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Unconscious mind activates central cardiovascular network and promotes adaptation to microgravity possibly anti-aging during 1-year-long spaceflight. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11862. [PMID: 35831420 PMCID: PMC9279338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14858-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic cardiovascular regulatory system (β, 0.00013–0.02 Hz) did not adapt to microgravity after a 6-month spaceflight. The infraslow oscillation (ISO, 0.01–0.10 Hz) coordinating brain dynamics via thalamic astrocytes plays a key role in the adaptation to novel environments. We investigate the adaptive process of a healthy astronaut during a 12-month-long spaceflight by analyzing heart rate variability (HRV) in the LF (0.01–0.05 Hz) and MF1 (0.05–0.10 Hz) bands for two consecutive days on four occasions: before launch, at 1-month (ISS01) and 11-month (ISS02) in space, and after return to Earth. Alteration of β during ISS01 improved during ISS02 (P = 0.0167). During ISS01, LF and MF1 bands, reflecting default mode network (DMN) activity, started to increase at night (by 43.1% and 32.0%, respectively), when suprachiasmatic astrocytes are most active, followed by a 25.9% increase in MF1-band throughout the entire day during ISS02, larger at night (47.4%) than during daytime. Magnetic declination correlated positively with β during ISS01 (r = 0.6706, P < 0.0001) and ISS02 (r = 0.3958, P = 0.0095). Magnetic fluctuations may affect suprachiasmatic astrocytes, and the DMN involving ISOs and thalamic astrocytes may then be activated, first at night, then during the entire day, a mechanism that could perhaps promote an anti-aging effect noted in other investigations.
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2
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Jordan J, Limper U, Tank J. Cardiovascular autonomic nervous system responses and orthostatic intolerance in astronauts and their relevance in daily medicine. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:3039-3051. [PMID: 35194757 PMCID: PMC9018660 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-05963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background The harsh environmental conditions during space travel, particularly weightlessness, impose a major burden on the human body including the cardiovascular system. Given its importance in adjusting the cardiovascular system to environmental challenges, the autonomic nervous system has been in the focus of scientists and clinicians involved in human space flight. This review provides an overview on human autonomic research under real and simulated space conditions with a focus on orthostatic intolerance. Methods The authors conducted a targeted literature search using Pubmed. Results Overall, 120 articles were identified and included in the review. Conclusions Postflight orthostatic intolerance is commonly observed in astronauts and could pose major risks when landing on another celestial body. The phenomenon likely results from changes in volume status and adaptation of the autonomic nervous system to weightlessness. Over the years, various non-pharmacological and pharmacological countermeasures have been investigated. In addition to enabling safe human space flight, this research may have implications for patients with disorders affecting cardiovascular autonomic control on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Jordan
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center DLR, Linder Hoehe, 51147, Cologne, Germany. .,Aerospace Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Limper
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center DLR, Linder Hoehe, 51147, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Merheim Medical Center, Hospitals of Cologne, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Tank
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center DLR, Linder Hoehe, 51147, Cologne, Germany
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3
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Baran R, Marchal S, Garcia Campos S, Rehnberg E, Tabury K, Baselet B, Wehland M, Grimm D, Baatout S. The Cardiovascular System in Space: Focus on In Vivo and In Vitro Studies. Biomedicines 2021; 10:59. [PMID: 35052739 PMCID: PMC8773383 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
On Earth, humans are subjected to a gravitational force that has been an important determinant in human evolution and function. During spaceflight, astronauts are subjected to several hazards including a prolonged state of microgravity that induces a myriad of physiological adaptations leading to orthostatic intolerance. This review summarises all known cardiovascular diseases related to human spaceflight and focusses on the cardiovascular changes related to human spaceflight (in vivo) as well as cellular and molecular changes (in vitro). Upon entering microgravity, cephalad fluid shift occurs and increases the stroke volume (35-46%) and cardiac output (18-41%). Despite this increase, astronauts enter a state of hypovolemia (10-15% decrease in blood volume). The absence of orthostatic pressure and a decrease in arterial pressures reduces the workload of the heart and is believed to be the underlying mechanism for the development of cardiac atrophy in space. Cellular and molecular changes include altered cell shape and endothelial dysfunction through suppressed cellular proliferation as well as increased cell apoptosis and oxidative stress. Human spaceflight is associated with several cardiovascular risk factors. Through the use of microgravity platforms, multiple physiological changes can be studied and stimulate the development of appropriate tools and countermeasures for future human spaceflight missions in low Earth orbit and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronni Baran
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (R.B.); (D.G.)
| | - Shannon Marchal
- Department of Astronomy, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (E.R.); (K.T.); (B.B.)
| | - Sebastian Garcia Campos
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.G.C.); (M.W.)
- Research Group ‘Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen’ (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Emil Rehnberg
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (E.R.); (K.T.); (B.B.)
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Tabury
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (E.R.); (K.T.); (B.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Bjorn Baselet
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (E.R.); (K.T.); (B.B.)
| | - Markus Wehland
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.G.C.); (M.W.)
- Research Group ‘Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen’ (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (R.B.); (D.G.)
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.G.C.); (M.W.)
- Research Group ‘Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen’ (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Department of Astronomy, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; (E.R.); (K.T.); (B.B.)
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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4
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Shi P, Li A, Wu L, Yu H. The effect of passive lower limb training on heart rate asymmetry. Physiol Meas 2021; 43. [PMID: 34915452 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ac43c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Heart rate asymmetry (HRA) is an approach for quantitatively assessing the uneven distribution of heart rate accelerations and decelerations for sinus rhythm. We aimed to investigate whether automatic regulation led to HRA alternation during passive lower limb training. METHODS Thirty healthy participants were recruited in this study. The protocol included a baseline (Pre-E) and three passive lower limb training trials (E1, E2 and E3) with a randomized order. Several variance-based HRA variables were established. Heart rate variability (HRV) parameters, i.e., mean RR, SDNN, RMSSD, LF (n.u.), HF (n.u.) and VLF (ms2), and HRA variables, i.e., SD1a, SD1d, SD2a, SD2d, SDNNa and SDNNd, were calculated by using 5-min RR time series, as well as the normalized HRA variables, i.e., C1a, C1d, C2a, C2d, Ca and Cd. RESULTS Our results showed that the performance of HRA was distinguished. The normalized HRA was observed with significant changes in E1, E2 and E3 compared to Pre -E. Moreover, parts of non-normalized HRA variables correlated with HRV parameters, which indicated that HRA might benefit in assessing cardiovascular modulation in passive lower limb training. CONCLUSIONS In summary, this study suggested that passive training led to significant HRA alternation and the application of HRA gave us the possibility for autonomic assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Shi
- nstitute of Rehabilitation Engineering and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 580 Jungong Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China, shanghai, Shanghai, 200093, CHINA
| | - Anan Li
- nstitute of Rehabilitation Engineering and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, no.580 Jungong road, Yangpu district, Shanghai, China, Shanghai, Shanghai, 200093, CHINA
| | - Liang Wu
- Institute of Rehabilitation Engineering and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 580 Jungong Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China, Shanghai, 200093, CHINA
| | - Hongliu Yu
- nstitute of Rehabilitation Engineering and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 580 Jungong Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China, Shanghai, Shanghai, 200093, CHINA
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5
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Pastushkova LK, Rusanov VB, Goncharova AG, Nosovskiy AM, Luchitskaya ES, Kashirina DN, Kononikhin AS, Kussmaul AR, Yakhya YD, Larina IM, Nikolaev EN. Blood Plasma Proteins Associated With Heart Rate Variability in Cosmonauts Who Have Completed Long-Duration Space Missions. Front Physiol 2021; 12:760875. [PMID: 34867466 PMCID: PMC8635916 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.760875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The study presents the results of evaluating the changes in the concentrations of blood plasma proteins associated with heart rate variability (HRV) in cosmonauts who have completed space missions lasting about 6months. The concentrations of 125 proteins were quantified in biological samples of the cosmonauts' blood plasma. The subgroups of proteins associated with the physiological processes of the HRV autonomic regulation were identified using bioinformatic resources (Immunoglobulin heavy constant mu, Complement C1q subcomponent subunit C, Plasma serine protease inhibitor, Protein-72kDa type IV collagenase, Fibulin-1, Immunoglobulin lambda constant 3). The concentration of these proteins in the blood plasma before the flight, and the dynamics of concentration changes on the 1st and 7th days of the post-flight rehabilitation period differed in the groups of cosmonauts with a predominance of sympathetic or parasympathetic modulating autonomous influences. The dynamics of changes in the concentrations of the identified set of proteins reveal that in cosmonauts with a predominance of sympathetic modulating influences, the mechanisms of autonomic regulation are exposed to significant stress in the recovery period immediately after the completion of the space mission, compared with the cosmonauts with a predominance of parasympathetic modulating influences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vasily B. Rusanov
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna G. Goncharova
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei M. Nosovskiy
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena S. Luchitskaya
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria N. Kashirina
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey S. Kononikhin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, Russia
- V.L. Talrose Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, N.N. Semenov Federal Center of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna R. Kussmaul
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yusef D. Yakhya
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina M. Larina
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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6
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Solbiati S, Martin-Yebra A, Vaïda P, Caiani EG. Evaluation of Cardiac Circadian Rhythm Deconditioning Induced by 5-to-60 Days of Head-Down Bed Rest. Front Physiol 2021; 11:612188. [PMID: 33519517 PMCID: PMC7838678 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.612188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Head-down tilt (HDT) bed rest elicits changes in cardiac circadian rhythms, generating possible adverse health outcomes such as increased arrhythmic risk. Our aim was to study the impact of HDT duration on the circadian rhythms of heart beat (RR) and ventricular repolarization (QTend) duration intervals from 24-h Holter ECG recordings acquired in 63 subjects during six different HDT bed rest campaigns of different duration (two 5-day, two 21-day, and two 60-day). Circadian rhythms of RR and QTend intervals series were evaluated by Cosinor analysis, resulting in a value of midline (MESOR), oscillation amplitude (OA) and acrophase (φ). In addition, the QTc (with Bazett correction) was computed, and day-time, night-time, maximum and minimum RR, QTend and QTc intervals were calculated. Statistical analysis was conducted, comparing: (1) the effects at 5 (HDT5), 21 (HDT21) and 58 (HDT58) days of HDT with baseline (PRE); (2) trends in recovery period at post-HDT epochs (R) in 5-day, 21-day, and 60-day HDT separately vs. PRE; (3) differences at R + 0 due to bed rest duration; (4) changes between the last HDT acquisition and the respective R + 0 in 5-day, 21-day, and 60-day HDT. During HDT, major changes were observed at HDT5, with increased RR and QTend intervals' MESOR, mostly related to day-time lengthening and increased minima, while the QTc shortened. Afterward, a progressive trend toward baseline values was observed with HDT progression. Additionally, the φ anticipated, and the OA was reduced during HDT, decreasing system's ability to react to incoming stimuli. Consequently, the restoration of the orthostatic position elicited the shortening of RR and QTend intervals together with QTc prolongation, notwithstanding the period spent in HDT. However, the magnitude of post-HDT changes, as well as the difference between the last HDT day and R + 0, showed a trend to increase with increasing HDT duration, and 5/7 days were not sufficient for recovering after 60-day HDT. Additionally, the φ postponed and the OA significantly increased at R + 0 compared to PRE after 5-day and 60-day HDT, possibly increasing the arrhythmic risk. These results provide evidence that continuous monitoring of astronauts' circadian rhythms, and further investigations on possible measures for counteracting the observed modifications, will be key for future missions including long periods of weightlessness and gravity transitions, for preserving astronauts' health and mission success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Solbiati
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Alba Martin-Yebra
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, BSICoS Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pierre Vaïda
- College of Health Sciences, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Enrico G Caiani
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
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7
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Koutnik AP, Favre ME, Noboa K, Sanchez-Gonzalez MA, Moss SE, Goubran B, Ari C, Poff AM, Rogers CQ, DeBlasi JM, Samy B, Moussa M, Serrador JM, D'Agostino DP. Human Adaptations to Multiday Saturation on NASA NEEMO. Front Physiol 2021; 11:610000. [PMID: 33510647 PMCID: PMC7835980 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.610000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adaptation to extreme environments has been explored for over a century to understand human psychology, integrated physiology, comparative pathologies, and exploratory potential. It has been demonstrated that these environments can provide multiple external stimuli and stressors, which are sufficient to disrupt internal homeostasis and induce adaptation processes. Multiday hyperbaric and/or saturated (HBS) environments represent the most understudied of environmental extremes due to inherent experimental, analytical, technical, temporal, and safety limitations. National Aeronautic Space Agency (NASA) Extreme Environment Mission Operation (NEEMO) is a space-flight analog mission conducted within Florida International University’s Aquarius Undersea Research Laboratory (AURL), the only existing operational and habitable undersea saturated environment. To investigate human objective and subjective adaptations to multiday HBS, we evaluated aquanauts living at saturation for 9–10 days via NASA NEEMO 22 and 23, across psychologic, cardiac, respiratory, autonomic, thermic, hemodynamic, sleep, and body composition parameters. We found that aquanauts exposed to saturation over 9–10 days experienced intrapersonal physical and mental burden, sustained good mood and work satisfaction, decreased heart and respiratory rates, increased parasympathetic and reduced sympathetic modulation, lower cerebral blood flow velocity, intact cerebral autoregulation and maintenance of baroreflex functionality, as well as losses in systemic bodyweight and adipose tissue. Together, these findings illustrate novel insights into human adaptation across multiple body systems in response to multiday hyperbaric saturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Koutnik
- Human Health, Resilience, & Performance, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, United States.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Michelle E Favre
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Karina Noboa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | | | - Sara E Moss
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Bishoy Goubran
- Department of Psychiatry, Larkin Health System, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Csilla Ari
- Department of Psychology, Hyperbaric Neuroscience Research Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Ketone Technologies LLC, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Angela M Poff
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Chris Q Rogers
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Janine M DeBlasi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Bishoy Samy
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Mark Moussa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Jorge M Serrador
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, United States.,Department of Cardiovascular Electronics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Dominic P D'Agostino
- Human Health, Resilience, & Performance, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, United States.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Ketone Technologies LLC, Tampa, FL, United States
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8
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Anti-aging effects of long-term space missions, estimated by heart rate variability. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8995. [PMID: 31222071 PMCID: PMC6586662 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45387-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reports that aging slows down in space prompted this investigation of anti-aging effects in humans by analyzing astronauts’ heart rate variability (HRV). Ambulatory 48-hour electrocardiograms from 7 astronauts (42.1 ± 6.8 years; 6 men) 20.6 ± 2.7 days (ISS01) and 138.6 ± 21.8 days (ISS02) after launch were divided into 24-hour spans of relative lower or higher magnetic disturbance, based on geomagnetic measures in Tromso, Norway. Magnetic disturbances were significantly higher on disturbed than on quiet days (ISS01: 72.01 ± 33.82 versus 33.96 ± 17.90 nT, P = 0.0307; ISS02: 71.06 ± 51.52 versus 32.53 ± 27.27 nT, P = 0.0308). SDNNIDX was increased on disturbed days (by 5.5% during ISS01, P = 0.0110), as were other HRV indices during ISS02 (SDANN, 12.5%, P = 0.0243; Triangular Index, 8.4%, P = 0.0469; and TF-component, 17.2%, P = 0.0054), suggesting the action of an anti-aging or longevity effect. The effect on TF was stronger during light (12:00–17:00) than during darkness (0:00–05:00) (P = 0.0268). The brain default mode network (DMN) was activated, gauged by increases in the LF-band (9.7%, P = 0.0730) and MF1-band (9.9%, P = 0.0281). Magnetic changes in the magnetosphere can affect and enhance HRV indices in space, involving an anti-aging or longevity effect, probably in association with the brain DMN, in a light-dependent manner and/or with help from the circadian clock.
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9
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Chen H, Lv K, Ji G, Liu Z, Guo J, Wan Y, Wang L, Li Z, Li Y, Qu L. Characterization of sleep-wake patterns in crew members under a short-duration spaceflight. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1533730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
- Department of health technology research and development, Space Institute of Southern China (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
| | - Ke Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Guohua Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhizhen Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yumin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Linjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
- Department of health technology research and development, Space Institute of Southern China (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
| | - Lina Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
- Department of health technology research and development, Space Institute of Southern China (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China
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10
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Otsuka K, Cornelissen G, Kubo Y, Shibata K, Hayashi M, Mizuno K, Ohshima H, Furukawa S, Mukai C. Circadian challenge of astronauts' unconscious mind adapting to microgravity in space, estimated by heart rate variability. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10381. [PMID: 29991811 PMCID: PMC6039530 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28740-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is critical that the regulatory system functions well in space's microgravity. However, the "intrinsic" cardiovascular regulatory system (β), estimated by the fractal scaling of heart rate variability (HRV) (0.0001-0.01 Hz), does not adapt to the space environment during long-duration (6-month) space flights. Neuroimaging studies suggest that the default mode network (DMN) serves a broad adaptive purpose, its topology changing over time in association with different brain states of adaptive behavior. Hypothesizing that HRV varies in concert with changes in brain's functional connectivity, we analyzed 24-hour HRV records from 8 healthy astronauts (51.8 ± 3.7 years; 6 men) on long (174.5 ± 13.8 days) space missions, obtained before launch, after about 21 (ISS01), 73 (ISS02), and 156 (ISS03) days in space, and after return to Earth. Spectral power in 8 frequency regions reflecting activity in different brain regions was computed by maximal entropy. Improved β (p < 0.05) found in 4 astronauts with a positive activation in the "HRV slow-frequency oscillation" (0.10-0.20 Hz) occurred even in the absence of consciousness. The adaptive response was stronger in the evening and early sleep compared to morning (p = 0.039). Brain functional networks, the DMN in particular, can help adapt to microgravity in space with help from the circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniaki Otsuka
- Executive Medical Center, Totsuka Royal Clinic, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Halberg Chronobiology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
| | - Germaine Cornelissen
- Halberg Chronobiology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Yutaka Kubo
- Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Medical Center East, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Shibata
- Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Medical Center East, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Hayashi
- Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Medical Center East, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koh Mizuno
- Faculty of Education, Tohoku Fukushi University, Miyagi, Japan
- Space Biomedical Research Group, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohshima
- Space Biomedical Research Group, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Furukawa
- Space Biomedical Research Group, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiaki Mukai
- Space Biomedical Research Group, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tokyo, Japan
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Hughson RL, Peterson SD, Yee NJ, Greaves DK. Cardiac output by pulse contour analysis does not match the increase measured by rebreathing during human spaceflight. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:1145-1149. [PMID: 28798205 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00651.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulse contour analysis of the noninvasive finger arterial pressure waveform provides a convenient means to estimate cardiac output (Q̇). The method has been compared with standard methods under a range of conditions but never before during spaceflight. We compared pulse contour analysis with the Modelflow algorithm to estimates of Q̇ obtained by rebreathing during preflight baseline testing and during the final month of long-duration spaceflight in nine healthy male astronauts. By Modelflow analysis, stroke volume was greater in supine baseline than seated baseline or inflight. Heart rate was reduced in supine baseline so that there were no differences in Q̇ by Modelflow estimate between the supine (7.02 ± 1.31 l/min, means ± SD), seated (6.60 ± 1.95 l/min), or inflight (5.91 ± 1.15 l/min) conditions. In contrast, rebreathing estimates of Q̇ increased from seated baseline (4.76 ± 0.67 l/min) to inflight (7.00 ± 1.39 l/min, significant interaction effect of method and spaceflight, P < 0.001). Pulse contour analysis utilizes a three-element Windkessel model that incorporates parameters dependent on aortic pressure-area relationships that are assumed to represent the entire circulation. We propose that a large increase in vascular compliance in the splanchnic circulation invalidates the model under conditions of spaceflight. Future spaceflight research measuring cardiac function needs to consider this important limitation for assessing absolute values of Q̇ and stroke volume.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Noninvasive assessment of cardiac function during human spaceflight is an important tool to monitor astronaut health. This study demonstrated that pulse contour analysis of finger arterial blood pressure to estimate cardiac output failed to track the 46% increase measured by a rebreathing method. These results strongly suggest that alternative methods not dependent on pulse contour analysis are required to track cardiac function in spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Hughson
- Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario Canada; and
| | - Sean D Peterson
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Yee
- Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario Canada; and
| | - Danielle K Greaves
- Schlegel-University of Waterloo Research Institute for Aging, Waterloo, Ontario Canada; and
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12
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Otsuka K, Cornelissen G, Furukawa S, Kubo Y, Hayashi M, Shibata K, Mizuno K, Aiba T, Ohshima H, Mukai C. Long-term exposure to space's microgravity alters the time structure of heart rate variability of astronauts. Heliyon 2016; 2:e00211. [PMID: 28050606 PMCID: PMC5192238 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spaceflight alters human cardiovascular dynamics. The less negative slope of the fractal scaling of heart rate variability (HRV) of astronauts exposed long-term to microgravity reflects cardiovascular deconditioning. We here focus on specific frequency regions of HRV. Methods Ten healthy astronauts (8 men, 49.1 ± 4.2 years) provided five 24-hour electrocardiographic (ECG) records: before launch, 20.8 ± 2.9 (ISS01), 72.5 ± 3.9 (ISS02) and 152.8 ± 16.1 (ISS03) days after launch, and after return to Earth. HRV endpoints, determined from normal-to-normal (NN) intervals in 180-min intervals progressively displaced by 5 min, were compared in space versus Earth. They were fitted with a model including 4 major anticipated components with periods of 24 (circadian), 12 (circasemidian), 8 (circaoctohoran), and 1.5 (Basic Rest-Activity Cycle; BRAC) hours. Findings The 24-, 12-, and 8-hour components of HRV persisted during long-term spaceflight. The 90-min amplitude became about three times larger in space (ISS03) than on Earth, notably in a subgroup of 7 astronauts who presented with a different HRV profile before flight. The total spectral power (TF; p < 0.05) and that in the ultra-low frequency range (ULF, 0.0001–0.003 Hz; p < 0.01) increased from 154.9 ± 105.0 and 117.9 ± 57.5 msec2 (before flight) to 532.7 ± 301.3 and 442.4 ± 202.9 msec2 (ISS03), respectively. The power-law fractal scaling β was altered in space, changing from -1.087 ± 0.130 (before flight) to -0.977 ± 0.098 (ISS01), -0.910 ± 0.130 (ISS02), and -0.924 ± 0.095 (ISS03) (invariably p < 0.05). Interpretation Most HRV changes observed in space relate to a frequency window centered around one cycle in about 90 min. Since the BRAC component is amplified in space for only specific HRV endpoints, it is likely to represent a physiologic response rather than an artifact from the International Space Station (ISS) orbit. If so, it may offer a way to help adaptation to microgravity during long-duration spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniaki Otsuka
- Executive Medical Center, Totsuka Royal Clinic, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Halberg Chronobiology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Satoshi Furukawa
- Space Biomedical Research Group, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kubo
- Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Medical Center East, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Hayashi
- Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Medical Center East, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Shibata
- Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Medical Center East, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koh Mizuno
- Space Biomedical Research Group, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Child and Family Studies, Tohoku Fukushi University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Aiba
- Space Biomedical Research Group, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tokyo, Japan; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohshima
- Space Biomedical Research Group, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiaki Mukai
- Space Biomedical Research Group, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Aubert AE, Larina I, Momken I, Blanc S, White O, Kim Prisk G, Linnarsson D. Towards human exploration of space: the THESEUS review series on cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal research priorities. NPJ Microgravity 2016; 2:16031. [PMID: 28725739 PMCID: PMC5515532 DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2016.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- André E Aubert
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Gasthuisberg University Hospital, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Irina Larina
- Institute for Biomedical Problems, Moscow, Russia
| | - Iman Momken
- Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne, UBIAE (EA7362), Evry, France
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, Strasbourg, France
- CNRS, UMR7178, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - G Kim Prisk
- University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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14
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Eckberg DL, Diedrich A, Cooke WH, Biaggioni I, Buckey JC, Pawelczyk JA, Ertl AC, Cox JF, Kuusela TA, Tahvanainen KUO, Mano T, Iwase S, Baisch FJ, Levine BD, Adams-Huet B, Robertson D, Blomqvist CG. Respiratory modulation of human autonomic function: long-term neuroplasticity in space. J Physiol 2016; 594:5629-46. [PMID: 27029027 DOI: 10.1113/jp271656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS We studied healthy astronauts before, during and after the Neurolab Space Shuttle mission with controlled breathing and apnoea, to identify autonomic changes that might contribute to postflight orthostatic intolerance. Measurements included the electrocardiogram, finger photoplethysmographic arterial pressure, respiratory carbon dioxide levels, tidal volume and peroneal nerve muscle sympathetic activity. Arterial pressure fell and then rose in space, and drifted back to preflight levels after return to Earth. Vagal metrics changed in opposite directions: vagal baroreflex gain and two indices of vagal fluctuations rose and then fell in space, and descended to preflight levels upon return to Earth. Sympathetic burst frequencies (but not areas) were greater than preflight in space and on landing day, and astronauts' abilities to modulate both burst areas and frequencies during apnoea were sharply diminished. Spaceflight triggers long-term neuroplastic changes reflected by reciptocal sympathetic and vagal motoneurone responsiveness to breathing changes. ABSTRACT We studied six healthy astronauts five times, on Earth, in space on the first and 12th or 13th day of the 16 day Neurolab Space Shuttle mission, on landing day, and 5-6 days later. Astronauts followed a fixed protocol comprising controlled and random frequency breathing and apnoea, conceived to perturb their autonomic function and identify changes, if any, provoked by microgravity exposure. We recorded the electrocardiogram, finger photoplethysmographic arterial pressure, tidal carbon dioxide concentrations and volumes, and peroneal nerve muscle sympathetic activity on Earth (in the supine position) and in space. (Sympathetic nerve recordings were made during three sessions: preflight, late mission and landing day.) Arterial pressure changed systematically from preflight levels: pressure fell during early microgravity exposure, rose as microgravity exposure continued, and drifted back to preflight levels after return to Earth. Vagal metrics changed in opposite directions: vagal baroreflex gain and two indices of vagal fluctuations (root mean square of successive normal R-R intervals; and proportion of successive normal R-R intervals greater than 50 ms, divided by the total number of normal R-R intervals) rose significantly during early microgravity exposure, fell as microgravity exposure continued, and descended to preflight levels upon return to Earth. Sympathetic mechanisms also changed. Burst frequencies (but not areas) during fixed frequency breathing were greater than preflight in space and on landing day, but their control during apnoea was sharply altered: astronauts increased their burst frequencies from already high levels, but they could not modulate either burst areas or frequencies appropriately. Space travel provokes long-lasting sympathetic and vagal neuroplastic changes in healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwain L Eckberg
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Hunter Holmes McGuire Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - André Diedrich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Autonomic Dysfunction Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - William H Cooke
- Department of Kinesiology, Health, and Nutrition, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Italo Biaggioni
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Autonomic Dysfunction Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jay C Buckey
- Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Centre, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - James A Pawelczyk
- Department of Physiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park and Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Andrew C Ertl
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Autonomic Dysfunction Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James F Cox
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Hunter Holmes McGuire Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Tom A Kuusela
- Department of Physics, Turku University, Turku, Finland
| | - Kari U O Tahvanainen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, South Karelia Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Tadaaki Mano
- Gifu University of Medical Science, 795-1 Nagamine Ichihiraga, Seki, Gifu, 501-3892, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iwase
- Department of Physiology, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Benjamin D Levine
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.,Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian, Hospital, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - David Robertson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Autonomic Dysfunction Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - C Gunnar Blomqvist
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
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15
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Otsuka K, Cornelissen G, Kubo Y, Hayashi M, Yamamoto N, Shibata K, Aiba T, Furukawa S, Ohshima H, Mukai C. Intrinsic cardiovascular autonomic regulatory system of astronauts exposed long-term to microgravity in space: observational study. NPJ Microgravity 2015; 1:15018. [PMID: 28725718 PMCID: PMC5516430 DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2015.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The fractal scaling of the long-term heart rate variability (HRV) reflects the 'intrinsic' autonomic regulatory system. Herein, we examine how microgravity on the ISS affected the power-law scaling β (beta) of astronauts during a long-duration (about 6 months) spaceflight. Ambulatory electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring was performed on seven healthy astronauts (5 men, 52.0±4.2 years of age) five times: before launch, 24±5 (F01) and 73±5 (F02) days after launch, 15±5 days before return (F03), and after return to Earth. The power-law scaling β was calculated as the slope of the regression line of the power density of the MEM spectrum versus frequency plotted on a log10-log10 scale in the range of 0.0001-0.01 Hz (corresponding to periods of 2.8 h to 1.6 min). β was less negative in space (-0.949±0.061) than on Earth (-1.163±0.075; P<0.025). The difference was more pronounced during the awake than during the rest/sleep span. The circadian amplitude and acrophase (phase of maximum) of β did not differ in space as compared with Earth. An effect of microgravity was detected within 1 month (F01) in space and continued throughout the spaceflight. The intrinsic autonomic regulatory system that protects life under serious environmental conditions on Earth is altered in the microgravity environment, with no change over the 6-month spaceflight. It is thus important to find a way to improve conditions in space and/or in terms of human physiology, not to compromise the intrinsic autonomic regulatory system now that plans are being made to inhabit another planet in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniaki Otsuka
- Department of Chronomics and Gerontology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.,Halberg Chronobiology Center, Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Germaine Cornelissen
- Halberg Chronobiology Center, Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yutaka Kubo
- Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Medical Center East, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Hayashi
- Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Medical Center East, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naomune Yamamoto
- Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Medical Center East, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Shibata
- Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Medical Center East, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Aiba
- Space Biomedical Research Group, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Furukawa
- Space Biomedical Research Group, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohshima
- Space Biomedical Research Group, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiaki Mukai
- Space Biomedical Research Group, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Hughson RL, Shoemaker JK. Autonomic responses to exercise: Deconditioning/inactivity. Auton Neurosci 2015; 188:32-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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17
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Postural Hypotension Associated with Nonelastic Pantyhose during Lymphedema Treatment. Case Rep Dermatol Med 2014; 2014:536126. [PMID: 25105033 PMCID: PMC4106055 DOI: 10.1155/2014/536126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The case of a 72-year-old female patient with elephantiasis is reported. The patient was submitted to two surgeries to remove the edema. After surgery, the leg again evolved to elephantiasis and eventually she was referred to the Clinica Godoy for clinical treatment. Intensive treatment was carried out (6 to 8 hours per day) and the patient lost more than 70% of the limb volume within one week. After this loss, the volume was maintained using grosgrain compression pantyhose for 24 hours per day. During the return appointment, the patient suffered from systemic hypotension (a drop of more than 30 mmHg within three minutes) while she was standing after removing the stocking. A further investigation showed that the symptoms only appeared when the stocking was worn for 24 hours. Thus, the patient was advised to use the stocking only during the day thereby avoiding the symptoms of hypotension.
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