1
|
Gheorghe AG, Fuchs A, Jacobsen C, Kofoed KF, Møgelvang R, Lynnerup N, Banner J. Cardiac left ventricular myocardial tissue density, evaluated by computed tomography and autopsy. BMC Med Imaging 2019; 19:29. [PMID: 30979363 PMCID: PMC6461811 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-019-0326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Left ventricular mass (LVM) is an independent risk factor for the prediction of cardiac events. Its assessment is a clinically important diagnostic procedure in cardiology and may be performed by Computed Tomography (CT). The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between the cardiac left ventricular shell volume (LVShV) determined by postmortem Computed Tomography (PMCT) and the anatomic LVM obtained at autopsy and to calculate the myocardial tissue density. METHODS A total of 109 deceased individuals were examined with a 64-slice CT scanner and LVShV was determined. At autopsy, the left ventricle was dissected and weighted. The correlation between LVShV and the anatomic LVM was analysed. Asymmetric left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy was recorded. Inter-observer variability was evaluated, and a density value for myocardial tissue was calculated. RESULTS The mean age of the deceased was 55 ± 16 years, and 58% was men. We found 30 cases of asymmetric LV hypertrophy. A highly positive correlation existed between LVShV and anatomic LVM (r = 0.857; p < 0.0001), regardless of hypertrophy, asymmetric hypertrophy and gender. The mean difference in the inter-observer variability for LVShV assessment was - 4.4 ml (95% CI: -26.4; 17.6). A linear regression analysis was performed, resulting in a value of 1.265 g/ml for myocardial tissue density. Applying the hitherto used myocardial tissue density of 1.055 g/ml underestimated the anatomic LVM by 18.1% (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION PMCT is a helpful tool for the assessment of LVM, and LVShV is highly correlated with LVM as assessed by subsequent autopsy. The correlation between the two was independent of gender, hypertrophy and LV asymmetric hypertrophy. We found a higher myocardial tissue density of 1.265 g/ml compared to previous studies. We show that PMCT combined with autopsy may contribute not only to anatomical but also clinical knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G Gheorghe
- Section of Forensic Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, 1 sal, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Andreas Fuchs
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Jacobsen
- Section of Forensic Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, 1 sal, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus F Kofoed
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Radiology, Diagnostic Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Møgelvang
- Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Lynnerup
- Section of Forensic Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, 1 sal, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jytte Banner
- Section of Forensic Pathology, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, 1 sal, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Constantinides C, Murphy K. Molecular and Integrative Physiological Effects of Isoflurane Anesthesia: The Paradigm of Cardiovascular Studies in Rodents using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Front Cardiovasc Med 2016; 3:23. [PMID: 27525256 PMCID: PMC4965459 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2016.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To-this-date, the exact molecular, cellular, and integrative physiological mechanisms of anesthesia remain largely unknown. Published evidence indicates that anesthetic effects are multifocal and occur in a time-dependent and coordinated manner, mediated via central, local, and peripheral pathways. Their effects can be modulated by a range of variables, and their elicited end-effect on the integrative physiological response is highly variable. This review summarizes the major cellular and molecular sites of anesthetic action with a focus on the paradigm of isoflurane (ISO) - the most commonly used anesthetic nowadays - and its use in prolonged in vivo rodent studies using imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It also presents established evidence for normal ranges of global and regional physiological cardiac function under ISO, proposes optimal, practical methodologies relevant to the use of anesthetic protocols for MRI and outlines the beneficial effects of nitrous oxide supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christakis Constantinides
- Chi Biomedical Ltd., Nicosia, Cyprus; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kathy Murphy
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hundley WG, Bluemke DA, Finn JP, Flamm SD, Fogel MA, Friedrich MG, Ho VB, Jerosch-Herold M, Kramer CM, Manning WJ, Patel M, Pohost GM, Stillman AE, White RD, Woodard PK. ACCF/ACR/AHA/NASCI/SCMR 2010 expert consensus document on cardiovascular magnetic resonance: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55:2614-62. [PMID: 20513610 PMCID: PMC3042771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
4
|
Hundley WG, Bluemke DA, Finn JP, Flamm SD, Fogel MA, Friedrich MG, Ho VB, Jerosch-Herold M, Kramer CM, Manning WJ, Patel M, Pohost GM, Stillman AE, White RD, Woodard PK. ACCF/ACR/AHA/NASCI/SCMR 2010 expert consensus document on cardiovascular magnetic resonance: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus Documents. Circulation 2010; 121:2462-508. [PMID: 20479157 PMCID: PMC3034132 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0b013e3181d44a8f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
5
|
Parzy E, Fromes Y, Wary C, Vignaux O, Giacomini E, Leroy-Willig A, Carlier PG. Ultrafast multiplanar determination of left ventricular hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats with single-shot spin-echo nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. J Hypertens 2003; 21:429-36. [PMID: 12569275 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-200302000-00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether left ventricular hypertrophy can be correctly evaluated in hypertensive rats with a new nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging modality that is relatively simple to operate and provides results of constant quality while offering a high signal-to-noise ratio. DESIGN Left ventricular mass as calculated from the NMR imaging analysis was compared with the actual left ventricular mass measured by gravimetry. METHODS Single-shot ultrafast spin-echo (SSFSE) imaging of hearts of Wistar-Kyoto rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats was performed at 4 T. Left ventricular mass was determined by using Simpson's rule on stacks of images acquired in systole and diastole. RESULTS SSFSE NMR imaging performed in systole or in diastole evaluated and quantified left ventricular hypertrophy in hearts of spontaneously hypertensive rats very similarly to gravimetry. The left ventricular mass as determined by NMR was in good accordance with the actual left ventricular weight (SEE: 30.39 and 35.86 mg for the systolic and diastolic NMR acquisitions, respectively). CONCLUSION Using an SSFSE sequence, high-quality NMR images of the rat heart can be generated very reliably with sufficient contrast and temporal and spatial resolution, and allow precise, non-invasive and fast characterization of left ventricular hypertrophy in a hypertensive rat model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Parzy
- NMR Laboratory, AFM and CEA, Institute of Myology, IFR14, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rudin M, Allegrini PR, Beckmann N, Ekatodramis D, Laurent D. In-vivo cardiac studies in animals using magnetic resonance techniques: experimental aspects and MR readouts. MAGMA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2000; 11:33-5. [PMID: 11186979 DOI: 10.1007/bf02678487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Rudin
- Core Technologies Area, Analytics and Imaging Science Unit, Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Henson RE, Song SK, Pastorek JS, Ackerman JJ, Lorenz CH. Left ventricular torsion is equal in mice and humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000; 278:H1117-23. [PMID: 10749705 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.2000.278.4.h1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Global cardiac function has been studied in small animals with methods such as echocardiography, cine-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and cardiac catheterization. However, these modalities make little impact on delineation of pathophysiology at the tissue level. The advantage of tagged cine-MRI technique is that the twisting motion of the ventricle, referred to as torsion, can be measured noninvasively, reflecting the underlying shearing motion of individual planes of myofibrils that generate wall thickening and ventricular ejection. Thus we sought to determine whether the mechanism of ventricular ejection, as measured by torsion, was the same in both humans and mice. Nine mice and ten healthy humans were studied with tagged cine-MRI. The magnitude and systolic time course of ventricular torsion were equivalent in mouse and humans, when normalized for heart rate and ventricular length. The end-systolic torsion angle was 12.7 +/- 1.7 degrees in humans vs. 2.0 +/- 1.5 degrees in mice unnormalized and 1.9 +/- 0.3 degrees /cm vs. 2.7 +/- 2.3 degrees /cm when normalized for ventricular length). These results support the premise that ventricular torsion may be a uniform measure of normal ventricular ejection across mammalian species and heart sizes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R E Henson
- Center for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Cardiovascular Division, Barnes-Jewish Hospital at Washington University Medical Center, Missouri 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wise RG, Huang CL, Gresham GA, Al-Shafei AI, Carpenter TA, Hall LD. Magnetic resonance imaging analysis of left ventricular function in normal and spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Physiol 1998; 513 ( Pt 3):873-87. [PMID: 9824724 PMCID: PMC2231313 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.873ba.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/1998] [Accepted: 09/09/1998] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
1. We have used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to examine acute morphological changes in the left ventricle throughout the cardiac cycle in normal Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) and also to follow the development of chronic changes in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). This involved the development of MRI and quantitative analysis techniques for characterizing contractile changes during the cardiac cycle. 2. Images of the cardiac anatomy in two age groups (8 and 12 weeks old) of young anaesthetized adult normal WKY and SHR were acquired in planes both parallel and perpendicular to the principal cardiac axis. 3. Complete coverage of the heart by imaging planes was achieved with high time resolution (13 ms), with typically 12 time frames in the cardiac cycle, using a short echo time (5 ms) multislice gradient-echo imaging sequence. Imaging was synchronized to the R wave of the electrocardiogram. 4. The image slices could be reconstructed into complete geometrically and temporally coherent three-dimensional data sets. Left ventricular (LV) volumes were thus reconstructed throughout the cardiac cycle by combining transverse cardiac image sections. This volume analysis revealed structural and functional differences between the normal WKY and SHR in both age groups of 8 and 12 weeks. Measurements from the cardiac images were additionally validated against histological measurements. 5. The SHR showed a raised LV end-systolic volume and a correspondingly poorer ejection fraction as well as LV hypertrophy when compared with the controls. Left ventricular function in the SHR appeared stable between the two age groups. 6. We developed a simple geometrical model of the left ventricle based on a single longitudinal image section and successfully used this to describe some functional parameters of the left ventricle in the WKY and SHR. This geometrical model has the potential to greatly reduce the imaging time needed to study the beating heart in future serial investigations of cardiac physiology in rats. 7. Our experimental and analytical methods together form a powerful set of quantitative techniques which combine both imaging and functional analysis and will be applicable for future studies of chronic physiological changes in animal disease models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R G Wise
- Herchel Smith Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, University of Cambridge, School for Clinical Medicine, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 2PZ, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
de Roos A, Doornbos J, Rebergen S, van Rugge P, Pattynama P, van der Wall EE. Cardiovascular applications of magnetic resonance imaging and phosphorus-31 spectroscopy. Eur J Radiol 1992; 14:97-103. [PMID: 1563418 DOI: 10.1016/0720-048x(92)90221-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in cardiovascular applications of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and phosphorus-31 spectroscopy are reported. MR velocity mapping is a valuable adjunct to conventional imaging techniques, providing information on flow velocities as well as on absolute blood flow volume in the aorta and pulmonary arteries. Recently, ultrafast MR techniques have become available to evaluate myocardial perfusion with the aid of MR contrast agents as perfusion marker. Dynamic MR imaging is a powerful tool to assess cardiac function and ventricular mass. In particular, right ventricular function and mass can be evaluated with great accuracy, contributing to improved assessment of the significance of disease processes which may affect the right heart. The role of phosphorus-31 spectroscopy of the heart is expanding for the evaluation of ischemic myocardial disease and cardiomyopathies. The phosphocreatine to adenosine triphosphate ratio appears to be a marker of disease in patients with cardiac hypertrophy. In conclusion, MR imaging and phosphorus-31 spectroscopy is gaining widespread acceptance for evaluation of many cardiovascular disease processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A de Roos
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rudin M, Pedersen B, Umemura K, Zierhut W. Determination of rat heart morphology and function in vivo in two models of cardiac hypertrophy by means of magnetic resonance imaging. Basic Res Cardiol 1991; 86:165-74. [PMID: 1831609 DOI: 10.1007/bf02190549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was applied to assess structural and functional parameters of the rat heart in vivo. Using ECG and respiratory triggering, MR images were obtained at different time points during the cardiac cycle. This allowed accurate determinations of the left ventricular (LV) mass, wall thickness, LV end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes, stroke volume, and ejection fraction. LV mass determined by MRI showed and excellent linear correlation with post mortem gravimetric determination of LV weight. MRI was then used to examine the pathophysiological changes in two models of LV hypertrophy. In one group of animals the aortic arch was banded to an outer diameter of 1.0 mm to elicit a pressure overload on the LV. A second group was subjected to a volume overload due to graded disruption of the aortic valve. Although both models exhibited a similar degree of LV hypertrophy as shown by the LV weight/body weight ratio, important functional and structural differences were revealed by MRI. Aortic stenosis resulted in an increase in wall thickness, whereas stroke volume and ejection fraction did not differ compared to control animals. In contrast, aortic valve insufficiency did not affect LV wall thickness, however, LV chamber volume as well as stroke volume were markedly increased. Ejection fraction was significantly reduced in these animals. In conclusion, MRI allows the reliable in vivo determination of important structural and functional parameters of hearts in small rodents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Rudin
- Sandoz Pharma Ltd., Preclinical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|