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Todini L, Fantuz F. Thirst: neuroendocrine regulation in mammals. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1085-1101. [PMID: 36932281 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Animals can sense their changing internal needs and then generate specific physiological and behavioural responses in order to restore homeostasis. Water-saline homeostasis derives from balances of water and sodium intake and output (drinking and diuresis, salt appetite and natriuresis), maintaining an appropriate composition and volume of extracellular fluid. Thirst is the sensation which drives to seek and consume water, regulated in the central nervous system by both neural and chemical signals. Water and electrolyte homeostasis depends on finely tuned physiological mechanisms, mainly susceptible to plasma Na+ concentration and osmotic pressure, but also to blood volume and arterial pressure. Increases of osmotic pressure as slight as 1-2% are enough to induce thirst ("homeostatic" or cellular), by activation of specialized osmoreceptors in the circumventricular organs, outside the blood-brain barrier. Presystemic anticipatory signals (by oropharyngeal or gastrointestinal receptors) inhibit thirst when fluids are ingested, or stimulate thirst associated with food intake. Hypovolemia, arterial hypotension, Angiotensin II stimulate thirst ("hypovolemic thirst", "extracellular dehydration"). Hypervolemia, hypertension, Atrial Natriuretic Peptide inhibit thirst. Circadian rhythms of thirst are also detectable, driven by suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus. Such homeostasis and other fundamental physiological functions (cardiocircolatory, thermoregulation, food intake) are highly interdependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Todini
- Scuola di Bioscienze e Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Camerino, Via della Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024, Matelica, MC, Italy.
| | - Francesco Fantuz
- Scuola di Bioscienze e Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Camerino, Via della Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024, Matelica, MC, Italy
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Malairaj S, Veeraperumal S, Yao W, Subramanian M, Tan K, Zhong S, Cheong KL. Porphyran from Porphyra haitanensis Enhances Intestinal Barrier Function and Regulates Gut Microbiota Composition. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21050265. [PMID: 37233459 DOI: 10.3390/md21050265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effects of a homogenous porphyran from Porphyra haitanensis (PHP) on the intestinal barrier and gut microbiota were investigated. The results showed that oral administration of PHP resulted in a higher luminal moisture content and a lower pH environment for the growth of beneficial bacteria in the colon of mice. PHP significantly increased the production of total short-chain fatty acids during the fermentation process. PHP made the intestinal epithelial cells of mice arrange more tidily and tightly with a significant increase in mucosal thickness. PHP also increased the amount of mucin-producing goblet cells and the expression of mucin in the colon, which maintained the structure and function of the intestinal mucosal barrier. Moreover, PHP up-regulated the expression of tight junctions including ZO-1 and occludin, improving the intestinal physical barrier function. The results of 16S rRNA sequencing showed that PHP regulated the composition of gut microbiota in mice, increasing the richness and diversity of gut microbiota and the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes. This study revealed that the intake of PHP is beneficial for the gastrointestinal tract and PHP could be a potential source of prebiotics in the functional food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathuvan Malairaj
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Suresh Veeraperumal
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Wanzi Yao
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Mugesh Subramanian
- Research and Development Center, Genexia Bioserv, Chennai 600045, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Karsoon Tan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Saiyi Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Kit-Leong Cheong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
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Wada Y, Higashide T, Sakaguchi K, Nagata A, Hirooka K, Sugiyama K. Compromised blood flow in the optic nerve head after systemic administration of 2 aldosterone in rats: A possible rat model of retinal ganglion cell loss. Curr Eye Res 2022; 47:777-785. [PMID: 35179420 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2029907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the optic nerve head (ONH) blood flow, retinal vessel diameters, and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss after systemic administration of aldosterone in rats. METHODS Aldosterone (80 μg/kg/day) or vehicle was administered using an osmotic minipump in Brown Norway rats. The mean blur rate in the vessel (MV) and tissue (MT) regions and retinal vessel diameters in the ONH were measured by laser speckle flowgraphy before and 1, 2, and 4 weeks after administration of aldosterone or vehicle. Intraocular pressure (IOP), blood pressure, and heart rate were recorded. The retrogradely labeled RGCs were counted in the retinal flatmounts prepared 5 weeks after treatment. RESULTS The MV and MT in the aldosterone group significantly decreased at 2 and 4 weeks (MV: 2 weeks, P = 0.001, 4 weeks, P < 0.001; MT: 2 weeks, P = 0.02, 4 weeks, P = 0.03). The artery and vein diameters significantly decreased at 1, 2, and 4 weeks in the aldosterone group (all P < 0.001). The MV, MT, and vessel diameters remained unchanged in the vehicle group. Other parameters did not change over time in either group. RGC counts were significantly lower in the aldosterone group than in the vehicle group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS ONH blood flow decreased following retinal vessel constriction without changes in IOP or blood pressure in a possible rat model of RGC loss by systemic administration of aldosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Wada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan.,Ophthalmology, National Hospital Organization Kanazawa Medical Center, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tomomi Higashide
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kimikazu Sakaguchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nagata
- Ophthalmology, National Hospital Organization Kanazawa Medical Center, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Hirooka
- Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sugiyama
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
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Quirós Cognuck S, Reis WL, Silva MS, Almeida-Pereira G, Debarba LK, Zorro SV, Mecawi AS, Franci CR, Elias LLK, Antunes-Rodrigues J. Sex- and age-dependent differences in the hormone and drinking responses to water deprivation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 318:R567-R578. [PMID: 31967852 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00303.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of the volume and osmolality of body fluids is important, and the adaptive responses recruited to protect against osmotic stress are crucial for survival. The objective of this work was to compare the responses that occur in aging male and female rats during water deprivation. For this purpose, groups of male and female Wistar rats aged 3 mo (adults) or 18 mo (old) were submitted to water deprivation (WD) for 48 h. The water and sodium (0.15 M NaCl) intake, plasma concentrations of oxytocin (OT), arginine vasopressin (AVP), corticosterone (CORT), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and angiotensin II (ANG II) were determined in hydrated and water-deprived animals. In response to WD, old male and female rats drank less water and saline than adults, and both adult and old females drank more water and saline than respective males. Dehydrated old animals displayed lower ANG II plasma concentration and CORT response compared with the respective normohydrated rats. Dehydrated adult males had higher plasma ANP and AVP as well as lower CORT concentrations than dehydrated adult females. Moreover, plasma OT and CORT levels of old female rats were higher than those in the dehydrated old male rats. Relative expression of ANG II type 1 receptor mRNA was decreased in the subfornical organ of adult and old male rats as well as adult female rats in response to WD. In conclusion, the study elucidated the effect of sex and age on responses induced by WD, altering the degree of dehydration induced by 48 h of WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Quirós Cognuck
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Reis
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia S Silva
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Almeida-Pereira
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas K Debarba
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra V Zorro
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - André S Mecawi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Celso R Franci
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucila L K Elias
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Antunes-Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Begg DP. Disturbances of thirst and fluid balance associated with aging. Physiol Behav 2017; 178:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Huber MJ, Fan Y, Jiang E, Zhu F, Larson RA, Yan J, Li N, Chen QH, Shan Z. Increased activity of the orexin system in the paraventricular nucleus contributes to salt-sensitive hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2017; 313:H1075-H1086. [PMID: 28667055 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00822.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The orexin system is involved in arginine vasopressin (AVP) regulation, and its overactivation has been implicated in hypertension. However, its role in salt-sensitive hypertension (SSHTN) is unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that hyperactivity of the orexin system in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) contributes to SSHTN via enhancing AVP signaling. Eight-week-old male Dahl salt-sensitive (Dahl S) and age- and sex-matched Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were placed on a high-salt (HS; 8% NaCl) or normal-salt (NS; 0.4% NaCl) diet for 4 wk. HS intake did not alter mean arterial pressure (MAP), PVN mRNA levels of orexin receptor 1 (OX1R), or OX2R but slightly increased PVN AVP mRNA expression in SD rats. HS diet induced significant increases in MAP and PVN mRNA levels of OX1R, OX2R, and AVP in Dahl S rats. Intracerebroventricular infusion of orexin A (0.2 nmol) dramatically increased AVP mRNA levels and immunoreactivity in the PVN of SD rats. Incubation of cultured hypothalamus neurons from newborn SD rats with orexin A increased AVP mRNA expression, which was attenuated by OX1R blockade. In addition, increased cerebrospinal fluid Na+ concentration through intracerebroventricular infusion of NaCl solution (4 µmol) increased PVN OX1R and AVP mRNA levels and immunoreactivity in SD rats. Furthermore, bilateral PVN microinjection of the OX1R antagonist SB-408124 resulted in a greater reduction in MAP in HS intake (-16 ± 5 mmHg) compared with NS-fed (-4 ± 4 mmHg) anesthetized Dahl S rats. These results suggest that elevated PVN OX1R activation may contribute to SSHTN by enhancing AVP signaling.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To our best knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the involvement of the orexin system in salt-sensitive hypertension. Our results suggest that the orexin system may contribute to the Dahl model of salt-sensitive hypertension by enhancing vasopressin signaling in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Huber
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan
| | - Yuanyuan Fan
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Enshe Jiang
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan.,Institute for Nursing and Health Research, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Fengli Zhu
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan
| | - Robert A Larson
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan
| | - Jianqun Yan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ningjun Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and
| | - Qing-Hui Chen
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan.,Biotech Research Center, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan
| | - Zhiying Shan
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan; .,Biotech Research Center, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan
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