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Vertyshev AY, Akberdin IR, Kolpakov FA. Numerous Trigger-like Interactions of Kinases/Protein Phosphatases in Human Skeletal Muscles Can Underlie Transient Processes in Activation of Signaling Pathways during Exercise. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11223. [PMID: 37446402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimizing physical training regimens to increase muscle aerobic capacity requires an understanding of the internal processes that occur during exercise that initiate subsequent adaptation. During exercise, muscle cells undergo a series of metabolic events that trigger downstream signaling pathways and induce the expression of many genes in working muscle fibers. There are a number of studies that show the dependence of changes in the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), one of the mediators of cellular signaling pathways, on the duration and intensity of single exercises. The activity of various AMPK isoforms can change in different directions, increasing for some isoforms and decreasing for others, depending on the intensity and duration of the load. This review summarizes research data on changes in the activity of AMPK, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), and other components of the signaling pathways in skeletal muscles during exercise. Based on these data, we hypothesize that the observed changes in AMPK activity may be largely related to metabolic and signaling transients rather than exercise intensity per se. Probably, the main events associated with these transients occur at the beginning of the exercise in a time window of about 1-10 min. We hypothesize that these transients may be partly due to putative trigger-like kinase/protein phosphatase interactions regulated by feedback loops. In addition, numerous dynamically changing factors, such as [Ca2+], metabolite concentration, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), can shift the switching thresholds and change the states of these triggers, thereby affecting the activity of kinases (in particular, AMPK and CaMKII) and phosphatases. The review considers the putative molecular mechanisms underlying trigger-like interactions. The proposed hypothesis allows for a reinterpretation of the experimental data available in the literature as well as the generation of ideas to optimize future training regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilya R Akberdin
- Department of Computational Biology, Scientific Center for Information Technologies and Artificial Intelligence, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Biosoft.Ru, Ltd., 630058 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Fedor A Kolpakov
- Department of Computational Biology, Scientific Center for Information Technologies and Artificial Intelligence, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Biosoft.Ru, Ltd., 630058 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Federal Research Center for Information and Computational Technologies, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Vigh-Larsen JF, Ørtenblad N, Nielsen J, Emil Andersen O, Overgaard K, Mohr M. The Role of Muscle Glycogen Content and Localization in High-Intensity Exercise Performance: A Placebo-Controlled Trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:2073-2086. [PMID: 35868015 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the coupling between muscle glycogen content and localization and high-intensity exercise performance using a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group design with emphasis on single-fiber subcellular glycogen concentrations and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ kinetics. METHODS Eighteen well-trained participants performed high-intensity intermittent glycogen-depleting exercise, followed by randomization to a high- (CHO; ~1 g CHO·kg -1 ·h -1 ; n = 9) or low-carbohydrate placebo diet (PLA, <0.1 g CHO·kg -1 ·h -1 ; n = 9) for a 5-h recovery period. At baseline, after exercise, and after the carbohydrate manipulation assessments of repeated sprint ability (5 × 6-s maximal cycling sprints with 24 s of rest), neuromuscular function and ratings of perceived exertion during standardized high-intensity cycling (~90% Wmax ) were performed, while muscle and blood samples were collected. RESULTS The exercise and carbohydrate manipulations led to distinct muscle glycogen concentrations in CHO and PLA at the whole-muscle (291 ± 78 vs 175 ± 100 mmol·kg -1 dry weight (dw), P = 0.020) and subcellular level in each of three local regions ( P = 0.001-0.046). This was coupled with near-depleted glycogen concentrations in single fibers of both main fiber types in PLA, especially in the intramyofibrillar region (within the myofibrils). Furthermore, increased ratings of perceived exertion and impaired repeated sprint ability (~8% loss, P < 0.001) were present in PLA, with the latter correlating moderately to very strongly ( r = 0.47-0.71, P = 0.001-0.049) with whole-muscle glycogen and subcellular glycogen fractions. Finally, sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ uptake, but not release, was superior in CHO, whereas neuromuscular function, including prolonged low-frequency force depression, was unaffected by dietary manipulation. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results support an important role of muscle glycogen availability for high-intensity exercise performance, which may be mediated by reductions in single-fiber levels, particularly in distinct subcellular regions, despite only moderately lowered whole-muscle glycogen concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niels Ørtenblad
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DENMARK
| | - Joachim Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, DENMARK
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Aerobic Training Prevents Heatstrokes in Calsequestrin-1 Knockout Mice by Reducing Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:4652480. [PMID: 29849896 PMCID: PMC5903204 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4652480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Calsequestrin-1 knockout (CASQ1-null) mice suffer lethal episodes when exposed to strenuous exercise and environmental heat, crises known as exertional/environmental heatstroke (EHS). We previously demonstrated that administration of exogenous antioxidants (N-acetylcysteine and trolox) reduces CASQ1-null mortality during exposure to heat. As aerobic training is known to boost endogenous antioxidant protection, we subjected CASQ1-null mice to treadmill running for 2 months at 60% of their maximal speed for 1 h, 5 times/week. When exposed to heat stress protocol (41°C/1 h), the mortality rate of CASQ1-null mice was significantly reduced compared to untrained animals (86% versus 16%). Protection from heatstrokes was accompanied by a reduced increase in core temperature during the stress protocol and by an increased threshold of response to caffeine of isolated extensor digitorum longus muscles during in vitro contracture test. At cellular and molecular levels, aerobic training (i) improved mitochondrial function while reducing their damage and (ii) lowered calpain activity and lipid peroxidation in membranes isolated from sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Based on this evidence, we hypothesize that the protective effect of aerobic training is essentially mediated by a reduction in oxidative stress during exposure of CASQ1-null mice to adverse environmental conditions.
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Specific training improves skeletal muscle mitochondrial calcium homeostasis after eccentric exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 113:427-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ferreira JCB, Bacurau AV, Bueno CR, Cunha TC, Tanaka LY, Jardim MA, Ramires PR, Brum PC. Aerobic exercise training improves Ca2+ handling and redox status of skeletal muscle in mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2010; 235:497-505. [DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2009.009165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training is known to promote relevant changes in the properties of skeletal muscle contractility toward powerful fibers. However, there are few studies showing the effect of a well-established exercise training protocol on Ca2+ handling and redox status in skeletal muscles with different fiber-type compositions. We have previously standardized a valid and reliable protocol to improve endurance exercise capacity in mice based on maximal lactate steady-state workload (MLSSw). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise training, performed at MLSSw, on the skeletal muscle Ca2+ handling-related protein levels and cellular redox status in soleus and plantaris. Male C57BL/6J mice performed treadmill training at MLSSw over a period of eight weeks. Muscle fiber-typing was determined by myosin ATPase histochemistry, citrate synthase activity by spectrophotometric assay, Ca2+ handling-related protein levels by Western blot and reduced to oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH:GSSG) by high-performance liquid chromatography. Trained mice displayed higher running performance and citrate synthase activity compared with untrained mice. Improved running performance in trained mice was paralleled by fast-to-slow fiber-type shift and increased capillary density in both plantaris and soleus. Exercise training increased dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) α2 subunit, ryanodine receptor and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger levels in plantaris and soleus. Moreover, exercise training elevated DHPR β1 subunit and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) 1 levels in plantaris and SERCA2 levels in soleus of trained mice. Skeletal muscle GSH content and GSH:GSSG ratio was increased in plantaris and soleus of trained mice. Taken together, our findings indicate that MLSSw exercise-induced better running performance is, in part, due to increased levels of proteins involved in skeletal muscle Ca2+ handling, whereas this response is partially dependent on specificity of skeletal muscle fiber-type composition. Finally, we demonstrated an augmented cellular redox status and GSH antioxidant capacity in trained mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C B Ferreira
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Aline V Bacurau
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Bueno
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Telma C Cunha
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Y Tanaka
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Maira A Jardim
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo R Ramires
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Patricia C Brum
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
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Salanova M, Schiffl G, Blottner D. Atypical fast SERCA1a protein expression in slow myofibers and differential S-nitrosylation prevented by exercise during long term bed rest. Histochem Cell Biol 2009; 132:383-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-009-0624-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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MINAMI Y, YAMANO S, KAWAI M, HIRAGA A, MIYATA H. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+-ATPase Activity and Glycogen Content in Various Fiber Types after Intensive Exercise in Thoroughbred Horses. J Equine Sci 2009; 20:33-40. [PMID: 24833967 PMCID: PMC4013961 DOI: 10.1294/jes.20.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
To find a new parameter indicating muscle fitness in Thoroughbred horses, we examined
time-dependent recovery of glycogen content and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
Ca2+-ATPase activity of skeletal muscle after intensive treadmill running.
Two repeated 50-sec running sessions (13 m/sec) were performed on a flat treadmill
(approximately 90%VO2max). Muscle samples of the middle gluteal muscle were
taken before exercise (pre) and 1 min, 20 min, 60 min, and 24 hr after exercise. Muscle
fiber type composition was determined in the pre muscle samples by immunohistochemical
staining with monoclonal antibody to myosin heavy chain. SR Ca2+-ATPase
activity of the muscle and glycogen content of each muscle fiber type were determined with
biochemical analysis and quantitative histochemical staining, respectively. As compared to
the pre value, the glycogen content of each muscle fiber type was reduced by 15–27% at 1
min, 20 min, and 60 min after the exercise and recovered to the pre value at 24 hr after
exercise test. These results indicate that 24 hr is enough time to recover glycogen
content after short-term intensive exercise. The mean value of the SR
Ca2+-ATPase activity showed a slight decrease (not significant) immediately
after exercise, and complete recovery at 60 min after exercise. There were no significant
relationship between the changes in glycogen content of each muscle fiber type and SR
Ca2+-ATPase. Although further studies are needed, SR Ca2+-ATPase
is not a useful parameter to detect muscle fitness, at least in Thoroughbred horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio MINAMI
- Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University
| | | | - Minako KAWAI
- Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University
| | | | - Hirofumi MIYATA
- Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University
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Duhamel TA, Green HJ, Stewart RD, Foley KP, Smith IC, Ouyang J. Muscle metabolic, SR Ca2+-cycling responses to prolonged cycling, with and without glucose supplementation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 103:1986-98. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01440.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of prolonged exercise, with and without glucose supplementation, on metabolism and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-handling properties in working vastus lateralis muscle. Fifteen untrained volunteers [peak O2consumption (V̇o2peak) = 3.45 ± 0.17 l/min; mean ± SE] cycled at ∼60% V̇o2peakon two occasions, during which they were provided with either an artificially sweetened placebo beverage (NG) or a 6% glucose (G) beverage (∼1.00 g carbohydrate/kg body mass). Beverage supplementation started at 30 min of exercise and continued every 15 min thereafter. SR Ca2+handling, metabolic, and substrate responses were assessed in tissue extracted from the vastus lateralis at rest, after 30 min and 90 min of exercise, and at fatigue in both conditions. Plasma glucose during G was 15–23% higher ( P < 0.05) than those observed during NG following 60 min of exercise until fatigue. Cycle time to fatigue was increased ( P < 0.05) by ∼19% during G (137 ± 7 min) compared with NG (115 ± 6 min). Prolonged exercise reduced ( P < 0.05) maximal Ca2+-ATPase activity (−18.4%), SR Ca2+uptake (−27%), and both Phase 1 (−22.2%) and Phase 2 (−34.2%) Ca2+-release rates during NG. The exercise-induced reductions in SR Ca2+-cycling properties were not altered during G. The metabolic responses to exercise were all unaltered by glucose supplementation, since no differences in respiratory exchange ratios, carbohydrate and lipid oxidation rates, and muscle metabolite and glycogen contents were observed between NG and G. These results indicate that the maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis by glucose supplementation is without effect in modifying the muscle metabolic, endogenous glycogen, or SR Ca2+-handling responses.
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Green HJ, Duhamel TA, Holloway GP, Moule JW, Ouyang J, Ranney D, Tupling AR. Muscle Na+-K+-ATPase response during 16 h of heavy intermittent cycle exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 293:E523-30. [PMID: 17488808 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00004.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a 16-h protocol of heavy intermittent exercise on the intrinsic activity and protein and isoform content of skeletal muscle Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase. The protocol consisted of 6 min of exercise performed once per hour at approximately 91% peak aerobic power (Vo(2 peak)) with tissue sampling from vastus lateralis before (B) and immediately after repetitions 1 (R1), 2 (R2), 9 (R9), and 16 (R16). Eleven untrained volunteers with a Vo(2 peak) of 44.3 +/- 2.3 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) participated in the study. Maximal Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity (V(max), in nmol x mg protein(-1) x h(-1)) as measured by the 3-O-methylfluorescein K(+)-stimulated phosphatase assay was reduced (P < 0.05) by approximately 15% with exercise regardless of the number of repetitions performed. In addition, V(max) at R9 and R16 was lower (P < 0.05) than at R1 and R2. Vanadate-facilitated [(3)H]ouabain determination of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase content (maximum binding capacity, pmol/g wet wt), although unaltered by exercise, increased (P < 0.05) 8.3% by R9 with no further increase observed at R16. Assessment of relative changes in isoform abundance measured at B as determined by quantitative immunoblotting showed a 26% increase (P < 0.05) in the alpha(2)-isoform by R2 and a 29% increase in alpha(3) by R9. At R16, beta(3) was lower (P < 0.05) than at R2 and R9. No changes were observed in alpha(1), beta(1), or beta(2). It is concluded that repeated sessions of heavy exercise, although resulting in increases in the alpha(2)- and alpha(3)-isoforms and decreases in beta(3)-isoform, also result in depression in maximal catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Green
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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Duhamel TA, Stewart RD, Tupling AR, Ouyang J, Green HJ. Muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium regulation in humans during consecutive days of exercise and recovery. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 103:1212-20. [PMID: 17656626 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00437.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study investigated the hypothesis that three consecutive days of prolonged cycle exercise would result in a sustained reduction in the Ca(2+)-cycling properties of the vastus lateralis in the absence of changes in the sarcoplasmic (endoplasmic) reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) protein. Tissue samples were obtained at preexercise (Pre) and postexercise (Post) on day 1 (E1) and day 3 (E3) and during recovery day 1 (R1), day 2 (R2), and day 3 (R3) in 12 active but untrained volunteers (age 19.2 +/- 0.27 yr; mean +/- SE) and analyzed for changes (nmol.mg protein(-1).min(-1)) in maximal Ca(2+)-ATPase activity (V(max)), Ca(2+) uptake and Ca(2+) release (phase 1 and phase 2), and SERCA isoform expression (SERCA1a and SERCA2a). At E1, reductions (P < 0.05) from Pre to Post in V(max) (150 +/- 7 vs. 121 +/- 7), Ca(2+) uptake (7.79 +/- 0.28 vs. 5.71 +/- 0.33), and both phases of Ca(2+) release (phase 1, 20.3 +/- 1.3 vs. 15.2 +/- 1.1; phase 2, 7.70 +/- 0.60 vs. 4.99 +/- 0.48) were found. In contrast to V(max), which recovered at Pre E3 and then remained stable at Post E3 and throughout recovery, Ca(2+) uptake remained depressed (P < 0.05) at E3 Pre and Post and at R1 as did phase 2 of Ca(2+) release. Exercise resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in SERCA1a (14% at R2) but not SERCA2a. It is concluded that rapidly adapting mechanisms protect V(max) following the onset of regular exercise but not Ca(2+) uptake and Ca(2+) release.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Duhamel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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Cannon DT, Kolkhorst FW, Cipriani DJ. Electromyographic Data Do Not Support a Progressive Recruitment of Muscle Fibers during Exercise Exhibiting a VO2 Slow Component. J Physiol Anthropol 2007; 26:541-6. [DOI: 10.2114/jpa2.26.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Duhamel TA, Green HJ, Perco JG, Ouyang J. Comparative effects of a low-carbohydrate diet and exercise plus a low-carbohydrate diet on muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum responses in males. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 291:C607-17. [PMID: 16707551 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00643.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We employed a glycogen-depleting session of exercise followed by a low-carbohydrate (CHO) diet to investigate modifications that occur in muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-cycling properties compared with low-CHO diet alone. SR properties were assessed in nine untrained males [peak aerobic power (V̇o2 peak) = 43.6 ± 2.6 (SE) ml·kg−1·min−1] during prolonged cycle exercise to fatigue performed at ∼58% V̇o2 peakafter 4 days of low-CHO diet (Lo CHO) and after glycogen-depleting exercise plus 4 days of low-CHO (Ex+Lo CHO). Compared with Lo CHO, Ex+Lo CHO resulted in 12% lower ( P < 0.05) resting maximal Ca2+-ATPase activity ( Vmax= 174 ± 12 vs. 153 ± 10 μmol·g protein−1·min−1) and smaller reduction in Vmaxinduced during exercise. A similar effect was observed for Ca2+uptake. The Hill coefficient, defined as slope of the relationship between cytosolic free Ca2+concentration and Ca2+-ATPase activity, was higher ( P < 0.05) at rest (2.07 ± 0.15 vs. 1.90 ± 0.10) with Ex+Lo CHO, an effect that persisted throughout the exercise. The coupling ratio, defined as the ratio of Ca2+uptake to Vmax, was 23–30% elevated ( P < 0.05) at rest and during the first 60 min of exercise with Ex+Lo CHO. The ∼27 and 34% reductions ( P < 0.05) in phase 1 and phase 2 Ca2+release, respectively, observed during exercise with Lo CHO were not altered by Ex+Lo CHO. These results indicate that when prolonged exercise precedes a short-term Lo CHO diet, Ca2+sequestration properties and efficiency are improved compared with those during Lo CHO alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Duhamel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Duhamel TA, Green HJ, Perco JG, Ouyang J. Effects of prior exercise and a low-carbohydrate diet on muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum function during cycling in women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006; 101:695-706. [PMID: 16709650 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00052.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of exercise and diet on sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-cycling properties in female vastus lateralis muscle were investigated in two groups of women following four different conditions. The conditions were 4 days of a low-carbohydrate (Lo CHO) and glycogen-depleting exercise plus a Lo CHO diet (Ex + Lo CHO) (experiment 2) and 4 days of normal CHO (Norm CHO) and glycogen-depleting exercise plus Norm CHO (Ex + Norm CHO) (experiment 1). Peak aerobic power (Vo2peak)) was 38.1 +/- 1.4 (SE); n = 9 and 35.6 +/- 1.4 ml.kg(-1).min(-1); n = 9, respectively. Sarcoplasmic reticulum properties measured in vitro in homogenates (micromol.g protein(-1).min(-1)) indicated exercise-induced reductions (P < 0.05) in maximal Ca(2+)-ATPase activity (0 > 30, 60 min > fatigue), Ca(2+) uptake (0 > 30 > 60 min, fatigue), and Ca(2+) release, both phase 1 (0, 30 > 60 min, fatigue) and phase 2 (0 > 30, 60 min, fatigue; 30 min > fatigue) in Norm CHO. Exercise was without effect in altering the Hill slope (n(H)), defined as the slope of relationship between Ca(2+)-ATPase activity and Ca(2+) concentration. No differences were observed between Norm CHO and Ex+Norm CHO. Compared with Norm CHO, Lo CHO resulted in a lower (P < 0.05) Ca(2+) uptake, phase 1 Ca(2+) release (30 min), and n(H). Ex + Lo CHO resulted in a greater (P < 0.05) Ca(2+) uptake and n(H) compared with Lo CHO. The results demonstrate that Lo CHO alone can disrupt SR Ca(2+) cycling and that, with the exception of Ca(2+) release, a glycogen-depleting session of exercise before Lo CHO can reverse the effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Duhamel
- Dept. of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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Duhamel TA, Perco JG, Green HJ. Manipulation of dietary carbohydrates after prolonged effort modifies muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum responses in exercising males. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 291:R1100-10. [PMID: 16690765 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00858.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis tested was that disturbances in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-cycling responses to exercise would associate with muscle glycogen reserves. Ten untrained males [peak O2 consumption (VO2 peak) = 3.41 +/- 0.20 (SE) l/min] performed a standardized cycle test (approximately 70% VO2 peak) on two occasions, namely, following 4 days of a high (Hi CHO)- and 4 days of a low (Lo CHO)-carbohydrate diet. Both Hi CHO and Lo CHO were preceded by a session of prolonged exercise designed to deplete muscle glycogen. SR Ca2+ cycling in crude homogenates prepared from vastus lateralis samples indicated higher (P < 0.05) Ca2+ uptake (microM x g protein(-1) x min(-1)) in Hi CHO compared with Lo CHO at 30 min (2.93 +/- 0.10 vs. 2.23 +/- 0.12) and at 67 min (2.77 +/- 0.16 vs. 2.10 +/- 0.12) of exercise, the point of fatigue in Lo CHO. Similar effects (P < 0.05) were noted between conditions for maximal Ca2+-ATPase (microM x g protein(-1) x min(-1)) at 30 min (142 +/- 8.5 vs. 107 +/- 5.0) and at 67 min (130 +/- 4.5 vs. 101 +/- 4.7). Both phase 1 and phase 2 Ca2+ release were 23 and 37% higher (P < 0.05) at 30 min of exercise and 15 and 34% higher (P < 0.05), at 67 min during Hi CHO compared with Lo CHO, respectively. No differences between conditions were observed at rest for any of these SR properties. Total muscle glycogen (mmol glucosyl units/kg dry wt) was higher (P < 0.05) in Hi CHO compared with Lo CHO at rest (+36%), 30 min (+53%), and at 67 min (+44%) of cycling. These results indicate that exercise-induced reductions in SR Ca2+-cycling properties occur earlier in exercise during low glycogen states compared with high glycogen states.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Duhamel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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Holloway GP, Green HJ, Tupling AR. Differential effects of repetitive activity on sarcoplasmic reticulum responses in rat muscles of different oxidative potential. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 290:R393-404. [PMID: 16179493 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00006.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the hypothesis that muscles of different oxidative potential would display differences in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ handling responses to repetitive contractile activity and recovery. Repetitive activity was induced in two muscles of high oxidative potential, namely, soleus (SOL) and red gastrocnemius (RG), and in white gastrocnemius (WG), a muscle of low oxidative potential, by stimulation in adult male rats. Measurements of SR properties, performed in crude homogenates, were made on control and stimulated muscles at the start of recovery (R0) and at 25 min of recovery (R25). Maximal Ca2+-ATPase activity (Vmax, micromol x g protein(-1) x min(-1)) at R0 was lower in stimulated SOL (105 +/- 9 vs. 135 +/- 7) and RG (269 +/- 22 vs. 317 +/- 26) and higher (P < 0.05) in WG (795 +/- 32 vs. 708 +/- 34). At R25, Vmax remained lower (P < 0.05) in SOL and RG but recovered in WG. Ca2+ uptake, measured at 2,000 nM, was depressed (P < 0.05) in SOL and RG by 34 and 13%, respectively, in stimulated muscles at R0 and remained depressed (P < 0.05) at R25. In contrast, Ca2+ uptake was elevated (P < 0.05) in stimulated WG at R0 by 9% and remained elevated (P < 0.05) at R25. Ca2+ release, unaltered in SOL and RG at both R0 and R25, was increased (P < 0.05) in stimulated WG at both R0 and R25. We conclude that SR Ca2+-handling responses to repetitive contractile activity and recovery are related to the oxidative potential of muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Holloway
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Duhamel TA, Green HJ, Perco JG, Ouyang J. Metabolic and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+cycling responses in human muscle 4 days following prolonged exercise. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2005; 83:643-55. [PMID: 16091790 DOI: 10.1139/y05-049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of prolonged exercise on muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+cycling properties and the metabolic responses with and without a session of exercise designed to reduce muscle glycogen reserves while on a normal carbohydrate (CHO) diet. Eight untrained males (VO2peak = 3.81 ± 0.12 L/min, mean ± SE) performed a standardized cycle-to-fatigue at 55% VO2peakwhile on a normal CHO diet (Norm CHO) and 4 days following prolonged exercise while on a normal CHO diet (Ex+Norm CHO). Compared to rest, exercise in Norm CHO to fatigue resulted in significant reductions (p < 0.05) in Ca2+uptake (3.17 ± 0.21 vs. 2.47 ± 0.12 µmol·(g protein)–1·min–1), maximal Ca2+ATPase activity (Vmax, 152 ± 12 vs. 119 ± 9 µmol·(g protein)–1·min–1) and both phase 1 (15.1 ± 0.98 vs. 13.1 ± 0.28 µmol·(g protein)–1·min–1) and phase 2 (6.56 ± 0.33 vs. 4.91 ± 0.28 µmol·(g protein)–1·min–1) Ca2+release in vastus lateralis muscle. No differences were observed between Norm CHO and Ex-Norm CHO in the response of these properties to exercise. Compared with Norm CHO, Ex+Norm CHO resulted in higher (p < 0.05) resting Ca2+uptake (3.17 ± 0.21 vs. 3.49 ± 0.24 µmol·(g protein)·min–1and higher ionophore ratio, defined as the ratio of Vmaxmeasured with and without the Ca2+-ionophore A23187, (2.3 ± 0.3 vs. 4.4 ± 0.3 µmol·(g protein)·min–1) at fatigue. No differences were observed between conditions in the concentration of muscle glycogen, the high-energy phosphates (ATP and PCr), or metabolites (Pi, Cr, and lactate). Ex+Norm CHO also failed to modify the exercise-induced changes in CHO and fat oxidation. We conclude that prolonged exercise to fatigue performed 4 days following glycogen-depleting exercise while on a normal CHO diet elevates resting Ca2+uptake and prevents increases in SR membrane permeability to Ca2+as measured by the ionophore ratio. Key words: Ca2+cycling, glycogen depletion, contractile activity, recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Duhamel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Mahoney DJ, Parise G, Melov S, Safdar A, Tarnopolsky MA. Analysis of global mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle during recovery from endurance exercise. FASEB J 2005; 19:1498-500. [PMID: 15985525 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-3149fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To search for novel transcriptional pathways that are activated in skeletal muscle after endurance exercise, we used cDNA microarrays to measure global mRNA expression after an exhaustive bout of high-intensity cycling (approximately 75 min). Healthy, young, sedentary males performed the cycling bout, and skeletal muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis before, and at 3 and 48 h after exercise. We examined mRNA expression in individual muscle samples from four subjects using cDNA microarrays, used repeated-measures significance analysis of microarray (SAM) to determine statistically significant expression changes, and confirmed selected results using real-time RT-PCR. In total, the expression of 118 genes significantly increased 3 h postcycling and 8 decreased. At 48 h, the expression of 29 genes significantly increased and 5 decreased. Many of these are potentially important novel genes involved in exercise recovery and adaptation, including several involved in 1) metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis (FOXO1, PPARdelta, PPARgamma, nuclear receptor binding protein 2, IL-6 receptor, ribosomal protein L2, aminolevulinate delta-synthase 2); 2) the oxidant stress response (metalothioneins 1B, 1F, 1G, 1H, 1L, 2A, 3, interferon regulatory factor 1); and 3) electrolyte transport across membranes [Na+-K+-ATPase (beta3), SERCA3, chloride channel 4]. Others include genes involved in cell stress, proteolysis, apoptosis, growth, differentiation, and transcriptional activation, as well as all three nuclear receptor subfamily 4A family members (Nur77, Nurr1, and Nor1). This study is the first to characterize global mRNA expression during recovery from endurance exercise, and the results provide potential insight into 1) the transcriptional contributions to homeostatic recovery in human skeletal muscle after endurance exercise, and 2) the transcriptional contributions from a single bout of endurance exercise to the adaptive processes that occur after a period of endurance exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Mahoney
- Department of Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Holloway GP, Green HJ, Duhamel TA, Ferth S, Moule JW, Ouyang J, Tupling AR. Muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ cycling adaptations during 16 h of heavy intermittent cycle exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 99:836-43. [PMID: 15860679 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01407.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The repetition-dependent effects of a repetitive heavy exercise protocol previously shown to alter muscle mechanic behavior (Green HJ, Duhamel TA, Ferth S, Holloway GP, Thomas MM, Tupling AR, Rich SM, and Yau JE. J Appl Physiol 97: 2166-2175, 2004) on muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-transport properties, measured in vitro, were examined in 12 untrained volunteers [peak aerobic power (VO2(peak)) = 44.3 +/- 0.66 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)]. The protocol involved 6 min of cycle exercise performed at approximately 91% VO2(peak) once per hour for 16 h. Tissue samples were obtained from the vastus lateralis before (B) and after (A) exercise at repetitions 1 (R1), 2 (R2), 9 (R9), and 16 (R16). Reductions (P < 0.05) in maximal Ca2+-ATPase activity (Vmax) of 26 and 12% with exercise were only observed at R1 and R16, respectively. Vmax remained depressed (P < 0.05) at R2 (B) but not at R9 (B) and R16 (B). No changes were observed in two other kinetic properties of the enzyme, namely the Hill coefficient (defined as the slope of the relationship between Ca2+-ATPase activity and free Ca2+ concentration) and the Ca50 (defined as the free Ca2+ concentration needed to elicit 50% Vmax). Changes in Ca2+ uptake (measured at 2,000 nM) with exercise and recovery generally paralleled Vmax. The apparent coupling ratio, defined as the ratio between Ca2+ uptake and Vmax, was unaffected by the intermittent protocol. Reductions (P < 0.05) in phase 1 Ca2+ release (32%) were only observed at R1. No differences were observed between B and A for R2, R9, and R16 or between B and B for R1, R2, R9, and R16. The changes in phase 2 Ca2+ release were as observed for phase 1 Ca2+ release. It is concluded that the SR Ca2+-handling properties, in general, display rapid adaptations to repetitive exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Holloway
- Dept. of Kinesiology, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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Green HJ, Duhamel TA, Ferth S, Holloway GP, Thomas MM, Tupling AR, Rich SM, Yau JE. Reversal of muscle fatigue during 16 h of heavy intermittent cycle exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2004; 97:2166-75. [PMID: 15531571 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00565.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of extended sessions of heavy intermittent exercise on quadriceps muscle fatigue and weakness. Twelve untrained volunteers (10 men and 2 women), with a peak oxygen consumption of 44.3 ± 2.3 ml·kg−1·min−1, exercised at ∼91% peak oxygen consumption for 6 min once per hour for 16 h. Muscle isometric properties assessed before and after selected repetitions (R1, R2, R4, R7, R12, and R15) were used to quantitate fatigue (before vs. after repetitions) and weakness (before vs. before repetitions). Muscle fatigue at R1 was indicated by reductions ( P < 0.05) in peak twitch force (135 ± 13 vs. 106 ± 11 N) and by a reduction ( P < 0.05) in the force-frequency response, which ranged between ∼53% at 10 Hz (113 ± 12 vs. 52.6 ± 7.4 N) and ∼17% at 50 Hz (324 ± 27 vs. 270 ± 30 N). No recovery of force, regardless of stimulation frequency, was observed during the 54 min between R1 and R2. At R2 and for all subsequent repetitions, no reduction in force, regardless of stimulation frequency, was generally found after the exercise. The only exception was for R2, where, at 20 Hz, force was reduced ( P < 0.05) by 18%. At R15, force before repetitions for high frequencies (i.e., 100 Hz) returned to R1 (333 ± 29 vs. 324 ± 27 N), whereas force at low frequency (i.e., 10 Hz) was only partially ( P < 0.05) recovered (113 ± 12 vs. 70 ± 6.6 N). It is concluded that multiple sessions of heavy exercise can reverse the fatigue noted early and reduce or eliminate weakness depending on the frequency of stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Green
- Dept. of Kinesiology, Universiy of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
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Tupling AR. The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in Muscle Fatigue and Disease: Role of the Sarco(endo)plasmic Reticulum Ca2+-ATPase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 29:308-29. [PMID: 15199229 DOI: 10.1139/h04-021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles induced to contract repeatedly respond with a progressive loss in their ability to generate a target force or power. This condition is known simply as fatigue. Commonly, fatigue may persist for prolonged periods of time, particularly at low activation frequencies, which is called low-frequency fatigue. Failure to activate the contractile apparatus with the appropriate intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]f) signal contributes to fatigue but the precise mechanisms involved are unknown. The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is the major organelle in muscle that is responsible for the regulation of [Ca2+]f, and numerous studies have shown that SR function, both Ca2+ release and Ca2+ uptake, is impaired following fatiguing contractile activity. The major aim of this review is to provide insight into the various cellular mechanisms underlying the alterations in SR Ca2+ cycling and cytosolic [Ca2+]f that are associated both with the development of fatigue during repeated muscle contraction and with low-frequency or long-lasting fatigue. The primary focus will be on the role of the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) in normal muscle function, fatigue, and disease. Key words: calcium release, calcium uptake, muscle relaxation, low-frequency fatigue, Brody disease
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Affiliation(s)
- A Russell Tupling
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario
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