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Stavres J, Aultman RS, Newsome TA. Exercise pressor responses are exaggerated relative to force production during, but not following, thirty-minutes of rhythmic handgrip exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1547-1559. [PMID: 38155209 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study tested the hypothesis that blood pressure responses would increase relative to force production in response to prolonged bouts of muscular work. METHODS Fifteen individuals performed two minutes of static handgrip (SHG; 35% MVC), followed by three minutes of post-exercise-cuff-occlusion (PECO), before and after thirty minutes of rest (control), or rhythmic handgrip exercise (RHG) of the contralateral and ipsilateral forearms. Beat-by-beat recordings of mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and handgrip force (kg) were averaged across one-minute periods at baseline, and minutes 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 of RHG. MAP was also normalized to handgrip force, providing a relative measure of exercise pressor responses (mmHg/kg). Hemodynamic responses to SHG and PECO were also compared before and after contralateral RHG, ipsilateral RHG, and control, respectively. Similar to the RHG trial, areas under the curve were calculated for MAP (blood pressure index; BPI) and normalized to the time tension index (BPInorm). RESULTS HR and MAP significantly increased during RHG (15.3 ± 1.4% and 20.4 ± 3.2%, respectively, both p < 0.01), while force output decreased by up to 36.6 ± 8.0% (p < 0.01). This resulted in a 51.6 ± 9.4% increase in BPInorm during 30 min of RHG (p < 0.01). In contrast, blood pressure responses to SHG and PECO were unchanged following RHG (all p ≥ 0.07), and only the mean HR (4.2 ± 1.5%, p = 0.01) and ΔHR (67.2 ± 18.1%, p < 0.01) response to SHG were exaggerated following ipsilateral RHG. CONCLUSIONS The magnitude of exercise pressor responses relative to force production progressively increases during, but not following, prolonged bouts of muscular work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Stavres
- School of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg, MS, USA.
| | - Ryan S Aultman
- School of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Ta'Quoris A Newsome
- School of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
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Zambolin F, Duro Ocana P, Goulding R, Sanderson A, Venturelli M, Wood G, McPhee J, Parr JVV. The corticomuscular response to experimental pain via blood flow occlusion when applied to the ipsilateral and contralateral leg during an isometric force task. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14466. [PMID: 37872004 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Blood flow occlusion (BFO) has been previously used to investigate physiological responses to muscle ischemia, showing increased perceptual effort (RPE) and pain along with impaired neuromuscular performance. However, at present, it is unclear how BFO alters corticomuscular activities when either applied to the exercising or nonexercising musculature. The present study therefore set out to assess the corticomuscular response to these distinct BFO paradigms during an isometric contraction precision task. In a repeated measures design, fifteen participants (age = 27.00 ± 5.77) completed 15 isometric contractions across three experimental conditions; no occlusion (CNTRL), occlusion of the contralateral (i.e., nonexercising) limb (CON-OCC), and occlusion of the ipsilateral (i.e., exercising) limb (IPS-OCC). Measures of force, electroencephalographic (EEG), and electromyographic (EMG) were recorded during contractions. We observed that IPS-OCC broadly impaired force steadiness, elevated EMG of the vastus lateralis, and heightened RPE and pain. IPSI-OCC also significantly decreased corticomuscular coherence during the early phase of contraction and decreased EEG alpha activity across the sensorimotor and temporoparietal regions during the middle and late phases of contraction compared with CNTRL. By contrast, CON-OCC increased perceived levels of pain (but not RPE) and decreased EEG alpha activity across the prefrontal cortex during the middle and late phases of contraction, with no changes observed for EMG and force steadiness. Together, these findings highlight distinctive psychophysiological responses to experimental pain via BFO showing altered cortical activities (CON-OCC) and altered cortical, corticomuscular, and neuromuscular activities (IPS-OCC) when applied to the lower limbs during an isometric force precision task.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zambolin
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - P Duro Ocana
- Department of Life Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - R Goulding
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Sanderson
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - M Venturelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - G Wood
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - J McPhee
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - J V V Parr
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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Zambolin F, Peçanha T, Pinner S, Venturelli M, McPhee JS. Effects of exercise induced muscle damage on cardiovascular responses to isometric muscle contractions and post-exercise circulatory occlusion. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2747-2754. [PMID: 37368135 PMCID: PMC10638152 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to investigate whether exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) influences cardiovascular responses to isometric exercise and post-exercise circulatory occlusion (PECO). We hypothesized that EIMD would increase muscle afferent sensitivity and, accordingly, increase blood pressure responses to exercise and PECO. METHODS Eleven male and nine female participants performed unilateral isometric knee extension at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) for 3-min. A thigh cuff was rapidly inflated to 250 mmHg for two min PECO, followed by 3 min recovery. Heart rate and blood pressure were monitored beat-by-beat, with stroke volume and cardiac output estimated from the Modelflow algorithm. Measurements were taken before and 48 h after completing eccentric knee-extension contractions to induce muscle damage (EIMD). RESULTS EIMD caused 21% decrease in MVC (baseline: 634.6 ± 229.3 N, 48 h: 504.0 ± 160 N), and a 17-fold increase in perceived soreness using a visual-analogue scale (0-100 mm; VASSQ) (both p < 0.001). CV responses to exercise and PECO were not different between pre and post EIMD. However, mean arterial pressure (MAP) was higher during the recovery phase after EIMD (p < 0.05). Significant associations were found between increases in MAP during exercise and VASSQ, Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and Pain after EIMD only (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The MAP correlations with muscle soreness, RPE and Pain during contractions of damaged muscles suggests that higher afferent activity was associated with higher MAP responses to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Zambolin
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
- Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
| | - Tiago Peçanha
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Susan Pinner
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Massimo Venturelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Jamie Stewart McPhee
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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Lee JB, Katerberg C, Bommarito JC, Power GA, Millar PJ. Blood Pressure Responses to Postexercise Circulatory Occlusion Are Attenuated After Exercise-Induced Muscle Weakness. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:1660-1671. [PMID: 37017549 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exercise blood pressure (BP) responses are thought to be determined by relative exercise intensity (percent maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) strength). However, cross-sectional studies report that during a static contraction, higher absolute force is associated with greater BP responses to relative intensity exercise and subsequent muscle metaboreflex activation with postexercise circulatory occlusion (PECO). We hypothesized that a bout of unaccustomed eccentric exercise would reduce knee extensor MVC and subsequently attenuate BP responses to PECO. METHODS Continuous BP, heart rate, muscle oxygenation, and knee extensor electromyography were recorded in 21 young healthy individuals (female, n = 10) during 2 min of 20% MVC static knee extension exercise and 2 min of PECO, performed before and 24 h after 300 maximal knee extensor eccentric contractions to cause exercise-induced muscle weakness. As a control, 14 participants repeated the eccentric exercise 4 wks later to test whether BP responses were altered when exercise-induced muscle weakness was attenuated via the protective effects of the repeated bout effect. RESULTS Eccentric exercise reduced MVC in all participants (144 ± 43 vs 110 ± 34 N·m, P < 0.0001). BP responses to matched relative intensity static exercise (lower absolute force) were unchanged after eccentric exercise ( P > 0.99) but were attenuated during PECO (systolic BP: 18 ± 10 vs 12 ± 9 mm Hg, P = 0.02). Exercise-induced muscle weakness modulated the deoxygenated hemoglobin response to static exercise (64% ± 22% vs 46% ± 22%, P = 0.04). When repeated after 4 wks, exercise-induced weakness after eccentric exercise was attenuated (-21.6% ± 14.3% vs -9.3 ± 9.7, P = 0.0002) and BP responses to PECO were not different from control values (all, P > 0.96). CONCLUSIONS BP responses to muscle metaboreflex activation, but not exercise, are attenuated by exercise-induced muscle weakness, indicating a contribution of absolute exercise intensity on muscle metaboreflex activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan B Lee
- Human Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Carlin Katerberg
- Human Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Julian C Bommarito
- Human Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Geoffrey A Power
- Neuromechanical Performance Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CANADA
| | - Philip J Millar
- Human Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CANADA
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Laginestra FG, Favaretto T, Giuriato G, Martignon C, Barbi C, Pedrinolla A, Cavicchia A, Venturelli M. Concurrent metaboreflex activation increases chronotropic and ventilatory responses to passive leg movement without sex-related differences. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1751-1762. [PMID: 37014452 PMCID: PMC10363078 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies in animal models showed that exercise-induced metabolites accumulation may sensitize the mechanoreflex-induced response. The aim of this study was to assess whether the magnitude of the central hemodynamic and ventilatory adjustments evoked by isolated stimulation of the mechanoreceptors in humans are influenced by the prior accumulation of metabolic byproducts in the muscle. 10 males and 10 females performed two exercise bouts consisting of 5-min of intermittent isometric knee-extensions performed 10% above the previously determined critical force. Post-exercise, the subjects recovered for 5 min either with a suprasystolic circulatory occlusion applied to the exercised quadriceps (PECO) or under freely-perfused conditions (CON). Afterwards, 1-min of continuous passive leg movement was performed. Central hemodynamics, pulmonary data, and electromyography from exercising/passively-moved leg were recorded throughout the trial. Root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD, index of vagal tone) was also calculated. Δpeak responses of heart rate (ΔHR) and ventilation ([Formula: see text]) to passive leg movement were higher in PECO compared to CON (ΔHR: 6 ± 5 vs 2 ± 4 bpm, p = 0.01; 3.9 ± 3.4 vs 1.9 ± 1.7 L min-1, p = 0.02). Δpeak of mean arterial pressure (ΔMAP) was significantly different between conditions (5 ± 3 vs - 3 ± 3 mmHg, p < 0.01). Changes in RMSSD with passive leg movement were different between PECO and CON (p < 0.01), with a decrease only in the former (39 ± 18 to 32 ± 15 ms, p = 0.04). No difference was found in all the other measured variables between conditions (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that mechanoreflex-mediated increases in HR and [Formula: see text] are sensitized by metabolites accumulation. These responses were not influenced by biological sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Giuseppe Laginestra
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, 500 Foothill Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84148, USA.
| | - Thomas Favaretto
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gaia Giuriato
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Camilla Martignon
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Barbi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anna Pedrinolla
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cavicchia
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Respiratory Rehabilitation of the Institute of Lumezzane, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Lumezzane, Italy
| | - Massimo Venturelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, 500 Foothill Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84148, USA
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