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Avraham C, Nisky I. The effect of tactile augmentation on manipulation and grip force control during force-field adaptation. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2020; 17:17. [PMID: 32046743 PMCID: PMC7014637 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-020-0649-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background When exposed to a novel dynamic perturbation, participants adapt by changing their movements’ dynamics. This adaptation is achieved by constructing an internal representation of the perturbation, which allows for applying forces that compensate for the novel external conditions. To form an internal representation, the sensorimotor system gathers and integrates sensory inputs, including kinesthetic and tactile information about the external load. The relative contribution of the kinesthetic and tactile information in force-field adaptation is poorly understood. Methods In this study, we set out to establish the effect of augmented tactile information on adaptation to force-field. Two groups of participants received a velocity-dependent tangential skin deformation from a custom-built skin-stretch device together with a velocity-dependent force-field from a kinesthetic haptic device. One group experienced a skin deformation in the same direction of the force, and the other in the opposite direction. A third group received only the velocity-dependent force-field. Results We found that adding a skin deformation did not affect the kinematics of the movement during adaptation. However, participants who received skin deformation in the opposite direction adapted their manipulation forces faster and to a greater extent than those who received skin deformation in the same direction of the force. In addition, we found that skin deformation in the same direction to the force-field caused an increase in the applied grip-force per amount of load force, both in response and in anticipation of the stretch, compared to the other two groups. Conclusions Augmented tactile information affects the internal representations for the control of manipulation and grip forces, and these internal representations are likely updated via distinct mechanisms. We discuss the implications of these results for assistive and rehabilitation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Avraham
- Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Ilana Nisky
- Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Be'er Sheva, Israel. .,Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501, Be'er Sheva, Israel.
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2
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Avraham G, Sulimani E, Mussa-Ivaldi FA, Nisky I. Effects of visuomotor delays on the control of movement and on perceptual localization in the presence and absence of visual targets. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:2259-2271. [PMID: 31577532 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00017.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensory system constantly deals with delayed feedback. Recent studies showed that playing a virtual game of pong with delayed feedback caused hypermetric reaching movements. We investigated whether this effect is associated with a perceptual bias. In addition, we examined the importance of the target in causing hypermetric movements. In a first experiment, participants played a delayed pong game and blindly reached to presented targets. Following each reaching movement, they assessed the position of the invisible cursor. We found that participants performed hypermetric movements but reported that the invisible cursor reached the target, suggesting that they were unaware of the hypermetria and that their perception was biased toward the target rather than toward their hand position. In a second experiment, we removed the visual target, and strikingly, the hypermetria vanished. Moreover, participants reported that the invisible cursor was located with their hand. Taking these results together, we conclude that the adaptation to the visuomotor delay during the pong game selectively affected the execution of goal directed movements, resulting in hypermetria and perceptual bias when movements are directed toward visual targets but not when such targets are absent.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Recent studies showed that adaptation to visuomotor delays causes hypermetric movements in the absence of visual feedback, suggesting that visuomotor delay is represented using current state information. We report that this adaptation also affects perception. Importantly, both the motor and perceptual effects are selective to the representations that are used in the execution of goal-directed movements toward visual targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Avraham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel.,Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Erez Sulimani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel.,Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ferdinando A Mussa-Ivaldi
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Ilana Nisky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel.,Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel
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3
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Avraham G, Keizman M, Shmuelof L. Environmental consistency modulation of error sensitivity during motor adaptation is explicitly controlled. J Neurophysiol 2019; 123:57-69. [PMID: 31721646 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00080.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor adaptation, the adjustment of a motor output in face of changes in the environment, may operate at different rates. When human participants encounter repeated or consistent perturbations, their corrections for the experienced errors are larger compared with when the perturbations are new or inconsistent. Such modulations of error sensitivity were traditionally considered to be an implicit process that does not require attentional resources. In recent years, the implicit view of motor adaptation has been challenged by evidence showing a contribution of explicit strategies to learning. These findings raise a fundamental question regarding the nature of the error sensitivity modulation processes. We tested the effect of explicit control on error sensitivity in a series of experiments, in which participants controlled a screen cursor to virtual targets. We manipulated environmental consistency by presenting rotations in random (low consistency) or random walk (high consistency) sequences and illustrated that perturbation consistency affects the rate of adaptation, corroborating previous studies. When participants were instructed to ignore the cursor and move directly to the target, thus eliminating the contribution of explicit strategies, consistency-driven error sensitivity modulation was not detected. In addition, delaying the visual feedback, a manipulation that affects implicit learning, did not influence error sensitivity under consistent perturbations. These results suggest that increases of learning rate in consistent environments are attributable to an explicit rather than implicit process in sensorimotor adaptation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The consistency of an external perturbation modulates error sensitivity and the motor response. The roles of explicit and implicit processes in this modulation are unknown. We show that when humans are asked to ignore the perturbation, they do not show increased error sensitivity in consistent environments. When the implicit system is manipulated by delaying feedback, sensitivity to a consistent perturbation does not change. Overall, our results suggest that consistency affects adaptation mainly through explicit control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Avraham
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Matan Keizman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Lior Shmuelof
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.,Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
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4
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Avraham C, Dominitz M, Khait H, Avraham G, Mussa-Ivaldi FA, Nisky I. Adaptation to Laterally Asymmetrical Visuomotor Delay Has an Effect on Action But Not on Perception. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:312. [PMID: 31551739 PMCID: PMC6743346 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When interacting with the environment, the sensorimotor system faces temporal and spatial discrepancies between sensory inputs, such as delay in sensory information transmission, and asymmetrical visual inputs across space. These discrepancies can affect motor control and the representation of space. We recently showed that adaptation to a laterally asymmetric delay in the visual feedback induces neglect-like effects in blind drawing movements, expressed by asymmetrical elongation of circles that are drawn in different workspaces and directions; this establishes a possible connection between delayed feedback and asymmetrical spatial processing in the control of action. In the current study, we investigate whether such adaptation also influences visual perception. In addition, we examined transfer to another motor task – a line bisection task that is commonly used to detect spatial disorders, and extend these results to examine the mapping of these neglect-like effects. We performed two sets of experiments in which participants executed lateral reaching movements, and were exposed to visual feedback delay only in the left workspace. We examined transfer of adaptation to a perceptual line bisection task – answers about the perceived midline of lines that were presented in different directions and workspaces, and to a blind motor line bisection task – reaching movements toward the centers of similar lines. We found that the adaptation to the asymmetrical delay transferred to the control of lateral movements, but did not affect the perceived location of the midlines. Our results clarify the effect of asymmetrical delayed visual feedback on perception and action, and provide potential insights on the link between visuomotor delay and neurological disorders such as the hemispatial neglect syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Avraham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel.,Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Mor Dominitz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel.,Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Hana Khait
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel.,Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Guy Avraham
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Ferdinando A Mussa-Ivaldi
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States.,Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ilana Nisky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel.,Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
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Avraham C, Avraham G, Mussa-Ivaldi FA, Nisky I. Neglect-Like Effects on Drawing Symmetry Induced by Adaptation to a Laterally Asymmetric Visuomotor Delay. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:335. [PMID: 30233340 PMCID: PMC6127623 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In daily interactions, our sensorimotor system accounts for spatial and temporal discrepancies between the senses. Functional lateralization between hemispheres causes differences in attention and in the control of action across the left and right workspaces. In addition, differences in transmission delays between modalities affect movement control and internal representations. Studies on motor impairments such as hemispatial neglect syndrome suggested a link between lateral spatial biases and temporal processing. To understand this link, we computationally modeled and experimentally validated the effect of laterally asymmetric delay in visual feedback on motor learning and its transfer to the control of drawing movements without visual feedback. In the behavioral experiments, we asked healthy participants to perform lateral reaching movements while adapting to delayed visual feedback in either left, right, or both workspaces. We found that the adaptation transferred to blind drawing and caused movement elongation, which is consistent with a state representation of the delay. However, the pattern of the spatial effect varied between conditions: whereas adaptation to delay in only the left workspace or in the whole workspace caused selective leftward elongation, adaptation to delay in only the right workspace caused drawing elongation in both directions. We simulated arm movements according to different models of perceptual and motor spatial asymmetry in the representation of delay and found that the best model that accounts for our results combines both perceptual and motor asymmetry between the hemispheres. These results provide direct evidence for an asymmetrical processing of delayed visual feedback that is associated with both perceptual and motor biases that are similar to those observed in hemispatial neglect syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Avraham
- Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel.,Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Guy Avraham
- Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel.,Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Ferdinando A Mussa-Ivaldi
- Department of Physiology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Ilana Nisky
- Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel.,Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
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6
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Avraham G, Leib R, Pressman A, Simo LS, Karniel A, Shmuelof L, Mussa-Ivaldi FA, Nisky I. State-Based Delay Representation and Its Transfer from a Game of Pong to Reaching and Tracking. eNeuro 2017; 4:ENEURO.0179-17.2017. [PMID: 29379875 PMCID: PMC5788056 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0179-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To accurately estimate the state of the body, the nervous system needs to account for delays between signals from different sensory modalities. To investigate how such delays may be represented in the sensorimotor system, we asked human participants to play a virtual pong game in which the movement of the virtual paddle was delayed with respect to their hand movement. We tested the representation of this new mapping between the hand and the delayed paddle by examining transfer of adaptation to blind reaching and blind tracking tasks. These blind tasks enabled to capture the representation in feedforward mechanisms of movement control. A Time Representation of the delay is an estimation of the actual time lag between hand and paddle movements. A State Representation is a representation of delay using current state variables: the distance between the paddle and the ball originating from the delay may be considered as a spatial shift; the low sensitivity in the response of the paddle may be interpreted as a minifying gain; and the lag may be attributed to a mechanical resistance that influences paddle's movement. We found that the effects of prolonged exposure to the delayed feedback transferred to blind reaching and tracking tasks and caused participants to exhibit hypermetric movements. These results, together with simulations of our representation models, suggest that delay is not represented based on time, but rather as a spatial gain change in visuomotor mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Avraham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
- Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Raz Leib
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
- Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Assaf Pressman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
- Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
- Sensory Motor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Lucia S. Simo
- Department of Physiology Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Amir Karniel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
- Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Lior Shmuelof
- Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Ferdinando A. Mussa-Ivaldi
- Sensory Motor Performance Program, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Department of Physiology Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - Ilana Nisky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
- Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
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7
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Afgin O, Sagi N, Nisky I, Ganel T, Berman S. Visuomotor Resolution in Telerobotic Grasping with Transmission Delays. Front Robot AI 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2017.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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8
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McKenna E, Bray LCJ, Zhou W, Joiner WM. The absence or temporal offset of visual feedback does not influence adaptation to novel movement dynamics. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:2483-2498. [PMID: 28794198 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00636.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Delays in transmitting and processing sensory information require correctly associating delayed feedback to issued motor commands for accurate error compensation. The flexibility of this alignment between motor signals and feedback has been demonstrated for movement recalibration to visual manipulations, but the alignment dependence for adapting movement dynamics is largely unknown. Here we examined the effect of visual feedback manipulations on force-field adaptation. Three subject groups used a manipulandum while experiencing a lag in the corresponding cursor motion (0, 75, or 150 ms). When the offset was applied at the start of the session (continuous condition), adaptation was not significantly different between groups. However, these similarities may be due to acclimation to the offset before motor adaptation. We tested additional subjects who experienced the same delays concurrent with the introduction of the perturbation (abrupt condition). In this case adaptation was statistically indistinguishable from the continuous condition, indicating that acclimation to feedback delay was not a factor. In addition, end-point errors were not significantly different across the delay or onset conditions, but end-point correction (e.g., deceleration duration) was influenced by the temporal offset. As an additional control, we tested a group of subjects who performed without visual feedback and found comparable movement adaptation results. These results suggest that visual feedback manipulation (absence or temporal misalignment) does not affect adaptation to novel dynamics, independent of both acclimation and perceptual awareness. These findings could have implications for modeling how the motor system adjusts to errors despite concurrent delays in sensory feedback information.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A temporal offset between movement and distorted visual feedback (e.g., visuomotor rotation) influences the subsequent motor recalibration, but the effects of this offset for altered movement dynamics are largely unknown. Here we examined the influence of 1) delayed and 2) removed visual feedback on the adaptation to novel movement dynamics. These results contribute to understanding of the control strategies that compensate for movement errors when there is a temporal separation between motion state and sensory information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin McKenna
- Program in Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Laurence C Jayet Bray
- Sensorimotor Integration Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; and
| | - Weiwei Zhou
- Sensorimotor Integration Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; and
| | - Wilsaan M Joiner
- Program in Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; .,Sensorimotor Integration Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia; and.,Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
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