomyocytes in response to high glucose level. In the hearts of adult offspring from diabetic mothers, increases were observed in VEGF expression, NOX2 protein levels and both Akt and mTOR phosphorylation levels as compared to the offspring of control mothers. After I/R, ROS generation, myocardial apoptosis and infarct size were all significantly higher in the offspring of diabetic mothers relative to offspring of control mothers, and these differences were diminished by in vivo treatment with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin. In cultured cardiomyocytes, high glucose increased mTOR phosphorylation, which was inhibited by the PI3 kinase inhibitor LY294002. Notably, high glucose‐induced NOX2 protein expression and ROS production were inhibited by rapamycin. In conclusion, maternal diabetes promotes VEGF‐Akt‐mTOR‐NOX2 signalling and enhances myocardial I/R injury in the adult offspring. Increased ROS production from NOX2 is a possible molecular mechanism responsible for developmental origins of cardiovascular disease in offspring of diabetic mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangru Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Chidiac
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guoping Wang
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingping Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Uchio R, Higashi Y, Kohama Y, Kawasaki K, Hirao T, Muroyama K, Murosaki S. A hot water extract of turmeric ( Curcuma longa) suppresses acute ethanol-induced liver injury in mice by inhibiting hepatic oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine production. J Nutr Sci 2017; 6:e3. [PMID: 28620478 PMCID: PMC5465857 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2016.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a widely used spice that has various biological effects, and aqueous extracts of turmeric exhibit potent antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity. Bisacurone, a component of turmeric extract, is known to have similar effects. Oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines play an important role in ethanol-induced liver injury. This study was performed to evaluate the influence of a hot water extract of C. longa (WEC) or bisacurone on acute ethanol-induced liver injury. C57BL/6 mice were orally administered WEC (20 mg/kg body weight; BW) or bisacurone (60 µg/kg BW) at 30 min before a single dose of ethanol was given by oral administration (3·0 g/kg BW). Plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were markedly increased in ethanol-treated mice, while the increase of these enzymes was significantly suppressed by prior administration of WEC. The increase of alanine aminotransferase was also significantly suppressed by pretreatment with bisacurone. Compared with control mice, animals given WEC had higher hepatic tissue levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione, as well as lower hepatic tissue levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, TNF-α protein and IL-6 mRNA. These results suggest that oral administration of WEC may have a protective effect against ethanol-induced liver injury by suppressing hepatic oxidation and inflammation, at least partly through the effects of bisacurone.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- BW, body weight
- Bisacurone
- Ethanol-induced liver injury
- GSH, glutathione
- GSSG, oxidised glutathione
- Inflammatory cytokines
- O2•−, superoxide anion radical
- Oxidative stress
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- TBARS, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances
- Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
- WEC, hot water extract of Curcuma longa
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusei Uchio
- Research & Development Institute, House Wellness Foods Corporation, 3–20 Imoji, Itami 664-0011, Japan
| | - Yohei Higashi
- Research & Development Institute, House Wellness Foods Corporation, 3–20 Imoji, Itami 664-0011, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kohama
- Central Research & Development Institute, House Foods Group Inc., 1–4 Takanodai, Yotsukaido 284-0033, Japan
| | - Kengo Kawasaki
- Research & Development Institute, House Wellness Foods Corporation, 3–20 Imoji, Itami 664-0011, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirao
- Central Research & Development Institute, House Foods Group Inc., 1–4 Takanodai, Yotsukaido 284-0033, Japan
| | - Koutarou Muroyama
- Research & Development Institute, House Wellness Foods Corporation, 3–20 Imoji, Itami 664-0011, Japan
| | - Shinji Murosaki
- Research & Development Institute, House Wellness Foods Corporation, 3–20 Imoji, Itami 664-0011, Japan
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North American ginseng inhibits myocardial NOX2-ERK1/2 signaling and tumor necrosis factor-α expression in endotoxemia. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:217-225. [PMID: 27317946 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response to infection with a high mortality but has no specific treatment despite decades of research. North American (NA) ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) is a popular natural health product with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of NA ginseng on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and cardiac function in endotoxemia, a model of sepsis. Mice were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce endotoxemia. Myocardial expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), a major pro-inflammatory cytokine that causes cardiac dysfunction, was upregulated in mice with endotoxemia, which was accompanied by increases in NOX2 expression, superoxide generation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Notably, pretreatment with NA ginseng aqueous extract (50mg/kg/day, oral gavage) for 5days significantly inhibited NOX2 expression, superoxide generation, ERK1/2 phosphorylation and TNF-α expression in the heart during endotoxemia. Importantly, cardiac function and survival in endotoxemic mice were significantly improved. Additionally, pretreatment with ginseng extract inhibited superoxide generation, ERK1/2 phosphorylation and TNF-α expression induced by LPS in cultured cardiomyocytes. We conclude that NA ginseng inhibits myocardial NOX2-ERK1/2-TNF-α signaling pathway and improves cardiac function in endotoxemia, suggesting that NA ginseng may have the potential in the prevention of clinical sepsis.
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Watanabe Y, Cohen RA, Matsui R. Redox Regulation of Ischemic Angiogenesis - Another Aspect of Reactive Oxygen Species. Circ J 2016; 80:1278-84. [PMID: 27151566 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-16-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidants are expected to improve cardiovascular disease (CVD) by eliminating oxidative stress, but clinical trials have not shown promising results in chronic CVD. Animal studies have revealed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) exacerbate acute CVDs in which high levels of ROS are observed. However, ROS are also necessary for angiogenesis after ischemia, because ROS not only damage cells but also stimulate the cell signaling required for angiogenesis. ROS affect signaling by protein modifications, especially of cysteine amino acid thiols. Although there are several cysteine modifications, S-glutathionylation (GSH adducts; -SSG), a reversible cysteine modification by glutathione (GSH), plays an important role in angiogenic signal transduction by ROS. Glutaredoxin-1 (Glrx) is an enzyme that specifically removes GSH adducts in vivo. Overexpression of Glrx inhibits, whereas deletion of Glrx improves revascularization after mouse hindlimb ischemia. These studies indicate that increased levels of GSH adducts in ischemic muscle are beneficial in promoting angiogenesis. The underlying mechanism can be explained by multiple targets of S-gluathionylation, which mediate the angiogenic effects in ischemia. Increments in the master angiogenic transcriptional factor, HIF-1α, reduction of the anti-angiogenic factor sFlt1, activation of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)pump, SERCA, and inhibition of phosphatases may occur as a consequence of enhanced S-glutathionylation in ischemic tissue. In summary, inducing S-glutathionylation by inhibiting Glrx may be a therapeutic strategy to improve ischemic angiogenesis in CVD. (Circ J 2016; 80: 1278-1284).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Watanabe
- Vascular Biology Section, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine
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11
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Zhou Y, Zhang MJ, Li BH, Chen L, Pi Y, Yin YW, Long CY, Wang X, Sun MJ, Chen X, Gao CY, Li JC, Zhang LL. PPARγ Inhibits VSMC Proliferation and Migration via Attenuating Oxidative Stress through Upregulating UCP2. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154720. [PMID: 27144886 PMCID: PMC4856345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence showed that abnormal proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are common event in the pathophysiology of many vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis and restenosis after angioplasty. Among the underlying mechanisms, oxidative stress is one of the principal contributors to the proliferation and migration of VSMCs. Oxidative stress occurs as a result of persistent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recently, the protective effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) against oxidative stress/ROS in other cell types provide new insights to inhibit the suggests that PPARγ may regulate VSMCs function. However, it remains unclear whether activation of PPARγ can attenuate oxidative stress and further inhibit VSMC proliferation and migration. In this study, we therefore investigated the effect of PPARγ on inhibiting VSMC oxidative stress and the capability of proliferation and migration, and the potential role of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in oxidative stress. It was found that platelet derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) induced VSMC proliferation and migration as well as ROS production; PPARγ inhibited PDGF-BB-induced VSMC proliferation, migration and oxidative stress; PPARγ activation upregulated UCP2 expression in VSMCs; PPARγ inhibited PDGF-BB-induced ROS in VSMCs by upregulating UCP2 expression; PPARγ ameliorated injury-induced oxidative stress and intimal hyperplasia (IH) in UCP2-dependent manner. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that activation of PPARγ can attenuate ROS and VSMC proliferation and migration by upregulating UCP2 expression, and thus inhibit IH following carotid injury. These findings suggest PPARγ may represent a prospective target for the prevention and treatment of IH-associated vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, PR China
| | - Ming-Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, PR China
| | - Bing-Hu Li
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, PR China
| | - Yan Pi
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, PR China
| | - Yan-Wei Yin
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, PR China
| | - Chun-Yan Long
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, PR China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, PR China
| | - Meng-Jiao Sun
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, PR China
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, PR China
| | - Chang-Yue Gao
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, PR China
| | - Jing-Cheng Li
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, PR China
- * E-mail: (L-LZ); (J-CL)
| | - Li-Li Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, PR China
- * E-mail: (L-LZ); (J-CL)
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12
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Rashdan NA, Lloyd PG. Fluid shear stress upregulates placental growth factor in the vessel wall via NADPH oxidase 4. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H1655-66. [PMID: 26408539 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00408.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Placental growth factor (PLGF), a potent stimulator of arteriogenesis, is upregulated during outward arterial remodeling. Increased fluid shear stress (FSS) is a key physiological stimulus for arteriogenesis. However, the role of FSS in regulating PLGF expression is unknown. To test the hypothesis that FSS regulates PLGF expression in vascular cells and to identify the signaling pathways involved, human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) and human coronary artery smooth muscle cells were cultured on either side of porous Transwell inserts. HCAEC were then exposed to pulsatile FSS of 0.07 Pa ("normal," mimicking flow through quiescent collaterals), 1.24 Pa ("high," mimicking increased flow in remodeling collaterals), or 0.00 Pa ("static") for 2 h. High FSS increased secreted PLGF protein ∼1.4-fold compared with static control (n = 5, P < 0.01), while normal FSS had no significant effect on PLGF. Similarly, high flow stimulated PLGF mRNA expression nearly twofold in isolated mouse mesenteric arterioles. PLGF knockdown using siRNA revealed that HCAEC were the primary source of PLGF in cocultures (n = 5, P < 0.01). Both H2O2 and nitric oxide production were increased by FSS compared with static control (n = 5, P < 0.05). N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (100 μM) had no significant effect on the FSS-induced increase in PLGF. In contrast, both catalase (500 U/ml) and diphenyleneiodonium (5 μM) attenuated the effects of FSS on PLGF protein in cocultures. Diphenyleneiodonium also blocked the effect of high flow to upregulate PLGF mRNA in isolated arterioles. Further studies identified NADPH oxidase 4 as a source of reactive oxygen species for this pathway. We conclude that FSS regulates PLGF expression via NADPH oxidase 4 and reactive oxygen species signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil A Rashdan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Pamela G Lloyd
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
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13
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Miller SJ, Unthank JL. Understanding the role of antioxidant therapy for intermittent claudication; good, bad, or both? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H734-6. [PMID: 26163447 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00518.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Miller
- Departments of Surgery, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Joseph L Unthank
- Departments of Surgery, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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14
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Heinonen I, Sorop O, de Beer VJ, Duncker DJ, Merkus D. What can we learn about treating heart failure from the heart's response to acute exercise? Focus on the coronary microcirculation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:934-43. [PMID: 26048972 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00053.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary microvascular function and cardiac function are closely related in that proper cardiac function requires adequate oxygen delivery through the coronary microvasculature. Because of the close proximity of cardiomyocytes and coronary microvascular endothelium, cardiomyocytes not only communicate their metabolic needs to the coronary microvasculature, but endothelium-derived factors also directly modulate cardiac function. This review summarizes evidence that the myocardial oxygen balance is disturbed in the failing heart because of increased extravascular compressive forces and coronary microvascular dysfunction. The perturbations in myocardial oxygen balance are exaggerated during exercise and are due to alterations in neurohumoral influences, endothelial function, and oxidative stress. Although there is some evidence from animal studies that the myocardial oxygen balance can partly be restored by exercise training, it is largely unknown to what extent the beneficial effects of exercise training include improvements in endothelial function and/or oxidative stress in the coronary microvasculature and how these improvements are impacted by risk factors such as diabetes, obesity, and hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkka Heinonen
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Turku PET Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Oana Sorop
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Vincent J de Beer
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Dirk J Duncker
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Daphne Merkus
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and
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15
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Wu L, Du Y, Lok J, Lo EH, Xing C. Lipocalin-2 enhances angiogenesis in rat brain endothelial cells via reactive oxygen species and iron-dependent mechanisms. J Neurochem 2015; 132:622-8. [PMID: 25557118 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a key part of central nervous system pathophysiology. However, inflammatory factors are now thought to have both beneficial and deleterious effects. Here, we examine the hypothesis that lipocalin-2 (LCN2), an inflammatory molecule that can be up-regulated in the distressed central nervous system, may enhance angiogenesis in brain endothelial cells. Adding LCN2 (0.5-2.0 μg/mL) to RBE (Rat brain endothelial cells). 4 rat brain endothelial cells significantly increased matrigel tube formation and scratch migration, and also elevated levels of iron and reactive oxygen species. Co-treatment with a radical scavenger (U83836E), a Nox inhibitor (apocynin) and an iron chelating agent (deferiprone) significantly dampened the ability of LCN2 to enhance tube formation and scratch migration in brain endothelial cells. These findings provide in vitro proof of the concept that LCN2 can promote angiogenesis via iron- and reactive oxygen species-related pathways, and support the idea that LCN2 may contribute to the neurovascular recovery aspects of inflammation. Angiogenesis is an important part of stroke recovery. In the present study, we examined the hypothesis that lipocalin-2 (LCN2) may enhance angiogenesis in brain endothelial cells. LCN2 promoted tube formation and migration via iron and ROS-related pathways in rat brain endothelial cells. ROS scavengers, Nox inhibitors and iron chelators all dampened the ability of LCN2 to enhance in vitro angiogenesis. These findings support the idea that LCN2 that is released by damaged neurons may act as a 'help me' signal that promotes neurovascular recovery after stroke and brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wu
- Departments of Radiology, Neurology and Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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16
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Shanab AY, Elshaer SL, El-Azab MF, Soliman S, Sabbineni H, Matragoon S, Fagan SC, El-Remessy AB. Candesartan stimulates reparative angiogenesis in ischemic retinopathy model: role of hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1). Angiogenesis 2014; 18:137-50. [PMID: 25420481 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-014-9451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic diseases such as stroke and proliferative retinopathy are characterized by hypoxia-driven release of angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). However, revascularization of the ischemic areas is inadequate, resulting in impaired neuro-vascular function. We aim to examine the vascular protective effects of candesartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker, in an ischemic retinopathy mouse model. Vascular density, number of tip cells, and perfusions of capillaries were assessed. Activation of Muller glial cells and levels of peroxynitrite, VEGF, VEGFR2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) were assessed. Proangiogenic effects of candesartan were examined in human endothelial cells (EC) that were cultured in normoxia or hypoxia and transduced with siRNA against HO-1. Candesartan (1 mg/kg) and (10 mg/kg) decreased hypoxia-induced neovascularization by 67 and 70%, respectively. Candesartan (10 mg/kg) significantly stimulated the number of tip cells and physiological revascularization of the central retina (45%) compared with untreated pups. The effects of candesartan coincided with reduction of hypoxia-induced Muller glial activation, iNOS expression and restoration of HO-1 expression with no significant change in VEGF levels. In vitro, silencing HO-1 expression blunted the ability of candesartan to induce VEGF expression under normoxia and VEGFR2 activation and angiogenic response under both normoxia and hypoxia. These findings suggest that candesartan improved reparative angiogenesis and hence prevented pathological angiogenesis by modulating HO-1 and iNOS levels in ischemic retinopathy. HO-1 is required for VEGFR2 activation and proangiogenic action of candesartan in EC. Candesartan, an FDA-approved drug, could be repurposed as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Y Shanab
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
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17
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DiStasi MR, Unthank JL, Miller SJ. Nox2 and p47(phox) modulate compensatory growth of primary collateral arteries. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 306:H1435-43. [PMID: 24633549 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00828.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of NADPH oxidase (Nox) in both the promotion and impairment of compensatory collateral growth remains controversial because the specific Nox and reactive oxygen species involved are unclear. The aim of this study was to identify the primary Nox and reactive oxygen species associated with early stage compensatory collateral growth in young, healthy animals. Ligation of the feed arteries that form primary collateral pathways in rat mesentery and mouse hindlimb was used to assess the role of Nox during collateral growth. Changes in mesenteric collateral artery Nox mRNA expression determined by real-time PCR at 1, 3, and 7 days relative to same-animal control arteries suggested a role for Nox subunits Nox2 and p47(phox). Administration of apocynin or Nox2ds-tat suppressed collateral growth in both rat and mouse models, suggesting the Nox2/p47(phox) interaction was involved. Functional significance of p47(phox) expression was assessed by evaluation of collateral growth in rats administered p47(phox) small interfering RNA and in p47(phox-/-) mice. Diameter measurements of collateral mesenteric and gracilis arteries at 7 and 14 days, respectively, indicated no significant collateral growth compared with control rats or C57BL/6 mice. Chronic polyethylene glycol-conjugated catalase administration significantly suppressed collateral development in rats and mice, implying a requirement for H2O2. Taken together, these results suggest that Nox2, modulated at least in part by p47(phox), mediates early stage compensatory collateral development via a process dependent upon peroxide generation. These results have important implications for the use of antioxidants and the development of therapies for peripheral arterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R DiStasi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Joseph L Unthank
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Steven J Miller
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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18
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Cong WT, Ling J, Tian HS, Ling R, Wang Y, Huang BB, Zhao T, Duan YM, Jin LT, Li XK. Proteomic study on the protective mechanism of fibroblast growth factor 21 to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:973-84. [PMID: 24117266 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2012-0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21 is a novel regulator of insulin-independent glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and has glucose and triglyceride lowering effects in rodent models of diabetes. In this study, we found that FGF-21 can significantly attenuate ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) induced damage in H9c2 cells (rat heart). However, it is unclear which signal transduction pathway is involved in the cardioprotective effect of FGF-21. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the potential mechanism induced by FGF-21. The results showed that FGF-21 treatment prevented the oxidative stress and apoptosis associated with I/R damage by reducing the levels of superoxide anions, inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β by activating Akt phosphorylation, and recovering the levels of ATP synthase pyruvate kinase isozymes M1 and protein kinase C, thereby improving energy supply. In summary, we conclude that FGF-21 protects H9c2 cells against I/R injury mainly through the Akt-GSK-3β-caspase-3 dependent pathway, preventing oxidative stress, and recovery of the energy supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tao Cong
- a Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
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Abstract
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common vascular disease that reduces blood flow capacity to the legs of patients. PAD leads to exercise intolerance that can progress in severity to greatly limit mobility, and in advanced cases leads to frank ischemia with pain at rest. It is estimated that 12 to 15 million people in the United States are diagnosed with PAD, with a much larger population that is undiagnosed. The presence of PAD predicts a 50% to 1500% increase in morbidity and mortality, depending on severity. Treatment of patients with PAD is limited to modification of cardiovascular disease risk factors, pharmacological intervention, surgery, and exercise therapy. Extended exercise programs that involve walking approximately five times per week, at a significant intensity that requires frequent rest periods, are most significant. Preclinical studies and virtually all clinical trials demonstrate the benefits of exercise therapy, including improved walking tolerance, modified inflammatory/hemostatic markers, enhanced vasoresponsiveness, adaptations within the limb (angiogenesis, arteriogenesis, and mitochondrial synthesis) that enhance oxygen delivery and metabolic responses, potentially delayed progression of the disease, enhanced quality of life indices, and extended longevity. A synthesis is provided as to how these adaptations can develop in the context of our current state of knowledge and events known to be orchestrated by exercise. The benefits are so compelling that exercise prescription should be an essential option presented to patients with PAD in the absence of contraindications. Obviously, selecting for a lifestyle pattern that includes enhanced physical activity prior to the advance of PAD limitations is the most desirable and beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Haas
- Angiogenesis Research Group, Muscle Health Research Centre, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Kiss A, Juhász L, Seprényi G, Kupai K, Kaszaki J, Végh A. The role of nitric oxide, superoxide and peroxynitrite in the anti-arrhythmic effects of preconditioning and peroxynitrite infusion in anaesthetized dogs. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:1263-72. [PMID: 20590618 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Both ischaemia preconditioning (PC) and the intracoronary infusion of peroxynitrite (PN) suppress ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R)-induced arrhythmias and the generation of nitrotyrosine (NT, a marker of PN). However, it is still unclear whether this latter effect is due to a reduction in nitric oxide (NO) or superoxide (O(2)(-)) production. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Dogs anaesthetized with chloralose and urethane were infused, twice for 5 min, with either saline (control) or 100 nM PN, or subjected to similar periods of occlusion (PC), 5 min prior to a 25 min occlusion and reperfusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Severities of ischaemia and ventricular arrhythmias, as well as changes in the coronary sinus nitrate/nitrite (NOx) levels were assessed throughout the experiment. The production of myocardial NOx, O(2)(-) and NT was determined following reperfusion. KEY RESULTS Both PC and PN markedly suppressed the I/R-induced ventricular arrhythmias, compared to the controls, and increased NOx levels during coronary artery occlusion. Reperfusion induced almost the same increases in NOx levels in all groups, but superoxide production and, consequently, the generation of NT were significantly less in PC- and PN-treated dogs than in controls. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Since both PC and the administration of PN enhanced NOx levels during I/R, the attenuation of endogenous PN formation in these dogs is primarily due to a reduction in the amount of O(2) produced. Thus, the anti-arrhythmic effect of PC and PN can almost certainly be attributed to the preservation of NO availability during myocardial ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Kiss
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical Center, Szeged, Hungary
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21
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Nijmeh J, Moldobaeva A, Wagner EM. Role of ROS in ischemia-induced lung angiogenesis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 299:L535-41. [PMID: 20693319 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00002.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary artery obstruction and subsequent lung ischemia have been shown to induce systemic angiogenesis despite preservation of normoxia. The underlying mechanisms, however, remain poorly understood. In a mouse model of lung ischemia induced by left pulmonary artery ligation (LPAL), we showed previously, the formation of a new systemic vasculature to the ischemic lung. We hypothesize that LPAL in the mouse increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and these molecules play an initiating role in subsequent lung neovascularization. We used oxidant-sensitive dyes (DHE and H(2)DCF-DA) to quantify ROS and measured the antioxidant-reduced glutathione (GSH) and its oxidized form (GSSG) as indicators of ROS levels after LPAL. The magnitude of systemic neovascularization was determined by measuring systemic blood flow to the left lung with radiolabeled microspheres 14 days after LPAL. An increase in ROS was observed early (30 min: 55% increase in H(2)DCF-DA) after LPAL, with a return to baseline by 24 h. GSH/GSSG was decreased (∼50%) 4 h after LPAL, suggesting earlier ROS upregulation. Mice treated with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine showed attenuated angiogenesis (62% of wild-type LPAL), and mice lacking Nrf2, a transcription factor important for antioxidant synthesis, resulted in increased neovascularization (207% of wild-type LPAL). Overall, GSH/GSSG was inversely associated with the magnitude of neovascularization. These results demonstrate that LPAL induces an early and transient ROS upregulation, and ROS appear to play a role in promoting ischemia-induced angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Nijmeh
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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22
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Wikenheiser J, Wolfram JA, Gargesha M, Yang K, Karunamuni G, Wilson DL, Semenza GL, Agani F, Fisher SA, Ward N, Watanabe M. Altered hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha expression levels correlate with coronary vessel anomalies. Dev Dyn 2010; 238:2688-700. [PMID: 19777592 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The outflow tract myocardium and other regions corresponding to the location of the major coronary vessels of the developing chicken heart, display a high level of hypoxia as assessed by the hypoxia indicator EF5. The EF5-positive tissues were also specifically positive for nuclear-localized hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1alpha), the oxygen-sensitive component of the hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) heterodimer. This led to our hypothesis that there is a "template" of hypoxic tissue that determines the stereotyped pattern of the major coronary vessels. In this study, we disturbed this template by altering ambient oxygen levels (hypoxia 15%; hyperoxia 75-40%) during the early phases of avian coronary vessel development, in order to alter tissue hypoxia, HIF-1alpha protein expression, and its downstream target genes without high mortality. We also altered HIF-1alpha gene expression in the embryonic outflow tract cardiomyocytes by injecting an adenovirus containing a constitutively active form of HIF-1alpha (AdCA5). We assayed for coronary anomalies using anti-alpha-smooth muscle actin immunohistology. When incubated under abnormal oxygen levels or injected with a low titer of the AdCA5, coronary arteries displayed deviations from their normal proximal connections to the aorta. These deviations were similar to known clinical anomalies of coronary arteries. These findings indicated that developing coronary vessels may be subject to a level of regulation that is dependent on differential oxygen levels within cardiac tissues and subsequent HIF-1 regulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Wikenheiser
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-6011, USA.
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23
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The Microcirculation and Oxidative Stress. Intensive Care Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5562-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ushio-Fukai M, Urao N. Novel role of NADPH oxidase in angiogenesis and stem/progenitor cell function. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:2517-33. [PMID: 19309262 PMCID: PMC2821135 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neovascularization is involved in normal development and wound repair as well as ischemic heart disease and peripheral artery disease. Both angiogenesis and vasculogenesis [de novo new vessel formation through mobilization of stem/progenitor cells from bone marrow (BM) and their homing to the ischemic sites] contribute to the formation of new blood vessels after tissue ischemia. Angiogenesis is dependent on cell proliferation, migration, and capillary tube formation in endothelial cells (ECs). Stem/progenitor cells have been used for cell-based therapy to promote revascularization after peripheral or myocardial ischemia. Excess amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in senescence and apoptosis of ECs and stem/progenitor cells, causing defective neovascularization. ROS at low levels function as signaling molecules to mediate cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and gene expression. NADPH oxidase is one of the major sources of ROS in ECs and stem/progenitor cells, and is activated by various growth factors, cytokines, hypoxia, and ischemia. ROS derived from NADPH oxidase play an important role in redox signaling linked to angiogenesis ECs, as well as stem/progenitor cell mobilization, homing, and differentiation, thereby promoting neovascularization. Understanding these mechanisms may provide insight into NADPH oxidase and its mediators as potential therapeutic targets for ischemic heart and limb disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuko Ushio-Fukai
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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25
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Zhao W, Zhao T, Chen Y, Ahokas RA, Sun Y. Reactive oxygen species promote angiogenesis in the infarcted rat heart. Int J Exp Pathol 2009; 90:621-9. [PMID: 19758416 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2009.00682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) promote cardiac angiogenesis following myocardial infarction (MI) and contribute to cardiac repair. Rats with MI were treated with or without antioxidants, tempol and apocynin. Hearts of these rats were collected at days 2, 4, 7 and 14 post-MI. We examined the spatial and temporal relationship between oxidative stress and angiogenesis as well as the potential regulation of ROS in cardiac angiogenesis. We found: (i) following MI, gp91(phox), a subunit of NADPH oxidase, a key enzyme for ROS production, was significantly increased in the border zone at day 2, followed by the infarcted myocardium at day 4, peaked at day 7 and declined at day 14, while superoxide dismutase was significantly reduced; (ii) malondialdehyde, a marker of oxidative stress, was significantly increased in the infarcted myocardium at day 7; (iii) pre-existing blood vessels in the infarcted myocardium underwent necrosis post-MI, whereas newly formed vessels appeared at the border zone at day 4, and then extended into the infarcted myocardium, where microvascular density peaked at day 7 and (iv) antioxidant treatment significantly reduced microvascular density in the infarcted myocardium at day 7. These observations suggest that following MI, angiogenesis is mostly active in the infarcted myocardium in the first week, which is temporally and spatially coincident with enhanced ROS. Suppression of angiogenesis by antioxidants indicates that ROS promote angiogenesis in the infarcted myocardium and contribute to cardiac repair. Further studies are required to determine the mechanisms responsible for ROS-mediated cardiac angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Zhao
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 956 Court Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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26
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Yun J, Rocic P, Pung YF, Belmadani S, Carrao ACR, Ohanyan V, Chilian WM. Redox-dependent mechanisms in coronary collateral growth: the "redox window" hypothesis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:1961-74. [PMID: 19416057 PMCID: PMC2848513 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses the complexity of coronary collateral growth from the aspect of redox signaling and introduces the concept of a "redox window" in the context of collateral growth. In essence, the redox window constitutes a range in the redox state of cells, which not only is permissive for the actions of growth factors but also amplifies their actions. The interactions of redox-dependent signaling with growth factors are well established through the actions of many redox-dependent kinases (e.g., Akt and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase). The initial changes in cellular redox can be induced by a variety of events, from the oxidative burst during reperfusion after ischemia, to recruitment of various types of inflammatory cells capable of producing reactive oxygen species. Any event that "upsets" the normal redox equilibrium is capable of amplifying growth. However, extremes of the redox window, oxidative and reductive stresses, are associated with diminished growth-factor signaling and reduced activation of redox-dependent kinases. This concept of a redox window helps to explain why the clinical trials aimed at stimulating coronary collateral growth, the "therapeutic angiogenesis trials," failed. However, understanding of redox signaling in the context of coronary collateral growth could provide new paradigms for stimulating collateral growth in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Yun
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, Ohio 44272, USA
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27
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Matlung HL, Bakker ENTP, VanBavel E. Shear stress, reactive oxygen species, and arterial structure and function. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:1699-709. [PMID: 19186981 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Shear stress is well known to be a key factor in the regulation of small-artery tone and structure. Although nitric oxide is a major endothelium-derived factor involved in short- and long-term regulation of vascular caliber, it is clear that other mechanisms also can be involved. This review discusses the evidence for endothelium-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) as mediators for shear-dependent arterial tone and remodeling. The work focuses on resistance vessels, because their caliber determines local perfusion. However, work on large vessels is included where needed. Attention is given to the shear-stress levels and profiles that exist in the arterial system and the differential effects of steady and oscillating shear on NO and ROS production. We furthermore address the relation between microvascular tone and remodeling and the effect of ROS and inflammation on the activity of remodeling enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases and transglutaminases. We conclude that future work should address the role of H(2)O(2) as an endothelium-derived factor mediating tone and influencing structure of small arteries over the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanke L Matlung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Reed R, Potter B, Smith E, Jadhav R, Villalta P, Jo H, Rocic P. Redox-sensitive Akt and Src regulate coronary collateral growth in metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 296:H1811-21. [PMID: 19376806 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00920.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We have recently shown that the inability of repetitive ischemia (RI) to activate p38 MAPK (p38) and Akt in metabolic syndrome [JCR:LA-cp (JCR)] rats was associated with impaired coronary collateral growth (CCG). Furthermore, Akt and p38 activation correlated with optimal O(2)(-). levels and were altered in JCR rats, and redox-sensitive p38 activation was required for CCG. Here, we determined whether the activation of Src, a possible upstream regulator, was altered in JCR rats and whether redox-dependent Src and Akt activation were required for CCG. CCG was assessed by myocardial blood flow (microspheres) and kinase activation was assessed by Western blot analysis in the normal zone and collateral-dependent zone (CZ). RI induced Src activation (approximately 3-fold) in healthy [Wistar-Kyoto (WKY)] animals but not in JCR animals. Akt inhibition decreased (approximately 50%), and Src inhibition blocked RI-induced CCG in WKY rats. Src inhibition decreased p38 and Akt activation. Myocardial oxidative stress (O(2)(-). and oxidized/reduced thiols) was measured quantitatively (X-band electron paramagnetic resonance). An antioxidant, apocynin, reduced RI-induced oxidative stress in JCR rats to levels induced by RI in WKY rats versus the reduction in WKY rats to very low levels. This resulted in a significant restoration of p38 (approximately 80%), Akt (approximately 65%), and Src (approximately 90%) activation in JCR rats but decreased the activation in WKY rats (p38: approximately 45%, Akt: approximately 65%, and Src: approximately 100%), correlating with reduced CZ flow in WKY rats (approximately 70%), but significantly restored CZ flow in JCR rats (approximately 75%). We conclude that 1) Akt and Src are required for CCG, 2) Src is a redox-sensitive upstream regulator of RI-induced p38 and Akt activation, and 3) optimal oxidative stress levels are required for RI-induced p38, Akt, and Src activation and CCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Reed
- Department of Biochemistry, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Azeredo MAID, Azeredo LAID, Eleuthério ECA, Schanaider A. Propofol and N-Acetylcysteine attenuate oxidative stress induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in rats: Protein carbonyl detection by immunoblotting. Acta Cir Bras 2008; 23:425-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502008000500006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: To evaluate the antioxidant effect of Propofol and N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) on intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in rats by determining carbonyl protein level. METHODS: Forty Wistar rats were randomly assigned into the following groups: Control; Sham; I/R with Propofol; I/R with Propofol and NAC; I/R with Ketamine and Xylazine. The I/R groups underwent 60 minutes of ischemia and an equal period of reperfusion. Blood samples, collected by cardiac punction, were centrifuged for plasma obtainment. Protein carbonyl level in plasma samples was determined by immunoblotting. RESULTS: No significant difference in protein carbonyl level was found between Control and Sham groups (P>0.05). The highest reduction in protein carbonyl level (P<0.05) was obtained with the administration of Propofol and NAC (Group 4) in intestinal I/R procedure. CONCLUSION: The administration of Propofol and NAC showed the best antioxidant effect on oxidative stress in rats that underwent intestinal I/R procedure, suggesting a synergistic interaction.
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30
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Ushio-Fukai M, Nakamura Y. Reactive oxygen species and angiogenesis: NADPH oxidase as target for cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2008; 266:37-52. [PMID: 18406051 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth, metastasis, arteriosclerosis as well as embryonic development and wound healing. Its process is dependent on cell proliferation, migration and capillary tube formation in endothelia cells (ECs). High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide and H2O2 are observed in various cancer cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that ROS function as signaling molecules to mediate various growth-related responses including angiogenesis. ROS-dependent angiogenesis can be regulated by endogenous antioxidant enzymes such as SOD and thioredoxin. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), one of the major angiogenesis factor, is induced in growing tumors and stimulates EC proliferation and migration primarily through the VEGF receptor type2 (VEGFR2, Flk1/KDR). Major source of ROS in ECs is a NADPH oxidase which consists of Nox1, Nox2, Nox4, Nox5, p22phox, p47phox and the small G-protein Rac1. NADPH oxidase is activated by various growth factors including VEGF and angiopoietin-1 as well as hypoxia and ischemia, and ROS derived from this oxidase are involved in VEGFR2 autophosphorylation, and diverse redox signaling pathways leading to induction of transcription factors and genes involved in angiogenesis. Dietary antioxidants appear to be effective for treatment of tumor angiogenesis. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the recent progress on role of ROS derived from NADPH oxidase and redox signaling events involved in angiogenesis. Understanding these mechanisms may provide insight into the NADPH oxidase and redox signaling components as potential therapeutic targets for tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuko Ushio-Fukai
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott, M/C868, E403 MSB, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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31
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Stratton MS, Yang X, Sreejayan N, Ren J. Impact of Insulin-like Growth Factor-I on Migration, Proliferation and Akt-ERK Signaling in Early and Late-passages of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2007; 7:273-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s12012-007-9006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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32
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Reed R, Kolz C, Potter B, Rocic P. The mechanistic basis for the disparate effects of angiotensin II on coronary collateral growth. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 28:61-7. [PMID: 17962624 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.154294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We hypothesize that controversial effects of angiotensin II (Ang II) are attributable to its regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-dependent signaling. METHODS AND RESULTS Coronary collateral growth (CCG) was stimulated in normal (WKY) and syndrome X (JCR) rats by transient/repetitive ischemia (RI). Blood flow was measured in the normal (NZ) and the collateral-dependent (CZ) zone. In WKY, RI increased CZ flow (0.84 mL/min/g), but RI+subpressor Ang II increased it more (1.24 mL/min/g). This was associated with transient p38 and sustained Akt activation. A hypertensive dose of Ang II decreased CZ flow (0.69 mL/min/g), which was associated with sustained p38 and transient Akt activation. AT1R blockade by candesartan abrogated CZ flow in WKY (0.58 mL/min/g), reduced myocardial superoxide, and blocked p38 and Akt activation. RI-induced CZ flow in JCR was significantly decreased compared with WKY (0.12 mL/min/g), associated with a large increase in superoxide and lack of p38 and Akt activation. CZ flow in JCR was partially restored by candesartan (0.45 mL/min/g), accompanied by reduction in superoxide and partial restoration of p38 and Akt activation. CONCLUSIONS Ang II/AT1R blockade, at least in part, regulates CCG via generating optimal ROS amounts and activating redox-sensitive signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Reed
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, 4209 State Route 44, PO Box 95, Rootstown, OH 44275, USA
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33
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El-Remessy AB, Al-Shabrawey M, Platt DH, Bartoli M, Behzadian MA, Ghaly N, Tsai N, Motamed K, Caldwell RB. Peroxynitrite mediates VEGF's angiogenic signal and functionviaa nitration‐independent mechanism in endothelial cells. FASEB J 2007; 21:2528-39. [PMID: 17384142 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-7854com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The modulation of angiogenic signaling by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an emerging area of interest in cellular and vascular biology research. We provide evidence here that peroxynitrite, the powerful oxidizing and nitrating free radical, is critically involved in transduction of the VEGF signal. We tested the hypothesis that VEGF induces peroxynitrite formation, which causes tyrosine phosphorylation and mediates endothelial cell migration and tube formation, by studies of vascular endothelial cells in vitro and in a model of hypoxia-induced neovascularization in vivo. The specific peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst FeTPPs blocked VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGFR2 and c-Src and inhibited endothelial cell migration and tube formation. Furthermore, exogenous peroxynitrite mimicked VEGF activity in causing phosphorylation of VEGFR2 and stimulating endothelial cell growth and tube formation in vitro and new blood vessel growth in vivo. The selective nitration inhibitor epicatechin enhanced VEGF's angiogenic function in activating VEGFR2, c-Src, and promoting endothelial cell growth, migration, and tube formation in vitro and retinal neovascularization in vivo. Decomposing peroxynitrite with FeTPPs or blocking oxidation using the thiol donor NAC blocked VEGF's angiogenic functions in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, peroxynitrite is critically involved in transducing VEGF's angiogenic signal via nitration-independent and oxidation-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B El-Remessy
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, USA.
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34
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Demirbag R, Gur M, Yilmaz R, Kunt AS, Erel O, Andac MH. Influence of oxidative stress on the development of collateral circulation in total coronary occlusions. Int J Cardiol 2007; 116:14-9. [PMID: 16824626 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2005] [Revised: 01/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total peroxide and oxidative stress index (OSI) are associated with the development of collaterals in total coronary occlusions. DESIGN AND METHODS Our study group contained 176 consecutive men patients with single-vessel TCO, 94 of whom had poorly developed coronary collateral, while 82 had well-developed coronary collateral. TAC and total peroxide concentration were measured of plasma. The ratio of TAC to total peroxide was accepted as an indicator of oxidative stress. RESULTS The values of total peroxide and OSI in the Group I were significantly lower than that in Group II (p<0.001, for both). TAC levels were significantly higher in patients with poorly developed collaterals than in well-developed collateral group (p<0.001). OSI values were also significantly different among the Rentrop class-0, -1, -2 and -3 (ANOVA p<0.001). We found significant correlations between collaterals score and TAC, total peroxide and OSI levels (p<0.001 for all). In multiple linear regression analysis, total peroxide and OSI were independent predictors of collaterals score (p=0.006 and p<0.001 respectively). CONCLUSION This study clearly demonstrates that the level of OSI is independently and positively associated with the presence of collateral circulation in total coronary occlusion patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Recep Demirbag
- Harran University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
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35
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Rocic P, Kolz C, Reed R, Potter B, Chilian WM. Optimal reactive oxygen species concentration and p38 MAP kinase are required for coronary collateral growth. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 292:H2729-36. [PMID: 17308014 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01330.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in coronary collateral growth (CCG). We evaluated the requirement for ROS in human coronary artery endothelial cell (HCAEC) tube formation, CCG in vivo, and signaling (p38 MAP kinase) by which ROS may stimulate vascular growth. The flavin-containing oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) or the superoxide dismutase inhibitor diethyldithiocarbamate (DETC) blocked vascular endothelial growth factor-induced HCAEC tube formation in Matrigel. We assessed the effect of DPI and DETC on CCG in a rat model of repetitive ischemia (RI) (40 s left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion every 20 min for 2 h 20 min, 3 times/day, 10 days). DPI or DETC was given intraperitoneally, or the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor apocynin was given in drinking water. Collateral-dependent flow (measured by using microspheres) was expressed as a ratio of normal and ischemic zone flows. In sham-operated rats, collateral flow in the ischemic zone was 18 +/- 6% of normal zone; in the RI group, collateral flow in the ischemic zone was 83 +/- 5% of normal zone. DPI prevented the increase in collateral flow after RI (25 +/- 4% of normal zone). Similar results were obtained with apocynin following RI (32 +/- 7% of that in the normal zone). DETC achieved similar results (collateral flow after RI was 21 +/- 2% of normal zone). DPI and DETC blocked RI-induced p38 MAP kinase activation in response to vascular endothelial growth factor and RI. These results demonstrate a requirement for optimal ROS concentration in HCAEC tube formation, CCG, and p38 MAP kinase activation. p38 MAP kinase inhibition prevented HCAEC tube formation and partially blocked RI-induced CCG (42 +/- 7% of normal zone flow), indicating that p38 MAP kinase is a critical signaling mediator of CCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Rocic
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State Univeristy Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
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36
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Chalothorn D, Zhang H, Clayton JA, Thomas SA, Faber JE. Catecholamines augment collateral vessel growth and angiogenesis in hindlimb ischemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 289:H947-59. [PMID: 15833801 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00952.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Catecholamine stimulation of α1-adrenoceptors exerts growth factor-like activity, mediated by generation of reactive oxygen species, on arterial smooth muscle cells and adventitial fibroblasts and contributes to hypertrophy and hyperplasia in models of vascular injury and disease. Adrenergic trophic activity also contributes to flow-mediated positive arterial remodeling by augmenting proliferation and leukocyte accumulation. To further examine this concept, we studied whether catecholamines contribute to collateral growth and angiogenesis in hindlimb insufficiency. Support for this hypothesis includes the above-mentioned studies, evidence that ischemia augments norepinephrine release from sympathetic nerves, and proposed involvement of reactive oxygen species in angiogenesis and collateral growth. Mice deficient in catecholamine synthesis [by gene deletion of dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH−/−)] were studied. At 3 wk after femoral artery ligation, increases in adductor muscle perfusion were similar in DBH−/− and wild-type mice, whereas recovery of plantar perfusion and calf microsphere flow were attenuated, although not significantly. Preexisting collaterals in adductor of wild-type mice showed increases in lumen diameter (60%) and medial and adventitial thickness (57 and 119%, P < 0.05 here and below). Lumen diameter increased similarly in DBH−/− mice (52%); however, increases in medial and adventitial thicknesses were reduced (30 and 65%). Leukocyte accumulation in the adventitia/periadventitia of collaterals was 39% less in DBH−/− mice. Increased density of α-smooth muscle actin-positive vessels in wild-type adductor (45%) was inhibited in DBH−/− mice (2%). Although both groups experienced similar atrophy in the gastrocnemius (∼22%), the increase in capillary-to-muscle fiber ratio in wild-type mice (21%) was inhibited in DBH−/− mice (7%). These data suggest that catecholamines may contribute to collateral growth and angiogenesis in tissue ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chalothorn
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, 103 Mason Farm Rd., 6309 MBRB, CB 7545, Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7545, USA
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Tojo T, Ushio-Fukai M, Yamaoka-Tojo M, Ikeda S, Patrushev N, Alexander RW. Role of gp91
phox
(Nox2)-Containing NAD(P)H Oxidase in Angiogenesis in Response to Hindlimb Ischemia. Circulation 2005; 111:2347-55. [PMID: 15867174 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000164261.62586.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Neovascularization is potentially important for the treatment of ischemic heart and limb disease. We reported that reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from gp91
phox
(Nox2)-containing NAD(P)H oxidase are involved in angiogenesis in mouse sponge models as well as in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling in cultured endothelial cells. The role of gp91
phox
-derived ROS in neovascularization in response to tissue ischemia is unknown, however.
Methods and Results—
Here, we show that neovascularization in the ischemic hindlimb is significantly impaired in gp91
phox−/−
mice as compared with wild-type (WT) mice as evaluated by laser Doppler flow, capillary density, and microsphere measurements. In WT mice, inflammatory cell infiltration in the ischemic hindlimb was maximal at 3 days, whereas capillary formation was prominent at 7 days when inflammatory cells were no longer detectable. Increased O
2
·−
production and gp91
phox
expression were present at both time points. The dihydroethidium staining of ischemic tissues indicates that O
2
·−
is mainly produced from inflammatory cells at 3 days and from neovasculature at 7 days after operation. Relative to WT mice, ischemia-induced ROS production in gp91
phox−/−
mice at both 3 and 7 days was diminished, whereas VEGF expression was enhanced and the inflammatory response was unchanged. Infusion of the antioxidant ebselen into WT mice also significantly blocked the increase in blood flow recovery and capillary density after ischemia.
Conclusions—
gp91
phox
-derived ROS play an important role in mediating neovascularization in response to tissue ischemia. NAD(P)H oxidases and their products are potential therapeutic targets for regulating angiogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Tojo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Ga 30322, USA
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Ushio-Fukai M, Alexander RW. Reactive oxygen species as mediators of angiogenesis signaling: role of NAD(P)H oxidase. Mol Cell Biochem 2005; 264:85-97. [PMID: 15544038 DOI: 10.1023/b:mcbi.0000044378.09409.b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, a process of new blood vessel growth, contributes to various pathophysiologies such as cancer, diabetic retinopathy and atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that cardiovascular diseases are associated with increased oxidative stress in blood vessels. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide and H2O2 cause blood vessels to thicken, produce inflammation in the vessel wall, and thus are regarded as "risk factors" for vascular disease, whereas ROS also act as signaling molecules in many aspects of growth factor-mediated physiological responses. Recent reports suggest that ROS play an important role in angiogenesis; however, its underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces angiogenesis by stimulating endothelial cell (EC) proliferation and migration primarily through the receptor tyrosine kinase VEGF receptor2 (Flk1/KDR). VEGF binding initiates tyrosine phosphorylation of KDR, which results in activation of downstream signaling enzymes including ERK1/2, Akt and eNOS, which contribute to angiogenic-related responses in EC. Importantly, the major source of ROS in EC is a NAD(P)H oxidase and EC express all the components of phagocytic NAD(P)H oxidase including gp91phox, p22phox, p47phox, p67phox and the small G protein Rac1. We have recently demonstrated that ROS derived from NAD(P)H oxidase are critically important for VEGF signaling in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo. Furthermore, a peptide hormone, angiotensin II, a major stimulus for vascular NAD(P)H oxidase, also plays an important role in angiogenesis. Because EC migration and proliferation are primary features of the process of myocardial angiogenesis, we would like to focus on the recent progress that has been made in the emerging area of NAD(P)H oxidase-derived ROS-dependent signaling in ECs, and discuss the possible roles in angiogenesis. Understanding these mechanisms may provide insight into the components of NAD(P)H oxidase as potential therapeutic targets for treatment of angiogenesis-dependent diseases such as cancer and atherosclerosis and for promoting myocardial angiogenesis in ischemic heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuko Ushio-Fukai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Li JM, Shah AM. Endothelial cell superoxide generation: regulation and relevance for cardiovascular pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004; 287:R1014-30. [PMID: 15475499 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00124.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is important both physiologically and in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular disorders. ROS generated by endothelial cells include superoxide (O2-*), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), peroxynitrite (ONOO-*), nitric oxide (NO), and hydroxyl (*OH) radicals. The O2-* radical, the focus of the current review, may have several effects either directly or through the generation of other radicals, e.g., H2O2 and ONOO-*. These effects include 1) rapid inactivation of the potent signaling molecule and endothelium-derived relaxing factor NO, leading to endothelial dysfunction; 2) the mediation of signal transduction leading to altered gene transcription and protein and enzyme activities ("redox signaling"); and 3) oxidative damage. Multiple enzymes can generate O2-*, notably xanthine oxidase, uncoupled NO synthase, and mitochondria. Recent studies indicate that a major source of endothelial O2-* involved in redox signaling is a multicomponent phagocyte-type NADPH oxidase that is subject to specific regulation by stimuli such as oscillatory shear stress, hypoxia, angiotensin II, growth factors, cytokines, and hyperlipidemia. Depending on the level of oxidants generated and the relative balance between pro- and antioxidant pathways, ROS may be involved in cell growth, hypertrophy, apoptosis, endothelial activation, and adhesivity, for example, in diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, and ischemia-reperfusion. This article reviews our current knowledge regarding the sources of endothelial ROS generation, their regulation, their involvement in redox signaling, and the relevance of enhanced ROS generation and redox signaling to the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disorders where endothelial activation and dysfunction are implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Mei Li
- Department of Cardiology, GKT School of Medicine, King's College of London, SE5 9PJ, UK.
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