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Liu H, Xu Y, Hu F. AMPK in the Ventromedial Nucleus of the Hypothalamus: A Key Regulator for Thermogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:578830. [PMID: 33071984 PMCID: PMC7538541 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.578830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become a global health issue, but effective therapies remain very limited. Adaptive thermogenesis promotes weight loss by dissipating energy in the form of heat, thereby representing a promising target to counteract obesity. Notably, the regulation of thermogenesis is tightly orchestrated by complex neuronal networks, especially those in the hypothalamus. Recent evidence highlights the importance of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) within the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH) in modulating thermogenesis. Various molecules, such as GLP-1, leptin, estradiol, and thyroid hormones, have been reported to act on the VMH to inhibit AMPK, which subsequently increases thermogenesis through the activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). In this review, we summarize the critical role of AMPK within the VMH in the control of energy balance, focusing on its contribution to thermogenesis and the associated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailan Liu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Fang Hu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Fang Hu
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Choudhary RC, Jia X. Hypothalamic or Extrahypothalamic Modulation and Targeted Temperature Management After Brain Injury. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag 2017; 7:125-133. [PMID: 28467285 PMCID: PMC5610405 DOI: 10.1089/ther.2017.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted temperature management (TTM) has been recognized to protect tissue function and positively influence neurological outcomes after brain injury. While shivering during hypothermia nullifies the beneficial effect of TTM, traditionally, antishivering drugs or paralyzing agents have been used to reduce the shivering. The hypothalamic area of the brain helps in controlling cerebral temperature and body temperature through interactions between different brain areas. Thus, modulation of different brain areas either pharmacologically or by electrical stimulation may contribute in TTM; although, very few studies have shown that TTM might be achieved by activation and inhibition of neurons in the hypothalamic region. Recent studies have investigated potential pharmacological methods of inducing hypothermia for TTM by aiming to maintain the TTM and reduce the shivering effect without using antiparalytic drugs. Better survival and neurological outcome after brain injury have been reported after pharmacologically induced TTM. This review discusses the mechanisms and modulation of the hypothalamus with other brain areas that are involved in inducing hypothermia through which TTM may be achieved and provides therapeutic strategies for TTM after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaofeng Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Whittle A, Carobbio S, Martins L, Slawik M, Hondares E, Vázquez M, Morgan D, Csikasz R, Gallego R, Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Dale M, Virtue S, Villarroya F, Cannon B, Rahmouni K, López M, Vidal-Puig A. BMP8B increases brown adipose tissue thermogenesis through both central and peripheral actions. Cell 2012; 149:871-85. [PMID: 22579288 PMCID: PMC3383997 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) is fundamental to energy balance and is also relevant for humans. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) regulate adipogenesis, and, here, we describe a role for BMP8B in the direct regulation of thermogenesis. BMP8B is induced by nutritional and thermogenic factors in mature BAT, increasing the response to noradrenaline through enhanced p38MAPK/CREB signaling and increased lipase activity. Bmp8b(-/-) mice exhibit impaired thermogenesis and reduced metabolic rate, causing weight gain despite hypophagia. BMP8B is also expressed in the hypothalamus, and Bmp8b(-/-) mice display altered neuropeptide levels and reduced phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), indicating an anorexigenic state. Central BMP8B treatment increased sympathetic activation of BAT, dependent on the status of AMPK in key hypothalamic nuclei. Our results indicate that BMP8B is a thermogenic protein that regulates energy balance in partnership with hypothalamic AMPK. BMP8B may offer a mechanism to specifically increase energy dissipation by BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Whittle
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stefania Carobbio
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Luís Martins
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine-CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Marc Slawik
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Elayne Hondares
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - María Jesús Vázquez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine-CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Donald Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Robert I. Csikasz
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Rosalía Gallego
- Department of Morphological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Sergio Rodriguez-Cuenca
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Martin Dale
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Samuel Virtue
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Barbara Cannon
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
- The Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine-CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Antonio Vidal-Puig
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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Dimicco JA, Zaretsky DV. The dorsomedial hypothalamus: a new player in thermoregulation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 292:R47-63. [PMID: 16959861 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00498.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) play key roles in physiological responses to exteroceptive (“emotional”) stress in rats, including tachycardia. Tachycardia evoked from the DMH or seen in experimental stress in rats is blocked by microinjection of the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol into the rostral raphe pallidus (rRP), an important thermoregulatory site in the brain stem, where disinhibition elicits sympathetically mediated activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and cutaneous vasoconstriction in the tail. Disinhibition of neurons in the DMH also elevates core temperature in conscious rats and sympathetic activity to least significant difference interscapular BAT (IBAT) and IBAT temperature in anesthetized preparations. The latter effects are blocked by microinjection of muscimol into the rRP, while microinjection of muscimol into either the rRP or DMH suppresses increases in sympathetic nerve activity to IBAT, IBAT temperature, and core body temperature elicited either by microinjection of PGE2 into the preoptic area (an experimental model for fever), or central administration of fentanyl. Neurons concentrated in the dorsal region of the DMH project directly to the rRP, a location corresponding to that of neurons transsynaptically labeled from IBAT. Thus these neurons control nonshivering thermogenesis in rats, and their activation signals its recruitment in diverse experimental paradigms. Evidence also points to a role for neurons in the DMH in thermoregulatory cutaneous vasoconstriction, shivering, and endocrine adjustments. These directions provide intriguing avenues for future exploration that may expand our understanding of the DMH as an important hypothalamic site for the integration of autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral responses to diverse challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Dimicco
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Zamboni G, Jones CA, Domeniconi R, Amici R, Perez E, Luppi M, Cerri M, Parmeggiani PL. Specific changes in cerebral second messenger accumulation underline REM sleep inhibition induced by the exposure to low ambient temperature. Brain Res 2006; 1022:62-70. [PMID: 15353214 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the rat the exposure to an ambient temperature (Ta) of -10 degrees C induces an almost total REM sleep deprivation that results in a proportional rebound in the following recovery at normal laboratory Ta when the exposure lasts for 24 h, but in a rebound much lower than expected when the exposure lasts 48 h. The possibility that this may be related to plastic changes in the nervous structures involved in the control of thermoregulation and REM sleep has been investigated by measuring changes in the concentration of adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)) in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area (PO-AH), the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) and, as a control, the cerebral cortex (CC). Second messenger concentration was determined in animals either stimulated by being exposed to hypoxia, a depolarizing condition that induces maximal second messenger accumulation or unstimulated, at the end of a 24-h and a 48-h exposure to -10 degrees C and also between 4 h 15 min and 4 h 30 min into recovery (early recovery). At the end of both exposure conditions, cAMP concentration significantly decreased in PO-AH-VMH, but did not change in CC, whilst changes in IP(3) concentration were similar in all these regions. The low cAMP concentration in PO-AH-VMH was concomitant with a significantly low accumulation in hypoxia. The normal capacity of cAMP accumulation was only restored in the early recovery following 24 h of exposure, but not following 48 h of exposure, suggesting that this may be a biochemical equivalent of the REM sleep inhibition observed during 48 h of exposure and which is carried over to the recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Zamboni
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia umana e generale, Università di Bologna, Piazza di Porta San Donato 2, 40127 Bologna (BO), Italy.
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Abstract
The function of brown adipose tissue is to transfer energy from food into heat; physiologically, both the heat produced and the resulting decrease in metabolic efficiency can be of significance. Both the acute activity of the tissue, i.e., the heat production, and the recruitment process in the tissue (that results in a higher thermogenic capacity) are under the control of norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerves. In thermoregulatory thermogenesis, brown adipose tissue is essential for classical nonshivering thermogenesis (this phenomenon does not exist in the absence of functional brown adipose tissue), as well as for the cold acclimation-recruited norepinephrine-induced thermogenesis. Heat production from brown adipose tissue is activated whenever the organism is in need of extra heat, e.g., postnatally, during entry into a febrile state, and during arousal from hibernation, and the rate of thermogenesis is centrally controlled via a pathway initiated in the hypothalamus. Feeding as such also results in activation of brown adipose tissue; a series of diets, apparently all characterized by being low in protein, result in a leptin-dependent recruitment of the tissue; this metaboloregulatory thermogenesis is also under hypothalamic control. When the tissue is active, high amounts of lipids and glucose are combusted in the tissue. The development of brown adipose tissue with its characteristic protein, uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1), was probably determinative for the evolutionary success of mammals, as its thermogenesis enhances neonatal survival and allows for active life even in cold surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cannon
- The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Symonds ME, Bird JA, Sullivan C, Wilson V, Clarke L, Stephenson T. Effect of delivery temperature on endocrine stimulation of thermoregulation in lambs born by cesarean section. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2000; 88:47-53. [PMID: 10642361 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2000.88.1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the hypothesis that exogenous stimulation with physiological doses of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T(3)) and/or norepinephrine at birth can improve thermoregulation in near-term lambs delivered by cesarean section. This was achieved by investigating the effect of delivery temperature [i.e., warm (30( degrees )C) vs. cool (15( degrees )C) ambient temperatures] on hormonal stimulation on uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) abundance in brown adipose tissue. In vivo measurements of temperature control (i. e., colonic temperature, oxygen consumption, and incidence of shivering) were made over the first 2.5 h after birth. Each lamb was injected with saline with or without T(3), norepinephrine, or T(3) plus norepinephrine. Irrespective of delivery temperature, abundance of UCP1 increased and incidence of shivering decreased by all hormonal treatments, but this only reduced the rate of decline in colonic temperature of cool-delivered lambs. Oxygen consumption was higher in cool-delivered lambs that were able to fully restore body temperature, an adaptation not observed in controls or any warm-delivered groups. Exogenous administration of endocrine stimulatory factors can enhance the abundance of UCP1 in cesarean-section-delivered lambs with the magnitude of thermoregulatory response being greater at cool than warm delivery temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Symonds
- Academic Division of Child Health, School of Human Development, University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.
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