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Rodan AR. Circadian Rhythm Regulation by Pacemaker Neuron Chloride Oscillation in Flies. Physiology (Bethesda) 2024; 39:0. [PMID: 38411570 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00006.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms in physiology and behavior sync organisms to external environmental cycles. Here, circadian oscillation in intracellular chloride in central pacemaker neurons of the fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is reviewed. Intracellular chloride links SLC12 cation-coupled chloride transporter function with kinase signaling and the regulation of inwardly rectifying potassium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin R Rodan
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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Schellinger JN, Sun Q, Pleinis JM, An SW, Hu J, Mercenne G, Titos I, Huang CL, Rothenfluh A, Rodan AR. Chloride oscillation in pacemaker neurons regulates circadian rhythms through a chloride-sensing WNK kinase signaling cascade. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1429-1438.e6. [PMID: 35303418 PMCID: PMC8972083 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Central pacemaker neurons regulate circadian rhythms and undergo diurnal variation in electrical activity in mammals and flies.1,2 Circadian variation in the intracellular chloride concentration of mammalian pacemaker neurons has been proposed to influence the response to GABAergic neurotransmission through GABAA receptor chloride channels.3 However, results have been contradictory,4-9 and a recent study demonstrated circadian variation in pacemaker neuron chloride without an effect on GABA response.10 Therefore, whether and how intracellular chloride regulates circadian rhythms remains controversial. Here, we demonstrate a signaling role for intracellular chloride in the Drosophila small ventral lateral (sLNv) pacemaker neurons. In control flies, intracellular chloride increases in sLNvs over the course of the morning. Chloride transport through sodium-potassium-2-chloride (NKCC) and potassium-chloride (KCC) cotransporters is a major determinant of intracellular chloride concentrations.11Drosophila melanogaster with loss-of-function mutations in the NKCC encoded by Ncc69 have abnormally low intracellular chloride 6 h after lights on, loss of morning anticipation, and a prolonged circadian period. Loss of kcc, which is expected to increase intracellular chloride, suppresses the long-period phenotype of Ncc69 mutant flies. Activation of a chloride-inhibited kinase cascade, consisting of WNK (with no lysine [K]) kinase and its downstream substrate, Fray, is necessary and sufficient to prolong period length. Fray activation of an inwardly rectifying potassium channel, Irk1, is also required for the long-period phenotype. These results indicate that the NKCC-dependent rise in intracellular chloride in Drosophila sLNv pacemakers restrains WNK-Fray signaling and overactivation of an inwardly rectifying potassium channel to maintain normal circadian period length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Schellinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Qifei Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - John M Pleinis
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Sung-Wan An
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jianrui Hu
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Gaëlle Mercenne
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Iris Titos
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Chou-Long Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Aylin R Rodan
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA.
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Abstract
The discovery of four genes responsible for pseudohypoaldosteronism type II, or familial hyperkalemic hypertension, which features arterial hypertension with hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis, unmasked a complex multiprotein system that regulates electrolyte transport in the distal nephron. Two of these genes encode the serine-threonine kinases WNK1 and WNK4. The other two genes [kelch-like 3 (KLHL3) and cullin 3 (CUL3)] form a RING-type E3-ubiquitin ligase complex that modulates WNK1 and WNK4 abundance. WNKs regulate the activity of the Na(+):Cl(-) cotransporter (NCC), the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), the renal outer medullary potassium channel (ROMK), and other transport pathways. Interestingly, the modulation of NCC occurs via the phosphorylation by WNKs of other serine-threonine kinases known as SPAK-OSR1. In contrast, the process of regulating the channels is independent of SPAK-OSR1. We present a review of the remarkable advances in this area in the past 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Hadchouel
- INSERM UMR970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, 75015 Paris, France.,Faculty of Medicine, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - David H Ellison
- Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, and Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
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Sedmak G, Jovanov-Milošević N, Puskarjov M, Ulamec M, Krušlin B, Kaila K, Judaš M. Developmental Expression Patterns of KCC2 and Functionally Associated Molecules in the Human Brain. Cereb Cortex 2016; 26:4574-4589. [PMID: 26428952 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Work on rodents demonstrated that steep upregulation of KCC2, a neuron-specific Cl- extruder of cation-chloride cotransporter (CCC) family, commences in supraspinal structures at around birth, leading to establishment of hyperpolarizing GABAergic responses. We describe spatiotemporal expression profiles of the entire CCC family in human brain. KCC2 mRNA was observed already at 10th postconceptional week (PCW) in amygdala, cerebellum, and thalamus. KCC2-immunoreactive (KCC2-ir) neurons were abundant in subplate at 18 PCW. By 25 PCW, numerous subplate and cortical plate neurons became KCC2-ir. The mRNA expression profiles of α- and β-isoforms of Na-K ATPase, which fuels cation-chloride cotransport, as well of tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), which promotes developmental upregulation of KCC2, were consistent with data from studies on rodents about their interactions with KCC2. Thus, in human brain, expression of KCC2 and its functionally associated proteins begins in early fetal period. Our work facilitates translation of results on CCC functions from animal studies to human and refutes the view that poor efficacy of anticonvulsants in the term human neonate is attributable to the lack of KCC2. We propose that perinatally low threshold for activation of Ca2+-dependent protease calpain renders neonates susceptible to downregulation of KCC2 by traumatic events, such as perinatal hypoxia ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin Puskarjov
- Department of Biosciences and Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Monika Ulamec
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital Center Sisters of Mercy, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia
| | - Božo Krušlin
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital Center Sisters of Mercy, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb 10 000, Croatia
| | - Kai Kaila
- Department of Biosciences and Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
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