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Sinha AS, Wang T, Watanabe M, Hosoi Y, Sohara E, Akita T, Uchida S, Fukuda A. WNK3 kinase maintains neuronal excitability by reducing inwardly rectifying K+ conductance in layer V pyramidal neurons of mouse medial prefrontal cortex. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:856262. [PMID: 36311015 PMCID: PMC9613442 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.856262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The with-no-lysine (WNK) family of serine-threonine kinases and its downstream kinases of STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress-responsive kinase-1 (OSR1) may regulate intracellular Cl− homeostasis through phosphorylation of cation-Cl− co-transporters. WNK3 is expressed in fetal and postnatal brains, and its expression level increases during development. Its roles in neurons, however, remain uncertain. Using WNK3 knockout (KO) mice, we investigated the role of WNK3 in the regulation of the intracellular Cl− concentration ([Cl−]i) and the excitability of layer V pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Gramicidin-perforated patch-clamp recordings in neurons from acute slice preparation at the postnatal day 21 indicated a significantly depolarized reversal potential for GABAA receptor-mediated currents by 6 mV, corresponding to the higher [Cl−]i level by ~4 mM in KO mice than in wild-type littermates. However, phosphorylation levels of SPAK and OSR1 and those of neuronal Na+-K+-2Cl− co-transporter NKCC1 and K+-Cl− co-transporter KCC2 did not significantly differ between KO and wild-type mice. Meanwhile, the resting membrane potential of neurons was more hyperpolarized by 7 mV, and the minimum stimulus current necessary for firing induction was increased in KO mice. These were due to an increased inwardly rectifying K+ (IRK) conductance, mediated by classical inwardly rectifying (Kir) channels, in KO neurons. The introduction of an active form of WNK3 into the recording neurons reversed these changes. The potential role of KCC2 function in the observed changes of KO neurons was investigated by applying a selective KCC2 activator, CLP290. This reversed the enhanced IRK conductance in KO neurons, indicating that both WNK3 and KCC2 are intimately linked in the regulation of resting K+ conductance. Evaluation of synaptic properties revealed that the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) was reduced, whereas that of inhibitory currents (mIPSCs) was slightly increased in KO neurons. Together, the impact of these developmental changes on the membrane and synaptic properties was manifested as behavioral deficits in pre-pulse inhibition, a measure of sensorimotor gating involving multiple brain regions including the mPFC, in KO mice. Thus, the basal function of WNK3 would be the maintenance and/or development of both intrinsic and synaptic excitabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adya Saran Sinha
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tianying Wang
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Miho Watanabe
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hosoi
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Eisei Sohara
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tenpei Akita
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Shinichi Uchida
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuo Fukuda
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
- *Correspondence: Atsuo Fukuda
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Mrad FCC, Soares SBM, de Menezes Silva LAW, Dos Anjos Menezes PV, Simões-E-Silva AC. Bartter's syndrome: clinical findings, genetic causes and therapeutic approach. World J Pediatr 2021; 17:31-39. [PMID: 32488762 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-020-00370-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGOUND Bartter's syndrome (BS) is a rare group of salt losing tubulopathies due to the impairment of transport mechanisms at the thick ascending limb of the Henle's loop. DATA SOURCES Literature reviews and original research articles were collected from database, including PubMed and Scopus. RESULTS According to the time of onset and symptoms, BS can be classified into antenatal and classic BS. Molecular studies have identified different subtypes of BS. BS types I, II and III are caused by mutations on genes encoding the luminal Na+-K+-2Cl- co-transporter, the luminal K+ channel ROMK, and the basolateral chloride channel ClC-Kb (CLCNKB), respectively. Loss-of-function mutations of Barttin CLCNK type accessory beta subunit cause BS type IVa. Simultaneous mutations of CLCNKB and CLCNKA cause BS type IVb. BS type V consists in a novel transient form characterized by antenatal presentation due to mutations in the MAGE family member D2. Severe gain-of-function mutations of the extracellular calcium sensing receptor gene can result in an autosomal dominant condition of BS. Main clinical and biochemical alterations in BS include polyuria, dehydration, hypokalemia, hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis, hyperreninemia, high levels of prostaglandins, normal or low blood pressure, hypercalciuria and failure to thrive. Treatment focuses mainly at correcting dehydration and electrolyte disturbances and in measures to reduce polyuria, including the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications to control excessive renal prostaglandin E2 production. CONCLUSIONS Early diagnosis and treatment of BS may prevent long-term consequences such as growth failure, nephrocalcinosis and end-stage renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Cristina Carvalho Mrad
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Room # 281, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-100, Brazil.,Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Bouissou Morais Soares
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Room # 281, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Luiz Alberto Wanderley de Menezes Silva
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Room # 281, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Pedro Versiani Dos Anjos Menezes
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Room # 281, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Simões-E-Silva
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, Room # 281, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-100, Brazil.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Studies of the genetic model organism, Drosophila melanogaster, have unraveled molecular pathways relevant to human physiology and disease. The Malpighian tubule, the Drosophila renal epithelium, is described here, including tools available to study transport; conserved transporters, channels, and the signaling pathways regulating them; and fly models of kidney stone disease. RECENT FINDINGS Tools to measure Malpighian tubule transport continue to advance, including use of a transgenic sensor to quantify intracellular pH and proton fluxes. A recent study generated an RNA-sequencing-based atlas of tissue-specific gene expression, with resulting insights into Malpighian tubule gene expression of transporters and channels. Advances have been made in understanding the molecular physiology of the With No Lysine kinase-Ste20-related proline/alanine rich kinase/oxidative stress response kinase cascade that regulates epithelial ion transport in flies and mammals. New studies in Drosophila kidney stone models have characterized zinc transporters and used Malpighian tubules to study the efficacy of a plant metabolite in decreasing stone burden. SUMMARY Study of the Drosophila Malpighian tubule affords opportunities to better characterize the molecular physiology of epithelial transport mechanisms relevant to mammalian renal physiology.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The apical Na/K/2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2) mediates NaCl reabsorption by the thick ascending limb, contributing to maintenance of blood pressure (BP). Despite effective NKCC2 inhibition by loop diuretics, these agents are not viable for long-term management of BP due to side effects. Novel molecular mechanisms that control NKCC2 activity reveal an increasingly complex picture with interacting layers of NKCC2 regulation. Here, we review the latest developments that shine new light on NKCC2-mediated control of BP and potential new long-term therapies to treat hypertension. RECENT FINDINGS Emerging molecular NKCC2 regulators, often binding partners, reveal a complex overlay of interacting mechanisms aimed at fine tuning NKCC2 activity. Different factors achieve this by shifting the balance between trafficking steps like exocytosis, endocytosis, recycling and protein turnover, or by balancing phosphorylation vs. dephosphorylation. Further molecular details are also emerging on previously known pathways of NKCC2 regulation, and recent in-vivo data continues to place NKCC2 regulation at the center of BP control. SUMMARY Several layers of emerging molecular mechanisms that control NKCC2 activity may operate simultaneously, but they can also be controlled independently. This provides an opportunity to identify new pharmacological targets to fine-tune NKCC2 activity for BP management.
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Hao S, Salzo J, Hao M, Ferreri NR. Regulation of NKCC2B by TNF-α in response to salt restriction. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 318:F273-F282. [PMID: 31813248 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00388.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that TNF-α produced by renal epithelial cells inhibits Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC2) activity as part of a mechanism that attenuates increases in blood pressure in response to high NaCl intake. As the role of TNF-α in the kidney is still being defined, the effects of low salt intake on TNF-α and NKCC2B expression were determined. Mice given a low-salt (0.02% NaCl) diet (LSD) for 7 days exhibited a 62 ± 7.4% decrease in TNF-α mRNA accumulation in the renal cortex. Mice that ingested the LSD also exhibited an ~63% increase in phosphorylated NKCC2 expression in the cortical thick ascending limb of Henle's loop and a concomitant threefold increase in NKCC2B mRNA abundance without a concurrent change in NKCC2A mRNA accumulation. NKCC2B mRNA levels increased fivefold in mice that ingested the LSD and also received an intrarenal injection of a lentivirus construct that specifically silenced TNF-α in the kidney (U6-TNF-ex4) compared with mice injected with control lentivirus. Administration of a single intrarenal injection of murine recombinant TNF-α (5 ng/g body wt) attenuated the increases of NKCC2B mRNA by ~50% and inhibited the increase in phosphorylated NKCC2 by ~54% in the renal cortex of mice given the LSD for 7 days. Renal silencing of TNF-α decreased urine volume and NaCl excretion in mice given the LSD, effects that were reversed when NKCC2B was silenced in the kidney. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that downregulation of renal TNF-α production in response to low-salt conditions contributes to the regulation of NaCl reabsorption via an NKCC2B-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujin Hao
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Joseph Salzo
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Mary Hao
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Nicholas R Ferreri
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
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Huang H, Song S, Banerjee S, Jiang T, Zhang J, Kahle KT, Sun D, Zhang Z. The WNK-SPAK/OSR1 Kinases and the Cation-Chloride Cotransporters as Therapeutic Targets for Neurological Diseases. Aging Dis 2019; 10:626-636. [PMID: 31165006 PMCID: PMC6538211 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2018.0928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) have drawn attention in the medical neuroscience research. CCCs include the family of Na+-coupled Cl- importers (NCC, NKCC1, and NKCC2), K+-coupled Cl- exporters (KCCs), and possibly polyamine transporters (CCC9) and CCC interacting protein (CIP1). For decades, CCCs have been the targets of several commonly used diuretic drugs, including hydrochlorothiazide, furosemide, and bumetanide. Genetic mutations of NCC and NKCC2 cause congenital renal tubular disorders and lead to renal salt-losing hypotension, secondary hyperreninemia, and hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis. New studies reveal that CCCs along with their regulatory WNK (Kinase with no lysine (K)), and SPAK (Ste20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase)/OSR1(oxidative stress-responsive kinase-1) are essential for regulating cell volume and maintaining ionic homeostasis in the nervous system, especially roles of the WNK-SPAK-NKCC1 signaling pathway in ischemic brain injury and hypersecretion of cerebrospinal fluid in post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus. In addition, disruption of Cl- exporter KCC2 has an effect on synaptic inhibition, which may be involved in developing pain, epilepsy, and possibly some neuropsychiatric disorders. Interference with KCC3 leads to peripheral nervous system neuropathy as well as axon and nerve fiber swelling and psychosis. The WNK-SPAK/OSR1-CCCs complex emerges as therapeutic targets for multiple neurological diseases. This review will highlight these new findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huachen Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliate Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Shanshan Song
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Suneel Banerjee
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Tong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratory, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK.
| | - Kristopher T. Kahle
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Dandan Sun, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA. . Dr. Zhongling Zhang, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China.
| | - Zhongling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliate Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Dandan Sun, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA. . Dr. Zhongling Zhang, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, China.
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7
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The interplay of renal potassium and sodium handling in blood pressure regulation: critical role of the WNK-SPAK-NCC pathway. J Hum Hypertens 2019; 33:508-523. [DOI: 10.1038/s41371-019-0170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Kamel KS, Schreiber M, Halperin ML. Renal potassium physiology: integration of the renal response to dietary potassium depletion. Kidney Int 2018; 93:41-53. [PMID: 29102372 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We summarize the current understanding of the physiology of the renal handling of potassium (K+), and present an integrative view of the renal response to K+ depletion caused by dietary K+ restriction. This renal response involves contributions from different nephron segments, and aims to diminish the rate of excretion of K+ as a result of: decreasing the rate of electrogenic (and increasing the rate of electroneutral) reabsorption of sodium in the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron (ASDN), decreasing the abundance of renal outer medullary K+ channels in the luminal membrane of principal cells in the ASDN, decreasing the flow rate in the ASDN, and increasing the reabsorption of K+ in the cortical and medullary collecting ducts. The implications of this physiology for the association between K+ depletion and hypertension, and K+ depletion and formation of calcium kidney stones are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel S Kamel
- Renal Division, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Keenan Research Center, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Martin Schreiber
- Renal Division, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mitchell L Halperin
- Renal Division, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Keenan Research Center, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Fakhro KA, Elbardisi H, Arafa M, Robay A, Rodriguez-Flores JL, Al-Shakaki A, Syed N, Mezey JG, Abi Khalil C, Malek JA, Al-Ansari A, Al Said S, Crystal RG. Point-of-care whole-exome sequencing of idiopathic male infertility. Genet Med 2018; 20:1365-1373. [PMID: 29790874 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2018.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) affects 1% of the male population; however, despite state-of-the-art clinical assessment, for most patients the cause is unknown. We capitalized on an analysis of multiplex families in the Middle East to identify highly penetrant genetic causes. METHODS We used whole-exome sequencing (WES) in 8 consanguineous families and combined newly discovered genes with previously reported ones to create a NOA gene panel, which was used to identify additional variants in 75 unrelated idiopathic NOA subjects and 74 fertile controls. RESULTS In five of eight families, we identified rare deleterious recessive variants in CCDC155, NANOS2, SPO11, TEX14, and WNK3 segregating with disease. These genes, which are novel to human NOA, have remarkable testis-specific expression, and murine functional evidence supports roles for them in spermatogenesis. Among 75 unrelated NOA subjects, we identified 4 (~5.3%) with additional recessive variants in these newly discovered genes and 6 with deleterious variants in previously reported NOA genes, yielding an overall genetic etiology for 13.3% subjects versus 0 fertile controls (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION NOA affects millions of men, many of whom remain idiopathic despite extensive laboratory evaluation. The genetic etiology for a substantial fraction of these patients (>50% familial and >10% sporadic) may be discovered by WES at the point of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid A Fakhro
- Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Mohamed Arafa
- Department of Urology, Hamada Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.,Andrology Department, Cairo University, Egypt, Egypt
| | - Amal Robay
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | | | - Jason G Mezey
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ronald G Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.
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10
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Graham LA, Dominiczak AF, Ferreri NR. Role of renal transporters and novel regulatory interactions in the TAL that control blood pressure. Physiol Genomics 2017; 49:261-276. [PMID: 28389525 PMCID: PMC5451551 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00017.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension (HTN), a major public health issue is currently the leading factor in the global burden of disease, where associated complications account for 9.4 million deaths worldwide every year. Excessive dietary salt intake is among the environmental factors that contribute to HTN, known as salt sensitivity. The heterogeneity of salt sensitivity and the multiple mechanisms that link high salt intake to increases in blood pressure are of upmost importance for therapeutic application. A continual increase in the kidney's reabsorption of sodium (Na+) relies on sequential actions at various segments along the nephron. When the distal segments of the nephron fail to regulate Na+, the effects on Na+ homeostasis are unfavorable. We propose that the specific nephron region where increased active uptake occurs as a result of variations in Na+ reabsorption is at the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (TAL). The purpose of this review is to urge the consideration of the TAL as contributing to the pathophysiology of salt-sensitive HTN. Further research in this area will enable development of a therapeutic application for targeted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A Graham
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and
| | - Anna F Dominiczak
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and
| | - Nicholas R Ferreri
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
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11
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Zhao H, Nepomuceno R, Gao X, Foley LM, Wang S, Begum G, Zhu W, Pigott VM, Falgoust LM, Kahle KT, Yang SS, Lin SH, Alper SL, Hitchens TK, Hu S, Zhang Z, Sun D. Deletion of the WNK3-SPAK kinase complex in mice improves radiographic and clinical outcomes in malignant cerebral edema after ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:550-563. [PMID: 26861815 PMCID: PMC5381450 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16631561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The WNK-SPAK kinase signaling pathway controls renal NaCl reabsorption and systemic blood pressure by regulating ion transporters and channels. A WNK3-SPAK complex is highly expressed in brain, but its function in this organ remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of this kinase complex in brain edema and white matter injury after ischemic stroke. Wild-type, WNK3 knockout, and SPAK heterozygous or knockout mice underwent transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. One cohort of mice underwent magnetic resonance imaging. Ex-vivo brains three days post-ischemia were imaged by slice-selective spin-echo diffusion tensor imaging magnetic resonance imaging, after which the same brain tissues were subjected to immunofluorescence staining. A second cohort of mice underwent neurological deficit analysis up to 14 days post-transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Relative to wild-type mice, WNK3 knockout, SPAK heterozygous, and SPAK knockout mice each exhibited a >50% reduction in infarct size and associated cerebral edema, significantly less demyelination, and improved neurological outcomes. We conclude that WNK3-SPAK signaling regulates brain swelling, gray matter injury, and demyelination after ischemic stroke, and that WNK3-SPAK inhibition has therapeutic potential for treating malignant cerebral edema in the setting of middle cerebral artery stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanshu Zhao
- 1 Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of the Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,2 Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Rachel Nepomuceno
- 2 Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Xin Gao
- 2 Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.,3 Department of Neurological Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of the Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lesley M Foley
- 4 Animal Imaging Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Shaoxia Wang
- 2 Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Gulnaz Begum
- 2 Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Wen Zhu
- 2 Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Victoria M Pigott
- 2 Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | | | - Kristopher T Kahle
- 6 Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA.,7 Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA.,8 Yale Program on Neurogenetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Sung-Sen Yang
- 9 Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,10 Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hua Lin
- 9 Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,10 Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Seth L Alper
- 11 Division of Nephrology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA.,12 Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - T Kevin Hitchens
- 4 Animal Imaging Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.,5 Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Shaoshan Hu
- 3 Department of Neurological Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of the Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhongling Zhang
- 1 Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of the Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dandan Sun
- 2 Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
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12
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Hadchouel J, Ellison DH, Gamba G. Regulation of Renal Electrolyte Transport by WNK and SPAK-OSR1 Kinases. Annu Rev Physiol 2016; 78:367-89. [PMID: 26863326 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021115-105431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of four genes responsible for pseudohypoaldosteronism type II, or familial hyperkalemic hypertension, which features arterial hypertension with hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis, unmasked a complex multiprotein system that regulates electrolyte transport in the distal nephron. Two of these genes encode the serine-threonine kinases WNK1 and WNK4. The other two genes [kelch-like 3 (KLHL3) and cullin 3 (CUL3)] form a RING-type E3-ubiquitin ligase complex that modulates WNK1 and WNK4 abundance. WNKs regulate the activity of the Na(+):Cl(-) cotransporter (NCC), the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), the renal outer medullary potassium channel (ROMK), and other transport pathways. Interestingly, the modulation of NCC occurs via the phosphorylation by WNKs of other serine-threonine kinases known as SPAK-OSR1. In contrast, the process of regulating the channels is independent of SPAK-OSR1. We present a review of the remarkable advances in this area in the past 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Hadchouel
- INSERM UMR970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France.,Faculty of Medicine, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - David H Ellison
- Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
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13
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Grill A, Schießl IM, Gess B, Fremter K, Hammer A, Castrop H. Salt-losing nephropathy in mice with a null mutation of the Clcnk2 gene. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2016; 218:198-211. [PMID: 27421685 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM The basolateral chloride channel ClC-Kb facilitates Cl reabsorption in the distal nephron of the human kidney. Functional mutations in CLCNKB are associated with Bartter's syndrome type 3, a hereditary salt-losing nephropathy. To address the function of ClC-K2 in vivo, we generated ClC-K2-deficient mice. METHODS ClC-K2-deficient mice were generated using TALEN technology. RESULTS ClC-K2-deficient mice were viable and born in a Mendelian ratio. ClC-K2-/- mice showed no gross anatomical abnormalities, but they were growth retarded. The 24-h urine volume was increased in ClC-K2-/- mice (4.4 ± 0.6 compared with 0.9 ± 0.2 mL per 24 h in wild-type littermates; P = 0.001). Accordingly, ambient urine osmolarity was markedly reduced (590 ± 39 vs. 2216 ± 132 mosmol L-1 in wild types; P < 0.0001). During water restriction (24 h), urinary osmolarity increased to 1633 ± 153 and 3769 ± 129 mosmol L-1 in ClC-K2-/- and wild-type mice (n = 12; P < 0.0001), accompanied by a loss of body weight of 12 ± 0.4 and 8 ± 0.2% respectively (P < 0.0001). ClC-K2-/- mice showed an increased renal sodium excretion and compromised salt conservation during a salt-restricted diet. The salt-losing phenotype of ClC-K2-/- mice was associated with a reduced plasma volume, hypotension, a slightly reduced glomerular filtration rate, an increased renal prostaglandin E2 generation and a massively stimulated renin-angiotensin system. Clckb-/- mice showed a reduced sensitivity to furosemide and were completely resistant to thiazides. CONCLUSION Loss of ClC-K2 compromises TAL function and abolishes salt reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule. Our data suggest that ClC-K2 is crucial for renal salt reabsorption and concentrating ability. ClC-K2-deficient mice in most aspects mimic patients with Bartter's syndrome type 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Grill
- Institute of Physiology; University of Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
| | - I. M. Schießl
- Institute of Physiology; University of Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
| | - B. Gess
- Institute of Physiology; University of Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
| | - K. Fremter
- Institute of Physiology; University of Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
| | - A. Hammer
- Institute of Physiology; University of Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
| | - H. Castrop
- Institute of Physiology; University of Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
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14
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Abstract
WNK (With-No-Lysine (K)) kinases are serine-threonine kinases characterized by an atypical placement of a catalytic lysine within the kinase domain. Mutations in human WNK1 or WNK4 cause an autosomal dominant syndrome of hypertension and hyperkalemia, reflecting the fact that WNK kinases are critical regulators of renal ion transport processes. Here, the role of WNKs in the regulation of ion transport processes in vertebrate and invertebrate renal function, cellular and organismal osmoregulation, and cell migration and cerebral edema will be reviewed, along with emerging literature demonstrating roles for WNKs in cardiovascular and neural development, Wnt signaling, and cancer. Conserved roles for these kinases across phyla are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Jenny
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
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15
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Wang D, Zhang Y, Han J, Pan S, Xu N, Feng X, Zhuang Z, Caroti C, Zhuang J, Hoover RS, Gu D, Zeng Q, Cai H. WNK3 Kinase Enhances the Sodium Chloride Cotransporter Expression via an ERK 1/2 Signaling Pathway. Nephron Clin Pract 2016; 133:287-95. [PMID: 27467688 DOI: 10.1159/000447717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND WNK kinase is a serine/threonine kinase that plays an important role in normal blood pressure homeostasis. WNK3 was previously found to enhance the activity of sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC) in Xenopus oocyte. However, the mechanism through which it works remains unclear. METHODS Using overexpression and siRNA knock-down techniques, the effects of WNK3 on NCC in both Cos-7 and mouse distal convoluted cells were analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS We found that WNK3 significantly increased NCC protein expression in a dose-dependent manner. NCC protein expression in Cos-7 cells was markedly decreased after 2 h treatment with protease inhibitor, cycloheximide (CHX) in the NCC alone group, but was significantly decreased after 8 h treatment of CHX in the WNK3 + NCC group. WNK3 significantly increased NCC protein expression in both NCC alone and WNK3 + NCC groups regardless the overnight treatments of bafilomycin A1, a proton pump inhibitor, suggesting that WNK3-mediated increased NCC expression is not dependent on the lysosomal pathway. We further found that WNK3 group had a quicker NCC recovery than the control group using CHX pulse assay, suggesting that WNK3 increases NCC protein synthesis. WNK3 enhanced NCC protein level while reducing ERK 1/2 phosphorylation. In addition, knock-down of ERK 1/2 expression reversed WNK3-mediated increase of NCC expression. CONCLUSION These results suggest that WNK3 enhances NCC protein expression by increasing NCC synthesis via an ERK 1/2-dependent signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexuan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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16
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Bazúa-Valenti S, Castañeda-Bueno M, Gamba G. Physiological role of SLC12 family members in the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F131-44. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00071.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The solute carrier family 12, as numbered according to Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) nomenclature, encodes the electroneutral cation-coupled chloride cotransporters that are expressed in many cells and tissues; they play key roles in important physiological events, such as cell volume regulation, modulation of the intracellular chloride concentration, and transepithelial ion transport. Most of these family members are expressed in specific regions of the nephron. The Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC2, which is located in the thick ascending limb, and the Na-Cl cotransporter, which is located in the distal convoluted tubule, play important roles in salt reabsorption and serve as the receptors for loop and thiazide diuretics, respectively (Thiazide diuretics are among the most commonly prescribed drugs in the world.). The activity of these transporters correlates with blood pressure levels; thus, their regulation has been a subject of intense research for more than a decade. The K-Cl cotransporters KCC1, KCC3, and KCC4 are expressed in several nephron segments, and their role in renal physiology is less understood but nevertheless important. Evidence suggests that they are involved in modulating proximal tubule glucose reabsorption, thick ascending limb salt reabsorption and collecting duct proton secretion. In this work, we present an overview of the physiological roles of these transporters in the kidney, with particular emphasis on the knowledge gained in the past few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Bazúa-Valenti
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
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17
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Dbouk HA, Huang CL, Cobb MH. Hypertension: the missing WNKs. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F16-27. [PMID: 27009339 PMCID: PMC4967160 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00358.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The With no Lysine [K] (WNK) family of enzymes are central in the regulation of blood pressure. WNKs have been implicated in hereditary hypertension disorders, mainly through control of the activity and levels of ion cotransporters and channels. Actions of WNKs in the kidney have been heavily investigated, and recent studies have provided insight into not only the regulation of these enzymes but also how mutations in WNKs and their interacting partners contribute to hypertensive disorders. Defining the roles of WNKs in the cardiovascular system will provide clues about additional mechanisms by which WNKs can regulate blood pressure. This review summarizes recent developments in the regulation of the WNK signaling cascade and its role in regulation of blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashem A Dbouk
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Chou-Long Huang
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Melanie H Cobb
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
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18
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Transepithelial salt transport in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (TAL) crucially depends on the activity of the Na/K/2Cl cotransporter NKCC2. The pharmacologic blockade of NKCC2 leads to pronounced natriuresis and diuresis, which indicate key roles for NKCC2 in renal salt retrieval. The inadequate regulation of NKCC2 and the loss of NKCC2 function are associated with the disruption of salt and water homoeostasis. This review provides a specific overview of our current knowledge with respect to the regulation of NKCC2 by differential splicing and phosphorylation. RECENT FINDINGS Several mechanisms have evolved to adapt NKCC2 transport to reabsorptive needs. These mechanisms include the regulation of NKCC2 gene expression, the differential splicing of the NKCC2 pre-mRNA, the membrane trafficking, and the modulation of the specific transport activity. Substantial progress has been made over the past few years in deciphering the function of kinases in the regulatory network controlling NKCC2 activity and in elucidating the underlying mechanism and the functional consequences of the regulated differential splicing of the NKCC2 pre-mRNA. SUMMARY NKCC2 differential splicing and phosphorylation are critically involved in the modulation of the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop reabsorptive capacity and, consequently, in salt homoeostasis, volume regulation, and blood pressure control.
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19
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Begum G, Yuan H, Kahle KT, Li L, Wang S, Shi Y, Shmukler BE, Yang SS, Lin SH, Alper SL, Sun D. Inhibition of WNK3 Kinase Signaling Reduces Brain Damage and Accelerates Neurological Recovery After Stroke. Stroke 2015; 46:1956-1965. [PMID: 26069258 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.008939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE WNK kinases, including WNK3, and the associated downstream Ste20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich protein kinase (SPAK) and oxidative stress responsive 1 (OSR1) kinases, comprise an important signaling cascade that regulates the cation-chloride cotransporters. Ischemia-induced stimulation of the bumetanide-sensitive Na(+)-K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter (NKCC1) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of experimental stroke, but the mechanism of its regulation in this context is unknown. Here, we investigated the WNK3-SPAK/OSR1 pathway as a regulator of NKCC1 stimulation and their collective role in ischemic brain damage. METHOD Wild-type WNK3 and WNK3 knockout mice were subjected to ischemic stroke via transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Infarct volume, brain edema, blood brain barrier damage, white matter demyelination, and neurological deficits were assessed. Total and phosphorylated forms of WNK3 and SPAK/OSR1 were assayed by immunoblotting and immunostaining. In vitro ischemia studies in cultured neurons and immature oligodendrocytes were conducted using the oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation method. RESULTS WNK3 knockout mice exhibited significantly decreased infarct volume and axonal demyelination, less cerebral edema, and accelerated neurobehavioral recovery compared with WNK3 wild-type mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion. The neuroprotective phenotypes conferred by WNK3 knockout were associated with a decrease in stimulatory hyperphosphorylations of the SPAK/OSR1 catalytic T-loop and of NKCC1 stimulatory sites Thr(203)/Thr(207)/Thr(212), as well as with decreased cell surface expression of NKCC1. Genetic inhibition of WNK3 or small interfering RNA knockdown of SPAK/OSR1 increased the tolerance of cultured primary neurons and oligodendrocytes to in vitro ischemia. CONCLUSIONS These data identify a novel role for the WNK3-SPAK/OSR1-NKCC1 signaling pathway in ischemic neuroglial injury and suggest the WNK3-SPAK/OSR1 kinase pathway as a therapeutic target for neuroprotection after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulnaz Begum
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, (G.B., H.Y., L.L., S.W., Y.S., D.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.T.K.); Manton Center for Orphan Diseases, Harvard Medical School, MA (K.T.K.); Renal Division and Vascular Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., S.L.A); Division of Nephrology, Dept. of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (SS.Y., SH.L); Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA (D.S)
| | - Hui Yuan
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, (G.B., H.Y., L.L., S.W., Y.S., D.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.T.K.); Manton Center for Orphan Diseases, Harvard Medical School, MA (K.T.K.); Renal Division and Vascular Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., S.L.A); Division of Nephrology, Dept. of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (SS.Y., SH.L); Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA (D.S)
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, (G.B., H.Y., L.L., S.W., Y.S., D.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.T.K.); Manton Center for Orphan Diseases, Harvard Medical School, MA (K.T.K.); Renal Division and Vascular Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., S.L.A); Division of Nephrology, Dept. of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (SS.Y., SH.L); Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA (D.S)
| | - Liaoliao Li
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, (G.B., H.Y., L.L., S.W., Y.S., D.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.T.K.); Manton Center for Orphan Diseases, Harvard Medical School, MA (K.T.K.); Renal Division and Vascular Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., S.L.A); Division of Nephrology, Dept. of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (SS.Y., SH.L); Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA (D.S)
| | - Shaoxia Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, (G.B., H.Y., L.L., S.W., Y.S., D.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.T.K.); Manton Center for Orphan Diseases, Harvard Medical School, MA (K.T.K.); Renal Division and Vascular Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., S.L.A); Division of Nephrology, Dept. of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (SS.Y., SH.L); Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA (D.S)
| | - Yejie Shi
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, (G.B., H.Y., L.L., S.W., Y.S., D.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.T.K.); Manton Center for Orphan Diseases, Harvard Medical School, MA (K.T.K.); Renal Division and Vascular Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., S.L.A); Division of Nephrology, Dept. of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (SS.Y., SH.L); Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA (D.S)
| | - Boris E Shmukler
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, (G.B., H.Y., L.L., S.W., Y.S., D.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.T.K.); Manton Center for Orphan Diseases, Harvard Medical School, MA (K.T.K.); Renal Division and Vascular Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., S.L.A); Division of Nephrology, Dept. of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (SS.Y., SH.L); Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA (D.S)
| | - Sung-Sen Yang
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, (G.B., H.Y., L.L., S.W., Y.S., D.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.T.K.); Manton Center for Orphan Diseases, Harvard Medical School, MA (K.T.K.); Renal Division and Vascular Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., S.L.A); Division of Nephrology, Dept. of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (SS.Y., SH.L); Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA (D.S)
| | - Shih-Hua Lin
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, (G.B., H.Y., L.L., S.W., Y.S., D.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.T.K.); Manton Center for Orphan Diseases, Harvard Medical School, MA (K.T.K.); Renal Division and Vascular Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., S.L.A); Division of Nephrology, Dept. of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (SS.Y., SH.L); Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA (D.S)
| | - Seth L Alper
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, (G.B., H.Y., L.L., S.W., Y.S., D.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.T.K.); Manton Center for Orphan Diseases, Harvard Medical School, MA (K.T.K.); Renal Division and Vascular Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., S.L.A); Division of Nephrology, Dept. of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (SS.Y., SH.L); Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA (D.S)
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, (G.B., H.Y., L.L., S.W., Y.S., D.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (K.T.K.); Manton Center for Orphan Diseases, Harvard Medical School, MA (K.T.K.); Renal Division and Vascular Biology Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (B.E.S., S.L.A); Division of Nephrology, Dept. of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (SS.Y., SH.L); Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA (D.S)
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Bazúa-Valenti S, Gamba G. Revisiting the NaCl cotransporter regulation by with-no-lysine kinases. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 308:C779-91. [PMID: 25788573 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00065.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The renal thiazide-sensitive Na(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter (NCC) is the salt transporter in the distal convoluted tubule. Its activity is fundamental for defining blood pressure levels. Decreased NCC activity is associated with salt-remediable arterial hypotension with hypokalemia (Gitelman disease), while increased activity results in salt-sensitive arterial hypertension with hyperkalemia (pseudohypoaldosteronism type II; PHAII). The discovery of four different genes causing PHAII revealed a complex multiprotein system that regulates the activity of NCC. Two genes encode for with-no-lysine (K) kinases WNK1 and WNK4, while two encode for kelch-like 3 (KLHL3) and cullin 3 (CUL3) proteins that form a RING type E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Extensive research has shown that WNK1 and WNK4 are the targets for the KLHL3-CUL3 complex and that WNKs modulate the activity of NCC by means of intermediary Ste20-type kinases known as SPAK or OSR1. The understanding of the effect of WNKs on NCC is a complex issue, but recent evidence discussed in this review suggests that we could be reaching the end of the dark ages regarding this matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Bazúa-Valenti
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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21
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Schießl IM, Kattler V, Castrop H. In Vivo Visualization of the Antialbuminuric Effects of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Enalapril. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 353:299-306. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.222125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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22
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Abstract
The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is a short nephron segment, interposed between the macula densa and collecting duct. Even though it is short, it plays a key role in regulating extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte homeostasis. DCT cells are rich in mitochondria, and possess the highest density of Na+/K+-ATPase along the nephron, where it is expressed on the highly amplified basolateral membranes. DCT cells are largely water impermeable, and reabsorb sodium and chloride across the apical membrane via electroneurtral pathways. Prominent among this is the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter, target of widely used diuretic drugs. These cells also play a key role in magnesium reabsorption, which occurs predominantly, via a transient receptor potential channel (TRPM6). Human genetic diseases in which DCT function is perturbed have provided critical insights into the physiological role of the DCT, and how transport is regulated. These include Familial Hyperkalemic Hypertension, the salt-wasting diseases Gitelman syndrome and EAST syndrome, and hereditary hypomagnesemias. The DCT is also established as an important target for the hormones angiotensin II and aldosterone; it also appears to respond to sympathetic-nerve stimulation and changes in plasma potassium. Here, we discuss what is currently known about DCT physiology. Early studies that determined transport rates of ions by the DCT are described, as are the channels and transporters expressed along the DCT with the advent of molecular cloning. Regulation of expression and activity of these channels and transporters is also described; particular emphasis is placed on the contribution of genetic forms of DCT dysregulation to our understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A McCormick
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Oregon Health & Science University, & VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States
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23
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Castrop H, Schießl IM. Physiology and pathophysiology of the renal Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2). Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F991-F1002. [PMID: 25186299 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00432.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC2; BSC1) is located in the apical membrane of the epithelial cells of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (TAL). NKCC2 facilitates ∼20–25% of the reuptake of the total filtered NaCl load. NKCC2 is therefore one of the transport proteins with the highest overall reabsorptive capacity in the kidney. Consequently, even subtle changes in NKCC2 transport activity considerably alter the renal reabsorptive capacity for NaCl and eventually lead to perturbations of the salt and water homoeostasis. In addition to facilitating the bulk reabsorption of NaCl in the TAL, NKCC2 transport activity in the macula densa cells of the TAL constitutes the initial step of the tubular-vascular communication within the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA); this communications allows the TAL to modulate the preglomerular resistance of the afferent arteriole and the renin secretion from the granular cells of the JGA. This review provides an overview of our current knowledge with respect to the general functions of NKCC2, the modulation of its transport activity by different regulatory mechanisms, and new developments in the pathophysiology of NKCC2-dependent renal NaCl transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayo Castrop
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ina Maria Schießl
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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24
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Chávez-Canales M, Zhang C, Soukaseum C, Moreno E, Pacheco-Alvarez D, Vidal-Petiot E, Castañeda-Bueno M, Vázquez N, Rojas-Vega L, Meermeier NP, Rogers S, Jeunemaitre X, Yang CL, Ellison DH, Gamba G, Hadchouel J. WNK-SPAK-NCC cascade revisited: WNK1 stimulates the activity of the Na-Cl cotransporter via SPAK, an effect antagonized by WNK4. Hypertension 2014; 64:1047-53. [PMID: 25113964 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The with-no-lysine (K) kinases, WNK1 and WNK4, are key regulators of blood pressure. Their mutations lead to familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHHt), associated with an activation of the Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC). Although it is clear that WNK4 mutants activate NCC via Ste20 proline-alanine-rich kinase, the mechanisms responsible for WNK1-related FHHt and alterations in NCC activity are not as clear. We tested whether WNK1 modulates NCC through WNK4, as predicted by some models, by crossing our recently developed WNK1-FHHt mice (WNK1(+/FHHt)) with WNK4(-/-) mice. Surprisingly, the activated NCC, hypertension, and hyperkalemia of WNK1(+/FHHt) mice remain in the absence of WNK4. We demonstrate that WNK1 powerfully stimulates NCC in a WNK4-independent and Ste20 proline-alanine-rich kinase-dependent manner. Moreover, WNK4 decreases the WNK1 and WNK3-mediated activation of NCC. Finally, the formation of oligomers of WNK kinases through their C-terminal coiled-coil domain is essential for their activity toward NCC. In conclusion, WNK kinases form a network in which WNK4 associates with WNK1 and WNK3 to regulate NCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Chávez-Canales
- From the Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico (M.C.-C., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico (M.C.-C., E.M., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (C.Z., N.P.M., S.R., X.J., C.-L.Y., D.H.E.); INSERM UMR970-Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., X.J., J.H.); Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., J.H.); Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Panamericana, Mexico City, Mexico (D.P.-A.); AP-HP, Department of Genetics, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (X.J.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR (D.H.E.)
| | - Chong Zhang
- From the Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico (M.C.-C., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico (M.C.-C., E.M., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (C.Z., N.P.M., S.R., X.J., C.-L.Y., D.H.E.); INSERM UMR970-Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., X.J., J.H.); Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., J.H.); Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Panamericana, Mexico City, Mexico (D.P.-A.); AP-HP, Department of Genetics, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (X.J.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR (D.H.E.)
| | - Christelle Soukaseum
- From the Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico (M.C.-C., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico (M.C.-C., E.M., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (C.Z., N.P.M., S.R., X.J., C.-L.Y., D.H.E.); INSERM UMR970-Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., X.J., J.H.); Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., J.H.); Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Panamericana, Mexico City, Mexico (D.P.-A.); AP-HP, Department of Genetics, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (X.J.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR (D.H.E.)
| | - Erika Moreno
- From the Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico (M.C.-C., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico (M.C.-C., E.M., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (C.Z., N.P.M., S.R., X.J., C.-L.Y., D.H.E.); INSERM UMR970-Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., X.J., J.H.); Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., J.H.); Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Panamericana, Mexico City, Mexico (D.P.-A.); AP-HP, Department of Genetics, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (X.J.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR (D.H.E.)
| | - Diana Pacheco-Alvarez
- From the Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico (M.C.-C., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico (M.C.-C., E.M., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (C.Z., N.P.M., S.R., X.J., C.-L.Y., D.H.E.); INSERM UMR970-Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., X.J., J.H.); Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., J.H.); Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Panamericana, Mexico City, Mexico (D.P.-A.); AP-HP, Department of Genetics, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (X.J.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR (D.H.E.)
| | - Emmanuelle Vidal-Petiot
- From the Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico (M.C.-C., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico (M.C.-C., E.M., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (C.Z., N.P.M., S.R., X.J., C.-L.Y., D.H.E.); INSERM UMR970-Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., X.J., J.H.); Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., J.H.); Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Panamericana, Mexico City, Mexico (D.P.-A.); AP-HP, Department of Genetics, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (X.J.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR (D.H.E.)
| | - María Castañeda-Bueno
- From the Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico (M.C.-C., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico (M.C.-C., E.M., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (C.Z., N.P.M., S.R., X.J., C.-L.Y., D.H.E.); INSERM UMR970-Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., X.J., J.H.); Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., J.H.); Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Panamericana, Mexico City, Mexico (D.P.-A.); AP-HP, Department of Genetics, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (X.J.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR (D.H.E.)
| | - Norma Vázquez
- From the Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico (M.C.-C., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico (M.C.-C., E.M., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (C.Z., N.P.M., S.R., X.J., C.-L.Y., D.H.E.); INSERM UMR970-Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., X.J., J.H.); Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., J.H.); Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Panamericana, Mexico City, Mexico (D.P.-A.); AP-HP, Department of Genetics, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (X.J.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR (D.H.E.)
| | - Lorena Rojas-Vega
- From the Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico (M.C.-C., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico (M.C.-C., E.M., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (C.Z., N.P.M., S.R., X.J., C.-L.Y., D.H.E.); INSERM UMR970-Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., X.J., J.H.); Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., J.H.); Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Panamericana, Mexico City, Mexico (D.P.-A.); AP-HP, Department of Genetics, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (X.J.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR (D.H.E.)
| | - Nicholas P Meermeier
- From the Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico (M.C.-C., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico (M.C.-C., E.M., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (C.Z., N.P.M., S.R., X.J., C.-L.Y., D.H.E.); INSERM UMR970-Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., X.J., J.H.); Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., J.H.); Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Panamericana, Mexico City, Mexico (D.P.-A.); AP-HP, Department of Genetics, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (X.J.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR (D.H.E.)
| | - Shaunessy Rogers
- From the Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico (M.C.-C., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico (M.C.-C., E.M., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (C.Z., N.P.M., S.R., X.J., C.-L.Y., D.H.E.); INSERM UMR970-Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., X.J., J.H.); Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., J.H.); Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Panamericana, Mexico City, Mexico (D.P.-A.); AP-HP, Department of Genetics, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (X.J.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR (D.H.E.)
| | - Xavier Jeunemaitre
- From the Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico (M.C.-C., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico (M.C.-C., E.M., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (C.Z., N.P.M., S.R., X.J., C.-L.Y., D.H.E.); INSERM UMR970-Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., X.J., J.H.); Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., J.H.); Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Panamericana, Mexico City, Mexico (D.P.-A.); AP-HP, Department of Genetics, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (X.J.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR (D.H.E.)
| | - Chao-Ling Yang
- From the Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico (M.C.-C., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico (M.C.-C., E.M., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (C.Z., N.P.M., S.R., X.J., C.-L.Y., D.H.E.); INSERM UMR970-Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., X.J., J.H.); Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., J.H.); Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Panamericana, Mexico City, Mexico (D.P.-A.); AP-HP, Department of Genetics, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (X.J.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR (D.H.E.)
| | - David H Ellison
- From the Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico (M.C.-C., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico (M.C.-C., E.M., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (C.Z., N.P.M., S.R., X.J., C.-L.Y., D.H.E.); INSERM UMR970-Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., X.J., J.H.); Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., J.H.); Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Panamericana, Mexico City, Mexico (D.P.-A.); AP-HP, Department of Genetics, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (X.J.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR (D.H.E.)
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- From the Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico (M.C.-C., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico (M.C.-C., E.M., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (C.Z., N.P.M., S.R., X.J., C.-L.Y., D.H.E.); INSERM UMR970-Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., X.J., J.H.); Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., J.H.); Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Panamericana, Mexico City, Mexico (D.P.-A.); AP-HP, Department of Genetics, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (X.J.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR (D.H.E.).
| | - Juliette Hadchouel
- From the Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, Mexico (M.C.-C., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico (M.C.-C., E.M., M.C.-B., N.V., L.R.-V., G.G.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (C.Z., N.P.M., S.R., X.J., C.-L.Y., D.H.E.); INSERM UMR970-Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., X.J., J.H.); Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (C.S., E.V.-P., J.H.); Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Panamericana, Mexico City, Mexico (D.P.-A.); AP-HP, Department of Genetics, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (X.J.); and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR (D.H.E.).
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Lagnaz D, Arroyo JP, Chávez-Canales M, Vázquez N, Rizzo F, Spirlí A, Debonneville A, Staub O, Gamba G. WNK3 abrogates the NEDD4-2-mediated inhibition of the renal Na+-Cl- cotransporter. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F275-86. [PMID: 24920754 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00574.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase WNK3 and the ubiquitin-protein ligase NEDD4-2 are key regulators of the thiazide-sensitive Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC), WNK3 as an activator and NEDD2-4 as an inhibitor. Nedd4-2 was identified as an interacting partner of WNK3 through a glutathione-S-transferase pull-down assay using the N-terminal domain of WNK3, combined with LC-MS/MS analysis. This was validated by coimmunoprecipitation of WNK3 and NEDD4-2 expressed in HEK293 cells. Our data also revealed that the interaction between Nedd4-2 and WNK3 does not involve the PY-like motif found in WNK3. The level of WNK3 ubiquitylation did not change when NEDD4-2 was expressed in HEK293 cells. Moreover, in contrast to SGK1, WNK3 did not phosphorylate NEDD4-2 on S222 or S328. Coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that WNK3 does not regulate the interaction between NCC and NEDD4-2. Interestingly, in Xenopus laevis oocytes, WNK3 was able to recover the SGK1-resistant NEDD4-2 S222A/S328A-mediated inhibition of NCC and further activate NCC. Furthermore, elimination of the SPAK binding site in the kinase domain of WNK3 (WNK3-F242A, which lacks the capacity to bind the serine/threonine kinase SPAK) prevented the WNK3 NCC-activating effect, but not the Nedd4-2-inhibitory effect. Together, these results suggest that a novel role for WNK3 on NCC expression at the plasma membrane, an effect apparently independent of the SPAK kinase and the aldosterone-SGK1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Lagnaz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and
| | - Juan Pablo Arroyo
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Chávez-Canales
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma Vázquez
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Federica Rizzo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and
| | - Alessia Spirlí
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and
| | - Anne Debonneville
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and
| | - Olivier Staub
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; and
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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26
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Abstract
By analysing the pathogenesis of a hereditary hypertensive disease, PHAII (pseudohypoaldosteronism type II), we previously discovered that WNK (with-no-lysine kinase)–OSR1/SPAK (oxidative stress-responsive 1/Ste20-like proline/alanine-rich kinase) cascade regulates NCC (Na–Cl co-transporter) in the DCT (distal convoluted tubules) of the kidney. However, the role of WNK4 in the regulation of NCC remains controversial. To address this, we generated and analysed WNK4−/− mice. Although a moderate decrease in SPAK phosphorylation and a marked increase in WNK1 expression were evident in the kidneys of WNK4−/− mice, the amount of phosphorylated and total NCC decreased to almost undetectable levels, indicating that WNK4 is the major WNK positively regulating NCC, and that WNK1 cannot compensate for WNK4 deficiency in the DCT. Insulin- and low-potassium diet-induced NCC phosphorylation were abolished in WNK4−/− mice, establishing that both signals to NCC were mediated by WNK4. As shown previously, a high-salt diet decreases phosphorylated and total NCC in WNK4+/+ mice via AngII (angiotensin II) and aldosterone suppression. This was not ameliorated by WNK4 knock out, excluding the negative regulation of WNK4 on NCC postulated to be active in the absence of AngII stimulation. Thus, WNK4 is the major positive regulator of NCC in the kidneys. The analyses of WNK4 (with-no-lysine kinase 4) knockout mice help to end a long-standing controversy about the role of WNK4 on NCC (Na–Cl co-transporter) regulations in the kidney. WNK4 is a strong positive regulator of NCC.
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27
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Medina I, Friedel P, Rivera C, Kahle KT, Kourdougli N, Uvarov P, Pellegrino C. Current view on the functional regulation of the neuronal K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter KCC2. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:27. [PMID: 24567703 PMCID: PMC3915100 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), the inhibitory strength of chloride (Cl(-))-permeable GABAA and glycine receptors (GABAAR and GlyR) depends on the intracellular Cl(-) concentration ([Cl(-)]i). Lowering [Cl(-)]i enhances inhibition, whereas raising [Cl(-)]i facilitates neuronal activity. A neuron's basal level of [Cl(-)]i, as well as its Cl(-) extrusion capacity, is critically dependent on the activity of the electroneutral K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter KCC2, a member of the SLC12 cation-Cl(-) cotransporter (CCC) family. KCC2 deficiency compromises neuronal migration, formation and the maturation of GABAergic and glutamatergic synaptic connections, and results in network hyperexcitability and seizure activity. Several neurological disorders including multiple epilepsy subtypes, neuropathic pain, and schizophrenia, as well as various insults such as trauma and ischemia, are associated with significant decreases in the Cl(-) extrusion capacity of KCC2 that result in increases of [Cl(-)]i and the subsequent hyperexcitability of neuronal networks. Accordingly, identifying the key upstream molecular mediators governing the functional regulation of KCC2, and modifying these signaling pathways with small molecules, might constitute a novel neurotherapeutic strategy for multiple diseases. Here, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms regulating KCC2 activity, and of the role these mechanisms play in neuronal Cl(-) homeostasis and GABAergic neurotransmission. As KCC2 mediates electroneutral transport, the experimental recording of its activity constitutes an important research challenge; we therefore also, provide an overview of the different methodological approaches utilized to monitor function of KCC2 in both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Medina
- INSERM, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED)Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR901Marseille, France
| | - Perrine Friedel
- INSERM, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED)Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR901Marseille, France
| | - Claudio Rivera
- INSERM, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED)Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR901Marseille, France
- Neuroscience Center, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Kristopher T. Kahle
- Department of Cardiology, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children's HospitalBoston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Nazim Kourdougli
- INSERM, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED)Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR901Marseille, France
| | - Pavel Uvarov
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anatomy, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Christophe Pellegrino
- INSERM, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED)Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR901Marseille, France
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28
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Zeniya M, Sohara E, Kita S, Iwamoto T, Susa K, Mori T, Oi K, Chiga M, Takahashi D, Yang SS, Lin SH, Rai T, Sasaki S, Uchida S. Dietary Salt Intake Regulates WNK3–SPAK–NKCC1 Phosphorylation Cascade in Mouse Aorta Through Angiotensin II. Hypertension 2013; 62:872-8. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Na–K–Cl cotransporter isoform 1 (NKCC1) is involved in the regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell contraction. Recently, the with-no-lysine kinase (WNK)–STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK)–NKCC1 phosphorylation cascade in vascular smooth muscle cells was found to be important in the regulation of vascular tone. In this study, we investigated whether the WNK–SPAK–NKCC1 cascade in mouse aortic tissue is regulated by dietary salt intake and the mechanisms responsible. Phosphorylation of SPAK and NKCC1 was significantly reduced in the aorta in high-salt–fed mice and was increased in the aorta in low-salt–fed mice, indicating that the WNK–SPAK–NKCC1 phosphorylation cascade in the aorta was indeed regulated by dietary salt intake. Acute and chronic angiotensin II infusion increased phosphorylation of SPAK and NKCC1 in the mouse aorta. In addition, valsartan, an antagonist of angiotensin II type 1 receptor, inhibited low-salt diet–induced phosphorylation of SPAK and NKCC1, demonstrating that angiotensin II activates the WNK–SPAK–NKCC1 phosphorylation cascade through the angiotensin II type 1 receptor. However, a low-salt diet and angiotensin II together did not increase phosphorylation of SPAK and NKCC1 in the aorta in WNK3 knockout mice, indicating that activation of the WNK–SPAK–NKCC1 phosphorylation cascade induced by a low-salt diet and angiotensin II is dependent on WNK3. Indeed, angiotensin II–induced increases in blood pressure were diminished in WNK3 knockout mice. In addition, decreased response to angiotensin II in the mesenteric arteries was observed in WNK3 knockout mice. Our data also clarified a novel mechanism for regulation of vascular tonus by angiotensin II. Inhibition of this cascade could, therefore, be a novel therapeutic target in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moko Zeniya
- From the Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (M.Z., E.S., K.S., T.M., K.O., M.C., D.T., T.R., S.S., S.U.); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (S.K., T.I.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (S.-S.Y., S.-H.L.)
| | - Eisei Sohara
- From the Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (M.Z., E.S., K.S., T.M., K.O., M.C., D.T., T.R., S.S., S.U.); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (S.K., T.I.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (S.-S.Y., S.-H.L.)
| | - Satomi Kita
- From the Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (M.Z., E.S., K.S., T.M., K.O., M.C., D.T., T.R., S.S., S.U.); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (S.K., T.I.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (S.-S.Y., S.-H.L.)
| | - Takahiro Iwamoto
- From the Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (M.Z., E.S., K.S., T.M., K.O., M.C., D.T., T.R., S.S., S.U.); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (S.K., T.I.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (S.-S.Y., S.-H.L.)
| | - Koichiro Susa
- From the Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (M.Z., E.S., K.S., T.M., K.O., M.C., D.T., T.R., S.S., S.U.); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (S.K., T.I.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (S.-S.Y., S.-H.L.)
| | - Takayasu Mori
- From the Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (M.Z., E.S., K.S., T.M., K.O., M.C., D.T., T.R., S.S., S.U.); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (S.K., T.I.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (S.-S.Y., S.-H.L.)
| | - Katsuyuki Oi
- From the Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (M.Z., E.S., K.S., T.M., K.O., M.C., D.T., T.R., S.S., S.U.); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (S.K., T.I.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (S.-S.Y., S.-H.L.)
| | - Motoko Chiga
- From the Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (M.Z., E.S., K.S., T.M., K.O., M.C., D.T., T.R., S.S., S.U.); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (S.K., T.I.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (S.-S.Y., S.-H.L.)
| | - Daiei Takahashi
- From the Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (M.Z., E.S., K.S., T.M., K.O., M.C., D.T., T.R., S.S., S.U.); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (S.K., T.I.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (S.-S.Y., S.-H.L.)
| | - Sung-Sen Yang
- From the Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (M.Z., E.S., K.S., T.M., K.O., M.C., D.T., T.R., S.S., S.U.); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (S.K., T.I.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (S.-S.Y., S.-H.L.)
| | - Shih-Hua Lin
- From the Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (M.Z., E.S., K.S., T.M., K.O., M.C., D.T., T.R., S.S., S.U.); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (S.K., T.I.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (S.-S.Y., S.-H.L.)
| | - Tatemitsu Rai
- From the Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (M.Z., E.S., K.S., T.M., K.O., M.C., D.T., T.R., S.S., S.U.); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (S.K., T.I.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (S.-S.Y., S.-H.L.)
| | - Sei Sasaki
- From the Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (M.Z., E.S., K.S., T.M., K.O., M.C., D.T., T.R., S.S., S.U.); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (S.K., T.I.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (S.-S.Y., S.-H.L.)
| | - Shinichi Uchida
- From the Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (M.Z., E.S., K.S., T.M., K.O., M.C., D.T., T.R., S.S., S.U.); Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (S.K., T.I.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan (S.-S.Y., S.-H.L.)
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Schiessl IM, Rosenauer A, Kattler V, Minuth WW, Oppermann M, Castrop H. Dietary salt intake modulates differential splicing of the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC2. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F1139-48. [PMID: 23946287 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00259.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Both sodium reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (TAL) and macula densa salt sensing crucially depend on the function of the Na/K/2Cl cotransporter NKCC2. The NKCC2 gene gives rise to at least three different full-length NKCC2 isoforms derived from differential splicing. In the present study, we addressed the influence of dietary salt intake on the differential splicing of NKCC2. Mice were subjected to diets with low-salt, standard salt, and high-salt content for 7 days, and NKCC2 isoform mRNA abundance was determined. With decreasing salt intake, we found a reduced abundance of the low-affinity isoform NKCC2A and an increase in the high-affinity isoform NKCC2B in the renal cortex and the outer stripe of the outer medulla. This shift from NKCC2A to NKCC2B during a low-salt diet could be mimicked by furosemide in vivo and in cultured kidney slices. Furthermore, the changes in NKCC2 isoform abundance during a salt-restricted diet were partly mediated by the actions of angiotensin II on AT1 receptors, as determined using chronic angiotensin II infusion. In contrast to changes in oral salt intake, water restriction (48 h) and water loading (8% sucrose solution) increased and suppressed the expression of all NKCC2 isoforms, without changing the distribution pattern of the single isoforms. In summary, the differential splicing of NKCC2 pre-mRNA is modulated by dietary salt intake, which may be mediated by changes in intracellular ion composition. Differential splicing of NKCC2 appears to contribute to the adaptive capacity of the kidney to cope with changes in reabsorptive needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Maria Schiessl
- Institute of Physiology, Univ. of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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