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Maeo S, Balshaw TG, Nin DZ, Mc Dermott EJ, Osborne T, Cooper NB, Massey GJ, Kong PW, Pain MTG, Folland JP. Hamstrings Hypertrophy Is Specific to the Training Exercise: Nordic Hamstring versus Lengthened State Eccentric Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:1893-1905. [PMID: 38857522 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The hamstring muscles play a crucial role in sprint running but are also highly susceptible to strain injuries, particularly within the biceps femoris long head (BFlh). This study compared the adaptations in muscle size and strength of the knee flexors, as well as BFlh muscle and aponeurosis size, after two eccentrically focused knee flexion training regimes: Nordic hamstring training (NHT) vs lengthened state eccentric training (LSET, isoinertial weight stack resistance in an accentuated hip-flexed position) vs habitual activity (no training controls: CON). METHODS Forty-two healthy young males completed 34 sessions of NHT or LSET over 12 wk or served as CON ( n = 14/group). Magnetic resonance imaging-measured muscle volume of seven individual knee flexors and BFlh aponeurosis area, and maximum knee flexion torque during eccentric, concentric, and isometric contractions were assessed pre- and post-training. RESULTS LSET induced greater increases in hamstrings (+18% vs +11%) and BFlh (+19% vs +5%) muscle volumes and BFlh aponeurosis area (+9% vs +3%) than NHT (all P ≤ 0.001), with no changes after CON. There were distinctly different patterns of hypertrophy between the two training regimes, largely due to the functional role of the muscles; LSET was more effective for increasing the size of knee flexors that also extend the hip (2.2-fold vs NHT), whereas NHT increased the size of knee flexors that do not extend the hip (1.9-fold vs LSET; both P ≤ 0.001). Changes in maximum eccentric torque differed only between LSET and CON (+17% vs +4%; P = 0.009), with NHT (+11%) inbetween. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that LSET is superior to NHT in inducing overall hamstrings and BFlh hypertrophy, potentially contributing to better sprint performance improvements and protection against hamstring strain injuries than NHT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Naomi B Cooper
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Pui W Kong
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, SINGAPORE
| | - Matthew T G Pain
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UNITED KINGDOM
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Fortes LDS, de Lima-Júnior D, Boullosa D, Roelands B, Ferreira MEC. High Cognitive Effort Prior to Velocity-Based Training Sessions Reduces Rate of Force Development but Not Maximum Strength Gains in Untrained Male Adults. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14717. [PMID: 39189630 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the chronic effect of high cognitive effort immediately before resistance exercise sessions on neuromuscular performance in untrained male adults. We used a mixed experimental design, with the group as between-participants factor and time as within-participants factor. Thirty-four participants were randomly assigned to two parallel groups: high cognitive effort (n = 17) and control (n = 17). Subjects in the control group were seated for 30 min before the resistance exercise sessions, while the high cognitive effort group completed incongruent trials of the Stroop task until subjective mental fatigue was present immediately before resistance exercise sessions. Participants attended 45 sessions over 15 weeks, consisting of three familiarizations, three baseline evaluations, 36 velocity-based training sessions, and three postexperiment evaluation sessions. Rate of force development (RFD) during the isometric mid-thigh pull, half back-squat 1-RM, and countermovement jump (CMJ) were measured before and after the 12-week intervention. A significant group × time interaction effect was found for the average RFD at 0-250 ms (p < 0.05), with greater improvements for the control group than for the high cognitive effort group. There was no group × time interaction for half back-squat 1-RM (p > 0.05). Also, there was no group × time interaction for CMJ (p > 0.05). In conclusion, repeated high cognitive effort immediately prior to resistance exercise sessions is a phenomenon that can induce greater early velocity loss and, consequently, impairs the improvements in RFD. However, this did not inhibit the increased performance for explosive strength and CMJ in male untrained adults. High cognitive effort before resistance exercise sessions should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Boullosa
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Bart Roelands
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
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White MS, Graham MC, Janatova T, Hawk GS, Thompson KL, Noehren B. Effect of Sampling Rate, Filtering, and Torque Onset Detection on Quadriceps Rate of Torque Development and Torque Steadiness. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4250. [PMID: 39001029 PMCID: PMC11243863 DOI: 10.3390/s24134250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Quadriceps rate of torque development (RTD) and torque steadiness are valuable metrics for assessing explosive strength and the ability to control force over a sustained period of time, which can inform clinical assessments of knee function. Despite their widespread use, there is a significant gap in standardized methodology for measuring these metrics, which limits their utility in comparing outcomes across different studies and populations. To address these gaps, we evaluated the influence of sampling rates, signal filtering, and torque onset detection on RTD and torque steadiness. Twenty-seven participants with a history of a primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (N = 27 (11 male/16 female), age = 23 ± 8 years, body mass index = 26 ± 4 kg/m2) and thirty-two control participants (N = 32 (13 male/19 female), age = 23 ± 7 years, body mass index = 23 ± 3 kg/m2) underwent isometric quadriceps strength testing, with data collected at 2222 Hz on an isokinetic dynamometer. The torque-time signal was downsampled to approximately 100 and 1000 Hz and processed using a low-pass, zero-lag Butterworth filter with a range of cutoff frequencies spanning 10-200 Hz. The thresholds used to detect torque onset were defined as 0.1 Nm, 1 Nm, and 5 Nm. RTD between 0 and 100 ms, 0 and 200 ms, and 40-160 ms was computed, as well as absolute and relative torque steadiness. Relative differences were computed by comparing all outcomes to the "gold standard" values computed, with a sampling rate of 2222 Hz, a cutoff frequency in the low-pass filter of 150 Hz, and torque onset of 1 Nm, and compared utilizing linear mixed models. While all combinations of signal collection and processing parameters reached statistical significance (p < 0.05), these differences were consistent between injured and control limbs. Additionally, clinically relevant differences (+/-10%) were primarily observed through torque onset detection methods and primarily affected RTD between 0 and 100 ms. Although measurements of RTD and torque steadiness were generally robust against diverse signal collection and processing parameters, the selection of torque onset should be carefully considered, especially in early RTD assessments that have shorter time epochs.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKenzie S White
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Megan C Graham
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Tereza Janatova
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Gregory S Hawk
- Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | | | - Brian Noehren
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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4
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Del Vecchio A, Enoka RM, Farina D. Specificity of early motor unit adaptations with resistive exercise training. J Physiol 2024; 602:2679-2688. [PMID: 38686581 DOI: 10.1113/jp282560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
After exposure of the human body to resistive exercise, the force-generation capacity of the trained muscles increases significantly. Despite decades of research, the neural and muscular stimuli that initiate these changes in muscle force are not yet fully understood. The study of these adaptations is further complicated by the fact that the changes may be partly specific to the training task. For example, short-term strength training does not always influence the neural drive to muscles during the early phase (<100 ms) of force development in rapid isometric contractions. Here we discuss some of the studies that have investigated neuromuscular adaptations underlying changes in maximal force and rate of force development produced by different strength training interventions, with a focus on changes observed at the level of spinal motor neurons. We discuss the different motor unit adjustments needed to increase force or speed, and the specificity of some of the adaptations elicited by differences in the training tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Del Vecchio
- Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roger Maro Enoka
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Dario Farina
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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5
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Oranchuk DJ, Diewald SN, McGrath JW, Nelson AR, Storey AG, Cronin JB. Kinetic and kinematic profile of eccentric quasi-isometric loading. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:758-771. [PMID: 33666143 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1890198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Eccentric quasi-isometric (EQI) contractions (maintaining a yielding contraction for as long as possible, beyond task failure) have gained interest in research and applied settings. However, little is known regarding the biomechanical profile of EQIs. Fourteen well-trained males performed four maximal effort knee-extensor EQIs, separated by 180 seconds. Angular impulse, velocity, and time-under-tension through the 30-100º range of motion (ROM), and in eight ROM brackets were quantified. Statistical parametric mapping, analyses of variance, and standardised effects (Hedges' g (ES), %Δ) detected between-contraction joint-angle-specific differences in time-normalised and absolute variables. Mean velocity was 1.34º·s-1 with most (62.5 ± 4.9%) of the angular impulse imparted between 40-70º. Most between-contraction changes occurred between 30-50º (p≤ 0.067, ES = 0.53 ± 0.31, 60 ± 52%), while measures remained constant between 50-100º (= 0.069-0.83, ES = 0.10 ± 0.26, 14.3 ± 24.6%). EQIs are a time-efficient means to impart high cumulative mechanical tension, especially at short to medium muscle lengths. However, angular impulse distribution shifts towards medium to long muscle lengths with repeat contractions. Practitioners may utilise EQIs to emphasize the initial portion of the ROM, and limit ROM, or apply EQIs in a fatigued state to emphasize longer muscle lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Oranchuk
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shelley N Diewald
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joey W McGrath
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - André R Nelson
- Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adam G Storey
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John B Cronin
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Comfort P, McMahon JJ, Lake JP, Ripley NJ, Triplett NT, Haff GG. Relative strength explains the differences in multi-joint rapid force production between sexes. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296877. [PMID: 38359039 PMCID: PMC10868802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to determine whether relative strength explains the differences in the rapid force production (force developed during first 150-, 200-, and 250 ms) of females and males, and to evaluate the relationships between peak force and rapid force production. Sixty-three team sport athletes (females: n = 25, age = 21.5 ± 1.3 years, stature = 166 ± 5 cm, body mass = 60.65 ± 10.04 kg; males: n = 38, age = 21.9 ± 1.1 years, stature = 178 ± 7 cm, body mass = 76.55 ± 12.88 kg) performed a series of isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) trials, with all participants' data used for correlational analysis. After testing, females and males were divided into 20 strength-matched pairs, based on their relative peak force (peak force ∙ body mass). There were no meaningful differences between sexes for relative force at 150 ms (g = 0.007 [95% CI -0.627, 0.648]), 200 ms (g = -0.059 [95% CI -0.695, 0.588]) and 250 ms (g = -0.156 [95% CI -0.778, 0.473]). Similarly, when expressed as a percentage of peak force there were no meaningful differences in force at 150 ms (g = -0.015 [95.0%CI -0.650, 0.680]), 200 ms (g = -0.099 [95.0%CI -0.714, 0.559]) or 250 ms (g = -0.272 [95.0%CI -0.856, 0.328]) between strength-matched females and males. Based on the correlations, there were very large to nearly perfect relationships (r = 0.77-0.94, p <0.001) between peak force and rapid force production, with peak force explaining 59%, 77% and 89% of the variance in force at 150-, 200- and 250 ms, respectively. When comparing females and males, relative strength (based on body weight or a percentage of peak force) should be considered, and practitioners should be aware of the role of peak force in rapid force production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Comfort
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
- Strength and Power Research Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - John J. McMahon
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jason P. Lake
- Strength and Power Research Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
- Chichester Institute of Sport, Nursing, and Allied Health, University of Chichester, Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Ripley
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - N. Travis Triplett
- Department of Public Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - G. Gregory Haff
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
- Strength and Power Research Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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7
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Salmon OF, Housh TJ, Hill EC, Keller JL, Anders JPV, Johnson GO, Schmidt RJ, Smith CM. Changes in Neuromuscular Response Patterns After 4 Weeks of Leg Press Training During Isokinetic Leg Extensions. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:e405-e412. [PMID: 36525527 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Salmon, OF, Housh, TJ, Hill, EC, Keller, JL, Anders, JPV, Johnson, GO, Schmidt, RJ, and Smith, CM. Changes in neuromuscular response patterns after 4 weeks of leg press training during isokinetic leg extensions. J Strength Cond Res 37(7): e405-e412, 2023-The purpose of this study was to identify velocity-specific changes in electromyographic root mean square (EMG RMS), EMG frequency (EMG MPF), mechanomyographic RMS (MMG RMS), and MMG MPF during maximal unilateral isokinetic muscle actions performed at 60° and 240°·s -1 velocities within the right and left vastus lateralis (VL) after 4 weeks of dynamic constant external resistance (DCER) bilateral leg press training. Twelve resistance-trained men (age: mean ± SD = 21.4 ± 3.6 years) visited the laboratory 3d·wk -1 to perform resistance training consisting of 3 sets of 10 DCER leg presses. Four, three-way analysis of variance were performed to evaluate changes in neuromuscular responses (EMG RMS, EMG MPF, MMG RMS, and MMG MPF) from the right and left VL during 1 single-leg maximal isokinetic leg extension performed at 60° and 240°·s -1 before and after 4 weeks of DCER leg press training ( p < 0.05). The results indicated a 36% increase in EMG RMS for the right leg, as well as a 23% increase in MMG RMS and 10% decrease in MMG MPF after training, collapsed across velocity and leg. In addition, EMG RMS was 65% greater in the right leg than the left leg following training, whereas EMG MPF was 11% greater for the left leg than the right leg throughout training. Thus, 4 weeks of DCER leg press training provides sufficient stimuli to alter the neuromuscular activation process of the VL but not velocity-specific neuromuscular adaptations in trained males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen F Salmon
- Robbins College of Health and Human SciencesHuman & Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation Baylor University Waco, Texas
| | - Terry J Housh
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Ethan C Hill
- School of Kinesiology & Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida; and
| | - Joshua L Keller
- Integrated Laboratory of Exercise and Applied Physiology, Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - John Paul V Anders
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Glen O Johnson
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Richard J Schmidt
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Cory M Smith
- Robbins College of Health and Human SciencesHuman & Environmental Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation Baylor University Waco, Texas
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Cao X, Zhao X, Tang H, Fan N, Zereg F. Football players' strength training method using image processing based on machine learning. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287433. [PMID: 37327213 PMCID: PMC10275424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This work addresses the declining physical fitness levels observed in both football players and the general population. The objective is to investigate the impact of functional strength training on the physical capabilities of football players and to develop a machine learning-based approach for posture recognition. A total of 116 adolescents aged 8 to 13 participating in football training are randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n = 60) or a control group (n = 56). Both groups underwent 24 training sessions, with the experimental group engaging in 15-20 minutes of functional strength training after each session. Machine learning techniques, specifically the backpropagation neural network (BPNN) in deep learning, are utilized to analyze the kicking actions of football players. Movement speed, sensitivity, and strength are employed as input vectors for the BPNN to compare the images of players' movements, while the similarity between the kicking actions and standard movements served as the output result to enhance training efficiency. The experimental group's kicking scores are compared to their pre-experiment scores, demonstrating a statistically significant improvement. Moreover, statistically significant differences are observed in the 5*25m shuttle running, throwing, and set kicking between the control and experimental groups. These findings highlight the significant enhancement in strength and sensitivity achieved through functional strength training in football players. The results contribute to the development of training programs for football players and the overall improvement of training efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Cao
- School of Physical Education and Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- School of Physical Education, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, Xichuang, China
| | - Huan Tang
- Chengdu Sport University, 610041, Chengdu city, Sichuan province, China
| | - Nianchun Fan
- School of Physical Education and Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fateh Zereg
- Chengdu Sport University, 610041, Chengdu city, Sichuan province, China
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Balshaw TG, Funnell MP, McDermott E, Maden-Wilkinson TM, Abela S, Quteishat B, Edsey M, James LJ, Folland JP. The effect of specific bioactive collagen peptides on function and muscle remodeling during human resistance training. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 237:e13903. [PMID: 36433662 PMCID: PMC10078466 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Bioactive collagen peptides (CP) have been suggested to augment the functional, structural (size and architecture), and contractile adaptations of skeletal muscle to resistance training (RT), but with limited evidence. This study aimed to determine if CP vs. placebo (PLA) supplementation enhanced the functional and underpinning structural, and contractile adaptations after 15 weeks of lower body RT. METHODS Young healthy males were randomized to consume either 15 g of CP (n = 19) or PLA (n = 20) once every day during a standardized program of progressive knee extensor, knee flexor, and hip extensor RT 3 times/wk. Measurements pre- and post-RT included: knee extensor and flexor isometric strength; quadriceps, hamstrings, and gluteus maximus volume with MRI; evoked twitch contractions, 1RM lifting strength, and architecture (with ultrasound) of the quadriceps. RESULTS Percentage changes in maximum strength (isometric or 1RM) did not differ between-groups (0.684 ≤ p ≤ 0.929). Increases in muscle volume were greater (quadriceps 15.2% vs. 10.3%; vastus medialis (VM) 15.6% vs. 9.7%; total muscle volume 15.7% vs. 11.4%; [all] p ≤ 0.032) or tended to be greater (hamstring 16.5% vs. 12.8%; gluteus maximus 16.6% vs. 12.9%; 0.089 ≤ p ≤ 0.091) for CP vs. PLA. There were also greater increases in twitch peak torque (22.3% vs. 12.3%; p = 0.038) and angle of pennation of the VM (16.8% vs. 5.8%, p = 0.046), but not other muscles, for CP vs. PLA. CONCLUSIONS CP supplementation produced a cluster of consistent effects indicating greater skeletal muscle remodeling with RT compared to PLA. Notably, CP supplementation amplified the quadriceps and total muscle volume increases induced by RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Balshaw
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Mark P Funnell
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Emmet McDermott
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Thomas M Maden-Wilkinson
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Collegiate Campus, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sean Abela
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Btool Quteishat
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Max Edsey
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Lewis J James
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Jonathan P Folland
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,Versus Arthritis, Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
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10
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Abstract
The rate at which an individual can develop force during rapid voluntary contractions can be influenced by both the neural drive to a muscle and its intrinsic musculotendinous properties. We hypothesize that the maximal rate of force development across human individuals is mainly attributable to the rate of motor unit recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Del Vecchio
- Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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11
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Qiu F, Liu X, Xu Y, Shi L, Sheng X, Chen C. Neural inputs from spinal motor neurons to lateralis vastus muscle: Comparison between sprinters and nonathletes. Front Physiol 2022; 13:994857. [PMID: 36277210 PMCID: PMC9585313 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.994857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptation of neural contractile properties has been observed in previous work. However, the neural changes on the motor unit (MU) level remain largely unknown. Voluntary movements are controlled through the precise activation of MU populations. In this work, we estimate the neural inputs from the spinal motor neurons to the muscles during isometric contractions and characterize the neural adaptation during training by comparing the MU properties decomposed from sprinters and nonathletes. Twenty subjects were recruited and divided into two groups. The high-density surface electromyography (EMG) signals were recorded from the lateralis vastus muscle during the isometric contraction of knee extension and were then decomposed into MU spike trains. Each MU’s action potentials and discharge properties were extracted for comparison across subject groups and tasks. A total of 1097 MUs were identified from all subjects. Results showed that the discharge rates and amplitudes of MUAPs from athletes were significantly higher than those from nonathletes. These results demonstrate the neural adaptations in physical training at the MU population level and indicate the great potential of EMG decomposition in physiological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Qiu
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilin Xu
- Sports Biomechanics Laboratory, Jiangsu Research Institute of Sports Science, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijun Shi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinjun Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Chen Chen,
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12
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Lambrianides Y, Epro G, Smith K, Mileva KN, James D, Karamanidis K. Impact of Different Mechanical and Metabolic Stimuli on the Temporal Dynamics of Muscle Strength Adaptation. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3246-3255. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Orange ST, Hritz A, Pearson L, Jeffries O, Jones TW, Steele J. Comparison of the effects of velocity-based vs. traditional resistance training methods on adaptations in strength, power, and sprint speed: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and quality of evidence appraisal. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1220-1234. [PMID: 35380511 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2059320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We estimated the effectiveness of using velocity feedback to regulate resistance training load on changes in muscle strength, power, and linear sprint speed in apparently healthy participants. Academic and grey literature databases were systematically searched to identify randomised trials that compared a velocity-based training intervention to a 'traditional' resistance training intervention that did not use velocity feedback. Standardised mean differences (SMDs) were pooled using a random effects model. Risk of bias was assessed with the Risk of Bias 2 tool and the quality of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE approach. Four trials met the eligibility criteria, comprising 27 effect estimates and 88 participants. The main analyses showed trivial differences and imprecise interval estimates for effects on muscle strength (SMD 0.06, 95% CI -0.51-0.63; I2 = 42.9%; 10 effects from 4 studies; low-quality evidence), power (SMD 0.11, 95% CI -0.28-0.49; I2 = 13.5%; 10 effects from 3 studies; low-quality evidence), and sprint speed (SMD -0.10, 95% CI -0.72-0.53; I2 = 30.0%; 7 effects from 2 studies; very low-quality evidence). The results were robust to various sensitivity analyses. In conclusion, there is currently no evidence that VBT and traditional resistance training methods lead to different alterations in muscle strength, power, or linear sprint speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Orange
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4DR, UK.,Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4DR, UK
| | - Adam Hritz
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4DR, UK
| | - Liam Pearson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Owen Jeffries
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4DR, UK
| | - Thomas W Jones
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - James Steele
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Social Sciences, Solent University, Southampton, UK
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14
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Tsang SMH, Szeto GPY, So BCL, Lau RWL, Tai JJ. Using cervical movement velocity to assist the prediction of pain and functional recovery for people with chronic mechanical neck pain. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2022; 93:105607. [PMID: 35245780 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2022.105607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired cervical kinematics particularly the movement velocity had been consistently found in people with neck pain. The recovery and potential of cervical movement velocity in assisting the prediction of recovery in individuals with chronic neck pain remained unknown. This study investigated the application of cervical movement velocity to predict the outcomes of pain intensity and functional disability for a cohort of participants with chronic mechanical pain after completion of a 12-week intervention program. METHODS Cervical movement velocity when performing neck motions in the anatomical planes, pain intensity and functional disability score were assessed before and after the physiotherapy program. Correlations between kinematic and clinical outcomes, and validity of applying the peak velocity values of the cervical spine measured at baseline for prediction of recovery of pain and function after the physiotherapy program were examined (n = 68). FINDINGS Significant improvements were found in the peak values of cervical velocity in all movement planes, pain intensity and functional disability score at post-program reassessment (p < 0.001). Significant negative correlations between peak values of cervical movement velocity and pain intensity (for specific directions, r = -0.163 to -0.191), and functional disability were found (for all directions, r = -0.158 to -0.282). Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristics curve was >0.6 for cervical extension, flexion and right rotation velocity for predicting functional recovery post-program. INTERPRETATION These findings suggest that cervical velocity of selected planes measured at baseline may inform the prediction of recovery of functional disability but not pain intensity in people with chronic mechanical neck pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M H Tsang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
| | - Grace P Y Szeto
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Tung Wah College, Hong Kong
| | - Billy C L So
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Rufina W L Lau
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Tung Wah College, Hong Kong
| | - Jay J Tai
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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15
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Davidson B, Hinks A, Dalton BH, Akagi R, Power GA. Power attenuation from restricting range of motion is minimized in subjects with fast RTD and following isometric training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:497-510. [PMID: 35023762 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00688.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-dependent measures consisting of rate of torque development (RTD), rate of velocity development (RVD), and rate of neuromuscular activation can be used to evaluate explosive muscular performance, which becomes critical when performing movements throughout limited ranges of motion (ROM). Using a HUMAC NORM dynamometer, seven males (27 ± 7 years) and six females (22 ± 3 years) underwent 8 weeks of maximal isometric dorsiflexion training 3 days/week. One leg was trained at 0° (short-muscle tendon unit (MTU) length) and the other at 40° of plantar flexion (long-MTU length). RTD and rate of neuromuscular activation were evaluated during 'fast' maximal isometric contractions. Power, RVD, and rate of neuromuscular activation were assessed during maximal isotonic contractions in four conditions (small (40° to 30° of plantar flexion) ROM at 10 and 50% MVC; large (40° to 0° of plantar flexion) ROM at 10 and 50% MVC) for both legs, pre- and post-training. Despite no change in rate of neuromuscular activation following training, peak power, RTD, and RVD increased at both MTU lengths (p < 0.05). Strong relationships (R2=0.73) were observed between RTD and peak power in the small ROM, indicating that fast time-dependent measures are critical for optimal performance when ROM is constrained. Meanwhile, strong relationships (R2=0.90) between RVD and power were observed at the 50% load, indicating that RVD is critical when limited by load and ROM is not confined. Maximal isometric dorsiflexion training can be used to improve time-dependent measures (RTD, RVD) to minimize power attenuation when ROM is restricted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Davidson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Avery Hinks
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian H Dalton
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Ryota Akagi
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Geoffrey A Power
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Morris SJ, Oliver JL, Pedley JS, Haff GG, Lloyd RS. Comparison of Weightlifting, Traditional Resistance Training and Plyometrics on Strength, Power and Speed: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:1533-1554. [PMID: 35025093 PMCID: PMC9213388 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Weightlifting training (WLT) is commonly used to improve strength, power and speed in athletes. However, to date, WLT studies have either not compared training effects against those of other training methods, or been limited by small sample sizes, which are issues that can be resolved by pooling studies in a meta-analysis. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of WLT compared with traditional resistance training (TRT), plyometric training (PLYO) and/or control (CON) on strength, power and speed. Methods The systematic review included peer-reviewed articles that employed a WLT intervention, a comparison group (i.e. TRT, PLYO, CON), and a measure of strength, power and/or speed. Means and standard deviations of outcomes were converted to Hedges’ g effect sizes using an inverse variance random-effects model to generate a weighted mean effect size (ES). Results Sixteen studies were included in the analysis, comprising 427 participants. Data indicated that when compared with TRT, WLT resulted in greater improvements in weightlifting load lifted (4 studies, p = 0.02, g = 1.35; 95% CI 0.20–2.51) and countermovement jump (CMJ) height (9 studies, p = 0.00, g = 0.95; 95% CI 0.04–1.87). There was also a large effect in terms of linear sprint speed (4 studies, p = 0.13, g = 1.04; 95% CI − 0.03 to 2.39) and change of direction speed (CODS) (2 studies, p = 0.36, g = 1.21; 95% CI − 1.41 to 3.83); however, this was not significant. Interpretation of these findings should acknowledge the high heterogeneity across the included studies and potential risk of bias. WLT and PLYO resulted in similar improvements in speed, power and strength as demonstrated by negligible to moderate, non-significant effects in favour of WLT for improvements in linear sprint speed (4 studies, p = 0.35, g = 0.20; 95% CI − 0.23 to 0.63), CODS (3 studies, p = 0.52, g = 0.17; 95% CI − 0.35 to 0.68), CMJ (6 studies, p = 0.09, g = 0.31; 95% CI − 0.05 to 0.67), squat jump performance (5 studies, p = 0.08, g = 0.34; 95% CI − 0.04 to 0.73) and strength (4 studies, p = 0.20, g = 0.69; 95% CI − 0.37 to 1.75). Conclusion Overall, these findings support the notion that if the training goal is to improve strength, power and speed, supplementary weightlifting training may be advantageous for athletic development. Whilst WLT and PLYO may result in similar improvements, WLT can elicit additional benefits above that of TRT, resulting in greater improvements in weightlifting and jumping performance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40279-021-01627-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Morris
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jason S Pedley
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - G Gregory Haff
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, M6 6PU, UK
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
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17
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Balshaw TG, Massey GJ, Maden-Wilkinson TM, Lanza MB, Folland JP. Effect of long-term maximum strength training on explosive strength, neural, and contractile properties. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:685-697. [PMID: 34978747 PMCID: PMC9305549 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this cross‐sectional study was to compare explosive strength and underpinning contractile, hypertrophic, and neuromuscular activation characteristics of long‐term maximum strength‐trained (LT‐MST; ie, ≥3 years of consistent, regular knee extensor training) and untrained individuals. Sixty‐three healthy young men (untrained [UNT] n = 49, and LT‐MST n = 14) performed isometric maximum and explosive voluntary, as well as evoked octet knee extension contractions. Torque, quadriceps, and hamstring surface EMG were recorded during all tasks. Quadriceps anatomical cross‐sectional area (QACSAMAX; via MRI) was also assessed. Maximum voluntary torque (MVT; +66%) and QACSAMAX (+54%) were greater for LT‐MST than UNT ([both] p < 0.001). Absolute explosive voluntary torque (25–150 ms after torque onset; +41 to +64%; [all] p < 0.001; 1.15≤ effect size [ES]≤2.36) and absolute evoked octet torque (50 ms after torque onset; +43, p < 0.001; ES = 3.07) were greater for LT‐MST than UNT. However, relative (to MVT) explosive voluntary torque was lower for LT‐MST than UNT from 100 to 150 ms after contraction onset (−11% to −16%; 0.001 ≤ p ≤ 0.002; 0.98 ≤ ES ≤ 1.11). Relative evoked octet torque 50 ms after onset was lower (−10%; p < 0.001; ES = 1.14) and octet time to peak torque longer (+8%; p = 0.001; ES = 1.18) for LT‐MST than UNT indicating slower contractile properties, independent from any differences in torque amplitude. The greater absolute explosive strength of the LT‐MST group was attributable to higher evoked explosive strength, that in turn appeared to be due to larger quadriceps muscle size, rather than any differences in neuromuscular activation. In contrast, the inferior relative explosive strength of LT‐MST appeared to be underpinned by slower intrinsic/evoked contractile properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Balshaw
- Versus Arthritis, Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Garry J Massey
- Versus Arthritis, Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Thomas M Maden-Wilkinson
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Collegiate Campus, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Marcel B Lanza
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, US
| | - Jonathan P Folland
- Versus Arthritis, Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.,School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
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18
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Yamazaki K, Inoue K, Miyamoto N. Passive and active muscle elasticity of medial gastrocnemius is related to performance in sprinters. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 122:447-457. [PMID: 34797438 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04848-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Limited information is available on the association between muscle material properties and sprint performance. We aimed to identify whether and how the elasticity of passive and active muscle of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) is related to sprint performance. METHODS MG shear wave speed was measured under passive and active (20%, 50%, 80% of maximal voluntary contraction [MVC]) conditions, with ultrasound shear wave elastography, in 18 male sprinters. Passive and active ankle joint stiffness was assessed by applying a short-range fast stretch during 0%, 20%, 50%, and 80% MVC of plantar flexion. Additionally, rate of torque development (RTD) during explosive plantar flexion was measured. RESULTS Passive and active MG shear wave speed was negatively correlated with 100-m race time. Passive MG shear wave speed was positively correlated with RTD, and RTD was negatively correlated with 100-m race time. MG shear wave speed at 50% and 80% MVC showed a positive correlation with ankle joint stiffness at the corresponding contraction level, and ankle joint stiffness at 50% and 80% MVC showed negative correlations with 100-m race time. These correlations were significant even after controlling for MVC torque. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that passive and active muscle elasticity of plantar flexor is important to achieve superior sprint performance. Specifically, high elasticity of passive MG could be related to superior sprint performance through high explosive torque production. In contrast, high elasticity of active MG at moderate-to-high intensity is likely related to high sprint performance through high ankle joint stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraka-gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Kakeru Inoue
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraka-gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Naokazu Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraka-gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan.
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19
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Ando R, Sato S, Hirata N, Tanimoto H, Imaizumi N, Suzuki Y, Hirata K, Akagi R. Relationship Between Drop Jump Training–Induced Changes in Passive Plantar Flexor Stiffness and Explosive Performance. Front Physiol 2021; 12:777268. [PMID: 35035358 PMCID: PMC8753453 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.777268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive muscle stiffness is positively associated with explosive performance. Drop jump training may be a strategy to increase passive muscle stiffness in the lower limb muscles. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 8-week drop jump training on the passive stiffness in the plantar flexor muscles and the association between training-induced changes in passive muscle stiffness and explosive performance. This study was a randomized controlled trial. Twenty-four healthy young men were divided into two groups, control and training. The participants in the training group performed drop jumps (five sets of 20 repetitions each) 3days per week for 8weeks. As an index of passive muscle stiffness, the shear moduli of the medial gastrocnemius and soleus were measured by shear wave elastography before and after the intervention. The participants performed maximal voluntary isometric plantar flexion at an ankle joint angle of 0° and maximal drop jumps from a 15cm high box. The rate of torque development during isometric contraction was calculated. The shear modulus of the medial gastrocnemius decreased for the training group (before: 13.5±2.1kPa, after: 10.6±2.1kPa); however, such a reduction was not observed in the control group. There was no significant group (control and training groups)×time (before and after the intervention) interaction for the shear modulus of the soleus. The drop jump performance for the training group improved, while the rate of torque development did not change. Relative changes in these measurements were not correlated with each other in the training group. These results suggest that drop jump training decreases the passive stiffness in the medial gastrocnemius, and training-induced improvement in explosive performance cannot be attributed to change in passive muscle stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Ando
- Department of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences (JISS), Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Ryosuke Ando,
| | - Shinya Sato
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoya Hirata
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanimoto
- Graduate School of Health Management, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Naoto Imaizumi
- College of System Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences (JISS), Tokyo, Japan
- Center for General Education, Tokyo Keizai University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hirata
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryota Akagi
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
- College of System Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
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20
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Del Vecchio A, Casolo A, Dideriksen JL, Aagaard P, Felici F, Falla D, Farina D. Lack of increased rate of force development after strength training is explained by specific neural, not muscular, motor unit adaptations. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 132:84-94. [PMID: 34792405 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00218.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While maximal force increases following short-term isometric strength training, the rate of force development (RFD) may remain relatively unaffected. The underlying neural and muscular mechanisms during rapid contractions after strength training are largely unknown. Since strength training increases the neural drive to muscles, it may be hypothesized that there are distinct neural or muscular adaptations determining the change in RFD independently of an increase in maximal force. Therefore, we examined motor unit population data acquired from surface electromyography during the rapid generation of force before and after four weeks of strength training. We observed that strength training did not change the RFD because it did not influence the number of motor units recruited per second or their initial discharge rate during rapid contractions. While strength training did not change motoneuron behaviour in the force increase phase of rapid contractions, it increased the discharge rate of motoneurons (by ~4 spikes/s) when reaching the plateau phase (~150 ms) of the rapid contractions, determining an increase in maximal force production. Computer simulations with a motor unit model that included neural and muscular properties, closely matched the experimental observations and demonstrated that the lack of change in RFD following training is primarily mediated by an unchanged maximal recruitment speed of motoneurons. These results demonstrate that maximal force and contraction speed are determined by different adaptations in motoneuron behaviour following strength training and indicate that increases in the recruitment speed of motoneurons are required to evoke training-induced increases in RFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Del Vecchio
- Department of Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Andrea Casolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Muscle Physiology and Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Francesco Felici
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Deborah Falla
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dario Farina
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Casolo A, Del Vecchio A, Balshaw TG, Maeo S, Lanza MB, Felici F, Folland JP, Farina D. Behavior of motor units during submaximal isometric contractions in chronically strength-trained individuals. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:1584-1598. [PMID: 34617822 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00192.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural and morphological adaptations combine to underpin the enhanced muscle strength following prolonged exposure to strength training, although their relative importance remains unclear. We investigated the contribution of motor unit (MU) behavior and muscle size to submaximal force production in chronically strength-trained athletes (ST) versus untrained controls (UT). Sixteen ST (age: 22.9 ± 3.5 yr; training experience: 5.9 ± 3.5 yr) and 14 UT (age: 20.4 ± 2.3 yr) performed maximal voluntary isometric force (MViF) and ramp contractions (at 15%, 35%, 50%, and 70% MViF) with elbow flexors, whilst high-density surface electromyography (HDsEMG) was recorded from the biceps brachii (BB). Recruitment thresholds (RTs) and discharge rates (DRs) of MUs identified from the submaximal contractions were assessed. The neural drive-to-muscle gain was estimated from the relation between changes in force (ΔFORCE, i.e. muscle output) relative to changes in MU DR (ΔDR, i.e. neural input). BB maximum anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSAMAX) was also assessed by MRI. MViF (+64.8% vs. UT, P < 0.001) and BB ACSAMAX (+71.9%, P < 0.001) were higher in ST. Absolute MU RT was higher in ST (+62.6%, P < 0.001), but occurred at similar normalized forces. MU DR did not differ between groups at the same normalized forces. The absolute slope of the ΔFORCE - ΔDR relationship was higher in ST (+66.9%, P = 0.002), whereas it did not differ for normalized values. We observed similar MU behavior between ST athletes and UT controls. The greater absolute force-generating capacity of ST for the same neural input demonstrates that morphological, rather than neural, factors are the predominant mechanism for their enhanced force generation during submaximal efforts.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we observed that recruitment strategies and discharge characteristics of large populations of motor units identified from biceps brachii of strength-trained athletes were similar to those observed in untrained individuals during submaximal force tasks. We also found that for the same neural input, strength-trained athletes are able to produce greater absolute muscle forces (i.e., neural drive-to-muscle gain). This demonstrates that morphological factors are the predominant mechanism for the enhanced force generation during submaximal efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Casolo
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandro Del Vecchio
- Department Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas G Balshaw
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.,Versus Arthritis Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Sumiaki Maeo
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.,College of Sport and Health Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Marcel Bahia Lanza
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.,Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Francesco Felici
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome 'Foro Italico', Rome, Italy
| | - Jonathan P Folland
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.,Versus Arthritis Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Dario Farina
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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22
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Kruse A, Rivares C, Weide G, Tilp M, Jaspers RT. Stimuli for Adaptations in Muscle Length and the Length Range of Active Force Exertion-A Narrative Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:742034. [PMID: 34690815 PMCID: PMC8531727 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.742034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment strategies and training regimens, which induce longitudinal muscle growth and increase the muscles’ length range of active force exertion, are important to improve muscle function and to reduce muscle strain injuries in clinical populations and in athletes with limited muscle extensibility. Animal studies have shown several specific loading strategies resulting in longitudinal muscle fiber growth by addition of sarcomeres in series. Currently, such strategies are also applied to humans in order to induce similar adaptations. However, there is no clear scientific evidence that specific strategies result in longitudinal growth of human muscles. Therefore, the question remains what triggers longitudinal muscle growth in humans. The aim of this review was to identify strategies that induce longitudinal human muscle growth. For this purpose, literature was reviewed and summarized with regard to the following topics: (1) Key determinants of typical muscle length and the length range of active force exertion; (2) Information on typical muscle growth and the effects of mechanical loading on growth and adaptation of muscle and tendinous tissues in healthy animals and humans; (3) The current knowledge and research gaps on the regulation of longitudinal muscle growth; and (4) Potential strategies to induce longitudinal muscle growth. The following potential strategies and important aspects that may positively affect longitudinal muscle growth were deduced: (1) Muscle length at which the loading is performed seems to be decisive, i.e., greater elongations after active or passive mechanical loading at long muscle length are expected; (2) Concentric, isometric and eccentric exercises may induce longitudinal muscle growth by stimulating different muscular adaptations (i.e., increases in fiber cross-sectional area and/or fiber length). Mechanical loading intensity also plays an important role. All three training strategies may increase tendon stiffness, but whether and how these changes may influence muscle growth remains to be elucidated. (3) The approach to combine stretching with activation seems promising (e.g., static stretching and electrical stimulation, loaded inter-set stretching) and warrants further research. Finally, our work shows the need for detailed investigation of the mechanisms of growth of pennate muscles, as those may longitudinally grow by both trophy and addition of sarcomeres in series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Kruse
- Department of Biomechanics, Training, and Movement Science, Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Cintia Rivares
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Guido Weide
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Markus Tilp
- Department of Biomechanics, Training, and Movement Science, Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- Laboratory for Myology, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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23
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Loenneke JP. Muscle Growth Does Not Contribute to the Increases in Strength that Occur after Resistance Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2011-2014. [PMID: 34398064 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS
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24
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Folland JP, Balshaw TG. Muscle Growth Does Contribute to the Increases in Strength that Occur after Resistance Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2006-2010. [PMID: 34398063 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Niespodziński B, Mieszkowski J, Kochanowicz M, Kochanowicz A, Antosiewicz J. Effect of 10 consecutive days of remote ischemic preconditioning on local neuromuscular performance. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2021; 60:102584. [PMID: 34388409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2021.102584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most studies focus on the effects of a single remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) session on performance. However, the training-like effect of repeat RIPC sessions performed on consecutive days could potentially be even more beneficial to neuromuscular performance than a single RIPC session. Therefore, aim of the study was to assess the impact of 10 days of RIPC on local neuromuscular performance. METHODS Thirty-seven male participants performed 10 days of either RIPC or sham-controlled condition. Before and after procedure, the maximal voluntary contraction and muscle fatigue were assessed by dynamometry and surface electromyography (EMG) of the isometric extension of the knee joint. The following neuromuscular outcomes were investigated: peak torque (PKTQ); rate of force development (RTD); time to failure; and the slope of median frequency of power spectrum (MDF) and EMG amplitude. RESULTS After RIPC, while there was no change in PKTQ and time to failure, the late RTD and MDF slope were significantly affected. The RTD at 0-100 and 0-200 ms showed 24 and 16% increase, respectively, while the MDF slope showed 24% decrease in rectus femoris. CONCLUSIONS 10 days of RIPC induced neuromuscular performance changes in the quadriceps muscle. Even though there were no changes in task to failure performance, RIPC showed EMG changes limited to rectus femoris and increased late RTD in MVC task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Niespodziński
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Jan Mieszkowski
- Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kochanowicz
- Department of Physiotherapy, The Faculty of Health Sciences with the Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kochanowicz
- Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jędrzej Antosiewicz
- Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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26
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Relationship between resting medial gastrocnemius stiffness and drop jump performance. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2021; 58:102549. [PMID: 33915270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2021.102549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the influence of the series elastic element of the muscle-tendon unit on jump performance has been investigated, the corresponding effect of the parallel elastic element remains unclear. This study examined the relationship between the resting calf muscle stiffness and drop jump performance. Twenty-four healthy men participated in this study. The shear moduli of the medial gastrocnemius and the soleus were measured at rest as an index of muscle stiffness using ultrasound shear wave elastography. The participants performed drop jumps from a 15 cm high box. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationships between shear moduli of the muscles and drop jump performance. The medial gastrocnemius shear modulus showed a significant correlation with the drop jump index (jump height/contact time) (r = 0.414, P = 0.044) and jump height (r = 0.411, P = 0.046), but not with contact time (P > 0.05). The soleus shear modulus did not correlate with these jump parameters (P > 0.05). These results suggest that the resting medial gastrocnemius stiffness can be considered as one of the factors that influence drop jump performance. Therefore, increase in resting muscle stiffness should enhance explosive athletic performance in training regimens.
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27
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Nakatani M, Murata K, Kanehisa H, Takai Y. Force-velocity relationship profile of elbow flexors in male gymnasts. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10907. [PMID: 33777517 PMCID: PMC7971080 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The theoretical maximum force (F0), velocity (V0), and power (Pmax) of athletes calculated from the relationship between force and velocity (F-V relationship) and the slope of the F-V relationship, reflect their competitive and training activity profiles. Evaluating the F-V relationship of athletes facilitates categorizing the profiles of dynamic muscle functions in relation to long-term sport-specific training. For gymnastics, however, no studies have tried to examine the profiles of F-V relation and power output for upper limb muscles in relation to the muscularity, while the use of the upper extremities in this sport is very unique as described earlier. Purpose It was hypothesized that the F-V relationship of the elbow flexion in gymnasts might be characterized by low capacity for generating explosive force, notably in terms of the force normalized to muscle size. Methods The F0, V0, and Pmax derived from the force-velocity relationship during explosive elbow flexion against six different loads (unloaded condition, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75% of maximal voluntary isometric elbow flexion force (MVFEF)) for 16 gymnasts (GYM) and 22 judo athletes (JD). F0 and Pmax were expressed as values relative to the cross-sectional area index (CSAindex) of elbow flexors (F0/CSAindex and Pmax/CSAindex, respectively), which was calculated from muscle thickness in the anterior upper arm. The electromyogram (EMG) activities of the biceps brachii (BB) during the maximal isometric and dynamic tasks were also determined. Results There were no significant differences in CSAindex of elbow flexors between GYM and JD. MVFEF/CSAindex for GYM was significantly lower than that for JD. Force was linearly associated with velocity in the dynamic elbow flexion for all the participants (r = − 0.997 to −0.905 for GYM, r = − 0.998 to −0.840 for JD). F0, F0/ CSAindex, V0, Pmax, Pmax/CSAindex, and MVFEF were significantly lower in GYM than in JD. The activity levels of BB during the dynamic tasks tended to be lower in GYM than in JD at load of <45%MVC. Conclusion Gymnasts cannot generate explosive elbow flexion force corresponding to their muscle size. This may be due to low neuromuscular activities during the maximal dynamic tasks against relatively low loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Nakatani
- The Center for Liberal Arts, Meiji Gakuin University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Kagosima, Japan
| | - Kensuke Murata
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Kagosima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yohei Takai
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Kagosima, Japan
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28
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Marina M, Torrado P, Baudry S, Duchateau J. Forearm muscles fatigue induced by repetitive braking on a motorcycle is best discriminated by specific kinetic parameters. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246242. [PMID: 33544741 PMCID: PMC7864446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Maneuvering a motorcycle in racing conditions or for prolonged time is sufficiently demanding that on many occasions forearm muscles reach a state of functional failure when riders cannot properly brake or operate the throttle. This study intends to discriminate which ones of the several dynamometric parameters used in the literature to characterize the Force-time (F-t) curve during voluntary contractions are more sensitive to neuromuscular fatigue in simulated motorcycle-riding conditions. Thirty-three adults performed an intermittent fatiguing protocol (IFP) that simulated the brake-pulling and throttle-twisting actions, by using a hydraulic system equipped with a pressure sensor. Sixty pressure-time (P-t) curve parameters, including the rate of pressure development (RPD) and area under the curve were measured to characterize the time course of the braking maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Two types of variables were used to analyze the P-t curve: 1) Times interval (from 0 to 30-50-100-500-1000 and 2000 ms); 2) Percentages of MVC (10-30-60-90%MVC). Overall significant (p ≤ 0.05) fatigue-related declines were observed only at time intervals longer than 100 ms and contraction intensities higher than 30%MVC. Strong and significant linear declines (p < 0.001) were observed at 500 ms and 1 s for normalized pressures, as well as for the ratio RPD60%MVC/MVC (p < 0.003) throughout the IFP. Our results suggest considering RPD at time windows of 0–500 ms and 0–1 s, and contraction intensities comprised between 30% and 60% of MVC, as more suitable criteria to study fatigue-related decrements in performance rather than the classical MVC force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Marina
- Research Group in Physical Activity and Health (GRAFiS), Institut National d’Educació Física de Catalunya–University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Priscila Torrado
- Research Group in Physical Activity and Health (GRAFiS), Institut National d’Educació Física de Catalunya–University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Health Sciences, TecnoCampus Mataró–Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Mataró, Spain
| | - Stéphane Baudry
- Laboratory of Applied Biology and Neurophysiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Jacques Duchateau
- Laboratory of Applied Biology and Neurophysiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
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29
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Lum D, Barbosa TM, Balasekaran G. Sprint Kayaking Performance Enhancement by Isometric Strength Training Inclusion: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9020016. [PMID: 33494230 PMCID: PMC7909782 DOI: 10.3390/sports9020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Performing isometric strength training (IST) can enhance various sports performance. This study compared the effects of including IST on sprint kayaking performance as compared to traditional strength training. Twenty sprint kayaking athletes (age 22 ± 4 year, stature 1.71 ± 0.09 m, body mass 72.0 ± 11.4 kg) performed a 200-m kayak ergometer time trial (200mTT), isometric squat (IsoSqT), isometric bench press (IsoPress) and isometric prone bench pull (IsoPull) during the pre- and post-tests. Athletes were randomly assigned to either traditional strength training (TRAD) or IST group. Both groups performed a similar strength training program twice a week for six weeks. However, half the volume for squat, bench press and prone bench pull were replaced by IsoSqT, IsoPress and IsoPull, respectively, for the IST group. IsoSqT was performed at 90° knee angle, while IsoPress and IsoPull were performed at 90° and 120° elbow angles, respectively. Each isometric contraction was performed with maximum intensity and sustained for three seconds. A significant main time effect was observed for 200mTT (p < 0.001, ƞ2p = 0.68) and all isometric strength measures (p = 0.001–0.032, ƞ2p = 0.24–0.76) except rate of force development at 0–90 ms (RFD90) obtained from IsoSqT120 and IsoPress90. A group main effect was observed in RFD90 obtained from IsoSqT120 and IsoPull120 (p = 0.003–0.004, ƞ2p = 0.37–0.39). Time x Group interaction was observed for 200mTT (p = 0.027, ƞ2p = 0.68), peak force obtained from IsoSqT90, IsoPress90, and IsoPull120 (p = 0.004–0.006, ƞ2p = 0.36–0.38) and RFD90 obtained from IsoSqT120 and IsoPull120 (p = 0.012–0.015, ƞ2p = 0.28–0.30). Inclusion of IST resulted in greater improvement for sprint kayaking and strength performances then TRAD alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Lum
- Sport Science and Sport Medicine, Singapore Sport Institute, Singapore 397630, Singapore
- Physical Education and Sports Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore; (T.M.B.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-9729-0819
| | - Tiago M. Barbosa
- Physical Education and Sports Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore; (T.M.B.); (G.B.)
- Polytechnic Institute of Braganca, 5300 Braganca, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Govindasamy Balasekaran
- Physical Education and Sports Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore; (T.M.B.); (G.B.)
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30
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Werkhausen A, E Solberg C, Paulsen G, Bojsen-Møller J, Seynnes OR. Adaptations to explosive resistance training with partial range of motion are not inferior to full range of motion. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1026-1035. [PMID: 33465838 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We tested whether explosive resistance training with partial range of motion (ROM) would be as effective as full ROM training using a noninferiority trial design. Fifteen subjects with strength training experience took part in an explosive-concentric only-leg press training program, three times per week for 10 weeks. One leg was randomly assigned to exercise with partial ROM (ie, 9º) and the other leg to full ROM. Before and after training, we assessed leg press performance, isokinetic concentric and isometric knee extension torque, and vastus lateralis muscle architecture. Overall, both training modalities increased maximal strength and rate of force development. Training with partial ROM yielded noninferior results compared to full ROM for leg press peak power (+69 ± 47% vs. +61 ± 64%), isokinetic strength (4-6 ± 6%-12% vs. 1-6 ± 6%-10% at 30, 60, and 180˚s-1 ), and explosive torque after 100 (47 ± 24 vs. 35 ± 22) and 150 ms (57 ± 22% vs. 42 ± 25%). The comparison was inconclusive for other functional parameters (ie, isokinetic peak torque (300˚s-1 ), joint angle at isokinetic peak torque, explosive torque after 50 ms, and electrically evoked torque) and for muscle fascicle length and thickness, although noninferiority was established for pennation angle. However, partial ROM was not found statistically inferior to full ROM for any measured variable. Under the present conditions, the effects of explosive heavy resistance training were independent of joint ROM. Instead, these data suggest that the distinct timing of muscle work in explosive contractions confers more influence to the starting joint angle than ROM on adaptations to this type of training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Werkhausen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian E Solberg
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gøran Paulsen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,The Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Bojsen-Møller
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Research Unit for Muscle Physiology and Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Olivier R Seynnes
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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31
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Tsang SM, Chan KT, Ho PL, Kwok JC, Tse DH, Tsoi HH. Comparison between velocity-specific exercise and isometric exercise on neck muscle functions and performance: a randomised clinical trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:81. [PMID: 33446159 PMCID: PMC7809848 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-03943-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence has shown that velocity-specific exercise results in additional benefits for peripheral joint muscles by promoting their functions, however, its effects on spinal muscles are yet to be investigated. This study aimed to examine the feasibility and effects of velocity-specific exercise compared to isometric exercise on cervical muscle functions and performance in healthy individuals. Methods Thirty healthy adults were randomised to practise either the velocity-specific exercise (VSE, n = 15) or isometric exercise (IE, n = 15) for 6 weeks. Functions and performance of the cervical extensors and flexors were assessed pre- and post-program, by analyzing the peak torque and electromyography during the isokinetic testing, and cross-sectional area of the deep cervical muscles at rest. The self-reported level of difficulty and post-exercise soreness during the exercise were recorded to evaluate the feasibility and safety of the two exercise programs. Results Both VSE and IE exercises resulted in significant improvement of the muscle functions and performance while there were no between-group differences at reassessment of the (a) cross-sectional area of longus colli and semispinalis capitis; (b) EMG amplitude in sternocleidomastoid and cervical erector spinae, and (c) peak torque values. Further analysis revealed that degree of correlation between extension torque and EMG amplitude of cervical erector spinae increased in both groups. However, significant correlation was found only in VSE group post-program. There were no significant differences for the level of difficulty and post-exercise soreness found between two groups. Conclusions Both velocity-specific and isometric exercises significantly promoted cervical muscle functions and performance. The present study confirms that velocity-specific exercise can be practised safely and it also contributes to a greater enhancement in neuromuscular efficiency of the cervical extensors. These findings indicate that the velocity-specific exercise can be considered as a safe alternative for training of the cervical muscles. Further study is recommended to examine its benefit and application for promoting the muscle functions and recovery in symptomatic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Mh Tsang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Kenneth Tk Chan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Parco Lt Ho
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jacky Cy Kwok
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel Ht Tse
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Henry Ht Tsoi
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Altan E, Seide S, Bayram I, Gizzi L, Ertan H, Röhrle O. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Longitudinal Effects of Unilateral Knee Extension Exercise on Muscle Strength. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:518148. [PMID: 33345109 PMCID: PMC7739592 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.518148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the time-dependent increase in the knee extensors' isometric strength as a response to voluntary, unilateral, isometric knee extension exercise (UIKEE). To do so, a systematic review was carried out to obtain data for a Bayesian longitudinal model-based meta-analysis (BLMBMA). For the systematic review, PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, Chochrane Library were used as databases. The systematic review included only studies that reported on healthy, young individuals performing UIKEE. Studies utilizing a bilateral training protocol were excluded as the focus of this review lied on unilateral training. Out of the 3,870 studies, which were reviewed, 20 studies fulfilled the selected inclusion criteria. These 20 studies were included in the BLMBMA to investigate the time-dependent effects of UIKEE. If compared to the baseline strength of the trained limb, these data reveal that UKIEE can increase the isometric strength by up to 46%. A meta-analysis based on the last time-point of each available study was employed to support further investigations into UIKEE-induced strength increase. A sensitivity analysis showed that intensity of training (%MVC), fraction of male subjects and the average age of the subject had no significant influence on the strength gain. Convergence of BLMBMA revealed that the peak strength increase is reached after ~4 weeks of UIKEE training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekin Altan
- Department of Continuum Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Institute for Modeling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Svenja Seide
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ismail Bayram
- Department of Coach Training in Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Leonardo Gizzi
- Department of Continuum Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Institute for Modeling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hayri Ertan
- Department of Coach Training in Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Oliver Röhrle
- Department of Continuum Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Institute for Modeling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.,Coaching Education Department, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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33
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Ema R, Kawaguchi E, Suzuki M, Akagi R. Plantar flexor strength at different knee positions in older and young males and females. Exp Gerontol 2020; 142:111148. [PMID: 33171277 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examined the effects of age and knee position (fully extended, K0; 90° flexed, K90) on plantar flexor maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque and the rate of torque development (RTD) in both sexes. METHODS The following parameters were measured in 32 older (66-81 yr, 17 males and 15 females) and 37 young (20-30 yr, 18 males and 19 females) adults: evoked peak twitch torque, time to peak twitch torque, RTD of the twitch torque, MVC torque, RTD at early (0-50 ms, RTD0-50) and later (100-200 ms, RTD100-200) time intervals during explosive contractions, voluntary activation (VA%) during MVC, root mean square of the electromyogram (RMS-EMG) during MVC and explosive contractions, thickness of the triceps surae, and pennation angle of the medial gastrocnemius. The magnitudes of the differences were interpreted based on Cohen's d (d). RESULTS Age-related difference in RTD0-50 was greater for females (d = 1.36) than males (d = 1.03) and vice versa for MVC torque and RTD100-200. For young adults, MVC torque, RTDs, and RMS-EMGs of the gastrocnemius but not the soleus were significantly higher in K0 than in K90. For older adults, no differences in voluntary RTDs were observed between K0 and K90, and RMS-EMGs of the gastrocnemius were higher in K90 than in K0, except for that of the lateral gastrocnemius in the early time intervals during explosive contraction. The age-related difference in the effect of knee position for RTD0-50 was higher in females than males, and vice versa for MVC torque and RTD100-200. CONCLUSION The results suggested that the effects of age and knee joint angle on the plantar flexor performance were more prominent in the early phase of force production for females and were more apparent in the later phase and maximal force for males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Ema
- School of Management, Shizuoka Sangyo University, 1572-1 Owara, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-0043, Japan.
| | - Emi Kawaguchi
- College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Momoka Suzuki
- College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Ryota Akagi
- College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 337-8570, Japan; Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
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Orssatto LBR, Wiest MJ, Moura BM, Collins DF, Diefenthaeler F. Neuromuscular determinants of explosive torque: Differences among strength-trained and untrained young and older men. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:2092-2100. [PMID: 32749004 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the differences in neural and muscular mechanisms related to explosive torque in chronically strength-trained young and older men (>5 years). Fifty-four participants were allocated into four groups according to age and strength training level: older untrained (n = 14; 65.6 ± 2.9 years), older trained (n = 12; 63.6 ± 3.8 years), young untrained (n = 14; 26.2 ± 3.7 years), and young trained (n = 14; 26.7 ± 3.4 years). Knee extension isometric voluntary explosive torque (absolute and normalized as a percentage of maximal voluntary torque) was assessed at the beginning of the contraction (ie, 50, 100, and 150 ms-T50, T100, and T150, respectively), and surface electromyogram (sEMG) amplitude (normalized as a percentage of sEMG recorded during maximal voluntary isometric contraction) at 0-50, 50-100, and 100-150 time windows. Supramaximal electrically evoked T50 was assessed with octet trains delivered to the femoral nerve (8 pulses at 300 Hz). Voluntary T50, T100, and T150 were higher for trained than untrained in absolute (P < 0.001) and normalized (P < 0.030) terms, accompanied by higher sEMG at 0-50, 50-100, and 100-150 ms (P < 0.001), and voluntary T50/octet T50 ratio for trained. Greater octet T50 was observed for the young trained (P < 0.001) but not for the older trained (P = 0.273) compared to their untrained counterparts. Age effect was observed for voluntary T50, T100, and T150 (P < 0.050), but normalization removed these differences (P > 0.417). Chronically strength-trained young and older men presented a greater explosive torque than their untrained pairs. In young trained, the greater explosive performance was attributed to enhanced muscular and neural mechanisms, while in older trained to neural mechanisms only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas B R Orssatto
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Matheus J Wiest
- Neural Engineering & Therapeutic Team, KITE, Toronto Rehab, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bruno M Moura
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - David F Collins
- Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Maestroni L, Read P, Bishop C, Turner A. Strength and Power Training in Rehabilitation: Underpinning Principles and Practical Strategies to Return Athletes to High Performance. Sports Med 2020; 50:239-252. [PMID: 31559567 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Injuries have a detrimental impact on team and individual athletic performance. Deficits in maximal strength, rate of force development (RFD), and reactive strength are commonly reported following several musculoskeletal injuries. This article first examines the available literature to identify common deficits in fundamental physical qualities following injury, specifically strength, rate of force development and reactive strength. Secondly, evidence-based strategies to target a resolution of these residual deficits will be discussed to reduce the risk of future injury. Examples to enhance practical application and training programmes have also been provided to show how these can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Maestroni
- Smuoviti, Viale Giulio Cesare, 29, 24121, Bergamo, BG, Italy.
- StudioErre, Via della Badia, 18, 25127, Brescia, BS, Italy.
| | - Paul Read
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, Greenlands Lane, London, UK
| | - Anthony Turner
- London Sport Institute, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, Greenlands Lane, London, UK
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36
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Orange ST, Metcalfe JW, Robinson A, Applegarth MJ, Liefeith A. Effects of In-Season Velocity- Versus Percentage-Based Training in Academy Rugby League Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:554-561. [PMID: 31672928 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effects of velocity-based training (VBT) vs percentage-based training (PBT) on strength, speed, and jump performance in academy rugby league players during a 7-wk in-season mesocycle. METHODS A total of 27 rugby league players competing in the Super League U19s Championship were randomized to VBT (n = 12) or PBT (n = 15). Both groups completed a 7-wk resistance-training intervention (2×/wk) that involved the back squat. The PBT group used a fixed load based on a percentage of 1-repetition maximum (1-RM), whereas the VBT group used a modifiable load based on individualized velocity thresholds. Biomechanical and perceptual data were collected during each training session. Back-squat 1-RM, countermovement jump, reactive strength index, sprint times, and back-squat velocity at 40-90% 1-RM were assessed pretraining and posttraining. RESULTS The PBT group showed likely to most likely improvements in 1-RM strength and reactive strength index, whereas the VBT group showed likely to very likely improvements in 1-RM strength, countermovement jump height, and back-squat velocity at 40% and 60% 1-RM. Sessional velocity and power were most likely greater during VBT compared with PBT (standardized mean differences = 1.8-2.4), while time under tension and perceptual training stress were likely lower (standardized mean differences = 0.49-0.66). The improvement in back-squat velocity at 60% 1-RM was likely greater following VBT compared with PBT (standardized mean difference = 0.50). CONCLUSION VBT can be implemented during the competitive season, instead of traditional PBT, to improve training stimuli, decrease training stress, and promote velocity-specific adaptations.
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Effects of Resistance Training Movement Pattern and Velocity on Isometric Muscular Rate of Force Development: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis and Meta-regression. Sports Med 2020; 50:943-963. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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38
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Sibley AR, Strike S, Moudy SC, Tillin NA. The effects of long‐term muscle disuse on neuromuscular function in unilateral transtibial amputees. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:408-418. [DOI: 10.1113/ep088087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy R. Sibley
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Roehampton London UK
- School of Health and Social CareLondon South Bank University London UK
| | - Siobhán Strike
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Roehampton London UK
| | - Sarah C. Moudy
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Roehampton London UK
- Department of Family MedicineUniversity of North Texas Health Science Center Fort Worth TX USA
| | - Neale A. Tillin
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of Roehampton London UK
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Comparison of age-specific leg extensor muscle function torque-time and rapid velocity attributes across the adult lifespan: A relative deficiency investigation. Exp Gerontol 2019; 131:110819. [PMID: 31870890 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to examine the age-related differences in absolute and normalized torque-time parameters in five distinct groups across the adult lifespan, and the relationship between rapid strength and limb acceleration capacities across the lifespan. One-hundred and thirty-six healthy men were categorized as young athletes (n = 27; age = 20.7 yrs), young controls (n = 32; 21.9 yrs), middle young (n = 32; 49.8 yrs), middle old (n = 15; 58.9 yrs), and old (n = 30; 71.3 yrs) cohorts. Participants performed maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) of the leg extensors under isometric and isokinetic (240 deg.·s-1) conditions. Outcome measures included peak torque (PT), absolute and MVC normalized (norm) rate of torque development (RTD) at 50 and 200 ms, RTD50/PT ratio, and rate of velocity development (RVD). The PT and absolute RTD at 200 ms declined from young to old age (P < .05). The middle age groups exhibited an overall preservation of early RTD, and a potential enhancement of early normalized RTD (P = .06 for middle young vs. controls, for RTDnorm50). The RTD50/PT ratio was higher in the middle young (P < .05) compared to both the young groups. Generally, the RVD declined more linearly and exhibited worse preservation at mid-life than the early absolute or normalized RTD variables. All absolute torque-time variables were correlated (r = 0.43-0.73, P < .001) to the RVD for all groups combined. These findings showed distinct age-related declines occurred for different muscle function parameters unique to specific stages of the lifespan. Normalized RTD variables may reveal plausible mechanisms of age-related neuromuscular changes and the RTD50/PT ratio may be a useful tool for determining relative deficiencies, such that mid-life adults (45-64 yrs) should address their relative limitation of PT by enhancing strength at mid-life, whereas older adults (65+ yrs) may need more emphasis on RTD improvements. In addition, both mid-life and older men should seek to improve rapid limb velocity capacities due to the susceptibility of RVD to decline more incrementally across the lifespan. Such information may help to improve anti-aging strategies by countering age-specific muscle function deficiencies and may improve mid-life adults' ability to transition better functionally into old age.
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40
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Maden-Wilkinson TM, Balshaw TG, Massey GJ, Folland JP. What makes long-term resistance-trained individuals so strong? A comparison of skeletal muscle morphology, architecture, and joint mechanics. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 128:1000-1011. [PMID: 31873069 PMCID: PMC7191505 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00224.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The greater muscular strength of long-term resistance-trained (LTT) individuals is often attributed to hypertrophy, but the role of other factors, notably maximum voluntary specific tension (ST), muscle architecture, and any differences in joint mechanics (moment arm), have not been documented. The aim of the present study was to examine the musculoskeletal factors that might explain the greater quadriceps strength and size of LTT vs. untrained (UT) individuals. LTT (n = 16, age 21.6 ± 2.0 yr) had 4.0 ± 0.8 yr of systematic knee extensor heavy-resistance training experience, whereas UT (n = 52; age 25.1 ± 2.3 yr) had no lower-body resistance training experience for >18 mo. Knee extension dynamometry, T1-weighted magnetic resonance images of the thigh and knee, and ultrasonography of the quadriceps muscle group at 10 locations were used to determine quadriceps: isometric maximal voluntary torque (MVT), muscle volume (QVOL), patella tendon moment arm (PTMA), pennation angle (QΘP) and fascicle length (QFL), physiological cross-sectional area (QPCSA), and ST. LTT had substantially greater MVT (+60% vs. UT, P < 0.001) and QVOL (+56%, P < 0.001) and QPCSA (+41%, P < 0.001) but smaller differences in ST (+9%, P < 0.05) and moment arm (+4%, P < 0.05), and thus muscle size was the primary explanation for the greater strength of LTT. The greater muscle size (volume) of LTT was primarily attributable to the greater QPCSA (+41%; indicating more sarcomeres in parallel) rather than the more modest difference in FL (+11%; indicating more sarcomeres in series). There was no evidence in the present study for regional hypertrophy after LTT. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here we demonstrate that the larger muscle strength (+60%) of a long-term (4+ yr) resistance-trained group compared with untrained controls was due to their similarly larger muscle volume (+56%), primarily due to a larger physiological cross-sectional area and modest differences in fascicle length, as well as modest differences in maximum voluntary specific tension and patella tendon moment arm. In addition, the present study refutes the possibility of regional hypertrophy, despite large differences in muscle volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Maden-Wilkinson
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Collegiate Campus, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas G Balshaw
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.,Versus Arthritis Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Garry J Massey
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.,Versus Arthritis Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P Folland
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom.,Versus Arthritis Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
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41
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CASOLO ANDREA, FARINA DARIO, FALLA DEBORAH, BAZZUCCHI ILENIA, FELICI FRANCESCO, DEL VECCHIO ALESSANDRO. Strength Training Increases Conduction Velocity of High-Threshold Motor Units. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 52:955-967. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Orange ST, Marshall P, Madden LA, Vince RV. Effect of home‐based resistance training performed with or without a high‐speed component in adults with severe obesity. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T. Orange
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science Faculty of Health Sciences University of Hull Hull UK
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Faculty of Health and Life Sciences Northumbria University Newcastle Upon Tyne UK
| | - Phil Marshall
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science Faculty of Health Sciences University of Hull Hull UK
| | - Leigh A. Madden
- Department of Biomedical Science Faculty of Health Sciences University of Hull Hull UK
| | - Rebecca V. Vince
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science Faculty of Health Sciences University of Hull Hull UK
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43
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Lanza MB, Balshaw TG, Folland JP. Is the joint-angle specificity of isometric resistance training real? And if so, does it have a neural basis? Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2465-2476. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04229-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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44
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Ando R, Suzuki Y. Positive relationship between passive muscle stiffness and rapid force production. Hum Mov Sci 2019; 66:285-291. [PMID: 31082668 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to examine the relationship among the muscle shear modulus at rest, maximal joint torque, and rate of torque development (RTD). Twenty-seven participants (28 ± 5 years, 13 women) were recruited in the study. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle belly and shear modulus at an ankle joint angle of 0° were calculated using magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound shear wave elastography, respectively. Subsequently, participants performed maximal isometric plantar flexion at 0° ankle joint angle [maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) test] as fast and hard as possible (RTD test). RTD was calculated from the time-torque curve over time intervals of 0-30, 0-50, 0-100, 0-150, and 0-200 ms from the onset of plantar flexion during the RTD test and was normalized by MVC torque to exclude muscle strength. MG CSA correlated significantly with MVC torque (r = 0.572), whereas MG shear modulus did not. In contrast, MG shear modulus correlated significantly with normalized RTD at all time intervals (r = 0.460-0.496). These results suggest that passive muscle stiffness is not associated with muscle force; however, higher passive muscle stiffness at a given joint angle may contribute to rapid force production.
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45
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Zacharia E, Spiliopoulou P, Methenitis S, Stasinaki AN, Zaras N, Papadopoulos C, Papadimas G, Karampatsos G, Bogdanis GC, Terzis G. Changes in Muscle Power and Muscle Morphology with Different Volumes of Fast Eccentric Half-Squats. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7070164. [PMID: 31284388 PMCID: PMC6681343 DOI: 10.3390/sports7070164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate power performance and muscle morphology adaptations in response to 5 weeks of fast-eccentric squat training (FEST) performed twice per week, with three different training volumes. Twenty-five moderately trained females were assigned into three groups performing eight repetitions of FEST of either four sets (4 × 8 group; N = 9), 6 sets (6 × 8 group; N = 8) or eight sets (8 × 8 group, N = 8). Before and after the intervention, countermovement jumping height (CMJh) and power (CMJp), half squat maximal strength (1-RM), quadriceps cross-sectional area (QCSA) and vastus lateralis (VL) architecture and fiber type composition were evaluated. Significant increases (p < 0.05) were found for all groups, with no differences among them in 1-RM (4 × 8: 14.8 ± 8.2%, 6 × 8: 13.1 ± 9.2% and 8 × 8: 21.6 ± 7.0%), CMJh (4 × 8: 12.5 ± 8.5%, 6 × 8: 11.3 ± 9.3% and 8 × 8: 7.0 ± 6.2%), CMJp (4 × 8: 9.1 ± 6.0%, 6 × 8: 7.1 ± 5.2% and 8 × 8: 5.0 ± 3.9%) and QCSA (4 × 8: 7.7 ± 4.7%, 6 × 8: 9.0 ± 6.8% and 8 × 8: 8.2 ± 6.5%). Muscle fiber type distribution remained unaltered after training in all groups. VL fascicle length increased and fascicle angle decreased only in 6 × 8 and 8 × 8 groups. In conclusion, four sets of eight fast-eccentric squats/week increase lower body power and strength performance and maintain type IIX muscle fibers after 5 weeks, at least in moderately trained females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Zacharia
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Daphne, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Polyxeni Spiliopoulou
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Daphne, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon Methenitis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Daphne, 17237 Athens, Greece.
| | - Angeliki-Nikoletta Stasinaki
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Daphne, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Zaras
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Daphne, 17237 Athens, Greece
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Nicosia, CY-1700 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Constantinos Papadopoulos
- A' Neurology Clinic, Aiginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Giorgos Papadimas
- A' Neurology Clinic, Aiginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Giorgos Karampatsos
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Daphne, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory C Bogdanis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Daphne, 17237 Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Terzis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Daphne, 17237 Athens, Greece
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46
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Grindstaff TL, Palimenio MR, Franco M, Anderson D, Bagwell JJ, Katsavelis D. Optimizing Between-Session Reliability for Quadriceps Peak Torque and Rate of Torque Development Measures. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:1840-1847. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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47
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48
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Explosive strength: effect of knee-joint angle on functional, neural, and intrinsic contractile properties. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1735-1746. [PMID: 31115654 PMCID: PMC6647239 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04163-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The present study compared knee extension explosive isometric torque, neuromuscular activation, and intrinsic contractile properties at five different knee-joint angles (35°, 50°, 65°, 80°, and 95°; 0° = full knee extension). Methods Twenty-eight young healthy males performed two experimental sessions each involving: 2 maximum, and 6–8 explosive voluntary contractions at each angle; to measure maximum voluntary torque (MVT), explosive voluntary torque (EVT; 50–150 ms after contraction onset) and quadriceps surface EMG (QEMG, 0–50, 0–100, and 0–150 ms after EMG onset during the explosive contractions). Maximum twitch and M-wave (MMAX) responses as well as octet contractions were evoked with femoral nerve stimulation at each angle. Results Absolute MVT and EVT showed an inverted ‘U’ relationship with higher torque at intermediate angles. There were no differences between knee-joint angles for relative EVT (%MVT) during the early phase (≤ 75 ms) of contraction and only subtle differences during the late phase (≥ 75 ms) of contraction (≤ 11%). Neuromuscular activation during explosive contractions was greater at more flexed than extended positions, and this was also the case during MVT. Whilst relative twitch torque (%MVT) was higher at knee flexed positions (P ≤ 0.001), relative octet torque (%MVT) was higher at knee extended positions (P ≤ 0.001). Conclusion Relative EVT was broadly similar between joint angles, likely because neuromuscular activation during both explosive and plateau (maximum) phases of contraction changed proportionally, and due to the opposing changes in twitch and octet evoked responses with joint angle.
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49
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Werkhausen A, Cronin NJ, Albracht K, Paulsen G, Larsen AV, Bojsen-Møller J, Seynnes OR. Training-induced increase in Achilles tendon stiffness affects tendon strain pattern during running. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6764. [PMID: 31086731 PMCID: PMC6486809 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the stance phase of running, the elasticity of the Achilles tendon enables the utilisation of elastic energy and allows beneficial contractile conditions for the triceps surae muscles. However, the effect of changes in tendon mechanical properties induced by chronic loading is still poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that a training-induced increase in Achilles tendon stiffness would result in reduced tendon strain during the stance phase of running, which would reduce fascicle strains in the triceps surae muscles, particularly in the mono-articular soleus. Methods Eleven subjects were assigned to a training group performing isometric single-leg plantarflexion contractions three times per week for ten weeks, and another ten subjects formed a control group. Before and after the training period, Achilles tendon stiffness was estimated, and muscle-tendon mechanics were assessed during running at preferred speed using ultrasonography, kinematics and kinetics. Results Achilles tendon stiffness increased by 18% (P < 0.01) in the training group, but the associated reduction in strain seen during isometric contractions was not statistically significant. Tendon elongation during the stance phase of running was similar after training, but tendon recoil was reduced by 30% (P < 0.01), while estimated tendon force remained unchanged. Neither gastrocnemius medialis nor soleus fascicle shortening during stance was affected by training. Discussion These results show that a training-induced increase in Achilles tendon stiffness altered tendon behaviour during running. Despite training-induced changes in tendon mechanical properties and recoil behaviour, the data suggest that fascicle shortening patterns were preserved for the running speed that we examined. The asymmetrical changes in tendon strain patterns supports the notion that simple in-series models do not fully explain the mechanical output of the muscle-tendon unit during a complex task like running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Werkhausen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Neil J Cronin
- Neuromuscular Research Centre, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kirsten Albracht
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Medical Engineering and Technomathematics, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gøran Paulsen
- The Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
| | - Askild V Larsen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Bojsen-Møller
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olivier R Seynnes
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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50
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Maeo S, Shan X, Otsuka S, Kanehisa H, Kawakami Y. Neuromuscular Adaptations to Work-matched Maximal Eccentric versus Concentric Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 50:1629-1640. [PMID: 29570534 PMCID: PMC6072384 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear whether the superiority of eccentric over concentric training on neuromuscular improvements is due to higher torque (mechanical loading) achievable during eccentric contractions or due to resulting greater total work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiaki Maeo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, JAPAN.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda, Tokyo, JAPAN
| | - Xiyao Shan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, JAPAN
| | - Shun Otsuka
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, JAPAN
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- Department of Sports and Life Science, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Kagoshima, JAPAN
| | - Yasuo Kawakami
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, JAPAN
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